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Yan K, Chai Z, Li T, Duan B, Xiao C, Liu X, Liu X. Effect of voltage gradients on EK-PRB remediation: Experimental and molecular dynamics simulations. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:119085. [PMID: 38719067 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Electrokinetic-Permeable Reaction Barrier (EK-PRB) coupled remediation technology can effectively treat heavy metal-contaminated soil near coal mines. This study was conducted on cadmium (Cd), a widely present element in the soil of the mining area. To investigate the impact of the voltage gradient on the remediation effect of EK-PRB, the changes in current, power consumption, pH, and Cd concentration content during the macroscopic experiment were analyzed. A three-dimensional visualized kaolinite-heavy metal-water simulation system was constructed and combined with the Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations to elucidate the migration mechanism and binding active sites of Cd on the kaolinite (001) crystalline surface at the microscopic scale. The results showed that the voltage gradient positively correlates with the current, power consumption, and Cd concentration during EK-PRB remediation, and the average removal efficiency increases non-linearly with increasing voltage gradient. Considering power consumption, average removal efficiency, and cost-effectiveness, the voltage range is between 1.5 and 3.0 V/cm, with 2.5 V/cm being the optimal value. The results of MD simulations and experiments correspond to each other. Cd2+ formed a highly stable adsorption structure in contrast to the Al-O sheet on the kaolinite (001) crystalline surface. The mean square displacement (MSD) curve of Cd2+ under the electric field exhibits anisotropy, the total diffusion coefficient DTotal increases and the Cd2+ migration rate accelerates. The electric field influences the microstructure of Cd2+ complexes. With the enhancement of the voltage gradient, the complexation between Cd2+ and water molecules is enhanced, and the interaction between Cd2+ and Cl- in solution is weakened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yan
- Key Laboratory of In-Situ Property-Improving Mining of Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhaoyun Chai
- Key Laboratory of In-Situ Property-Improving Mining of Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China.
| | - Tianyu Li
- Key Laboratory of In-Situ Property-Improving Mining of Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Biying Duan
- Key Laboratory of In-Situ Property-Improving Mining of Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Chang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of In-Situ Property-Improving Mining of Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of In-Situ Property-Improving Mining of Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of In-Situ Property-Improving Mining of Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
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Hamdi FM, Altaee A, Alsaka L, Ibrar I, Al-Ejji M, Zhou J, Samal AK, Hawari AH. Iron slag/activated carbon-electrokinetic system with anolyte recycling for single and mixture heavy metals remediation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172516. [PMID: 38636874 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The electrokinetic process has been proposed for in-situ soil remediation to minimize excavation work and exposure to hazardous materials. The precipitation of heavy metals in alkaline pH near the cathode is still challenging. Reactive filter media and enhancement agents have been used in electrokinetics to enhance the removal of heavy metals. This study investigated coupling industrial iron slag waste and iron slag-activated carbon reactive filter media with electrokinetic for a single and mixture of heavy metals treatment. Instead of using acid enhancement agents, the anolyte solution was recycled to neutralize the alkaline front at the cathode, reducing the operation cost and chemical use. Experiments were conducted for 2 and 3 weeks at 20 mA electric current. Copper removal increased from 3.11 % to 23 % when iron slag reactive filter media was coupled with electrokinetic. Copper removal increased to 70.14 % in the electrokinetic experiment with iron slag-activated carbon reactive filter media. The copper removal increased to 89.21 % when the anolyte solution was recycled to the cathode compartment. Copper removal reached 93.45 % when the reactive filter media-electrokinetic process with anolyte recirculation was extended to 3 weeks. The reactive filter media- an electrokinetic process with anolyte recycling was evaluated for removing copper, nickel, and zinc mixture, and results revealed 81.1 % copper removal, 89.04 % nickel removal, and 92.31 % zinc removal in a 3-week experiment. The greater nickel and zinc removal is attributed to their higher solubility than copper. The results demonstrated the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of the electrokinetic with iron slag-activated carbon reactive filter media with anolyte recirculation for soil remediation from heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faris M Hamdi
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; Department of Civil Engineering, Jazan University, Jazan 82822, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Altaee
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Lilyan Alsaka
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Ibrar Ibrar
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Maryam Al-Ejji
