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Liu W, Xu L, Yang Z, Zhang X, Lin S. Mixing due to Solution Switch Limits the Performance of Electrosorption for Desalination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:13995-14004. [PMID: 39025784 PMCID: PMC11308525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Electrosorption (ES) is a research frontier in electrochemical separation, with proven potential applications in desalination, wastewater treatment, and selective resource extraction. However, due to the limited adsorption capacity of film electrodes, ES requires short circuiting or circuit reversal, accompanied by a solution switch between the feed solution and receiving solution, to sustain desalination over many charge-discharge cycles. In previously reported studies, solution switches have been commonly ignored to simplify experimental procedures, and their impacts on separation performance are thus not well understood. This study aims to provide a quantitative analysis of the impacts of mixing due to a solution switch on the performance of ES-based desalination. A numerical model of ES has been employed to evaluate the adverse effects of the solution switch on the desalination performance in three commonly used operation modes. The analysis reveals that the impacts of mixing due to solution-switch are more severe with a larger concentration difference between the desalinated water and the brine and provides insights into the effectiveness of increasing electrode loading or specific capacity in mitigating the detrimental impacts of mixing. Even with state-of-the-art systems, producing freshwater from seawater or even brackish water with medium-to-high salinity is practically challenging due to the presence of solution switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifan Liu
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1831, United States
| | - Longqian Xu
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1831, United States
| | - Zezhou Yang
- Department
of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1831, United States
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1831, United States
| | - Shihong Lin
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1831, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1831, United States
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2
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Ma W, Patel SK, Marcos Hernández M, Wang X, Zhou X, Pan W, Shin Y, Villagrán D, Elimelech M. Rapid, Selective, and Chemical-Free Removal of Dissolved Silica from Water via Electrosorption: Feasibility and Mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:947-959. [PMID: 38153969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The unavoidable and detrimental formation of silica scale in engineered processes necessitates the urgent development of effective, economic, and sustainable strategies for dissolved silica removal from water. Herein, we demonstrate a rapid, chemical-free, and selective silica removal method using electrosorption. Specifically, we confirm the feasibility of exploiting local pH dynamics at the electrodes in flow-through electrosorption, achieved through a counterintuitive cell configuration design, to induce ionization and concomitant electrosorption of dissolved silica. In addition, to improve the feasibility of silica electrosorption under high-salinity solutions, we developed a silica-selective anode by functionalizing porous activated carbon cloths with aluminum hydroxide nanoparticles (Al(OH)3-p-ACC). The modification markedly enhances silica sorption capacity (2.8 vs 1.1 mgsilica ganode-1) and reduces the specific energy consumption (13.3 vs 19.8 kWh kgsilica-1). Notably, the modified electrode retains remarkable silica sorption capacity even in the presence of high concentrations of co-occurring ions (up to 100 mM NaCl). The mechanisms underlying the superior silica removal stability and selectivity with the Al(OH)3-p-ACC electrode are also elucidated, revealing a synergistic interaction involving outer-sphere and inner-sphere complexation between dissolved silica and Al(OH)3 nanoparticles on the electrodes. Moreover, we find that effective regeneration of the electrodes may be achieved by applying a reverse potential during discharge, although complete regeneration of the modified electrodes may necessitate alternative materials or process optimization. We recommend the adoption of feedwater-specific designs for the development of future silica-selective electrodes in electrosorption capable of meeting silica removal demands across a wide range of engineered systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ma
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biotechnology Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Sohum K Patel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Mariana Marcos Hernández
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Xiaoxiong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Xuechen Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Weiyi Pan
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Yonguk Shin
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Dino Villagrán
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Menachem Elimelech
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology─Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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3
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Tu YH, Huang HY, Yang YH, Lai CY, Tai CW, Hu CC. Comprehensive Study on the Ion-Selective Behavior of MnO x for Electrochemical Deionization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:46812-46828. [PMID: 37773582 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Manganese oxide is an effective active material in several electrochemical systems, including batteries, supercapacitors, and electrochemical deionization (ECDI). This work conducts a comprehensive study on the ion-selective behavior of MnOx to fulfill the emptiness in the energy and environmental science field. Furthermore, it broadens the promising application of MnOx in the ion-selective ECDI system. We propose a time-dependent multimechanism ion-selective behavior with the following guidelines by utilizing a microfluidic cell and the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) analysis. (1) Hydrated radius is the most critical factor for ions with the same valence, and MnOx tends to capture cations with a small hydrated radius. (2) The importance of charge density rises when comparing cations with different valences, and MnOx prefers to capture divalent cations with a strong electrostatic attraction at prolonged times. Under this circumstance, ion swapping may occur where divalent cations replace monovalent cations. (3) NH4+ triggers MnOx dissolution, leading to performance and stability decay. The EQCM evidence has directly verified the proposed mechanisms, and these data provide a novel but simple method to judge ion selectivity preference. The overall ion selectivity sequence is Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ > NH4+> Na+ > Li+ with the highest selectivity values of βCa//Li and βCa//Na around 3 at the deionization time = 10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Heng Tu
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Advanced Materials Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University Hsin-Chu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Huang
