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Houari F, El Barghouti M, Mir A, Akjouj A. Nanosensors Based on Bimetallic Plasmonic Layer and Black Phosphorus: Application to Urine Glucose Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:5058. [PMID: 39124105 PMCID: PMC11315007 DOI: 10.3390/s24155058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents a new biosensor design based on the Kretschmann configuration, for the detection of analytes at different refractive indices. Our studied design consists of a TiO2/SiO2 bi-layer sandwiched between a BK7 prism and a bimetallic layer of Ag/Au plasmonic materials, covered by a layer of black phosphorus placed below the analyte-containing detection medium. The different layers of our structure and analyte detection were optimized using the angular interrogation method. High performance was achieved, with a sensitivity of 240 deg/RIU and a quality factor of 34.7 RIU-1. This biosensor can detect analytes with a wide refractive index range between 1.330 and 1.347, such as glucose detection in urine samples using a refractive index variation of 10-3. This capability offers a wide range of applications for biomedical and biochemical detection and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Houari
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials Studies and Applications (LEM2A), Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, B.P. 11201 Zitoune Meknès, Morocco; (F.H.); or (M.E.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Mohamed El Barghouti
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials Studies and Applications (LEM2A), Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, B.P. 11201 Zitoune Meknès, Morocco; (F.H.); or (M.E.B.); (A.M.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Beni Mellal, Sultane Moulay Slimane University, M’ghila Campus, 23030 Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Abdellah Mir
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials Studies and Applications (LEM2A), Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, B.P. 11201 Zitoune Meknès, Morocco; (F.H.); or (M.E.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Abdellatif Akjouj
- Univ. Lille, Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology, UMR CNRS 8520, FST, Department of Physics, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
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2
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Patel T, Skorupa M, Skonieczna M, Turczyn R, Krukiewicz K. Surface grafting of poly-L-lysine via diazonium chemistry to enhance cell adhesion to biomedical electrodes. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 152:108465. [PMID: 37207477 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The ability to study and regulate cell behavior at a biomaterial interface requires a strict control over its surface chemistry. Significance of studying cell adhesion in vitro and in vivo has become increasingly important, particularly in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. A promising surface modification route assumes using organic layers prepared by the method of electrografting of diazonium salts and their further functionalization with biologically active molecules as cell adhesion promoters. This work reports the modification of platinum electrodes with selected diazonium salts and poly-L-lysine to increase the number of sites available for cell adhesion. As-modified electrodes were characterized in terms of their chemical and morphological properties, as well as wettability. In order to monitor the process of cell attachment, biofunctionalized electrodes were used as substrates for culturing human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. The experiments revealed that cell adhesion is favored on the surface of diazonium-modified and poly-L-lysine coated electrodes, indicating proposed modification route as a valuable strategy enhancing the integration between bioelectronic devices and neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taral Patel
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland; Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Skorupa
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland; Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Skonieczna
- Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland; Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Roman Turczyn
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland; Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Krukiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland; Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland.
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3
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Surface-Enhanced Carboxyphenyl Diazonium Functionalized Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode for the Screening of Tuberculosis in Sputum Samples. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152551. [PMID: 35893519 PMCID: PMC9329948 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Curbing tuberculosis (TB) requires a combination of good strategies, including a proper prevention measure, diagnosis, and treatment. This study proposes an improvised tuberculosis diagnosis based on an amperometry approach for the sensitive detection of MPT64 antigen in clinical samples. An MPT64 aptamer specific to the target antigen was covalently attached to the carboxyphenyl diazonium-functionalized carbon electrode via carbodiimide chemistry. The electrochemical detection assay was adapted from a sandwich assay format to trap the antigen between the immobilized aptamer and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tagged polyclonal anti-MPT64 antibody. The amperometric current was measured from the catalytic reaction response between HRP, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroquinone, which is used as an electron mediator. From the analysis, the detection limit in the measurement buffer was 1.11 ng mL-1. Additionally, the developed aptasensor exhibited a linear relationship between the current signal and the MPT64 antigen-spiked serum concentration ranging from 10 to 150 ng mL-1 with a 1.38 ng mL-1 detection limit. Finally, an evaluation using the clinical sputum samples from both TB (+) and TB (-) individuals revealed a sensitivity and specificity of 88% and 100%, respectively. Based on the analysis, the developed aptasensor was found to be simple in its fabrication, sensitive, and allowed for the efficient detection and diagnosis of TB in sputum samples.