- Center of Advanced Materials, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - John Zhou
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Akshaya K Samal
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Ramanagara, Bangalore 562 112, Karnataka, India
| | - Alaa H Hawari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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3
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Chen M, Jiang P, Zhang X, Sunahara GI, Liu J, Yu G. Physiological and biochemical responses of Leersia hexandra Swartz to nickel stress: Insights into antioxidant defense mechanisms and metal detoxification strategies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133578. [PMID: 38306837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Phytoremediation is widely considered as a cost-effective method for managing heavy metal soil pollution. Leersia hexandra Swartz shows a promising potential for the remediation of heavy metals pollution, including chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni). It is vital to understand the physiological and biochemical responses of L. hexandra to Ni stress to elucidate the mechanisms underlying Ni tolerance and accumulation. Here, we examined the metabolic and transcriptomic responses of L. hexandra exposed to 40 mg/L Ni for 24 h and 14 d. After 24-h Ni stress, gene expression of glutathione metabolic cycle (GSTF1, GSTU1 and MDAR4) and superoxide dismutase (SODCC2) was significantly increased in plant leaves. Furthermore, after 14-d Ni stress, the ascorbate peroxidase (APX7), superoxide dismutase (SODCP and SOD1), and catalase (CAT) gene expression was significantly upregulated, but that of glutathione metabolic cycle (EMB2360, GSTU1, GSTU6, GSH2, GPX6, and MDAR2) was downregulated. After 24-h Ni stress, the differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were mainly flavonoids (45%) and flavones (20%). However, after 14-d Ni stress, the DEMs were mainly carbohydrates and their derivatives (34%), amino acids and derivatives (15%), and organic acids and derivatives (8%). Results suggest that L. hexandra adopt distinct time-dependent antioxidant and metal detoxification strategies likely associated with intracellular reduction-oxidation balance. Novel insights into the molecular mechanisms responsible for Ni tolerance in plants are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouyixing Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Pingping Jiang
- College of Earth Sciences, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Exploration for Hidden Metallic Ore Deposits, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China.
| | - Geoffrey I Sunahara
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Guo Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
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4
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Zhao M, Song C, Zhang F, Jia X, Ma D. New-style electrokinetic-adsorption remediation of cadmium-contaminated soil using double-group electrodes coupled with chitosan-activated carbon composite membranes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166919. [PMID: 37689188 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Global soil cadmium (Cd(II)) contamination threatens the soil environment, food safety, and human health. Conventional electrokinetic remediation (EKR) and enhancement methods usually operate in strong electric fields, leading to strong side reactions and uneven removal. In this work, to remove Cd(II) from soil effectively in a low-voltage electric field, a new-style electrokinetic-adsorption remediation using double-group electrodes coupled with chitosan-activated carbon composite membranes (DE-EKR-CAC) was developed. Chitosan-activated carbon (CAC) composite membranes were synthesized for easy recovery and reuse of adsorbents. The effects of pH, contact time, initial concentration, and foreign ions on the removal of Cd(II) by the CAC composite membranes were determined. The CAC composite membranes performed well except in a strongly acidic environment (pH = 2.0). The soil pH varied between 3.4 and 5.0 in DE-EKR-CAC, where the CAC composite membranes were applicable. High concentrations of Ca2+ interfered with the adsorption of Cd(II), which means that the selectivity of CAC composite membranes for Cd(II) is not high enough. The Langmuir (R2 = 0.999) and pseudo-second-order kinetic (R2 = 1.0) models revealed the monolayer coverage and chemisorption mechanism, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 40.81 mg/g. Furthermore, SEM, FTIR, and XPS analyses suggest that physical adsorption, complexation of oxygen-containing functional groups, chelation of amino groups, and ion exchange are potential mechanisms for the adsorption of Cd(II) on CAC. DE-EKR-CAC performed better than the group remediated with one set of electrodes, with higher removal efficiencies and more uniform removal. The lowest energy consumption was 3.33 kWh/m3, which is lower than other enhancement methods. Separation of CAC composite membranes from soil is easy, and reuse performance is good. DE-EKR-CAC provides a potential option for Cd(II) removal from soil because of its better performance using low-voltage direct current, low energy consumption, and ease of recycling the adsorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Zhao
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Chunfeng Song
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Jia
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Degang Ma
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China.