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Advanced Materials Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University Hsin-Chu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Yang
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Advanced Materials Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University Hsin-Chu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Lai
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Advanced Materials Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University Hsin-Chu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Wei Tai
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Advanced Materials Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University Hsin-Chu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Hu
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Advanced Materials Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University Hsin-Chu 30013, Taiwan
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4
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He Z, Li Y, Wang Y, Miller CJ, Fletcher J, Lian B, Waite TD. Insufficient desorption of ions in constant-current membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI): Problems and solutions. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120273. [PMID: 37393810 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) is a water desalination technology that involves the removal of charged ions from water under an electric field. While constant-current MCDI coupled with stopped-flow during ion discharge is expected to exhibit high water recovery and good performance stability, previous studies have typically been undertaken using NaCl solutions only with limited investigation of MCDI performance using multi-electrolyte solutions. In the present work, the desalination performance of MCDI was evaluated using feed solutions with different levels of hardness. The increase of hardness resulted in the degradation of desalination performance with the desalination time (Δtd), total removed charge, water recovery (WR) and productivity decreasing by 20.5%, 21.8%, 3.8% and 3.2%, respectively. A more serious degradation of WR and productivity would be caused if Δtd decreases further. Analysis of the voltage profiles and effluent ion concentrations reveal that the insufficient desorption of divalent ions at constant-current discharge to 0 V was the principal reason for the degradation of performance. The Δtd and WR can be improved by discharging the cell using a lower current but the productivity decreased by 15.7% on decreasing the discharging current from 161 to 107 mA. Discharging the cell to a negative potential was shown to be a better option with the Δtd, total removed charge, WR and productivity increasing by 27.4%, 23.9%, 3.6% and 5.3%, respectively, when the cell was discharged to a minimum voltage of - 0.3 V. Use of such a method should be feasible for operation of full scale MCDI plants and would be expected to lead to better regeneration of the electrode, improved desalination performance and, potentially, a significant reduction in the need for use of clean-in-place procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhao He
- UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu Province 214206, P. R. China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yingnan Li
- UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu Province 214206, P. R. China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yuan Wang
- UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu Province 214206, P. R. China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher J Miller
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - John Fletcher
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Boyue Lian
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - T David Waite
- UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu Province 214206, P. R. China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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5
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Toma S, Omosebi A, Gao X, Abad K, Bhatnagar S, Qian D, Liu K, Thompson JG. Targeted electrochemical reduction of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines from emission control systems within CO 2 capture plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 333:138915. [PMID: 37172623 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
N-Nitrosamines are one of the environmentally significant byproducts from aqueous amine-based post-combustion carbon capture systems (CCS) due to their potential risk to human health. Safely mitigating nitrosamines before they are emitted from these CO2 capture systems is therefore a key concern before widescale deployment of CCS can be used to address worldwide decarbonization goals. Electrochemical decomposition is one viable route to neutralize these harmful compounds. The circulating emission control waterwash system, commonly installed at the end of the flue gas treatment trains to minimize amine solvent emissions, plays an important role to capture N-nitrosamines and control their emission into the environment. The waterwash solution is the last point where these compounds can be properly neutralized before becoming an environmental hazard. In this study, the decomposition mechanisms of N-nitrosamines in a simulated CCS waterwash with residual alkanolamines was investigated using several laboratory-scale electrolyzers utilizing carbon xerogel (CX) electrodes. H-cell experiments revealed that N-nitrosamines were decomposed through a reduction reaction and are converted into their corresponding secondary amines thereby neutralizing their environmental impact. Batch-cell experiments statistically examined the kinetic models of N-nitrosamine removal by a combined adsorption and decomposition processes. The cathodic reduction of the N-nitrosamines statistically obeyed the first-order reaction model. Finally, a prototype flow-through reactor using an authentic waterwash was used to successfully target and decompose N-nitrosamines to below the detectable level without degrading the amine solvent compounds allowing them to be return to the CCS and lower the system operating costs. The developed electrolyzer was able to efficiently remove greater than 98% of N-nitrosamines from the waterwash solution without producing any additional environmentally harmful compounds and offers an effective and safe route to mitigate these compounds from CO2 capture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Toma
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, KY, 40511, United States
| | - Ayokunle Omosebi
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, KY, 40511, United States
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 151 Ralph G. Anderson Building, Lexington, KY, 40506, United States
| | - Keemia Abad
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, KY, 40511, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 125 Chemistry/Physics Building, Lexington, KY, 40506, United States
| | - Saloni Bhatnagar
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, KY, 40511, United States
| | - Dali Qian
- Electron Microscopy Center, College of Engineering, University of Kentucky, ASTeCC Building - A004, Lexington, KY, 40502, United States
| | - Kunlei Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 151 Ralph G. Anderson Building, Lexington, KY, 40506, United States.
| | - Jesse G Thompson
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, KY, 40511, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 125 Chemistry/Physics Building, Lexington, KY, 40506, United States.
