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Liang N, Cao R, Jiang N, Shi C, Guo Z, Gao Y, Zhang R, Zhang H, Chen J, Geng N. Occurrence and fate of atmospheric short/medium chain chlorinated paraffins: Size distribution and inhalation exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 954:176507. [PMID: 39341256 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 09/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are intricate industrial compounds synthesized through alkane chlorination. Researches on the size distribution of short-chain (SCCPs) and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) are limited. Here, we conducted a thorough investigation on the size-dependent distribution characteristics, deposition behavior in respiratory tract, and health risks associated with CPs in atmospheric PM. The concentration of SCCPs in atmospheric particulate matter (PM10) was much higher than MCCPs, with concentration ranges of 2.53-31.8 and 1.07-4.62 ng m-3, respectively. Concentrations of CPs increase with decreasing PM size, peaking at aerodynamic diameters (Dp) < 0.49 μm. Physicochemical properties influence the distribution of CP homologs in PM. Those with lower vapor pressure, higher octanol-air and octanol-water partition coefficients tended to accumulate in PM with larger geometric mean diameters. Most of the inhaled CPs in PM deposited in the upper airways, with a small amount in the trachea and alveolar regions. The estimated daily intakes values were highest when Dp < 0.49 μm. Particle size is an essential determinant for the deposition of inhaled CPs in PM and should be considered in health risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naibing Liang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Rong Cao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chengcheng Shi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Zhangpeng Guo
- College of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ningbo Geng
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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Novo-Quiza N, Sánchez-Piñero J, Moreda-Piñeiro J, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P. Validation of the analytical methodology used in obtaining the oral bioavailability of organic target pollutants in atmospheric particulate matter (PM 10) applying an in-vitro method. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465132. [PMID: 38959658 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, scientists have started evaluating the portion of PM-bound pollutants that may be liberated (bioaccessible fraction) in human fluids and spread through the digestive system ultimately entering systemic circulation (known as the bioavailable fraction). In the current research, an analytical procedure was validated and applied to characterize the oral bioavailable fraction of PM10 samples. The approach encompassed the determination of 49 organic contaminants. The proposed method aims to biomimetic complete mouth-gastric-intestinal system basing on an adaptation of the unified bioaccessibility method (UBM) modified by the inclusion of a dialysis membrane to mimic intestinal absorption and obtain the orally bioavailable fractions. It was followed by a vortex-assisted liquid-liquid extraction (VALLE) step, using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Analytical procedure was effectively validated by employing selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode in MS/MS, matrix-matched calibration, and deuterium-labelled surrogate standards. This approach ensured heightened sensitivity, minimized matrix effects, and compensated for any losses during the process. The validation process covered various aspects, including studying linearity, determining detection and quantification limits, assessing analytical recoveries at three concentration levels, and evaluating precision both within a single day and across multiple days. The validated method was applied to PM10 samples, revealing that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were the most frequently detected, with significant seasonal variations in their concentrations. Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) like TCPP were also detected in bioavailable fractions, highlighting their potential health impact. Bisphenols, SMCs, and PAEs were not detected, suggesting low levels in the studied urban area. Further research is needed to understand the bioavailability of PM-bound pollutants in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Novo-Quiza
- University of A Coruña. Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences. Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071 A Coruña. Spain
| | - Joel Sánchez-Piñero
- University of A Coruña. Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences. Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071 A Coruña. Spain
| | - Jorge Moreda-Piñeiro
- University of A Coruña. Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences. Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071 A Coruña. Spain.