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Sun Z, Zhao M, Chen L, Gong Z, Hu J, Ma D. Electrokinetic remediation for the removal of heavy metals in soil: Limitations, solutions and prospection. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:165970. [PMID: 37572906 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrokinetic remediation (EKR) technology is a promising method to remove heavy metals from low permeability soil, because it is environmentally friendly, efficient and economical, and can realize in-situ remediation. In this paper, the basic principles and related physical and chemical phenomena of EKR are systematically summarized, and three limiting problems of EKR technology are put forward: the weak ability of dissolving metals, focusing effect, and energy consumption. There are many methods to solve these technical problems, but there is a lack of systematic summary of the causes of problems and solutions. Based on various enhanced EKR technologies, this paper summarizes the main ideas to solve the limiting problems. The advantages and disadvantages of each technology are compared, which has guiding significance for the development of new technology in the future. This paper also discusses the dissolution of residual heavy metals, which is rare in other articles. The energy consumption of EKR and the remediation effect are equally important, and both can be used as indicators for evaluating the feasibility of new technologies. This paper reviews the influence of various electric field conditions on power consumption, such as renewable energy supply, new electrode materials and electrode configurations, suitable voltage values and functional electrolytes. In addition, a variety of energy consumption calculation methods are also introduced, which are suitable for ohmic heat loss, energy distribution when there is non-target ion competition, and power consumption of specific ions in various metal ions. Researchers can make selective reference according to their actual situations. This paper also systematically introduces the engineering design and cost calculation of EKR, lists the research progress of some engineering cases and pilot-scale tests, analyzes the reasons why it is difficult to apply EKR technology in large-scale engineering at present, and puts forward the future research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeying Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Li Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhiyang Gong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Degang Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Acosta Hernández I, Muñoz Morales M, Fernández Morales FJ, Rodríguez Romero L, Villaseñor Camacho J. Removal of heavy metals from mine tailings by in-situ bioleaching coupled to electrokinetics. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117183. [PMID: 37769830 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
This work utilizes a combined biological-electrochemical technique for the in-situ removal of metals from polluted mine tailings. As the main novelty point it is proposed to use electrokinetics (EK) for the in-situ activation of a bioleaching mechanism into the tailings, in order to promote biological dissolution of metal sulphides (Step 1), and for the subsequent removal of leached metals by EK transport out of the tailings (Step 2). Mine tailings were collected from an abandoned Pb/Zn mine located in central-southern Spain. EK-bioleaching experiments were performed under batch mode using a lab scale EK cell. A mixed microbial culture of autochthonous acidophilic bacteria grown from the tailings was used. Direct current with polarity reversal vs alternate current was evaluated in Step 1. In turn, different biological strategies were used: biostimulation, bioaugmentation and the abiotic reference test (EK alone). It was observed that bioleaching activation was very low during Step 1, because it was difficult to maintain acidic pH in the whole soil, but then it worked correctly during Step 2. It was confirmed that microorganisms successfully contributed to the in-situ solubilization of the metal sulphides as final metal removal rates were improved compared to the conventional abiotic EK (best increases of around 40% for Cu, 162% for Pb, 18% for Zn, 13% for Mn, 40% for Ni and 15% for Cr). Alternate current seemed to be the best option. The tailings concentrations of Fe, Al, Cu, Mn, Ni and Pb after treatment comply with regulations, but Pb, Cd and Zn concentrations exceed the maximum values. From the data obtained in this work it has been observed that EK-bioleaching could be feasible, but some upgrades and future work must be done in order to optimize experimental conditions, especially the control of soil pH in acidic values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Acosta Hernández
- Chemical Engineering Department, Research Institute for Chemical and Environmental Technologies (ITQUIMA), University of Castilla La Mancha UCLM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Martín Muñoz Morales
- Chemical Engineering Department, Research Institute for Chemical and Environmental Technologies (ITQUIMA), University of Castilla La Mancha UCLM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francisco Jesús Fernández Morales
- Chemical Engineering Department, Research Institute for Chemical and Environmental Technologies (ITQUIMA), University of Castilla La Mancha UCLM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Luis Rodríguez Romero
- Chemical Engineering Department, Research Institute for Chemical and Environmental Technologies (ITQUIMA), University of Castilla La Mancha UCLM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José Villaseñor Camacho
- Chemical Engineering Department, Research Institute for Chemical and Environmental Technologies (ITQUIMA), University of Castilla La Mancha UCLM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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7
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Tsui L, Paul A, Chen YT, Tz-Chi E. Potential mechanisms contributing to the high cadmium removal efficiency from contaminated soil by using effective microorganisms as novel electrolyte in electrokinetic remediation applications. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114239. [PMID: 36184964 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we tested the ability of a solution of effective microorganisms (EM) to remove cadmium from soil. Experimental results revealed that EM had an overall cadmium removal efficiency of 90.5% after 7 days of electrokinetic (EK) treatment. During EK treatment, EM exhibited a low initial pH of 3.6 and a high conductivity of 7.0 mS/m; therefore, they reduced the pH of the anode after an electric field was applied. EM had a surface tension of 50.3 dyne/cm and exhibited biosurfactant property in the EK experiments. The cadmium removal efficiency of EM in soil was compared with that of tap water, citric acid, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The results revealed that after 7 days of EK treatment, EM had a higher cadmium removal efficiency than did citric acid (72.3%), EDTA (75.4%), and tap water (21.7%). This result can be partly attributed to the biosurfactant property of EM, which enables them to penetrate deeply into the soil matrix and thus dissolve a high quantity of pollutants. Overall, the results of this study indicate that EM can serve as an economic and efficient biosurfactant for removing cadmium from soil in EK applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lo Tsui
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gungjuan Rd., Taishan Dist., New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan, ROC; Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gungjuan Rd., Taishan Dist., New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Aaneta Paul
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gungjuan Rd., Taishan Dist., New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gungjuan Rd., Taishan Dist., New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - E Tz-Chi
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gungjuan Rd., Taishan Dist., New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan, ROC.
