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Desalegn A, Schillemans T, Papadopoulou E, Sakhi AK, Haug LS, Henriette Caspersen I, Rodriguez-Carrillo A, Remy S, Schoeters G, Covaci A, Laeremans M, Fernández MF, Pedraza-Diaz S, Kold Jensen T, Frederiksen H, Åkesson A, Cox B, Cynthia D'Cruz S, Rambaud L, Riou M, Kolossa-Gehring M, Gerofke A, Murawski A, Vogel N, Gabriel C, Karakitsios S, Papaioannou N, Sarigiannis D, Barbone F, Rosolen V, Lignell S, Karin Lindroos A, Snoj Tratnik J, Stajnko A, Kosjek T, Tkalec Ž, Fabelova L, Palkovicova Murinova L, Kolena B, Wimmerova S, Szigeti T, Középesy S, van den Brand A, Zock JP, Janasik B, Wasowicz W, De Decker A, De Henauw S, Govarts E, Iszatt N. Urinary concentrations of phthalate/DINCH metabolites and body mass index among European children and adolescents in the HBM4EU Aligned Studies: A cross-sectional multi-country study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 190:108931. [PMID: 39142134 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates are ubiquitous in the environment. Despite short half-lives, chronic exposure can lead to endocrine disruption. The safety of phthalate substitute DINCH is unclear. OBJECTIVE To evaluate associations between urinary concentrations of phthalate/DINCH metabolites and body mass index (BMI) z-score among children and adolescents. METHOD We used Human Biomonitoring for Europe Aligned Studies data from 2876 children (12 studies, 6-12 years, 2014-2021) and 2499 adolescents (10 studies, 12-18 years, 2014-2021) with up to 14 phthalate/DINCH urinary metabolites. We used multilevel linear regression to assess associations between phthalate/DINCH concentrations and BMI z-scores, testing effect modification by sex. In a subset, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and quantile-based g-computation assessed important predictors and mixture effects. RESULTS In children, we found few associations in single pollutant models and no interactions by sex (p-interaction > 0.1). BKMR detected no relevant exposures (posterior inclusion probabilities, PIPs < 0.25), nor joint mixture effect. In adolescent single pollutant analysis, mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) concentrations were associated with higher BMI z-score in males (β = 0.08, 95 % CI: 0.001,0.15, per interquartile range increase in ln-transformed concentrations, p-interaction = 0.06). Conversely, mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) was associated with a lower BMI z-score in both sexes (β = -0.13, 95 % CI: -0.19, -0.07, p-interaction = 0.74), as was sum of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (∑DEHP) metabolites in females only (β = -0.08, 95 % CI: -0.14, -0.02, p-interaction = 0.01). In BKMR, higher BMI z-scores were predicted by MEP (PIP=0.90) and MBzP (PIP=0.84) in males. Lower BMI z-scores were predicted by MiBP (PIP=0.999), OH-MIDP (PIP=0.88) and OH-MINCH (PIP=0.72) in both sexes, less robustly by DEHP (PIP=0.61) in females. In quantile g-computation, the overall mixture effect was null for males, and trended negative for females (β = -0.11, 95 % CI: -0.25, 0.03, per joint exposure quantile). CONCLUSION In this large Europe-wide study, we found age/sex-specific differences between phthalate metabolites and BMI z-score, stronger in adolescents. Longitudinal studies with repeated phthalate measurements are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anteneh Desalegn
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tessa Schillemans
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
| | - Eleni Papadopoulou
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Sustainable Diets, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Division of Health Service, Global Health Cluster, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amrit K Sakhi
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Sustainable Diets, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Line S Haug
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Sustainable Diets, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida Henriette Caspersen
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrea Rodriguez-Carrillo
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium; Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Remy
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Greet Schoeters
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium; Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Michelle Laeremans
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Mariana F Fernández
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM) and School of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain,; Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Pedraza-Diaz
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III: Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tina Kold Jensen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Agneta Åkesson
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
| | - Bianca Cox
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Shereen Cynthia D'Cruz
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, Environnement et travail) Rennes, France
| | - Loïc Rambaud
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Sante Publique France, France
| | - Margaux Riou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Sante Publique France, France
| | | | | | | | - Nina Vogel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | - Catherine Gabriel
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece; HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Greece
| | - Spyros Karakitsios
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece; HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Greece
| | - Nafsika Papaioannou
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece; HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis Sarigiannis
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece; HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Greece; Environmental Health Engineering, Institute of Advanced Study, Palazzo del Broletto - Piazza Della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabio Barbone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Valentina Rosolen
- Central Directorate for Health, Social Policies and Disability, Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, Via Cassa Di Risparmio 10, 34121 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sanna Lignell
- Department of Risk Benefit Assessment, the Swedish Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Karin Lindroos
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Janja Snoj Tratnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Stajnko
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Kosjek
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Tkalec
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lucia Fabelova
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Slovakia
| | | | - Branislav Kolena
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Sona Wimmerova
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Slovakia
| | | | | | - Annick van den Brand
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands
| | - Jan-Paul Zock
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands
| | - Beata Janasik
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, St. Teresy 8, Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wasowicz
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, St. Teresy 8, Lodz, Poland
| | - Annelies De Decker
- Provincial Institute of Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eva Govarts
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Nina Iszatt
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Sustainable Diets, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
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Bai X, Pan K, Shoaib N, Sun X, Wu X, Zhang L. Status of phthalate esters pollution in facility agriculture across China: Spatial distribution, risk assessment, and remediation measures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168416. [PMID: 37944601 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The pervasive utilization of phthalate esters (PAEs) in plastic products has led to an emergent concern regarding the PAEs contamination in environmental matrices. However, the overall understanding of PAEs pollution in facility agriculture and its relevant risks remain limited. In this paper, the characteristics, health risks, and remediation measures of PAEs pollution in facility agriculture across China were analyzed. In general, PAEs pollution in facility agriculture soil in SWC and vegetables in SC were more serious than that in the other six regions (p < 0.05). The total level of six PAEs ranged from 0.053 to 5.663 mg·kg-1 in soil samples, nd (not detectable) to 12.540 mg·kg-1 in vegetable samples, with mean values of 0.951 mg·kg-1 and 2.458 mg·kg-1, respectively. DEHP and DnBP were dominant in both soil and vegetable samples with a total contribution of over 70 % of the six PAEs, but their concentrations were a little lower in soil samples. The PAEs concentrations of leafy, root, and fruit vegetables exhibited a descending trend. Correlation analysis revealed that the relationships between soil and vegetable PAEs concentrations remained inconclusive, lacking clear correlations. Furthermore, risk assessments indicated that the hazard quotient (HQ) for both total and individual PAEs in the vast majority of vegetable samples remained within acceptable thresholds. Meanwhile, all values for carcinogenic risks (CR) were confined within the range of 10-4. In conclusion, the study outlines remediation measures aimed at precluding and mitigating the environmental risks associated with PAEs exposure. These findings furnish a scientific foundation for the targeted assessment and judicious management of PAEs pollution within facility agriculture landscape of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kaiwen Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Noman Shoaib
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaogang Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Chen S, Shi Z, Zhang Q. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of diethyl phthalates in humans. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122849. [PMID: 37926418 PMCID: PMC10841618 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are a family of industrial and consumer product chemicals, among which diethyl phthalate (DEP) has been widely used. DEP is metabolized into the active metabolite monoethyl phthalate (MEP) and exposure to DEP may induce male reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity and hepatotoxicity. To better assess the toxicity of DEP and MEP, it is important to understand and predict their internal concentrations, especially in reproductive organs. Here we present a human physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of DEP. Implemented in R, the PBPK model consists of seven tissue compartments, including blood, gut, liver, fat, skin, gonad, and rest of body (RB). In the blood both DEP and MEP partition into free and bound forms, and tissue distribution is considered as blood flow-limited. DEP is metabolized in the gut and liver into MEP which is further glucuronidated and cleared through the urine. The chemical-specific parameters of the model were predicted in silico or estimated based on published human urinary MEP data after exposure to DEP in the air at 250 or 300 μg/m3 for 3 or 6 h through inhalation and dermal absorption. Sensitivity analysis identified important parameters including partition coefficients of DEP for fat, RB, and skin compartments, and the rate constants for glucuronidation of MEP and urinary excretion, with regard to Cmax, area under the curve (AUC), and clearance half-lives of DEP and MEP. A subset of the sensitive parameters was then included in hierarchical population Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations to characterize the uncertainty and variability of these parameters. The model is consistent with the notion that dermal absorption represents a significant route of exposure to DEP in ambient air and clothing can be an effective barrier. The developed human PBPK model can be utilized upon further refinement as a quantitative tool for DEP risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhenzhen Shi
- The Program for Experimental and Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, GA 30322, USA.