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Tavakkoli Z, Goljani H, Sepehrmansourie H, Nematollahi D, Zolfigol MA. New insight into the electrochemical reduction of different aryldiazonium salts in aqueous solutions. RSC Adv 2021; 11:25811-25815. [PMID: 35479439 PMCID: PMC9037153 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04482f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of different aryldiazonium salts in aqueous solution was studied in this work and it is shown that the aryldiazonium salts are converted to the corresponding aryl radical and aryl anion. The results of this research indicate that the reduction of aryldiazonium salts takes place in two single-electron steps. Our data show that when the substituted group on the phenyl ring is H, Cl, OH, NO2, OCH3 or SO3−, the corresponding diazonium salt shows poor adsorption characteristics, but when the substituted group is methyl, the corresponding diazonium salt shows strong adsorption characteristics. In the latter case, the voltammogram exhibits three cathodic peaks. In addition, the effect of various substitutions on the aryldiazonium reduction was studied by Hammett's method. The data are show that with increasing electron withdrawing capacity of the substituent, the reduction of corresponding diazonium salt becomes easier. Electrochemical reduction of different aryldiazonium salts in aqueous solution was studied. It is shown that the aryldiazonium salts are converted to the corresponding aryl radical and aryl anion.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Tavakkoli
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University Hamedan 65174 Iran
| | - Hamed Goljani
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University Hamedan 65174 Iran
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Raicopol M, Pilan L. The Role of Aryldiazonium Chemistry in Designing Electrochemical Aptasensors for the Detection of Food Contaminants. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14143857. [PMID: 34300776 PMCID: PMC8303706 DOI: 10.3390/ma14143857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Food safety monitoring assays based on synthetic recognition structures such as aptamers are receiving considerable attention due to their remarkable advantages in terms of their ability to bind to a wide range of target analytes, strong binding affinity, facile manufacturing, and cost-effectiveness. Although aptasensors for food monitoring are still in the development stage, the use of an electrochemical detection route, combined with the wide range of materials available as transducers and the proper immobilization strategy of the aptamer at the transducer surface, can lead to powerful analytical tools. In such a context, employing aryldiazonium salts for the surface derivatization of transducer electrodes serves as a simple, versatile and robust strategy to fine-tune the interface properties and to facilitate the convenient anchoring and stability of the aptamer. By summarizing the most important results disclosed in the last years, this article provides a comprehensive review that emphasizes the contribution of aryldiazonium chemistry in developing electrochemical aptasensors for food safety monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matei Raicopol
- Costin Nenitzescu, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gheorghe Polizu, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Luisa Pilan
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gheorghe Polizu, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-21-402-3977
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6
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Improving the Voltammetric Determination of Hg(II): A Comparison Between Ligand-Modified Glassy Carbon and Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Electrodes. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20236799. [PMID: 33260790 PMCID: PMC7729478 DOI: 10.3390/s20236799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A new thiosemicarbazone ligand was immobilized through a Cu(I)-catalyzed click reaction on the surface of glassy carbon (GC) and electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (GC-ERGO) electrodes grafted with phenylethynyl groups. Using the accumulation at open circuit followed by anodic stripping voltammetry, the modified electrodes showed a significant selectivity and sensibility for Hg(II) ions. A detection limit of 7 nM was achieved with the GC modified electrodes. Remarkably, GC-ERGO modified electrodes showed a significantly improved detection limit (0.8 nM), sensitivity, and linear range, which we attribute to an increased number of surface binding sites and better electron transfer properties. Both GC and GC-ERGO modified electrodes proved their applicability for the analysis of real water samples.