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Gidudu B, Chirwa EMN. The Role of pH, Electrodes, Surfactants, and Electrolytes in Electrokinetic Remediation of Contaminated Soil. Molecules 2022; 27:7381. [PMID: 36364207 PMCID: PMC9657640 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrokinetic remediation has, in recent years, shown great potential in remediating polluted environments. The technology can efficiently remove heavy metals, chlorophenols, polychlorinated biphenyls, phenols, trichloroethane, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds and entire petroleum hydrocarbons. Electrokinetic remediation makes use of electrolysis, electroosmosis, electrophoresis, diffusion, and electromigration as the five fundamental processes in achieving decontamination of polluted environments. These five processes depend on pH swings, voltage, electrodes, and electrolytes used in the electrochemical system. To apply this technology at the field scale, it is necessary to pursue the design of effective processes with low environmental impact to meet global sustainability standards. It is, therefore, imperative to understand the roles of the fundamental processes and their interactions in achieving effective and sustainable electrokinetic remediation in order to identify cleaner alternative solutions. This paper presents an overview of different processes involved in electrokinetic remediation with a focus on the effect of pH, electrodes, surfactants, and electrolytes that are applied in the remediation of contaminated soil and how these can be combined with cleaner technologies or alternative additives to achieve sustainable electrokinetic remediation. The electrokinetic phenomenon is described, followed by an evaluation of the impact of pH, surfactants, voltage, electrodes, and electrolytes in achieving effective and sustainable remediation.
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Yu F, Yang Z, Cheng Y, Xing S, Wang Y, Ma J. A comprehensive review on flow-electrode capacitive deionization: Design, active material and environmental application. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Ghobadi R, Altaee A, Zhou JL, Karbassiyazdi E, Ganbat N. Effective remediation of heavy metals in contaminated soil by electrokinetic technology incorporating reactive filter media. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148668. [PMID: 34225154 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination is increasingly a global problem with serious implications for human health. Among different soil decontamination approaches, electrokinetic (EK) remediation is a relatively new technology for treating organic and inorganic contaminants in soil. This research aims to develop an enhanced EK treatment method incorporating a compost-based reactive filter media (RFM) with the advantages of low-cost and strong affinity for heavy metals and test and improve the treatment efficiency for multiple heavy metals in natural soil. A series of EK operations were performed to investigate the performance of EK-RFM under different operating conditions such as the electric current and voltage, processing time, and the amount of RFM. The electric current and treatment time demonstrated a significant positive impact on removing Zn, Cd and Mn ions while changing the amount of RFM had an insignificant impact on the efficiency of heavy metals removal. Overall, 51.6%-72.1% removal of Zn, Cd, and Mn was achieved at 30.00 mA of electric current and 14 days of treatment duration. The energy consumption of the EK process was 0.17 kWh kg-1. The soil organic matter adversely affected the mobilization and migration of heavy metals such as Cu and Pb during EK treatment. The results are valuable in optimizing the design of the EK-RFM system, which will extend its application to field-scale soil decontamination practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Ghobadi
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Ali Altaee
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - John L Zhou
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Elika Karbassiyazdi
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Namuun Ganbat
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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11
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Wu J, Wei B, Lv Z, Fu Y. To improve the performance of focusing phenomenon related to energy consumption and removal efficiency in electrokinetic remediation of Cr-contaminated soil. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Wang Y, Han Z, Li A, Cui C. Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of heavy metals contaminated soil by biodegradable complexing agents. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 283:117111. [PMID: 33857881 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an electrokinetic technique for remediation of Pb2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+ contaminated soil was explored using sodium alginate (SA) and chitosan (CTS) as promising biodegradable complexing agents. The highest Cu2+ (95.69%) and Zn2+ (95.05%) removal rates were obtained at a 2 wt% SA dosage, which demonstrated that SA significantly improved the Cu2+ and Zn2+ removal efficiency during electrokinetic process. The abundant functional groups of SA allowed metal ions desorption from soil via ion-exchange, complexation, and electrolysis. Pb2+ ions were difficult to remove from soil by SA due to the higher gelation affinity with Pb2+ than Cu2+ and Zn2+, despite the Pb2+ exchangeable fraction partially transforming to the reducible and oxidizable fractions. CTS could complex metal ions and migrate into the catholyte under the electric field to form crosslinked CTS gelations. Consequently, this study proved the suitability of biodegradable complexing agents for treating soil contaminated with heavy metals using electrokinetic remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijian Han
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Ang Li
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongwei Cui