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6
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Liu C, Ma X, Ma L, Xu Y, Wang F, Huang L, Ma S. A novel asymmetric CDI device for targeted removal of cation in water desalination. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:1626-1641. [PMID: 34807812 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.2010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel asymmetric capacitive deionisation (CDI) device was home-made for the removal of cations from an aqueous solution through the structural innovation in this experiment. The adsorbent materials were characterised by Scanning Electron Microscope and BET as well as performing cyclic voltammetry curve tests. The results showed that the materials exhibited excellent performance (the specific surface area is 321.14 m²/g) and the maximum specific capacitance of the adsorbent material can reach 60 F/g at the 5 mV/s. The optimal operating conditions of the asymmetric CDI device were obtained using an orthogonal test method analysis and response surface methodology: the best desalination efficiency of CDI obtained at the concentration is 455.82 mg/L, the potential is 1.18 V and the flow rate is 46.54 mL/min. After the analysis of first-order kinetic model, it can be obtained that the fastest adsorption efficiency for Ca2+, followed by Mg2+, and the slowest for Na+, and the CDI device had a better adsorption effect on divalent cations. Simulation by Comsol software showed that the adsorption efficiency was better at a high flow rate. In addition, the CDI device has good stability and the mechanism of targeted cation removal and mass transfer process of the CDI were discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, People's Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Ma
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, People's Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Ma
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, People's Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongyi Xu
- China Power Hua Chuang Electricity Technology Research Company Ltd., People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- China Power Hua Chuang Electricity Technology Research Company Ltd., People's Republic of China
| | - Luyue Huang
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangchen Ma
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, People's Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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7
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Beke M, Velempini T, Pillay K. Synthesis and application of NiO-ZrO2@g-C3N4 Nanocomposite for High-performance Hybrid Capacitive Deionisation. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2023.100799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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8
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Yoon N, Park S, Son M, Cho KH. Automation of membrane capacitive deionization process using reinforcement learning. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 227:119337. [PMID: 36370591 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an alternative desalination technology that uses electrochemical ion separation. Although several attempts have been made to maximize the energy efficiency and productivity of CDI with conventional control methods, it is difficult to optimize the CDI processes because of the complex correlation between the operational conditions and the composition of feed water. To address these challenges, we applied deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to automatically control the membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) process, which is one of the representative CDI processes, to accomplish high energy efficiency while desalinating water. In the DRL model, the numerical model is combined as the environment that provides states according to the actions. The feed water conditions, that is, the input state of the DRL, were assumed to have a random salt concentration and constant foulant concentration. The model was constructed to minimize energy consumption and maximize desalted water volume per cycle. After training of 1,000 episodes, the DRL model achieved a 22.07% reduction in specific energy consumption (from 0.054 to 0.042 kWh m-3) and 11.60% increase in water desalted water volume per cycle (from 1.96×10-5 to 2.19×10-5 m3), achieving the desired degree of desalination, compared to the first episode. This improved performance was because the trained model selected the optimized operating conditions of current, voltage, and the number and intensity of flushing. Furthermore, it was possible to train the model depending on demand by modifying the reward function of the DRL model. The fundamental principle described in this study for applying the DRL model in MCDI operations can be the cornerstone of a fully automated water desalination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakyung Yoon
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sanghun Park
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Son
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST-School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung Hwa Cho
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Chen TH, Cuong DV, Jang Y, Khu NZ, Chung E, Hou CH. Cation selectivity of activated carbon and nickel hexacyanoferrate electrode materials in capacitive deionization: A comparison study. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135613. [PMID: 35810870 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the electrosorption selectivity of porous activated carbon (AC) and nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF), which represent two working mechanisms of capacitive electrosorption and redox intercalation, was investigated to separate cations in capacitive deionization (CDI). The cyclic voltammetry diagrams of AC showed the rectangular shape of double-layer charging, while that of NiHCF showed separated peaks associated with redox reactions. The specific capacitance of NiHCF was 143.6 F/g in 1 M NaCl, which was almost two times higher than that of AC. Cation selectivity experiments were conducted in single-pass CDI for a multi-cation solution. The electrosorption preference of the AC cathode was determined by a counterbalance between the ionic charge and hydrated size, reflecting the selectivity coefficient of different cations over Na+ in the range of 0.86-2.63. For the NiHCF cathode, the cation selectivity was mainly dominated by the hydrated radius and redox activity. Notably, high selectivities of K+/Na+ ≈ 3.57, Na+/Ca2+ ≈ 9.97, and Na+/Mg2+ ≈ 18.92 were obtained. A significant improvement in the electrosorption capacity and monovalent ion selectivity can be achieved by utilizing the NiHCF electrode. The study demonstrates the fundamental aspects and promising opportunities of CDI in regard to ion selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Hsuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Dinh Viet Cuong
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering, 55 Giai Phong, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Yunjai Jang
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngee-Zhen Khu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Eunhyea Chung
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chia-Hung Hou
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan; Water Innovation, Low Carbon and Environmental Sustainability Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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10
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El-Deen AG, El-kholly HK, Ali MEM, Ibrahim HS, Zahran M, Helal M, Choi JH. Polystyrene sulfonate coated activated graphene aerogel for boosting desalination performance using capacitive deionization. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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11
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Arnold S, Wang L, Presser V. Dual-Use of Seawater Batteries for Energy Storage and Water Desalination. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107913. [PMID: 36045423 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Seawater batteries are unique energy storage systems for sustainable renewable energy storage by directly utilizing seawater as a source for converting electrical energy and chemical energy. This technology is a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to lithium-ion batteries, benefitting from seawater-abundant sodium as the charge-transfer ions. Research has significantly improved and revised the performance of this type of battery over the last few years. However, fundamental limitations of the technology remain to be overcome in future studies to make this method even more viable. Disadvantages include degradation of the anode materials or limited membrane stability in aqueous saltwater resulting in low electrochemical performance and low Coulombic efficiency. The use of seawater batteries exceeds the application for energy storage. The electrochemical immobilization of ions intrinsic to the operation of seawater batteries is also an effective mechanism for direct seawater desalination. The high charge/discharge efficiency and energy recovery make seawater batteries an attractive water remediation technology. Here, the seawater battery components and the parameters used to evaluate their energy storage and water desalination performances are reviewed. Approaches to overcoming stability issues and low voltage efficiency are also introduced. Finally, an overview of potential applications, particularly in desalination technology, is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Arnold