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- University of A Coruña. Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences. Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071 A Coruña. Spain
| | - Purificación López-Mahía
- University of A Coruña. Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences. Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071 A Coruña. Spain
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Shen Q, Liu Y, Li G, An T. A review of disrupted biological response associated with volatile organic compound exposure: Insight into identification of biomarkers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174924. [PMID: 39047835 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are widespread harmful atmospheric pollutants, which have long been concerned and elucidated to be one of the risks of acute and chronic diseases for human, such as leukemia and cancer. Although numerous scientific studies have documented the potential adverse outcomes caused by VOC exposure, the mechanisms which biological response pathways of these VOC disruption remain poorly understood. Therefore, the identification of biochemical markers associated with metabolism, health effects and diseases orientation can be an effective means of screening biological targets for VOC exposure, which provide evidences to the toxicity assessment of compounds. The current review aims to understand the mechanisms underlying VOCs-elicited adverse outcomes by charactering various types of biomarkers. VOCs-related biomarkers from three aspects were summarized through in vitro, animal and epidemiological studies. i) Unmetabolized and metabolized VOC biomarkers in human samples for assessing exposure characteristics in different communities; ii) Adverse endpoint effects related biomarkers, mainly including (anti)oxidative stress, inflammation response and DNA damage; iii) Omics-based molecular biomarkers alteration in gene, protein, lipid and metabolite aspects associated with biological signaling pathway disorders response to VOC exposure. Further research, advanced machine learning and bioinformation approaches combined with experimental results are urgently needed to ascertain the selection of biomarkers and further illuminate toxic mechanisms of VOC exposure. Finally, VOCs-induced disease causes can be predicted with proven results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyong Shen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yalin Liu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Liu Y, Lin F, Yue X, Zhang S, Wang H, Xiao J, Cao H, Shi Y. Inhalation bioaccessibility of imidacloprid in particulate matter: Implications for risk assessment during spraying. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133986. [PMID: 38493632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Adverse health outcomes due to the inhalation of pesticide residues in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) are gaining global attention. Quantitative health risk assessments of pesticide inhalation exposure highlight the need to understand the bioaccessibility of pesticide residues. Herein, the inhalation bioaccessibility of imidacloprid in PM was determined using three commonly used in vitro lung modeling methods (Artificial Lysosomal Fluid, Gamble Solution, and Simulated Lung Fluid). To validate its feasibility and effectiveness, we evaluated the bioavailability of imidacloprid using a mouse nasal instillation assay. The in vitro inhalation bioaccessibility of imidacloprid was extracted using Gamble Solution with a solid-liquid ratio of 1/1000, an oscillation rate of 150 r/min, and an extraction time of 24 h, showed a strong linear correlation with its in vivo liver-based bioavailability (R2 =0.8928). Moreover, the margin of exposure was incorporated into the inhalation exposure risk assessment, considering both formulations and nozzles. The inhalation unit exposure of imidacloprid for residents was 0.95-4.09 ng/m3. The margin of exposure for imidacloprid was determined to be acceptable when considering inhalation bioaccessibility. Taken together, these results indicate that the inhalation bioaccessibility of pesticides should be incorporated into assessments of human health risks posed by PM particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Liu
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Fengxiang Lin
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Xingyu Yue
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Sai Zhang
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Han Wang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Jinjing Xiao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Joint Research Center for Food Nutrition and Health of IHM, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Haiqun Cao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Joint Research Center for Food Nutrition and Health of IHM, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanhong Shi
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Joint Research Center for Food Nutrition and Health of IHM, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
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5
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Shahpoury P, Wnorowski A, Harner T, Saini A, Halappanavar S. A method for measuring the bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cell culture media. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141257. [PMID: 38244871 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives are of particular concern for population health due to their abundance and toxicity via inhalation. Lung toxicity testing includes exposing lung epithelial cell lines to PAHs in a culture medium containing inorganic species, lipids, proteins, and other biochemicals where the cell response is influenced among others by the toxic chemical accessibility in the medium. While inhalation bioaccessibility of PAHs and other toxicants was previously studied in surrogate lung fluids, studies measuring bioaccessibility in cell culture media are rare. In this work, a method was developed to characterize PAH bioaccessibility in a culture medium used for mouse lung epithelial (FE1) cells. Further, the optimised method was tested using commercially available standard reference material of urban particulate matter (PM) as well as polyurethane foam passive air samplers (PUF-PAS). The method provided a high precision and recovery of analytes, indicating no losses during sample processing and analysis. PAHs had non-linear concentration-responses, with the culture medium approaching saturation with PM concentration of 500 μg mL-1. The results showed that phenanthrene, a 3-ring PAH, was significantly more bioaccessible than ≥4-ring congeners in the culture medium (up to ∼2.5 folds; p < 0.05). Finally, using pre-deployed PUF-PAS from a residential and an industrial site, five PAHs were found in the culture medium, including naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene. This work provides a proof of concept to enable future studies to assess the inhalation bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic compounds and other airborne pollutants collected using PUF-PAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pourya Shahpoury
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada; Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada.