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Yuan L, Guo P, Guo S, Wang J, Huang Y. Influence of electrical fields enhanced phytoremediation of multi-metal contaminated soil on soil parameters and plants uptake in different soil sections. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 198:111290. [PMID: 33965386 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The influence of electrical fields on phytoremediation of multi-metal (Cd, Cu, and Zn) naturally contaminated soils has been investigated based on different soil sections. After ryegrass and hybrid penisetum were sowed for 30 d, electrical fields were applied during 30 days with the switching polarity every 30 min and continuing for 16 h d-1. After electrokinetic (EK) assisted phytoremediation process, soil electrical conductivity (EC) in anode section and available soil potassium (K) in cathode section were obviously elevated. Plants biomass in middle and cathode sections were increased in both plants, especially in middle section the overall biomass of hybrid penisetum increased by 68.8%. The influence of electrical field on the contents of heavy metals in plants was different depending on the species of plants, kind of heavy metals and soil section. For Cd, Cu, and Zn co-contaminated soils, shoot metals accumulation in middle section in both plants were improved at least about 20% (with the exception of Zn in ryegrass). Electrical fields had the most significant effect on copper absorption by ryegrass and shoot Cu accumulation were elevated 32.5% in all the section. The soil EC maybe an important factor that affected electrical fields enhanced plants growth, plant metals concentrations and remediation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhu Yuan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250103, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Contaminated Soil Remediation By Bio-physicochemical Synergistic Process, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | | | - Shuhai Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250103, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Contaminated Soil Remediation By Bio-physicochemical Synergistic Process, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Jianing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250103, China
| | - Yujie Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250103, China
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14
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Zhou M, Zhu S, Wei X. Effects of electrolyte on the removal of fluorine from red mud by electrokinetic remediation. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:2313-2324. [PMID: 31795921 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1701563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Red mud contains high levels of fluorine compounds. Once these fluorides were released, which led to adverse effects on human health and environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible use-electrokinetic remediation (EKR) for the removal of fluorine from red mud and explore the effects of different electrolytes on the remediation process. Three runs of EKR experiments were chosen using distilled water (run A), 0.1 mol/L HCl (run B) and 0.1 mol/L NaOH (run C), respectively. Related parameters for EKR, such as electric current, electro-osmotic flow (EOF) and energy consumption, were analysed. Characterisations of red mud were studied by SEM, XRD and FTIR. Experimental results showed that EKR could effectively remove fluorine pollutants from red mud. Electrolyte can obviously affect fluorine removal in EKR. The removal efficiency of run A, B and C was 57.69%, 66.75%, 60.04%, respectively, and run B (adding 0.1 mol HCl) had the best removal efficiency and the lowest residual fluorine in treated red mud after EKR, because of the highest electric current and EOF in all runs. Energy consumption per kilogram dry red mud of run A, B and C was 0.370, 0.726, and 0.506 kWh/kg, respectively. Experimental results showed that electro-osmosis and electromigration were both important removal mechanisms in EKR of fluorine from red mud. After EKR, the proportion of RESF (the residual fraction of fluorine) increased significantly, now fluorine of treated red mud had a good chemical inertness and had a smaller influence on environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shufa Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, People's Republic of China
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15
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Ghobadi R, Altaee A, Zhou JL, McLean P, Ganbat N, Li D. Enhanced copper removal from contaminated kaolinite soil by electrokinetic process using compost reactive filter media. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123891. [PMID: 33254824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrokinetic (EK) remediation is a promising technology for soil decontamination, although basic pH in the soil close to cathode has constrained EK effectiveness due to heavy metal precipitation. This study aimed to enhance copper removal from kaolinite soil by integrating EK with compost (C) as recyclable reactive filter media (RFM) for the first time. Compost placed near the cathode served as an adsorbent to bind copper ions while buffering the advancement of the alkaline front in soil. The total copper removal rate increased from 1.03% in EK to 45.65% in EK-100%C under an electric potential of 10 V. Further experiments conducted by using biochar (BC) and compost/biochar (C + BC) mixture RFM at different ratios showed total Cu removal efficiency decreasing as EK-100%C > EK-(10%BC + 90%C) > EK-(20%BC + 80%C) > EK-(30%BC + 70%C) > EK. The application of a constant electric current of 20.00 mA further enhanced copper removal to 84.09% in EK-100%C although did not show significant enhancement in EK-(BC + C). The compost RFM was regenerated by acid extraction and then reused twice, achieving a total removal of 74.11%. The findings demonstrated compost as a promising and reusable RFM for the efficient removal of copper in contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Ghobadi
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Ali Altaee
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - John L Zhou
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Peter McLean
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Namuun Ganbat
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Donghao Li
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Biological Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, PR China
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16