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D22, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Campus D22, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lei Wang
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D22, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Campus D22, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Volker Presser
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D22, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Campus D22, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Saarene - Saarland Center for Energy Materials and Sustainability, Campus C42, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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12
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Jiang Y, Jin L, Wei D, Alhassan SI, Wang H, Chai L. Energy Consumption in Capacitive Deionization for Desalination: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10599. [PMID: 36078322 PMCID: PMC9517846 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging eco-friendly desalination technology with mild operation conditions. However, the energy consumption of CDI has not yet been comprehensively summarized, which is closely related to the economic cost. Hence, this study aims to review the energy consumption performances and mechanisms in the literature of CDI, and to reveal a future direction for optimizing the consumed energy. The energy consumption of CDI could be influenced by a variety of internal and external factors. Ion-exchange membrane incorporation, flow-by configuration, constant current charging mode, lower electric field intensity and flowrate, electrode material with a semi-selective surface or high wettability, and redox electrolyte are the preferred elements for low energy consumption. In addition, the consumed energy in CDI could be reduced to be even lower by energy regeneration. By combining the favorable factors, the optimization of energy consumption (down to 0.0089 Wh·gNaCl-1) could be achieved. As redox flow desalination has the benefits of a high energy efficiency and long lifespan (~20,000 cycles), together with the incorporation of energy recovery (over 80%), a robust future tendency of energy-efficient CDI desalination is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Jiang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Linfeng Jin
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Dun Wei
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Sikpaam Issaka Alhassan
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Haiying Wang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
- Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Liyuan Chai
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
- Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha 410083, China
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13
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Alkhadra M, Su X, Suss ME, Tian H, Guyes EN, Shocron AN, Conforti KM, de Souza JP, Kim N, Tedesco M, Khoiruddin K, Wenten IG, Santiago JG, Hatton TA, Bazant MZ. Electrochemical Methods for Water Purification, Ion Separations, and Energy Conversion. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13547-13635. [PMID: 35904408 PMCID: PMC9413246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural development, extensive industrialization, and rapid growth of the global population have inadvertently been accompanied by environmental pollution. Water pollution is exacerbated by the decreasing ability of traditional treatment methods to comply with tightening environmental standards. This review provides a comprehensive description of the principles and applications of electrochemical methods for water purification, ion separations, and energy conversion. Electrochemical methods have attractive features such as compact size, chemical selectivity, broad applicability, and reduced generation of secondary waste. Perhaps the greatest advantage of electrochemical methods, however, is that they remove contaminants directly from the water, while other technologies extract the water from the contaminants, which enables efficient removal of trace pollutants. The review begins with an overview of conventional electrochemical methods, which drive chemical or physical transformations via Faradaic reactions at electrodes, and proceeds to a detailed examination of the two primary mechanisms by which contaminants are separated in nondestructive electrochemical processes, namely electrokinetics and electrosorption. In these sections, special attention is given to emerging methods, such as shock electrodialysis and Faradaic electrosorption. Given the importance of generating clean, renewable energy, which may sometimes be combined with water purification, the review also discusses inverse methods of electrochemical energy conversion based on reverse electrosorption, electrowetting, and electrokinetic phenomena. The review concludes with a discussion of technology comparisons, remaining challenges, and potential innovations for the field such as process intensification and technoeconomic optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad
A. Alkhadra
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xiao Su
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthew E. Suss
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Wolfson
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Nancy
and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Huanhuan Tian
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eric N. Guyes
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Amit N. Shocron
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Kameron M. Conforti
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - J. Pedro de Souza
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nayeong Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michele Tedesco
- European
Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Wetsus, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Khoiruddin Khoiruddin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
- Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - I Gede Wenten
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
- Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Juan G. Santiago
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - T. Alan Hatton
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Martin Z. Bazant
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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14
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Wu L, Zhang C, Kim S, Hatton TA, Mo H, Waite TD. Lithium recovery using electrochemical technologies: Advances and challenges. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 221:118822. [PMID: 35834973 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Driven by the electric-vehicle revolution, a sharp increase in lithium (Li) demand as a result of the need to produce Li-ion batteries is expected in coming years. To enable a sustainable Li supply, there is an urgent need to develop cost-effective and environmentally friendly methods to extract Li from a variety of sources including Li-rich salt-lake brines, seawater, and wastewaters. While the prevalent lime soda evaporation method is suitable for the mass extraction of Li from brine sources with low Mg/Li ratios, it is time-consuming (>1 year) and typically exhibits low Li recovery. Electrochemically-based methods have emerged as promising processes to recover Li given their ease of management, limited requirement for additional chemicals, minimal waste production, and high selectivity towards Li. This state-of-the-art review provides a comprehensive overview of current advances in two key electrochemical Li recovery technologies (electrosorption and electrodialysis) with particular attention given to advances in understanding of mechanism, materials, operational modes, and system configurations. We highlight the most pressing challenges these technologies encounter including (i) limited electrode capacity, poor electrode stability and co-insertion of impurity cations in the electrosorption process, and (ii) limited Li selectivity of available ion exchange membranes, ion leakage and membrane scaling in the electrodialysis process. We then systematically describe potentially effective strategies to overcome these challenges and, further, provide future perspectives, particularly with respect to the translation of innovation at bench-scale to industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Changyong Zhang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Seoni Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - T Alan Hatton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Hengliang Mo
- Beijing Origin Water Membrane Technology Company Limited, Huairou, Beijing 101400, PR China
| | - T David Waite
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu Province 214206, PR China.