| | - Andrzej Wnorowski
- Analysis and Air Quality Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Amandeep Saini
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Hussain MS, Gupta G, Mishra R, Patel N, Gupta S, Alzarea SI, Kazmi I, Kumbhar P, Disouza J, Dureja H, Kukreti N, Singh SK, Dua K. Unlocking the secrets: Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and their devastating effects on lung cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 255:155157. [PMID: 38320440 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer (LCs) is still a serious health problem globally, with many incidences attributed to environmental triggers such as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). VOCs are a broad class of compounds that can be released via various sources, including industrial operations, automobile emissions, and indoor air pollution. VOC exposure has been linked to an elevated risk of lung cancer via multiple routes. These chemicals can be chemically converted into hazardous intermediate molecules, resulting in DNA damage and genetic alterations. VOCs can also cause oxidative stress, inflammation, and a breakdown in the cellular protective antioxidant framework, all of which contribute to the growth of lung cancer. Moreover, VOCs have been reported to alter critical biological reactions such as cell growth, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, leading to tumor development and metastasis. Epidemiological investigations have found a link between certain VOCs and a higher probability of LCs. Benzene, formaldehyde, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are some of the most well-researched VOCs, with comprehensive data confirming their cancer-causing potential. Nevertheless, the possible health concerns linked with many more VOCs and their combined use remain unknown, necessitating further research. Identifying the toxicological consequences of VOCs in LCs is critical for establishing focused preventative tactics and therapeutic strategies. Better legislation and monitoring mechanisms can limit VOC contamination in occupational and environmental contexts, possibly reducing the prevalence of LCs. Developing VOC exposure indicators and analyzing their associations with genetic susceptibility characteristics may also aid in early identification and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sadique Hussain
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jagatpura, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302017, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, India; Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, 346, United Arab Emirates; School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Riya Mishra
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Neeraj Patel
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Chameli Devi Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Khandwa Road, Village Umrikheda, Near Toll booth, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452020, India
| | - Sami I Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72341, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Popat Kumbhar
- Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Tal: Panhala Dist: Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416113, India
| | - John Disouza
- Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Tal: Panhala Dist: Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416113, India
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Neelima Kukreti
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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Fang K, Xiang YX, Wang H, Li MK, Jiang SY, Liu CJ, Yang X, Wei SW, Xiao JJ, Shi YH, Cao HQ. In vitro inhalation bioaccessibility and health risk assessment of difenoconazole in the atmosphere. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:837-845. [PMID: 37794292 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of the risk of pesticide inhalation in populations around farmland is necessary because inhalation is one of the ways in which pesticides can risk human health. This study aimed to identify the inhalation risk of difenoconazole on humans by using dose-response and exposure assessments. RESULTS In the field simulation application, respiratory exposure in populations around farmland ranged from 71 to 430 ng/m3 . Using response surface methodology, the maximum bioaccessibility of difenoconazole in three simulated lung fluids was 35.33% in Gamble's solution (GS), 34.12% in artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF), and 42.06% in simulated interstitial lung fluid (SLF). Taking the proliferation activity of the A549 cell model as the endpoint, the benchmark dose limit and benchmark dose of difenoconazole on A549 cells were 16.36 and 5.60 mg/kg, respectively. The margin of exposure to difenoconazole in GS, ALF and SLF were, respectively, 8.66 × 105 to 5.28 × 106 , 8.97 × 105 to 5.47 × 106 and 7.28 × 105 to 4.44 × 106 . CONCLUSION The risk assessment results indicate that under all circumstances, applying difenoconazole is safe for populations around farmland. However, a fan-shaped nozzle, suspension concentrate and greater inhalation height increase the risk of inhalation. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Fang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Yu-Xin Xiang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Han Wang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Ming-Kun Li
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Si-Yuan Jiang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Chen-Jun Liu
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Su-Wan Wei