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Xu L, Yu C, Mao Y, Zong Y, Zhang B, Chu H, Wu D. Can flow-electrode capacitive deionization become a new in-situ soil remediation technology for heavy metal removal? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123568. [PMID: 32763769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present a novel soil electrochemical remediation technology (called S-FCDI), which is based on flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI), for Cd removal from kaolin while under continuous operation mode. The results demonstrated that Cd can be effectively removed from kaolin with reasonable energy consumption and minimal macroelement loss. The carboxylic (OOH) functional groups on the surface of activated carbon (AC) facilitated the transfer of Cd from kaolin onto carbon surface. A stable acidic environment, which is advantageous for continuous Cd desorption, was achieved as a result of the balance between H+ generation and transmembrane migration. Once these net negative charges on the particle were eliminated or reversed, the adsorbed Cd could be released easily and driven in concentrated stream by electrostatic repulsion. Under the optimal operating conditions (i.e., carbon =50 g/L, j = 3.47 A/m2, pHi = 3.2, [NaCl]a =8.6 mmol/L), more than 80 % Cd was removed from (200 g) kaolin after continuous 19 h operation at a relatively low electricity consumption of 22.7 kW h/kg Cd and a limited Al loss of 0.06 wt‰. These results from this work demonstrated that S-FCDI could be an alternative soil electrochemical remediation technology for heavy metal removal with low soil damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Chao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Yunfeng Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Yang Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Huaqiang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Deli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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17
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Wu J, Li Q, Lv Z. Regulating and intervening act of Cr chemical speciation effect on the electrokinetic removal in Cr contaminated soil in arid area. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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18
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Yang X, Liu L, Tan W, Liu C, Dang Z, Qiu G. Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils by organic acid extraction and electrochemical adsorption. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114745. [PMID: 32416427 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils remains a global challenge. Here, low-molecular-weight organic acids were used to extract Cu and Zn from polluted soils, and the extracted heavy metals were subsequently adsorbed by activated carbon electrodes. The electrochemical adsorption mechanism as well as the influence of pH, organic acid type and voltage were investigated, and the soil remediation effect was further evaluated by the cultivation of rape. After extraction by citrate at initial pH 8.3 and electrochemical adsorption at 0.9 V for 7 d, the concentrations of total and bioavailable Cu in soils decreased from 1090 to 281 to 391 and 52 mg kg-1, and those of Zn decreased from 262 to 39 to 208 and 30 mg kg-1, respectively. Cu and Zn ions were mainly electrochemically adsorbed on the carbon cathode and anode, respectively, resulting in decreases of their concentrations to below 1 mg L-1 in the leachate. The presence of organic acids improved the remediation performance in the order of citrate > oxalate > acetate. The decrease in the initial pH of citrate solution enhanced the removal rate of Zn, while seemed to have no effect on that of Cu. The removal capacity for heavy metals decreased with decreasing cell voltage from 0.9 to 0.3 V. In the rape cultivation experiment, the Cu and Zn contents in shoot and root were decreased by more than 50%, validating the soil remediation effect. The present work proposes a facile method for heavy metal removal from contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lihu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wenfeng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chengshuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guohong Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China.
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19
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Heavy metal removal from sewage sludge under citric acid and electroosmotic leaching processes. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Sun Z, Wu B, Guo P, Wang S, Guo S. Enhanced electrokinetic remediation and simulation of cadmium-contaminated soil by superimposed electric field. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 233:17-24. [PMID: 31163304 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The 'focusing' effect has become a limiting factor for the removal of heavy metals from soils by electrokinetic (EK) remediation. A superimposed electric field EK (SE-EK) method is proposed to address this problem. Two sets of fixed electrodes placed at different positions were switched to move the 'focusing' region of Cd to the cathode by controlling the location of the pH jumping front. Moreover, a model was established to simulate and optimize the process of Cd transport in soil under the superimposed electric field. Results showed that, after 35 d of SE-EK remediation, Cd was mainly accumulated in the soil section near the cathode (S5), where the acid and alkaline fronts converged. The removal rate of Cd in the soil sections from S1 to S4 reached 87.60%, which was 6.13 times that in conventional EK remediation. Meanwhile, the energy utilization efficiency in SE-EK was 6.38 times that in conventional EK. The pH changes and Cd distribution during the SE-EK experiment were simulated well, with good agreement between the modeled and experimental data. The removal of Cd in SE-EK remediation could therefore be optimized through simulating the distribution of Cd in five situations with differences in switching time and electrode position. This research provides valuable technical support for effective EK remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Sun
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | | | - Sa Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Shuhai Guo
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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21