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15
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Wang C, Ren LF, Ying D, Jia J, Shao J. Enhancing performance of capacitive deionization under high voltage by suppressing anode oxidation using a novel membrane coating electrode. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Long W, She Q. A multifunctional and low-energy electrochemical membrane system for chemical-free regulation of solution pH. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 216:118330. [PMID: 35358878 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A proper pH environment is essential for a wide variety of industries and applications especially related to water treatment. Current methods for pH adjustment including addition of acid/base and electrochemical processes demonstrate disadvantages associated with environment and energy. Here, we designed a multifunctional electrochemical membrane system (EMS) with one piece of filtration membrane inserted into an electrochemical cell. When electrical field was applied, OH- and H+ ions were produced from reduction and oxidation reactions at cathode and anode, respectively. The membrane posed a resistance for the transport of OH- and H+ ions and prevented their mixing in the cell. The EMS can be also operated in a filtration mode, which could simultaneously regulate permeate and feed pH and accomplish water filtration. In both non-filtration and filtration modes, EMS could achieve effective control of solution pH over a wide range by exerting different voltages without dosing any chemicals. Under the voltage of 1.2 V, the solution pH could reach and be maintained at 10.7 and 3.3 in cathodic and anodic channels, respectively. Furthermore, it was experimentally demonstrated that the EMS only consumed extremely low energy. This, together with membrane filtration in an integrated manner, highlights the huge potential of the EMS for applications in various water industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Long
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798; Singapore Membrane Technology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637141
| | - Qianhong She
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798; Singapore Membrane Technology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637141.
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17
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Wang H, Chen B, Liu DJ, Xu X, Osmieri L, Yamauchi Y. Nanoarchitectonics of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Capacitive Deionization via Controlled Pyrolyzed Approaches. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2102477. [PMID: 34585513 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation desalination technologies are needed to meet the increasing demand for clean water. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a thermodynamically efficient technique to treat non-potable water with relatively low salinity. The salt removal capacity and rate of CDI are highly dependent on the electrode materials, which are preferentially porous to store ions through electrosorption and/or redox reactions. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with "infinite" combinations of transition metals and organic linkers simplify the production of carbonaceous materials often with redox-active components after pyrolysis. MOFs-derived materials show great tunability in both compositions and structures but require further refinement to improve CDI performance. This review article summarizes recent progress in derivatives of MOFs and MOF-like materials used as CDI electrodes, focusing on the structural and compositional material considerations as well as the processing parameters and electrode architectures of the device. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities associated with this research area are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Biaohua Chen
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Di-Jia Liu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Xingtao Xu
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Luigi Osmieri
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, 10129, Italy
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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18
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Liu C, Ma L, Xu Y, Wang F, Tan Y, Huang L, Ma S. Experimental and theoretical study of a new CDI device for the treatment of desulfurization wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:518-530. [PMID: 34331231 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15651-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
According to the characteristics of desulfurization wastewater, A new capacitive deionization (CDI) device was designed to study the desalination characteristics of desulfurization wastewater in this paper. The experiments investigated the desalination efficiency under different conditions which find that the best desalination efficiency is achieved at a voltage of 1.2V, pH=11 and 50°C. Besides, ion adsorption is more favorable under acidic and alkaline conditions. The anion and cation removal performance experiments showed that the order of cation removal is Mg2+>Na+>Ca2+>K+ and the order of anion removal is Cl->CO32->NO3->SO42->HCO3-. The mechanism of CDI was studied and analyzed by the isothermal adsorption model and COMSOL simulation software. It was found that the Freundlich model and Redlich-Peterson model have a good fit with the experimental results. The experiments show that the CDI device has excellent stability. CDI device was used to treat actual desulfurization wastewater. Furthermore, the study provides theoretical support for the industrial application of CDI for desulfurization wastewater treatment in the future. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, People's Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, People's Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yongyi Xu
- China Power Hua Chuang Electricity Technology Research Company Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- China Power Hua Chuang Electricity Technology Research Company Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yu Tan
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, People's Republic of China
| | - Luyue Huang
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangchen Ma
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, People's Republic of China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Beijing, 102206, China.
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19
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Wang K, Du X, Liu Z, Geng B, Shi W, Liu Y, Dou X, Zhu H, Pan L, Yuan X. Bismuth oxychloride nanostructure coated carbon sponge as flow-through electrode for highly efficient rocking-chair capacitive deionization. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 608:2752-2759. [PMID: 34785052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Rocking-chair capacitive deionization (RCDI), as the next generation technique of capacitive deionization, has thrived to be one of the most promising strategies in the desalination community, yet was hindered mostly by its relatively low desalination rate and stability. Motivated by the goal of simultaneously enhancing the desalination rate and structural stability of the electrode, this paper reports an anion-driven flow-through RCDI (AFT-RCDI) system equipped with BiOCl nanostructure coated carbon sponge (CS@BiOCl for short; its backbone is derived from commercially available melamine foam with minimum capital cost) as the flow-through electrode. Owning to the rational design of the composite electrode material with minimum charge transfer resistance and ultrahigh structure stability as well as the superior flow-through cell architecture, the AFT-RCDI displays excellent desalination performance (desalination capacity up to 107.33 mg g-1; desalination rate up to 0.53 mg g-1s-1) with superior long-term stability (91.75% desalination capacity remained after 30 cycles). This work provides a new thought of coupling anion capturing electrode with flow-through cell architecture and employing a low-cost CS@BiOCl electrode with commercially available backbone material, which could shed light on the further development of low-cost electrochemical desalination systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xin Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, China
| | - Zizhen Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, China
| | - Bo Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, China
| | - Wenxue Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, China
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, China.