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Mariana M, Castelo-Branco M, Soares AM, Cairrao E. Phthalates' exposure leads to an increasing concern on cardiovascular health. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131680. [PMID: 37269565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Being an essential component in the plastics industry, phthalates are ubiquitous in the environment and in everyday life. They are considered environmental contaminants that have been classified as endocrine-disrupting compounds. Despite di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) being the most common plasticizer and the most studied to date, there are many others that, in addition to being widely used in the plastic, are also applied in the medical and pharmaceutical industries and cosmetics. Due to their wide use, phthalates are easily absorbed by the human body where they can disrupt the endocrine system by binding to molecular targets and interfering with hormonal homeostasis. Thus, phthalates exposure has been implicated in the development of several diseases in different age groups. Collecting information from the most recent available literature, this review aims to relate human phthalates' exposure with the development of cardiovascular diseases throughout all ages. Overall, most of the studies presented demonstrated an association between phthalates and several cardiovascular diseases, either from prenatal or postnatal exposure, affecting foetuses, infants, children, young and older adults. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain poorly explored. Thus, considering the cardiovascular diseases incidence worldwide and the constant human exposure to phthalates, this topic should be extensively studied to understand the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Mariana
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; FCS-UBI - Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M Soares
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Elisa Cairrao
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; FCS-UBI - Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
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Yang AM, Lai TS, Lin YL, Wang C, Lin CY. Urinary di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites are independently related to serum neurofilament light chain, a biomarker of neurological diseases, in adults: results from NHANES 2013-2014. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:66417-66425. [PMID: 37097562 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26943-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a chemical commonly used in the manufacturing of plastics and can pose human health risks, including endocrine disruption, reproductive toxicity, and potential carcinogenic effects. Children may be particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of DEHP. Early exposure to DEHP has been linked to potential behavioral and learning problems. However, there are no reports to date on whether DEHP exposure in adulthood has neurotoxic effects. Serum neurofilament light chain (NfL), a protein released into the blood after neuroaxonal damage, has been shown to be a reliable biomarker for many neurological diseases. To date, no study has examined the relationship between DEHP exposure and NfL. For the present study, we selected 619 adults (aged ≥ 20 years) from the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to examine the association between urinary DEHP metabolites and serum NfL. We reported higher urinary levels of ln-mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), ln-mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and ln-mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), and ln-ΣDEHP levels were associated with higher serum levels of ln-NfL (ΣDEHP: β-coefficient = 0. 075; S.E. = 0.026; P = 0.011). When we divided ΣDEHP into quartiles, mean NfL concentrations increased with quartiles of MEHHP (P for trend = 0.023). The association was more pronounced in males, non-Hispanic white race, higher income, and BMI < 25. In conclusion, higher DEHP exposure was positively associated with higher serum NfL in adults from NHANES 2013-2014. If this finding is causal, it is possible that DEHP exposure in adulthood may also induce neurological damage. Although the causality of this observation and the clinical significance are uncertain, our findings suggest that additional research is needed on DEHP exposure, serum NfL, and neurological disease in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Ming Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, No. 399, Fuxing Rd., Sanxia Dist., New Taipei City, 237, Taiwan
- Department of Healthcare Management, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Shuan Lai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Lin
- Department of Healthcare Management, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
- Department of Nephrology, Hsinchu Cathay General Hospital, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - ChiKang Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, No. 399, Fuxing Rd., Sanxia Dist., New Taipei City, 237, Taiwan.
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242, Taiwan.