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Pilan L. Tailoring the performance of electrochemical biosensors based on carbon nanomaterials via aryldiazonium electrografting. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 138:107697. [PMID: 33486222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials (CNs) offer some of the most valuable properties for electrochemical biosensing applications, such as good electrical conductivity, wide electrochemical stability, high specific surface area, and biocompatibility. Regardless the envisioned sensing application, endowing CNs with specific functions through controlled chemical functionalization is fundamental for promoting the specific binding of the analyte. As a versatile and straightforward method of surface functionalization, aryldiazonium chemistry have been successfully used to accommodate in a stable and reproducible way different functionalities, while the electrochemical route has become the favourite choice since the deposition conditions can be readily controlled and adapted to the substrate. In particular, the modification of CNs by electrochemical reduction of aryl diazonium salts is established as a powerful tool which allows tailoring the chemical and electronic properties of the sensing platform. By outlining the stimulating results disclosed in the last years, this article provides not only a comprehensively review, but also a rational assessment on contribution of aryldiazonium electrografting in developing CNs-based electrochemical biosensors. Furthermore, some of the emerging challenges to be surpassed to effectively implement this methodology for in vivo and point of care analysis are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Pilan
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
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8
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Bouri M, Zuaznabar‐Gardona JC, Novell M, Blondeau P, Andrade FJ. Paper‐based Potentiometric Biosensor for Monitoring Galactose in Whole Blood. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Bouri
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry Universitat Rovira i Virgili C/Marcel lí Domingo, 1. Tarragona 43007 Spain
| | - Julio C. Zuaznabar‐Gardona
- current address: Nanobiotechnology & Bioanalysis Group Departament d'Enginyeria Química Universitat Rovira i Virgili Avinguda Països Catalans 26 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry Universitat Rovira i Virgili C/Marcel lí Domingo, 1. Tarragona 43007 Spain
| | - Marta Novell
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry Universitat Rovira i Virgili C/Marcel lí Domingo, 1. Tarragona 43007 Spain
| | - Pascal Blondeau
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry Universitat Rovira i Virgili C/Marcel lí Domingo, 1. Tarragona 43007 Spain
| | - Francisco J. Andrade
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry Universitat Rovira i Virgili C/Marcel lí Domingo, 1. Tarragona 43007 Spain
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9
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Development of an interference-minimized amperometric-FIA glucose biosensor at a pyrocatechol violet/glucose dehydrogenase-modified graphite pencil electrode. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-019-01036-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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oulad F, Zinadini S, Zinatizadeh AA, Derakhshan AA. Novel (4,4-diaminodiphenyl sulfone coupling modified PES/PES) mixed matrix nanofiltration membranes with high permeability and anti-fouling property. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Hetemi D, Noël V, Pinson J. Grafting of Diazonium Salts on Surfaces: Application to Biosensors. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10010004. [PMID: 31952195 PMCID: PMC7168266 DOI: 10.3390/bios10010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This review is divided into two parts; the first one summarizes the main features of surface modification by diazonium salts with a focus on most recent advances, while the second part deals with diazonium-based biosensors including small molecules of biological interest, proteins, and nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dardan Hetemi
- Pharmacy Department, Medical Faculty, University of Prishtina, “Hasan Prishtina”, Rr. “Dëshmorët e Kombit” p.n., 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo;
| | - Vincent Noël
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France;
| | - Jean Pinson
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France;
- Correspondence:
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12
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Karakaya S, Dilgin Y. Minimization of Interferences in Flow Injection Amperometric Glucose Biosensor Based on Oxidation of Enzymatically‐produced H
2
O
2. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Karakaya
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart UniversityScience and Arts Faculty, Department of Chemistry 17100 Çanakkale Turkey
| | - Yusuf Dilgin
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart UniversityScience and Arts Faculty, Department of Chemistry 17100 Çanakkale Turkey
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13
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Aceta Y, Bergamini JF, Lagrost C, Hapiot P, Leroux YR. Molecular Sieving and Current Rectification Properties of Thin Organic Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:2410-2419. [PMID: 29368927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
For the purpose of preparing well-organized functional surfaces, carbon and gold substrates were modified using electroreduction of a tetrahedral-shape preorganized tetra-aryldiazonium salt, leading to the deposition of ultrathin organic films. Characterization of the modified surfaces has been performed using cyclic voltammetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared absorption spectroscopy, ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy, and contact angle measurements. The specific design of the tetra-aryldiazonium salts leads to an intrinsic structuring of the resulting organic films, allowing molecular sieving and current rectification properties toward redox probes in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Aceta
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226 , F-35000 Rennes, France
| | | | | | | | - Yann R Leroux
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226 , F-35000 Rennes, France