| | - Xinyue Dou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, China
| | - Haiguang Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, China
| | - Likun Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xun Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, China
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20
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Pastushok O, Ramasamy DL, Sillanpää M, Repo E. Enhanced ammonium removal and recovery from municipal wastewater by asymmetric CDI cell equipped with oxygen functionalized carbon electrode. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Several harmful or valuable ionic species present in seawater, brackish water, and wastewater are amphoteric, weak acids or weak bases, and, thus, their properties depend on local water pH. Effective removal of these species can be challenging for conventional membrane technologies, necessitating chemical dosing of the feedwater to adjust pH. A prominent example is boron, which is considered toxic in high concentrations and often requires additional membrane passes to remove during seawater desalination. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging membraneless technique for water treatment and desalination, based on electrosorption of salt ions into charging microporous electrodes. CDI cells show strong internally generated pH variations during operation, and, thus, CDI can potentially remove pH-dependent species without chemical dosing. However, development of this technique is inhibited by the complexities inherent to the coupling of pH dynamics and ion properties in a charging CDI cell. Here, we present a theoretical framework predicting the electrosorption of pH-dependent species in flow-through electrode CDI cells. We demonstrate that such a model enables insight into factors affecting species electrosorption and conclude that important design rules for such systems are highly counterintuitive. For example, we show both theoretically and experimentally that for boron removal, the anode should be placed upstream and the cathode downstream, an electrode order that runs counter to the accepted wisdom in the CDI field. Overall, we show that to achieve target separations relying on coupled, complex phenomena, such as in the removal of amphoteric species, a theoretical CDI model is essential.
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22
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Shi M, Qiang H, Chen C, Bano Z, Wang F, Xia M, Lei W. Construction and evaluation of a novel three-electrode capacitive deionization system with high desalination performance. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Investigation of Capacitive Deionization; Performance Assessment Based on Operational Parameters and Single-Objective Optimization. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-05410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Sayed ET, Al Radi M, Ahmad A, Abdelkareem MA, Alawadhi H, Atieh MA, Olabi AG. Faradic capacitive deionization (FCDI) for desalination and ion removal from wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 275:130001. [PMID: 33984902 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is one of the emerging desalination technologies that attracted much attention in the last years as a low-cost, energy-efficient, and environmentally-friendly alternative to other desalination technologies, such as multi-stage flash desalination (MSF) and multiple effect distillation (MED). The implementation of faradaic electrode materials is a promising method for enhancing CDI systems' performance by achieving higher salt removal characteristics, lower energy consumption, and better ion selectivity. Therefore, a novel CDI technology named Faradaic CDI (FCDI) that implements faradaic electrode materials arose as a high-performance CDI cell design. In this work, the application of FCDI cells in desalination and wastewater treatment systems is reviewed. First, the progress done on using various FCDI systems for saline water desalination is summarized and discussed. Next, the application of FCDI in wastewater treatment applications and selective ion removal is presented. A thorough comparison between FCDI and conventional carbon-based CDI is carried out in terms of working principle, electrode material's cost, salt removal performance, energy consumption, advantages, and disadvantages. Finally, future research consideration regarding FCDI technology is included to drive this technology closer towards practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Taha Sayed
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Chemical Engineering Department, Minia University, Elminia, Egypt
| | - Muaz Al Radi
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aasim Ahmad
- Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Chemical Engineering Department, Minia University, Elminia, Egypt; Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Hussain Alawadhi
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Dept. of Applied Physics and Astronomy, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muataz Ali Atieh
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - A G Olabi
- Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Mechanical Engineering and Design, Aston University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
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25
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Honarparvar S, Zhang X, Chen T, Alborzi A, Afroz K, Reible D. Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:246. [PMID: 33805438 PMCID: PMC8066301 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11040246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Climate change, population growth, and increased industrial activities are exacerbating freshwater scarcity and leading to increased interest in desalination of saline water. Brackish water is an attractive alternative to freshwater due to its low salinity and widespread availability in many water-scarce areas. However, partial or total desalination of brackish water is essential to reach the water quality requirements for a variety of applications. Selection of appropriate technology requires knowledge and understanding of the operational principles, capabilities, and limitations of the available desalination processes. Proper combination of feedwater technology improves the energy efficiency of desalination. In this article, we focus on pressure-driven and electro-driven membrane desalination processes. We review the principles, as well as challenges and recent improvements for reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), electrodialysis (ED), and membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). RO is the dominant membrane process for large-scale desalination of brackish water with higher salinity, while ED and MCDI are energy-efficient for lower salinity ranges. Selective removal of multivalent components makes NF an excellent option for water softening. Brackish water desalination with membrane processes faces a series of challenges. Membrane fouling and scaling are the common issues associated with these processes, resulting in a reduction in their water recovery and energy efficiency. To overcome such adverse effects, many efforts have been dedicated toward development of pre-treatment steps, surface modification of membranes, use of anti-scalant, and modification of operational conditions. However, the effectiveness of these approaches depends on the fouling propensity of the feed water. In addition to the fouling and scaling, each process may face other challenges depending on their state of development and maturity. This review provides recent advances in the material, architecture, and operation of these processes that can assist in the selection and design of technologies for particular applications. The active research directions to improve the performance of these processes are also identified. The review shows that technologies that are tunable and particularly efficient for partial desalination such as ED and MCDI are increasingly competitive with traditional RO processes. Development of cost-effective ion exchange membranes with high chemical and mechanical stability can further improve the economy of desalination with electro-membrane processes and advance their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Honarparvar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Tianyu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Ashkan Alborzi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Khurshida Afroz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Danny Reible
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
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26
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Xing W, Zhang M, Liang J, Tang W, Li P, Luo Y, Tang N, Guo J. Facile synthesis of pinecone biomass-derived phosphorus-doping porous carbon electrodes for efficient electrochemical salt removal. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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27
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Hierarchical porous carbon derived from activated biochar as an eco-friendly electrode for the electrosorption of inorganic ions. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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28
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Zhang C, Wu L, Ma J, Wang M, Sun J, Waite TD. Evaluation of long-term performance of a continuously operated flow-electrode CDI system for salt removal from brackish waters. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 173:115580. [PMID: 32065937 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI), one of the most popular CDI variants, possesses a number of advantages over conventional fixed-electrode CDI (e.g., large salt adsorption capacity, high flow efficiency and convenient management of the electrodes), challenges remain in constructing and operating an FCDI system such that it can operate continuously. Here we achieve effective continuous removal of salt from a brackish feed stream using flowing carbon electrodes which are regenerated in a closed-loop manner by using our previously introduced integrated FCDI/MF strategy. The performance of the FCDI/MF system is characterized over a two week period of operation with key factors influencing the desalination performance identified. Results show that the FCDI/MF system is capable of continuously desalinating brackish water (∼2 g L-1) to portable levels (<0.5 g L-1) whilst sustaining an extraordinary water recovery rate (∼92%) and relatively low energy consumption (∼0.5 kWh m-3). No obvious deterioration in performance or membrane fouling was observed during the 14-day operation. While the carbon particles used in the flow electrode exhibited only a minor increase in oxygen-containing groups over the 14 days of operation, a significant reduction in particle size was observed, likely as a consequence of the high-frequency collisions and associated friction between particles that occurred in the FCDI/MF system. Further studies regarding flowable electrode optimization, cell configuration design and process modelling are needed in order to realize the scale-up and practical implementation of this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Zhang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Lei Wu
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Jinxing Ma
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Min Wang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Jingyi Sun
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - T David Waite
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu Province, 214206, PR China.