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Deepika D, Kumar V. The Role of "Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model (PBPK)" New Approach Methodology (NAM) in Pharmaceuticals and Environmental Chemical Risk Assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3473. [PMID: 36834167 PMCID: PMC9966583 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are mechanistic tools generally employed in the pharmaceutical industry and environmental health risk assessment. These models are recognized by regulatory authorities for predicting organ concentration-time profiles, pharmacokinetics and daily intake dose of xenobiotics. The extension of PBPK models to capture sensitive populations such as pediatric, geriatric, pregnant females, fetus, etc., and diseased populations such as those with renal impairment, liver cirrhosis, etc., is a must. However, the current modelling practices and existing models are not mature enough to confidently predict the risk in these populations. A multidisciplinary collaboration between clinicians, experimental and modeler scientist is vital to improve the physiology and calculation of biochemical parameters for integrating knowledge and refining existing PBPK models. Specific PBPK covering compartments such as cerebrospinal fluid and the hippocampus are required to gain mechanistic understanding about xenobiotic disposition in these sub-parts. The PBPK model assists in building quantitative adverse outcome pathways (qAOPs) for several endpoints such as developmental neurotoxicity (DNT), hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. Machine learning algorithms can predict physicochemical parameters required to develop in silico models where experimental data are unavailable. Integrating machine learning with PBPK carries the potential to revolutionize the field of drug discovery and development and environmental risk. Overall, this review tried to summarize the recent developments in the in-silico models, building of qAOPs and use of machine learning for improving existing models, along with a regulatory perspective. This review can act as a guide for toxicologists who wish to build their careers in kinetic modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Deepika
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d’Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pere Virgili Health Research Institute (IISPV), Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43204 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d’Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pere Virgili Health Research Institute (IISPV), Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43204 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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Chen X, Tian F, Wu J, Liu L, Li Y, Yu G, Duan H, Jiang Y, Liu S, He Y, Luo Y, Song C, Li H, Liang Y, Wan H, Shen J. Associations of phthalates with NAFLD and liver fibrosis: A nationally representative cross-sectional study from NHANES 2017 to 2018. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1059675. [PMID: 36483930 PMCID: PMC9723339 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1059675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although phthalates are common environmental pollutants, few studies have focused on the relationship of phthalates exposure with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or liver fibrosis, and especially, the alternative phthalates have been questioned in recent years about whether they are better choices. Thus, this study aimed to explore the associations of exposure to major phthalates or alternative phthalates with NAFLD and liver fibrosis. METHODS Data of 1450 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018 were collected. The urinary metabolite concentrations of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) were detected. Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and median liver stiffness measurement (LSM) were acquired for quantitative diagnosis of NAFLD and liver fibrosis by vibration-controlled transient elastography. Multivariate logistic regression analysis and linear regression analysis were performed to examine the associations between phthalates and NAFLD and liver fibrosis. RESULTS After adjustment of the potential factors, the prevalence of NAFLD was significantly elevated among those in the fourth quartile of mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (OR, 95%CI = 2.719, 1.296, 5.700, P = 0.016), mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (OR, 95%CI = 2.073, 1.111, 3.867, P = 0.037). No significant association was found between the alternative phthalates and NAFLD. The similar result was gained by linear regression analysis that MECPP was still significantly associated with Ln CAP (Q4 vs. Q1: β, 95%CI = 0.067, 0.017, 0.118, P = 0.027). After adjustment for the same covariates, no significant association between phthalates and liver fibrosis was found in logistics regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS All in all, higher prevalence of NAFLD is correlated with DEHP but not DINP or DIDP in American adults. There is no significant relationship between phthalates and liver fibrosis defined as LSM ≥ 8 Kpa. Nevertheless, further research is needed to provide evidence of causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingying Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Feng Tian
- Health Management Division, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Nantong Haimen People's Hospital, Haimen Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Genfeng Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Hualin Duan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Yuqi Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Siyang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Yajun He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Yaosheng Luo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Cheng Song
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Huaizhi Li
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongqian Liang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Heng Wan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan), Foshan, China
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Huang S, Ma S, Wang D, Liu H, Li G, Yu Y. National-scale urinary phthalate metabolites in the general urban residents involving 26 provincial capital cities in China and the influencing factors as well as non-carcinogenic risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156062. [PMID: 35597362 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) are widely used in daily products but can cause a variety of adverse effects in humans. Few studies have been carried out on human internal exposure levels of PAEs on a large-scale, especially in developing countries. In the present study, 1161 urine samples collected from residents of 26 provincial capitals in China were analyzed for nine phthalate metabolites (mPAEs). The chemicals were widely detected, and the median specific gravity adjusted urinary concentration of Σ9mPAEs was 278 μg/L. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) were the main parent PAEs that the residents were exposed to. Demographic characteristics, such as age and educational level, were significantly associated with PAE exposure. Children and the elderly had higher mPAE levels. Subjects with lower educational levels were more frequently exposed to DnBP and DEHP. However, mono-ethyl phthalate showed the opposite trend, i.e., higher concentrations in subjects aged 18-59 years and with higher educational levels. Geographic differences were detected at the national scale. Residents in northeastern and western China had higher levels of mPAEs than those in central China, most likely because of different industrial usage of the chemicals and different living habits and living conditions of the residents. Health risk assessment showed that hazard indices of PAEs ranged from 0.07 to 9.34, with 20.0% of the subjects being concern for potential non-carcinogenic risk as assessed by Monte Carlo simulation. DEHP and DnBP were the primary contributors, representing 96.7% of total risk. This first large-scale study on PAE human internal exposure in China provides useful information on residents' health in a developing country, which could be used for chemical management and health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senyuan Huang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Dongwu Wang
- Shouguang City Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Shandong Province, Weifang 262700, PR China
| | - Hongli Liu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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9
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Wang WJ, Wang CS, Wang CK, Yang AM, Lin CY. Urine Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Metabolites Are Independently Related to Body Fluid Status in Adults: Results from a U.S. Nationally Representative Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19126964. [PMID: 35742214 PMCID: PMC9222572 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19126964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has been utilized in many daily products for decades. Previous studies have reported that DEHP exposure could induce renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system activation and increase epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) activity, which contributes to extracellular fluid (ECF) volume expansion. However, there is also no previous study to evaluate the association between DEHP exposure and body fluid status. Methods: We selected 1678 subjects (aged ≥18 years) from a National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 2003–2004 to determine the relationship between urine DEHP metabolites and body composition (body measures, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)). Results: After weighing the sampling strategy in multiple linear regression analysis, we report that higher levels of DEHP metabolites are correlated with increases in body measures (body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference), BIA parameters (estimated fat mass, percent body fat, ECF, and ECF/intracellular fluid (ICF) ratio) in multiple linear regression analysis. The relationship between DEHP metabolites and the ECF/ICF ratio was more evident in subjects of younger age (20–39 years old), women, non-Hispanic white ethnicity, and subjects who were not active smokers. Conclusion: In addition to being positively correlated with body measures and body fat, we found that urine DEHP metabolites were positively correlated with ECF and the ECF/ICF ratio in the US general adult population. The finding implies that DEHP exposures might increase ECF volume and the ECF/ICF ratio, which may have adverse health outcomes on the cardiovascular system. Further research is needed to clarify the causal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan 330, Taiwan;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 300, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Sung Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan; (C.-S.W.); (A.-M.Y.)
| | - Chi-Kang Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - An-Ming Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan; (C.-S.W.); (A.-M.Y.)
- Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan; (C.-S.W.); (A.-M.Y.)
- Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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10
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Feng YL, Singh R, Chao A, Li Y. Diagnostic Fragmentation Pathways for Identification of Phthalate Metabolites in Nontargeted Analysis Studies. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:981-995. [PMID: 35588523 PMCID: PMC9890958 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates have been studied due to their linkages with adverse developmental effects; however, metabolites of this class of compounds are undercharacterized and are poorly captured by traditional targeted analysis. In this study, we developed a nontargeted analysis approach for identifying and classifying phthalate metabolites based on a comprehensive study of their fragmentation pathways in electrospray ionization (ESI) quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS). This approach identifies molecular features in the data as phthalate metabolites via the detection of three structurally significant fragment ions. Then phthalate metabolites are classified into four types based on the presence of additional fragment ions specific to each type. Cleavage mechanisms for each class of phthalate metabolite are proposed based on fragmentation patterns generated at various collision energies (CE). All of the tested phthalate metabolites including oxidative and nonoxidative metabolites produced a fragment ion at m/z 121.0295, representing the deprotonated benzoate ion [C6H5COO]-. Most tested phthalate metabolites can produce a specific ion at m/z 147.0088, the deprotonated o-phthalic anhydride ion. However, phthalate carboxylate metabolites can only produce the [M-H-R]- ion at m/z 165.0193 and do not produce the fragment at m/z 147.0088. Other phthalate oxidative metabolites (hydroxyl- and oxo-) follow a different fragmentation pathway than nonoxidative metabolites. With this workflow, eight unknown phthalate metabolites were putatively identified in pooled urine, with one identified as a previously unreported metabolite by a combination of the MS/MS spectrum and the predicted retention time. Method detection limits for phthalate metabolites in urine were also estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Lai Feng
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, AL: 2203 B, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Randolph Singh
- Laboratoire Biogéochimie des Contaminants Organiques, Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, BP 21105, Nantes Cedex 3, 44311, France
| | - Alex Chao
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Research and Development (ORD), Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, AL: 2203 B, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada
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11
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Lee DW, Lim HM, Lee JY, Min KB, Shin CH, Lee YA, Hong YC. Prenatal exposure to phthalate and decreased body mass index of children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8961. [PMID: 35624195 PMCID: PMC9142490 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are well-known endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Many detrimental health effects of phthalates were investigated, but studies on the association of phthalates with obesity in children showed inconsistent results. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to clarify whether prenatal and postnatal exposures to phthalates are associated with physical growth disturbances in children. We performed the systematic review and meta-analysis following the PRISMA 2020 statement guidelines, and found 39 studies that met our inclusion criteria, including 22 longitudinal and 17 cross-sectional studies. We observed a significant negative association between the prenatal exposure to DEHP and the body mass index (BMI) z-score of the offspring (β = - 0.05; 95% CI: - 0.10, - 0.001) in the meta-analysis, while no significant association between the prenatal exposure to DEHP and the body fat percentage of the offspring was observed (β = 0.01; 95% CI: - 0.41, 0.44). In the systematic review, studies on the association between phthalates exposure in childhood and obesity were inconsistent. Prenatal exposure to phthalates was found to be associated with decreased BMI z-score in children, but not associated with body fat percentage. Our findings suggest that phthalates disturb the normal muscle growth of children, rather than induce obesity, as previous studies have hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wook Lee
- Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mook Lim
- COMWEL Daejeon Hospital, Korea Workers' Compensation & Welfare Service, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Yub Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Bok Min
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong-Ho Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ah Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- Department of Humans Systems Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Buerger AN, Parente CE, Harris JP, Watts EG, Wormington AM, Bisesi JH. Impacts of diethylhexyl phthalate and overfeeding on physical fitness and lipid mobilization in Danio rerio (zebrafish). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133703. [PMID: 35066078 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As the prevalence of obesity has steadily increased on a global scale, research has shifted to explore potential contributors to this pandemic beyond overeating and lack of exercise. Environmental chemical contaminants, known as obesogens, alter metabolic processes and exacerbate the obese phenotype. Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is a common chemical plasticizer found in medical supplies, food packaging, and polyvinyl materials, and has been identified as a probable obesogen. This study investigated the hypothesis that co-exposure to DEHP and overfeeding would result in decreased lipid mobilization and physical fitness in Danio rerio (zebrafish). Four treatment groups were randomly assigned: Regular Fed (control, 10 mg/fish/day with 0 mg/kg DEHP), Overfed (20 mg/fish/day with 0 mg/kg DEHP), Regular Fed + DEHP (10 mg/fish/day with 3 mg/kg DEHP), Overfed + DEHP (20 mg/fish/day with 3 mg/kg DEHP). After 24 weeks, swim tunnel assays were conducted on half of the zebrafish from each treatment to measure critical swimming speeds (Ucrit); the other fish were euthanized without swimming. Body mass index (BMI) was measured, and tissues were collected for blood lipid characterization and gene expression analyses. Co-exposure to DEHP and overfeeding decreased swim performance as measured by Ucrit. While no differences in blood lipids were observed with DEHP exposure, differential expression of genes related to lipid metabolism and utilization in the gastrointestinal and liver tissue suggests alterations in metabolism and lipid packaging, which may impact utilization and ability to mobilize lipid reserves during physical activity following chronic exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Buerger
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Caitlyn E Parente
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jason P Harris
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Emily G Watts
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alexis M Wormington
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joseph H Bisesi
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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13
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Yoon H, Kim TH, Lee BC, Lee B, Kim P, Shin BS, Choi J. Comparison of the exposure assessment of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate between the PBPK model-based reverse dosimetry and scenario-based analysis: A Korean general population study. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133549. [PMID: 35066077 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), classified as a reproductive toxicant, is a ubiquitous pollutant in foodstuffs, dust, and commercial products. In this study, to provide a useful cross-check on the accuracy of the exposure assessment, the estimated daily intake of DEHP was compared using reverse dosimetry with a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model and a scenario-based probabilistic estimation model for six subpopulations in Korea. For reverse dosimetry analysis, the concentrations of urinary DEHP metabolites, namely mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) and mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl)phthalate (MEOHP), from three human biomonitoring program datasets were used. For the scenario-based model, we evaluated the various exposure sources of DEHP, including diet, air, indoor dust, soil, and personal care products (PCPs), and also determined its levels based on the literature review and measurements of indoor dust. The DEHP exposure doses using both exposure assessment approaches were similar in all cases, except for the 95th percentile exposure doses in toddlers (1-2 years) and young children (3-6 years). The PBPK-reverse dosimetry estimated daily intakes at the 95th percentile ranged between 22.53 and 29.90 μg/kg/day for toddlers and young children. These exceeded the reference dose (RfD) of 20 μg/kg bw/day of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) based on the increased relative liver weight. Although, food was considered the primary source of DEHP, contributing to a total exposure of 50.8-75.1%, the effect of exposure to indoor dust should not be overlooked. The occurrence of high levels of DEHP in indoor dust collected from Korean homes suggests the use of a wide variety of consumer products containing DEHP. Furthermore, more attention should be paid to the high exposure levels of DEHP, especially in young children. Therefore, it is necessary to perform continuous monitoring of the indoor dust, consumer products, and the body burden of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojung Yoon