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14
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Gervais E, Aceta Y, Gros P, Evrard D. Study of an AuNPs functionalized electrode using different diazonium salts for the ultra-fast detection of Hg(II) traces in water. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.12.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Li D, Su J, Yang J, Yu S, Zhang J, Xu K, Yu H. Optical surface plasmon resonance sensor modified by mutant glucose/galactose-binding protein for affinity detection of glucose molecules. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:5206-5217. [PMID: 29188114 PMCID: PMC5695964 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.005206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal extraction of interstitial fluid (ISF) offers an attractive method for minimally invasive blood glucose monitoring. However, only a minute volume of ISF could be transdermally extracted, which is required to be diluted to form a manipulable volume of fluid for easy collection, transportation, and glucose detection. Therefore, a high-resolution glucose detection method is required for detecting glucose concentration in diluted ISF. In this paper, an optical surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor modified by the glucose/galactose-binding (GGB) protein which has good affinity to glucose molecules was presented for specific and sensitive glucose detection. The GGB protein was mutated at different sites for thiol coupling with the SPR surface and adjusting the affinity between glucose molecules and GGB protein. And the immobilization process of the GGB protein onto the surface of SPR sensor was optimized. Then, the stability of the SPR sensor modified with GGB protein was tested immediately and two weeks after immobilization. The coefficient of variation for glucose concentration measurement was less than 4.5%. By further mutation of the GGB protein at the A213S and L238S sites, the measurement range of the SPR sensor was adjusted to 0.1-100 mg/dL, which matches the glucose concentration range of 5-10 times diluted ISF (3-100 mg/dL). These results suggest that the SPR biosensor immobilized with GGB protein has the potential for continuous glucose monitoring by integrating into the microfluidic ISF extraction chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dachao Li
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering at Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jie Su
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering at Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Metrological Supervision and Testing, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Songlin Yu
- Tianjin Institute of Metrological Supervision and Testing, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Jingxin Zhang
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering at Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kexin Xu
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering at Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Haixia Yu
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering at Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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16
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Hosu O, Tertiș M, Melinte G, Feier B, Săndulescu R, Cristea C. Mucin 4 detection with a label-free electrochemical immunosensor. Electrochem commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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17
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Cao L, Fang G, Wang Y. Electroreduction of Viologen Phenyl Diazonium Salts as a Strategy To Control Viologen Coverage on Electrodes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:980-987. [PMID: 28044444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A majority of the reported electrografting of aryldiazonium salts result in the formation of covalently attached films with a limited surface coverage of below 5 nmol·cm-2. Herein, we report the preparation of higher-thickness redox-active viologen-grafted electrodes from the electroreduction of viologen phenyl diazonium salts, by either cyclic voltammetric (CV) sweeps or electrolysis using a fixed potential. Both of the methodologies were successfully applied for various conductive surfaces, including glassy carbon (GC), gold disc, indium tin oxide glass, mesoporous TiO2 electrodes, and 3D compacted carbon fibers. A robust maximal viologen coverage, Γviologen = 9.5 nmol·cm-2, was achieved on a GC electrode by CV electroreduction. Electroreduction held at a fixed potential at Eappl. = -0.3 V can fabricate viologen-grafted electrodes with Γviologen in the range of 0-37 nmol·cm-2 in a controllable way, by simply adjusting the electrodeposition time tappl.. Time-dependent Γviologen were found to be 10 nmol·cm-2@2 min, 20 nmol·cm-2@4.2 min, and 30 nmol·cm-2@7 min. Furthermore, a TiO2 electrode coupled with Γviologen of 140 nmol·cm-2 exhibited electrochromic performance, with the color changing from pale yellow to blue and red brown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangcheng Cao
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technologies, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fangzheng Avenue 266, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Gan Fang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technologies, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fangzheng Avenue 266, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Yuechuan Wang
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Sichuan University , South Section of 1st Ring Road 24, Chengdu 610065, China
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18
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Zafarani HR, Mathwig K, Lemay SG, Sudhölter EJR, Rassaei L. Modulating Selectivity in Nanogap Sensors. ACS Sens 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Zafarani
- Laboratory
of Organic Materials and Interfaces, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Mathwig
- Pharmaceutical
Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Serge G. Lemay
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J. R. Sudhölter
- Laboratory
of Organic Materials and Interfaces, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Liza Rassaei
- Laboratory
of Organic Materials and Interfaces, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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