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29
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Zhang J, Tang L, Tang W, Zhong Y, Luo K, Duan M, Xing W, Liang J. Removal and recovery of phosphorus from low-strength wastewaters by flow-electrode capacitive deionization. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Son M, Pothanamkandathil V, Yang W, Vrouwenvelder JS, Gorski CA, Logan BE. Improving the Thermodynamic Energy Efficiency of Battery Electrode Deionization Using Flow-Through Electrodes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3628-3635. [PMID: 32092271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ion intercalation electrodes are being investigated for use in mixed capacitive deionization (CDI) and battery electrode deionization (BDI) systems because they can achieve selective ion removal and low energy deionization. To improve the thermodynamic energy efficiency (TEE) of these systems, flow-through electrodes were developed by coating porous carbon felt electrodes with a copper hexacyanoferrate composite mixture. The TEE for ion separation using flow-through electrodes was compared to a system using flow-by electrodes with the same materials. The flow-through BDI system increased the recoverable energy nearly 3-fold (0.009 kWh m-3, compared to a 0.003 kWh m-3), which increased the TEE from ∼6% to 8% (NaCl concentration reduction from 50 to 42 mM; 10 A m-2, 50% water recovery, and 0.5 mL min-1). The TEE was further increased to 12% by decreasing the flow rate from 0.50 to 0.25 mL min-1. These findings suggest that, under similar operational conditions and materials, flow-through battery electrodes could achieve better energy recovery and TEE for desalination than flow-by electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Son
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Vineeth Pothanamkandathil
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Wulin Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Johannes S Vrouwenvelder
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher A Gorski
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Bruce E Logan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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31
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Pothanamkandathil V, Fortunato J, Gorski CA. Electrochemical Desalination Using Intercalating Electrode Materials: A Comparison of Energy Demands. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3653-3662. [PMID: 32048848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One approach for desalinating brackish water is to use electrode materials that electrochemically remove salt ions from water. Recent studies found that sodium-intercalating electrode materials (i.e., materials that reversibly insert Na+ ions into their structures) have higher specific salt storage capacities (mgsalt/gmaterial) than carbon-based electrode materials over smaller or similar voltage windows. These observations have led to the hypothesis that energy demands of electrochemical desalination systems can be decreased by replacing carbon-based electrodes with intercalating electrodes. To test this hypothesis and directly compare intercalation materials, we examined nine electrode materials thought to be capable of sodium intercalation in an electrochemical flow cell with respect to volumetric energy demands (W·h·L-1) and thermodynamic efficiencies as a function of productivity (i.e., the rate of water desalination, L·m-2·h-1). We also examined how the materials' charge-storage capacities changed over 50 cycles. Intercalation materials desalinated brackish water more efficiently than carbon-based electrodes when we assumed that no energy recovery occurred (i.e., no energy was recovered when the cell produced electrical power during cycling) and exhibited similar efficiencies when we assumed complete energy recovery. Nickel hexacyanoferrate exhibited the lowest energy demand among all of the materials and exhibited the highest stability over 50 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeth Pothanamkandathil
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jenelle Fortunato
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Christopher A Gorski
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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32
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Wang T, Zhang C, Bai L, Xie B, Gan Z, Xing J, Li G, Liang H. Scaling behavior of iron in capacitive deionization (CDI) system. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 171:115370. [PMID: 31864131 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the fouling and scaling behaviors in a capacitive deionization (CDI) system in the presence of iron and natural organic matter (NOM). It was found that the salt adsorption capacity (SAC) significantly decreased when treating Fe-containing brackish water, with higher Fe concentrations leading to severer SAC reduction. Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated that Fe2O3 appeared to be the predominant foulant attached on the electrode surface, which was difficult to be removed via backwashing, indicating the irreversible property of the foulant. Further characterizations (e.g., N2 sorption-desorption isotherms, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry) revealed that the CDI electrodes suffered from obvious deterioration such as specific surface area loss, resistance increase and capacitance decline with the occurrence of Fe scaling. While the presence of NOM alleviated the Fe scaling through NOM-Fe complexing effects, NOM itself was found to have negative impacts on CDI desalination performance due to their strong interactions with the carbon electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China.
| | - Changyong Zhang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Langming Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China.
| | - Binghan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China.
| | - Zhendong Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China.
| | - Jiajian Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China.
| | - Guibai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China.
| | - Heng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China.