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea; School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Cheun Lee
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongwoo Lee
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilje Kim
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Soo Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Choi
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Runkel AA, Mazej D, Snoj Tratnik J, Tkalec Ž, Kosjek T, Horvat M. Exposure of men and lactating women to environmental phenols, phthalates, and DINCH. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131858. [PMID: 34399256 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates and 1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH), bisphenols (BPs), parabens (PBs), and triclosan (TCS) are high-production-volume chemicals of pseudo-persistence that are concerning for the environment and human health. This study aims to assess the exposure to 10 phthalates, DINCH, and environmental phenols (3 BPs, 7 PBs, and TCS) of Slovenian men (n = 548) and lactating primiparous women (n = 536). We observed urinary concentrations comparable to studies from other countries and significant differences among the sub-populations. In our study, men had significantly higher levels of phthalates, DINCH, and BPs, whereas the concentrations of PBs in urine were significantly higher in women. The most significant determinant of exposure was the area of residence and the year of sampling (2008-2014) that mirrors trends in the market. Participants from urban or industrialized sampling locations had higher levels of almost all monitored analytes compared to rural locations. In an attempt to assess the risk of the population, hazard quotient (HQ) values were calculated for individual compounds and the chemical mixture. Individual analytes do not seem to pose a risk to the studied population at current exposure levels, whereas the HQ value of the chemical mixture is near the threshold of 1 which would indicate a higher risk. We conclude that greater emphasis on the risk resulting from cumulative exposure to chemical mixtures and additional studies are needed to estimate the exposure of susceptible populations, such as children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta A Runkel
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darja Mazej
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Žiga Tkalec
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Kosjek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milena Horvat
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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15
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Huang S, Qi Z, Ma S, Li G, Long C, Yu Y. A critical review on human internal exposure of phthalate metabolites and the associated health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 279:116941. [PMID: 33756240 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) are popular synthetic chemicals used as plasticizers and solvents for various products, such as polyvinyl chloride or personal care products. Human exposure to PAEs is associated with various diseases, resulting in PAE biomonitoring in humans. Inhalation, dietary ingestion, and dermal absorption are the major human exposure routes. However, estimating the actual exposure dose of PAEs via an external route is difficult. As a result, estimation by internal exposure has become the popular analytical methods to determine the concentrations of phthalate metabolites (mPAEs) in human matrices (such as urine, serum, breast milk, hair, and nails). The various exposure sources and patterns result in different composition profiles of PAEs in biomatrices, which vary from country to country. Nevertheless, the mPAEs of diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP), and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are predominant in the urine. These mPAEs have greater potential health risks for humans. Children have been observed to exhibit higher exposure risks to several mPAEs than adults. Besides age, other influencing factors for phthalate exposure are gender, jobs, and residential areas. Although many studies have reported biological monitoring of PAEs, only a few reviews that adequately summarized the reports are available. The current review appraised available studies on mPAE quantitation in human biomatrices and estimated the dose and health risks of phthalate exposure. While some countries lack biomonitoring data, some countries' data do not reflect the current PAE exposure. Thence, future studies should involve frequent PAE biomonitoring to accurately estimate human exposure to PAEs, which will contribute to health risk assessments of human exposure to PAEs. Such would aid the formulation of corresponding regulations and restrictions by the government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senyuan Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zenghua Qi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Chaoyang Long
- Center for Disease Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510430, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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Andersen ME, Mallick P, Clewell HJ, Yoon M, Olsen GW, Longnecker MP. Using quantitative modeling tools to assess pharmacokinetic bias in epidemiological studies showing associations between biomarkers and health outcomes at low exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:111183. [PMID: 33887277 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers of exposure can be measured at lower and lower levels due to advances in analytical chemistry. Using these sensitive methods, some epidemiology studies report associations between biomarkers and health outcomes at biomarker levels much below those associated with effects in animal studies. While some of these low exposure associations may arise from increased sensitivity of humans compared with animals or from species-specific responses, toxicology studies with drugs, commodity chemicals and consumer products have not generally indicated significantly greater sensitivity of humans compared with test animals for most health outcomes. In some cases, these associations may be indicative of pharmacokinetic (PK) bias, i.e., a situation where a confounding factor or the health outcome itself alters pharmacokinetic processes affecting biomarker levels. Quantitative assessment of PK bias combines PK modeling and statistical methods describing outcomes across large numbers of individuals in simulated populations. Here, we first provide background on the types of PK models that can be used for assessing biomarker levels in human population and then outline a process for considering PK bias in studies intended to assess associations between biomarkers and health outcomes at low levels of exposure. After providing this background, we work through published examples where these PK methods have been applied with several chemicals/chemical classes - polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDE) and phthalates - to assess the possibility of PK bias. Studies of the health effects of low levels of exposure will be improved by developing some confidence that PK bias did not play significant roles in the observed associations.
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Zhang Y, Yu H, Li S, Wang L, Huang F, Guan R, Li J, Jiao Y, Sun J. Rapidly degradation of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate by Z-scheme Bi 2O 3/TiO 2@reduced graphene oxide driven by simulated solar radiation. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 272:129631. [PMID: 33485039 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a priority environmental pollutant with carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic toxicity. Because it is widely used and ubiquitous in water, it is urgent to use a non-toxic, fast, and non-temperature dependent photocatalyst for degradation. Herein, a Z-scheme heterojunction composite catalyst consisting of Bi2O3 and TiO2 with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as a two-dimensional template was designed and characterized. Under simulated solar radiation, the catalyst doped with 4% rGO presented the best photocatalytic DEHP (10 mg L-1) degradation at pH = 6, reaching 89% conversion in 90 min, and the degradation rate was 2.05 times higher than unmodified materials. The successful preparation of the Z-scheme junction enhanced the utilization of visible light region, thereby improving the DEHP's photocatalytic degradation performance. Subsequently, density functional theory (DFT) combined with GC-MS metabolite detection to propose a complete DEHP photocatalytic degradation mechanism. ·O2- and ·OH were detected as the primary reactive oxygen radicals involved in DEHP degradation, which easily attacked the O11 site with a high Fukui index (f0) through de-esterification, β-oxidation, and hydroxylation. While satisfying the rapid degradation, the highly repeatable catalyst cleaved the aromatic ring so that DEHP achieved mineralization during the degradation process. Therefore, its ability to completely degrade was very promising for environmental remediation, especially in water treatment. Besides, there were only a few studies on the degradation mechanism and reaction pathway of DEHP under visible light, which provided a theoretical basis for the aromatic compounds' photocatalysis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Shenzhen Key Lab of Industrial Water Conservation & Municipal Sewage Resources Technology, School of Construction & Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