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Ma Q, Li J, Lee CCC, Long X, Liu Y, Wu QT. Combining potassium chloride leaching with vertical electrokinetics to remediate cadmium-contaminated soils. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:2081-2091. [PMID: 30838487 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00259-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the feasibility of combining potassium chloride (KCl) leaching and electrokinetic (EK) treatment for the remediation of cadmium (Cd) and other metals from contaminated soils. KCl leaching was compared at three concentrations (0.2%, 0.5%, and 1% KCl). EK treatment was conducted separately to migrate the metals in the topsoil to the subsoil. The combined approach using KCl leaching before or after EK treatment was compared. For the single vertical EK treatment, the removal of Cd, lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) from the topsoil (0-20 cm) was 9.38%, 4.80%, 0.95%, and 10.81%, respectively. KCl leaching at 1% KCl removed 84.06% Cd, 9.95% Pb, 4.34% Cu, and 19.93% Zn from the topsoil, with higher removal efficiency than that of the 0.2% and 0.5% KCl leaching treatments. By combining the KCl leaching and EK treatment, the removal efficiency of heavy metals improved, in particular for the 1% KCl + EK treatment, where the removal rate of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn from the upper surface soil reached 97.79%, 17.69%, 14.37%, and 41.96%, respectively. Correspondingly, the soil Cd content decreased from 4 to 0.21 mg/kg, and was below the Chinese standard limit of 0.3 mg/kg soil. These results indicate that 1% KCl + EK treatment is a good combination technique to mitigate Cd pollution from contaminated soils used for growing rice and leafy vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory on Soil Environment and Waste Reuse in Agriculture of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory on Soil Environment and Waste Reuse in Agriculture of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Charles C C Lee
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle (Australia) Singapore, 6 Temasek Blvd, Singapore, 038986, Singapore
| | - Xinxian Long
- Key Laboratory on Soil Environment and Waste Reuse in Agriculture of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yongmao Liu
- Inner Mongolia Research Institute of Metallurgy, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Qi-Tang Wu
- Key Laboratory on Soil Environment and Waste Reuse in Agriculture of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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22
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Shu J, Sun X, Liu R, Liu Z, Wu H, Chen M, Li B. Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of manganese and ammonia nitrogen from electrolytic manganese residue using pulsed electric field in different enhancement agents. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:523-529. [PMID: 30641313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrolytic manganese residue (EMR) is a solid waste generated in the process of producing electrolytic metal manganese and contains a lot of manganese and ammonia nitrogen. In this study, electrokinetic remediation (EK) of manganese and ammonia nitrogen from EMR were carried out by using pulse electric field (PE) in different agents, and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), citric acid (CA) and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) were used as enhancement agents. The removal behavior of ammonia nitrogen and manganese under direct current field (DC) and PE, and the relationship between manganese fractionation and transport behavior, as well as the energy consumption were investigated. The results demonstrated that the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen and manganese using PE were higher than DC. SDBS, EDTA and CA could enhance electroosmosis and electromigration, and the sequence of enhancement agent effects were CA, SDBS, EDTA, distilled water. The highest removal efficiency of manganese and ammonia nitrogen were 94.74% and 88.20%, and the effective removal amount of manganese and ammonia nitrogen was 23.93 and 1.48 mg·wh-1, when CA and SDBS+CA was used as the enhancement agents, respectively. Moreover, electromigration was the main removal mechanism of manganese and ammonia nitrogen in the EK process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle (SWUST), Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Xiaolong Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Renlong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Zuohua Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Haiping Wu
- Sichuan jiuzhou technician college, 9 Ninesheng Road, Mianyang 621099, China
| | - Mengjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle (SWUST), Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Bobo Li
- College of Mining, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
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23
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Huang T, Zhou L, Liu L, Xia M. Ultrasound-enhanced electrokinetic remediation for removal of Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd in municipal solid waste incineration fly ashes. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 75:226-235. [PMID: 29395736 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Low-frequency ultrasound generated by a transducer was investigated to activate the raw municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ashes in the electrokinetic process, aiming at enhancing heavy metal (HM) removal and achieving better remedial efficacy. The maximum removal efficiencies of 69.84%, 64.24%, 67.74% and 59.93% were obtained in the orthogonal tests of ultrasonication for Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd, respectively. The acoustic time of 30 min and controlling temperature of 45 °C in the operating parameters were quantitatively determined to optimize the ultrasonication of the MSWI fly ash matrices. The changes of acoustic time had a significant effect on the extraction efficiencies of all the four heavy metal elements in the sonication optimal experiments. The longer running time was preferred for the pretreatment of the fly ashes in according to the marginal mean removal results. The voltage gradient of 2 V/cm was most likely to improve the removals of four HMs during the electrokinetics in the range of 0.5-2 V/cm. The synergetic application of acidification and ultrasonication for the media treatment was demonstrated to be most effective in enhancing the remedial efficiencies in the further electrokinetic experiments compared with the other activation systems. Correspondingly, the leaching concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd in the samples were reduced by 85.92%, 98.22%, 88.53% and 98.34%, respectively. The contaminants were continuously extracted from the solid grains of the fly ashes by the protonic attack and bubble implosion. The obtained risk-assessment-code values indicated the adoption of AUS-EKR system reduced the environmental toxicity for the fly ashes to the maximum extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, 215500, China; State Key Laboratory for Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, 400044, China; School of Resource and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Lulu Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, 215500, China