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Li B, Zheng T, Ran S, Sun M, Shang J, Hu H, Lee PH, Boles ST. Performance Recovery in Degraded Carbon-Based Electrodes for Capacitive Deionization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1848-1856. [PMID: 31886659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Limitations of capacitive deionization (CDI) and future commercialization efforts are intrinsically bound to electrode stability. In this work, thermal treatments are explored to understand their ability to regenerate aged CDI electrodes. We demonstrate that a relatively low thermal treatment temperature of ∼500 °C can sufficiently recover the lost salt adsorption capacity of degraded electrodes. Furthermore, a systematic study of electrode replacement clarifies that the desalination ability loss and regeneration for a CDI cell are isolated to the aged anode, as expected. Characterizations of surface functionalities support that the acidic oxygen-containing functional groups formed in situ during cycling undergo thermal decomposition during treatment. The modified Donnan model quantitatively confirms that the surface charges originate from the formation/decomposition of functional groups. Accordingly, the lost pore volume and the increased resistance are recovered during thermal treatments, while the surface morphologies and pore structure of the electrodes are well-preserved. Therefore, thermal treatment can be applied practically to extend the lifetime of aged electrodes. This study also offers insights into strategies for minimizing electrode degradation or in situ regeneration such that the technology gains momentum for future commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077 , Hong Kong, SAR , P. R. China
| | - Tianye Zheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077 , Hong Kong, SAR , P. R. China
| | - Sijia Ran
- Department of Electrical Engineering , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077 , Hong Kong, SAR , P. R. China
| | - Mingzhe Sun
- School of Energy and Environment , City University of Hong Kong , Tak Chee Avenue , Kowloon 999077 , Hong Kong, SAR , P. R. China
| | - Jin Shang
- School of Energy and Environment , City University of Hong Kong , Tak Chee Avenue , Kowloon 999077 , Hong Kong, SAR , P. R. China
| | - Haibo Hu
- School of Physics and Materials Science , Anhui University , Hefei 230601 , China
| | - Po-Heng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Steven T Boles
- Department of Electrical Engineering , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077 , Hong Kong, SAR , P. R. China
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34
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Energy storage and generation through desalination using flow-electrodes capacitive deionization. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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35
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Continuous Lithium Extraction from Aqueous Solution Using Flow-Electrode Capacitive Deionization. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12152913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Flow-electrode-based capacitive deionization (FCDI) is a desalination process that uses electrostatic adsorption and desorption of ions onto electrode materials. It provides a continuous desalination flow with high salt removal performance and low energy consumption. Since lithium has been regarded as an essential element for the last few decades, the efficient production of lithium from the natural environment has been intensively investigated. In this study, we have extracted lithium ions from aqueous solution by using FCDI desalination. We confirmed that lithium and chloride ions could be continuously collected and that the salt removal rate depends on various parameters, including feed-flow rate and a feed saline concentration. We found that the salt removal rate increases as the feed-flow rate decreases and the feed salt concentration increases. Furthermore, the salt removal rate depends on the circulation mode of the feed solution (continuous feed stream vs. batch feed stream), which allows control of the desalination performance (higher capacity vs. higher efficiency) depending on the purpose of the application. The salt removal rate was highest, at 215.06 μmol/m−2s−1, at the feed rate of 3 mL/min and the feed concentration of 100 mg/L. We believe that such efficient and continuous extraction of lithium chloride using FCDI desalination can open a new door for the current lithium-production industry, which typically uses natural water evaporation.
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36
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Bhat AP, Reale ER, del Cerro M, Smith KC, Cusick RD. Reducing impedance to ionic flux in capacitive deionization with Bi-tortuous activated carbon electrodes coated with asymmetrically charged polyelectrolytes. WATER RESEARCH X 2019; 3:100027. [PMID: 31193985 PMCID: PMC6549939 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2019.100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) with electric double layers is an electrochemical desalination technology in which porous carbon electrodes are polarized to reversibly store ions. Planar composite CDI electrodes exhibit poor energetic performance due the resistance associated with salt depletion and tortuous diffusion in the macroporous structure. In this work, we investigate the impact of bi-tortuosity on desalination performance by etching macroporous patterns along the length of activated carbon porous electrodes in a flow-by CDI architecture. Capacitive electrodes were also coated with thin asymmetrically charged polyelectrolytes to improve ion-selectivity while maintaining the bitortuous macroporous channels. Under constant current operation, the equivalent circuit resistance in CDI cells operating with bi-tortuous electrodes was approximately 2.2 times less than a control cell with unpatterned electrodes, leading to significant increases in working capacitance (20-22 to 26.7-27.8 F g-1), round-trip efficiency (52-71 to 71-80%), and charge efficiency (33-59 to 35-67%). Improvements in these key performance indicators also translated to enhanced salt adsorption capacity, rate, and most importantly, the thermodynamic efficiency of salt separation (1.0-2.0 to 2.2-4.1%). These findings demonstrate that the use of bi-tortuous electrodes is a novel approach of reducing impedance to ionic flux in CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash P. Bhat
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Erik R. Reale
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Martina del Cerro
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Kyle C. Smith
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Computational Science and Engineering Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Study, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Roland D. Cusick
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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