| | - Hui Yu
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Shaofeng Li
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Industrial Water Conservation & Municipal Sewage Resources Technology, School of Construction & Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Fuxin Huang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Rui Guan
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Jin Li
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yaqi Jiao
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Jian Sun
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Industrial Water Conservation & Municipal Sewage Resources Technology, School of Construction & Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
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Haggerty DK, Flaws JA, Li Z, Strakovsky RS. Phthalate exposures and one-year change in body mass index across the menopausal transition. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110598. [PMID: 33307086 PMCID: PMC7946761 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The menopausal transition is a hormonally sensitive period associated with changes in body weight. Phthalates are ubiquitous endocrine disrupting chemicals that could disrupt weight homeostasis, but it is unknown whether this occurs during the menopausal transition. OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to (1) determine if phthalate exposure in pre- and perimenopausal women was associated with one-year change in body mass index (BMI), and (2) determine if these associations differed across the menopausal transition. METHODS We addressed our objectives using data from 524 participants enrolled in the Midlife Women's Health Study. We calculated change in BMI from baseline to first follow-up visit approximately one year later. Phthalate exposures were approximated by measuring urinary metabolites in pools of two-to-four spot urine samples collected across a four-week period at baseline. We molar-converted and summed mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (mEHP), mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (mEHHP), mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (mEOHP), and mono (2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (mECPP) to approximate exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (∑DEHP); ∑DEHP, mono (3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (mCPP), and monobenzyl phthalate (mBzP) to approximate exposure to plasticizer phthalates (∑Plastics); and monoethyl phthalate (mEP), monobutyl phthalate (mBP), and monoisobutyl phthalate (miBP) to approximate exposure to phthalates from personal care products (∑PCP). We used multivariable linear regression models to evaluate associations of specific gravity-adjusted ln-transformed phthalate metabolites or sums with one-year BMI change, and also considered whether associations differed depending on each woman's menopausal status change from baseline to first follow-up. RESULTS At baseline, most women were premenopausal (67.8%), non-Hispanic white (67.9%), and college educated (65.8%). Overall, urinary phthalate metabolites or sums were not associated with one-year BMI change. Stratified analysis identified positive associations between ∑DEHP (and three of its metabolites: MEHP, MEHHP, and MEOHP) and one-year BMI change among women who transitioned from peri-to post-menopause from baseline to first follow-up. For example, in these women, with each doubling of ∑DEHP, BMI increased by 0.65 kg/m2 (95%CI: 0.17, 1.13) from baseline to first follow-up. Personal care product-associated phthalate metabolites (mBP and mEP) were negatively associated with one-year BMI change among women who remained perimenopausal from baseline to first follow-up, while miBP and mEP were positively associated with one-year BMI change among women who transitioned from peri-to post-menopause. CONCLUSION We found the strongest associations between some phthalates and one-year BMI change in women who transitioned from peri-to post-menopause from baseline to first follow-up. This supports previous evidence that the menopausal transition is a hormonally sensitive period in women's lives. To establish whether phthalate exposure contributes to body weight changes associated with the menopausal transition, substantially more research is needed to corroborate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhong Li
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Rita S Strakovsky
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, USA; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Koppen G, Franken C, Den Hond E, Plusquin M, Reimann B, Leermakers M, Covaci A, Nawrot T, Van Larebeke N, Schoeters G, Bruckers L, Govarts E. Pooled analysis of genotoxicity markers in relation to exposure in the Flemish Environment and Health Studies (FLEHS) between 1999 and 2018. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 190:110002. [PMID: 32745535 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Flemish Environment and Health Studies (FLEHS) are human biomonitoring surveys running in Flanders since 1999. Additionally to biomarkers of exposure, markers of genotoxicity and oxidative stress have been measured, including the alkaline comet and micronucleus assay in peripheral whole blood cells, and urinary concentrations of 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG). AIM Exposure-effect associations were explored in a pooled dataset of nine different cross-sectional FLEHS surveys. Data of adolescents collected in a time frame of about 20 years (1999-2018) were compiled. The aim of the study was to examine whether increased variation in exposure, lifestyle and environmental factors would lead to more powerful and robust exposure-effect associations. MATERIALS & METHODS The biomarkers were measured in 2283 adolescents in the age range of 14-18 years. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP)], benzene (tt'-muconic acid), metals (arsenic, cadmium, copper, nickel, thallium, lead, chromium), persistent organochlorines and phthalates were assessed in blood or urine. Furthermore, outdoor air levels of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) at the residences of the youngsters were calculated. Pooled statistical analysis was done using mixed models. Study-specific differences in the genotoxicity markers and in the strength/direction of the association were accounted for. This was done by incorporating the random factor 'study' and a random study slope (if possible). The exposure markers were centered around the study-specific mean in order to correct for protocol changes over time. RESULTS A significant association was observed for the urinary oxidative stress marker 8-oxodG, which was positively associated with 1-OHP (5% increase for doubling of 1-OHP levels, p = 0.001), and with urinary copper (26% increase for doubling of copper levels, p = 0.001), a metal involved in the Fenton reaction in biological systems. 8-oxodG was also associated with the sum of the metabolites of the phthalate di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) (3% increase for doubling of the DEHP levels, p = 0.02). For those associations, data pooling increased the statistical power. However, some of the associations in the individual surveys, were not confirmed in the pooled analysis (such as comet assay and 8-oxodG vs. atmospheric PM; and 8-oxodG vs. urinary nickel). This may be due to inconsistencies in exposure-effect relations and/or variations in the pollutant mix over time and regions. CONCLUSION Pooled analysis including a large population of 2283 Flemish adolescents showed that 8-oxodG, a marker of oxidative DNA damage is a valuable marker to assess impact of daily life pollutants, such as PAHs, Cu and the phthalate DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Koppen
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium.
| | - C Franken
- Provincial Institute of Hygiene (PIH), Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - E Den Hond
- Provincial Institute of Hygiene (PIH), Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - M Plusquin
- Center for Environment and Health, University Hasselt, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - B Reimann
- Center for Environment and Health, University Hasselt, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - M Leermakers
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo- Chemistry, Free University Brussels, Belgium.
| | - A Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - T Nawrot
- Center for Environment and Health, University Hasselt, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - N Van Larebeke
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo- Chemistry, Free University Brussels, Belgium.
| | - G Schoeters
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium; Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Public Health/ Department of Environmental Medicine, Odense, Denmark.
| | - L Bruckers
- Center for Statistics, University Hasselt, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - E Govarts
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium.