| | - Longfei Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, 215500, China
| | - Ming Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, 400044, China; School of Resource and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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24
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Tang X, Li Q, Wang Z, Hu Y, Hu Y, Scholz M. Improved isolation of cadmium from paddy soil by novel technology based on pore water drainage with graphite-contained electro-kinetic geosynthetics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:14244-14253. [PMID: 29525860 PMCID: PMC5978830 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1664-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Novel soil remediation equipment based on electro-kinetic geosynthetics (EKG) was developed for in situ isolation of metals from paddy soil. Two mutually independent field plot experiments A and B (with and without electric current applied) were conducted. After saturation using ferric chloride (FeCl3) and calcium chloride (CaCl2), soil water drainage capacity, soil cadmium (Cd) removal performance, energy consumption as well as soil residual of iron (Fe) and chloride (Cl) were assessed. Cadmium dissolved in the soil matrix and resulted in a 100% increase of diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extracted phyto-available Cd. The total soil Cd content reductions were 15.20% and 26.58% for groups A and B, respectively, and electric field applications resulted in a 74.87% increase of soil total Cd removal. The electric energy consumption was only 2.17 kWh/m3 for group B. Drainage by gravity contributed to > 90% of the overall soil dewatering capacity. Compared to conventional electro-kinetic technology, excellent and fast soil water drainage resulted in negligible hydrogen ion (H+) and hydroxide ion (OH-) accumulation at nearby electrode zones, which addressed the challenge of anode corrosion and cathode precipitation of soil metals. External addition of FeCl3 and CaCl2 caused soil Fe and Cl residuals and led to 4.33-7.59% and 139-172% acceptable augments in soil total Fe and Cl content, correspondingly, if compared to original untreated soils. Therefore, the novel soil remediation equipment developed based on EKG can be regarded as a promising new in situ technology for thoroughly isolating metals from large-scale paddy soil fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqiang Tang
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, China.
- Key Laboratory of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Geo-Hazards and Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Area, Hubei Province, Yichang, 443002, China.
| | - Qingyun Li
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, China
- Key Laboratory of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, China
- Key Laboratory of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Geo-Hazards and Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Area, Hubei Province, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Yanping Hu
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, China
- Key Laboratory of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, China
- Key Laboratory of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Miklas Scholz
- Division of Water Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 118, 22100, Lund, Sweden.
- Department of Civil Engineering Science, School of Civil Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Kingsway Campus, PO Box 524, Aukland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa.
- Civil Engineering Research Group, School of Computing, Science and Engineering, The University of Salford, Newton Building, Peel Park Campus, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK.
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Tang J, He J, Liu T, Xin X, Hu H. Removal of heavy metal from sludge by the combined application of a biodegradable biosurfactant and complexing agent in enhanced electrokinetic treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 189:599-608. [PMID: 28963977 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the heavy metal removal potentiality of an electrokinetic (EK) decontamination treatment enhanced by a biodegradable complexing agent Tetrasodium of N, N-bis (carboxymethyl) glutamic acid (GLDA) also in combination with a biodegradable biosurfactant (rhamnolipid) was investigated to decontaminate heavy metals from the sludge. The main results explored that the nature of sludge and their interactions with different improving agents significantly influenced the electrokinetic removal processes. A general increase of pH values from anode to cathode in the sludge-cell was observed due to the strong buffering capacity of carbonates. Compared with the deionized water, the use of GLDA as an electrolyte, Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni and Mn removal efficiencies were 53.2 ± 3.12%, 67.4 ± 3.45%, 59.2 ± 4.78%, 45.4 ± 4.15%, 72.8 ± 3.68% and 45.0 ± 4.85%, respectively, whereas a further improvement heavy metals removal efficiencies (Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni and Mn removal efficiencies were 64.8 ± 2.34%, 56.8 ± 4.12%, 49.4 ± 4.45%, 46.6 ± 2.35%, 60.4 ± 3.45% and 69.6 ± 3.54%, respectively) were achieved by repalcing rhamnolipid as the electrolyte. Significantly higher removal efficiencies (Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni and Mn removal efficiencies were 70.6 ± 3.41%, 82.2 ± 5.21%, 89.0 ± 3.34%, 60.0 ± 4.67%, 88.4 ± 4.43% and 70.0 ± 3.51%, respectively) were obtained by the simultaneous use of GLDA and rhamnolipid due to their synergic action in electrokinetic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Junguo He
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
| | - Tiantian Liu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Xin
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Huizhi Hu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
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The influence of macroelements on energy consumption during periodic power electrokinetic remediation of heavy metals contaminated black soil. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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