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Campbell JL, Otter R, Anderson WA, Longnecker MP, Clewell RA, North C, Clewell HJ. Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) in pregnant rat and human. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2020; 83:631-648. [PMID: 32757748 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1798831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP) was developed by adapting the existing models for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-butylphthalate (DBP). Both pregnant rat and human time-course plasma and urine data were used to address the hydrolysis of DiNP in intestinal tract, plasma, and liver as well as hepatic oxidative metabolism and conjugation of the monoester and primary oxidative metabolites. Data in both rats and humans were available to inform the uptake and disposition of mono-isononyl phthalate (MiNP) as well as the three primary oxidative metabolites including hydroxy (7-OH)-, oxo (7-OXO)-, and carboxy (7-COX)-monoisononyl phthalate in plasma and urine. The DiNP model was reliable over a wide range of exposure levels in the pregnant rat as well as the two low exposure levels in humans including capturing the nonlinear behavior in the pregnant rat after repeated 750 mg/kg/day dosing. The presented DiNP PBPK model in pregnant rat and human, based upon an extensive kinetic dataset in both species, may provide a basis for assessing human equivalent exposures based upon either rodent or in vitro points of departure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rainer Otter
- Regulatory Affairs/Advocacy, Basf Se , Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Warwick A Anderson
- Food Safety, Fera Science Ltd., National Agri-Food Innovation Campus , York, UK
| | | | | | - Colin North
- Toxicology & Environmental Science, ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc , Annandale, NJ, USA
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21
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Cheng Z, Sun H, Sidhu HS, Sy ND, Gan J. Metabolism of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in Arabidopsis thaliana: Exploration of metabolic pathways by deuterium labeling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114886. [PMID: 32505963 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) is the primary monoester transformation product of the commonly used plasticizer, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), and has been frequently detected in various environmental compartments (e.g., soil, biosolids, plants). Plants growing in contaminated soils can take up MEHP, and consumption of the contaminated plants may result in unintended exposure for humans and other organisms. The metabolism of MEHP in plants is poorly understood, but critical for evaluating the potential human and environmental health risks. The present study represents the first attempt to explore the metabolic fate of MEHP in plants. We used Arabidopsis thaliana cells as a plant model and explored metabolic pathways of MEHP using deuterium stable isotope labelling (SIL) coupled with time-of-flight high resolution mass spectrometer (TOF-HRMS). A. thaliana rapidly took up MEHP from the culture medium and mediated extensive metabolism of MEHP. Combining SIL with TOF-HRMS analysis was proved as a powerful method for identification of unknown MEHP metabolites. Four phase Ⅰ and three phase Ⅱ metabolites were confirmed or tentatively identified. Based on the detected transformation products, hydroxylation, oxidation, and malonylation are proposed as the potential MEHP metabolism pathways. In cells, the maximum fraction of each transformation product accounted for 2.8-56.5% of the total amount of metabolites during the incubation. For individual metabolites, up to 2.9-100% was found in the culture medium, suggesting plant excretion. The results in the cell culture experiments were further confirmed in cabbage and A. thaliana seedlings. The findings suggest active metabolism of MEHP in plants and highlight the need to include metabolites in refining environmental risk assessment of plasticizers in the agro-food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Cheng
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States; MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Harmanpreet S Sidhu
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Nathan Darlucio Sy
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States.
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Dzierlenga MW, Allen BC, Clewell HJ, Longnecker MP. Pharmacokinetic bias analysis of an association between clinical thyroid disease and two perfluoroalkyl substances. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 141:105784. [PMID: 32408218 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has been associated with the occurrence of thyroid disease in some epidemiologic studies. We hypothesized that in a specific epidemiologic study based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the association of clinical thyroid disease with serum concentration of PFOA and PFOS was due to reverse causality. Thyroid hormone affects glomerular filtration, which in turn affects excretion of PFOA and PFOS. We evaluated this by linking a model of thyroid disease status over the lifetime to a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of PFOA and PFOS. Using Monte Carlo methods, we simulated the target study population and analyzed the data using multivariable logistic regression. The target and simulated populations were similar with respect to age, estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum concentrations of PFOA and PFOS, and prevalence of clinical thyroid disease. The analysis showed little or no evidence of bias from the hypothesized mechanism. The largest bias was for the fourth quartile of PFOA in females, with an odds ratio of 0.93 (95% CI, 0.90, 0.97). The reported odds ratio of clinical thyroid disease for this group was 1.63 (1.07, 2.47), and if it were corrected for the bias would have been 1.74 (1.14, 2.65). Our results suggest that little of the reported association in the target study was due to reverse causality.
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23
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Jeong SH, Jang JH, Cho HY, Lee YB. Risk assessment for humans using physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of diethyl phthalate and its major metabolite, monoethyl phthalate. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2377-2400. [PMID: 32303804 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02748-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Diethyl phthalate (DEP) belongs to phthalates with short alkyl chains. It is a substance frequently used to make various products. Thus, humans are widely exposed to DEP from the surrounding environment such as food, soil, air, and water. As previously reported in many studies, DEP is an endocrine disruptor with reproductive toxicity. Monoethyl phthalate (MEP), a major metabolite of DEP in vivo, is a biomarker for DEP exposure assessment. It is also an endocrine disruptor with reproductive toxicity, similar to DEP. However, toxicokinetic studies on both MEP and DEP have not been reported in detail yet. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate and develop physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for both DEP and MEP in rats and extend this to human risk assessment based on human exposure. This study was conducted in vivo after intravenous or oral administration of DEP into female (2 mg/kg dose) and male (0.1-10 mg/kg dose) rats. Biological samples consisted of urine, plasma, and 11 different tissues. These samples were analyzed using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method. For DEP, the tissue to plasma partition coefficient was the highest in the kidney, followed by that in the liver. For MEP, the tissue to plasma partition coefficient was the highest in the liver. It was less than unity in all other tissues. Plasma, urine, and fecal samples were also obtained after IV administration of MEP (10 mg/kg dose) to male rats. All results were reflected in a model developed in this study, including in vivo conversion from DEP to MEP. Predicted concentrations of DEP and MEP in rat urine, plasma, and tissue samples using the developed PBPK model fitted well with observed values. We then extrapolated the PBPK model in rats to a human PBPK model of DEP and MEP based on human physiological parameters. Reference dose of 0.63 mg/kg/day (or 0.18 mg/kg/day) for DEP and external doses of 0.246 μg/kg/day (pregnant), 0.193 μg/kg/day (fetus), 1.005-1.253 μg/kg/day (adults), 0.356-0.376 μg/kg/day (adolescents), and 0.595-0.603 μg/kg/day (children) for DEP for human risk assessment were estimated using Korean biomonitoring values. Our study provides valuable insight into human health risk assessment regarding DEP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hun Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hea-Young Cho
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-Do, 13488, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Bok Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Dzierlenga MW, Moreau M, Song G, Mallick P, Ward PL, Campbell JL, Housand C, Yoon M, Allen BC, Clewell HJ, Longnecker MP. Quantitative bias analysis of the association between subclinical thyroid disease and two perfluoroalkyl substances in a single study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:109017. [PMID: 31865168 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has been associated with the occurrence of thyroid disease in some epidemiologic studies. We hypothesized that in a specific epidemiologic study based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the association of subclinical thyroid disease with serum concentration of PFOA and PFOS was due to reverse causality. Thyroid hormone affects glomerular filtration, which in turn affects excretion of PFOA and PFOS. We evaluated this by linking a model of thyroid disease status over the lifetime to physiologically based pharmacokinetic models of PFOA and PFOS. Using Monte Carlo methods, we simulated the target study population and analyzed the data using multivariable logistic regression. The target and simulated populations were similar with respect to age, estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum concentrations of PFOA and PFOS, and prevalence of subclinical thyroid disease. Our findings suggest that in the target study the associations with subclinical hypothyroidism were overstated and the results for subclinical hyperthyroidism were, in general, understated. For example, for subclinical hypothyroidism in men, the reported odds ratio per ln(PFOS) increase was 1.98 (95% CI 1.19-3.28), whereas in the simulated data the bias due to reverse causality gave an odds ratio of 1.19 (1.16-1.23). Our results provide evidence of bias due to reverse causality in a specific cross-sectional study of subclinical thyroid disease with exposure to PFOA and PFOS among adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gina Song
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Miyoung Yoon
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; ToxStrategies, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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25
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Li X, Duan Y, Sun H, Zhang P, Xu J, Hua X, Jin L, Li M. Human exposure levels of PAEs in an e-waste recycling area: Get insight into impacts of spatial variation and manipulation mode. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105143. [PMID: 31630067 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are one important category of additives in plastics, which are ubiquitous products of e-waste recycling areas, where PAEs are released to the environment intensively and higher exposure level is expected for the employees. This study investigated human exposure levels of PAEs in an e-waste recycling area (Ziya Circular Economy Park (ZCEP) in Tianjin, China) with intending to explore the impacts of residence spatial variation and dismantling manipulation mode. We collected 157 urine samples from three sites around ZCEP with different distances from the core dismantling site and urinary phthalate metabolites (mPAEs) concentrations were measured and were compared among these three sites. The exposure levels of PAEs exhibited spatial variation according to the distance from the core dismantling site, and urinary median ∑mPAEs concentrations (389 ng/mL) of the employees in ZCEP were significantly higher than those of residents in Ziya town (285 ng/mL) and the downtown of Jinghai district (207 ng/mL) (p < 0.05). Moreover, PAEs exposure levels were significantly affected by the manipulation modes in the e-waste recycling area and the urinary median ∑mPAEs concentrations in the employees of family workshops (401 ng/mL) were significantly higher than those in plants with centralized management (298 ng/mL). There were obvious differences on the urinary median mPAEs concentrations between subgroups based on age, BMI, and sex; however, no significant statistical associations were found between PAEs exposure levels and these socio-demographic indices (p > 0.05). Besides, there was no correlation between exposure levels of different PAEs and their physicochemical parameters like the logKow (p > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yishuang Duan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, Regina, Canada
| | - Jiaping Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xia Hua
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Litao Jin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Golestanzadeh M, Riahi R, Kelishadi R. Association of exposure to phthalates with cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:35670-35686. [PMID: 31728953 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies revealed controversial results on the association of exposure to phthalates with cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in this regard. At first, we searched English-language papers in Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed databases, with no restriction of time, till the end of the year 2018. We performed a comprehensive literature search for association between phthalate exposure and cardiometabolic risk factors including obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. Among 99 published papers found in scientific databases, 17 cohort, 15 cross-sectional, and three case-control studies were included in the meta-analysis. We observed a significant association between the concentrations of phthalates and their metabolites with body mass index (BMI), BMI z-score, waist circumference (WC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), and glucose in serum. In addition, significant association was observed between prenatal phthalate exposure and birth weight. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis of its kind. It shows positive association between phthalate exposure and some cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. Therefore, prevention of exposure to phthalates and reduction of their use should be underscored in strategies for primordial prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies revealed controversial results on the association of exposure to phthalates with cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Golestanzadeh
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roya Riahi
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Heggeseth BC, Holland N, Eskenazi B, Kogut K, Harley KG. Heterogeneity in childhood body mass trajectories in relation to prenatal phthalate exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 175:22-33. [PMID: 31102947 PMCID: PMC6613931 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates, compounds commonly used in plastics and personal care products, have been associated with childhood obesity in cross-sectional and some longitudinal studies. Using advanced statistical methods, we characterized the heterogeneity in body mass development patterns over childhood (ages 2-14 years) and explored associations with maternal prenatal urinary concentrations of phthalates among 335 children in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) cohort study. Height and weight were measured every one to two years in this cohort, which had a high prevalence of obesity and overweight. Building upon a previous analysis that showed a positive association between prenatal phthalate exposure and body mass index (BMI) in CHAMACOS children, we used three advanced statistical methods: generalized additive models, growth mixture models, and functional principal component analysis with tree-based methods to identify patterns of childhood BMI development and allow for non-linear relationships with the environmental exposures. Our results highlight the heterogeneity in childhood BMI development patterns and suggest a sex-specific non-linear association between prenatal monoethyl phthalate urinary concentrations and BMI level in children, confirmed across a variety of statistical methods. There is also evidence to suggest positive associations between DEHP metabolites and BMI stabilization during puberty for girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna C Heggeseth
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, 01267, USA; Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, Macalester College, Saint Paul, MN, 55105, USA.
| | - Nina Holland
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Katherine Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kim G Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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Chen MY, Liu HP, Cheng J, Chiang SY, Liao WP, Lin WY. Transgenerational impact of DEHP on body weight of Drosophila. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 221:493-499. [PMID: 30660905 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most typical plasticizer and an environmental endocrine disruptor (EDC). DEHP is known to influence offspring fertility, growth, and obesity. However, the role of the DEHP as a transgenerational obesogen is still controversial. In this study, we used fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) to investigate where the exposure period, doses, and exposed parental sex are critical to change the body weight of the offspring. We found long-term but not short-term, and high-dose but low-dose exposure resulted in significant change. Moreover, we found DEHP treatment on the father or mother Drosophila resulted in increased or decreased body weight of the offspring respectively. Our results demonstrated the heterogeneity of transgenerational impact of DEHP and highlighted the involvement of parental endocrine system in its role as an obesogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ying Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ping Liu
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan
| | - Jack Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
| | - Su-Yin Chiang
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Wing-Ping Liao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Yong Lin
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan; Brain Diseases Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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29
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Gao D, Li Z, Wang H, Liang H. An overview of phthalate acid ester pollution in China over the last decade: Environmental occurrence and human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 645:1400-1409. [PMID: 30248862 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity and bioaccumulation potential of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) make their impact on the environment a matter of considerable concern. Due to China's recent economic development and population growth, it has become one of the largest manufacturers and consumers of PAEs, with an associated contamination threat to several environmental compartments. The aim of this overview is to present a systematic account of PAE occurrence in various environmental media in China in the last decade, including the air, surface water, sediments, soil, sewage, and sludge; human exposure to PAEs is also evaluated. This reveals a location-dependence that can be attributed to regional differences in economic and industrial development as well as specific geographic location. A need for further study into the transportation and transformation behavior of PAEs in different environmental media and into PAE control technologies is identified, as a means of effectively assessing potential ecological and health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Zhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - He Wang
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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