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jin-Jing Xiao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Joint Research Center for Food Nutrition and Health of IHM, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan-Hong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Joint Research Center for Food Nutrition and Health of IHM, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Hai-Qun Cao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Joint Research Center for Food Nutrition and Health of IHM, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Sánchez-Piñero J, Novo-Quiza N, Moreda-Piñeiro J, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P. A multi-residue method for the analysis of organic pollutants released from atmospheric PM 2.5 in simulated biological fluids: Inhalation bioaccessibility and bioavailability estimation. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1280:341862. [PMID: 37858566 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades, there has been a growing interest within the scientific community regarding the study of the fraction that could be released in simulated biological fluids to estimate in vitro bioaccessibility and bioavailability of compounds. Concerning particulate matter (PM), studies were essentially focused on metal (oid)s probably due to more complex methodologies needed for organic compounds, requiring extraction and pre-concentration steps from simulated fluids, followed by chromatographic analysis. Thus, the development of a simple and sensitive methodology for the analysis of multi-class organic compounds released in different inhalation simulated fluids would represent a great contribution to the field. RESULTS In this work, a methodology for the analysis of 49 organic pollutants, including 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 12 phthalate esters (PAEs), 11 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), 6 synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) and 2 bisphenols released in simulated fluids from PM2.5 samples was developed. After a physiologically based extraction test (PBET) by using artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF) and a simulated body fluid (SBF, filling a dialysis membrane) to obtain in vitro inhalation bioaccessible and bioavailable fractions, respectively; compounds were determined by a vortex-assisted liquid-liquid extraction (VALLE) and a subsequent analysis by programmed temperature vaporization-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (PTV-GC-MS/MS). Experimental conditions concerning VALLE extraction (extraction time and amount of NaCl (g)) were optimized by using a central composite design (CCD), best MS/MS transitions were selected and matrix-matched calibration combined with use of labelled subrogate standards provided high sensitivity, minimization of matrix effects and recovering losses compensation. SIGNIFICANCE The successful validation results obtained for most of the compounds demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed methodology for the analysis of multi-class organic pollutants released in ALF and SBF for inhalation bioaccessibility and bioavailability assessment, respectively. Furthermore, applicability of the method was proved by analysing 20 p.m.2.5 samples, being the proposed in vitro PBET dialyzability approach for assessing organic pollutant's inhalation bioavailability applied to PM2.5 samples for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Sánchez-Piñero
- University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Natalia Novo-Quiza
- University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jorge Moreda-Piñeiro
- University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Purificación López-Mahía
- University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
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Lou H, Wang F, Zhao H, Wang S, Xiao X, Yang Y, Wang X. Development and validation of an improved QuEChERS method for the extraction of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from complex soils. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:4767-4776. [PMID: 37697917 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01326j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
In order to achieve rapid, sensitive, and high-throughput determination of typical semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in soil samples, a method for the rapid determination of 63 SVOCs in soil was developed by optimizing and improving the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) extraction technique in conjunction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. A small amount of soil sample (5.0 g) was vortexed with 10 mL of a mixture of acetone and n-hexane (V/V = 1 : 1) for 2 min, followed by rapid vortex purification and centrifugation using a mixture of copper powder and octadecylsilane (C18) dispersant. The resulting supernatant was then purified through a 0.22 μm filter membrane. The results showed that the 63 SVOCs exhibited good linear relationships within the concentration range of 100-5000 μg L-1, with correlation coefficients (R2) above 0.99. The method detection limit (MDL = 3.3 Sy/m) was lower than 0.050 mg kg-1. At a spike concentration of 1 mg kg-1, the recovery rates of the 63 SVOCs were almost above 70% (n = 7). Compared with the rapid solvent extraction (ASE) method specified in US EPA 3545 standard, this method reduced the organic solvent usage by 14 times and significantly shortened the operation time. Furthermore, this method did not involve any transfer or concentration steps of the extractant during the experimental process, reducing the exposure time of toxic compounds and providing support for the principles of green analytical chemistry. Moreover, in the detection of most compounds in the same batch of contaminated soil, the extraction results obtained by QuEChERS were superior to those obtained by the ASE method, providing evidence for the practical application of this method. This method is rapid, simple, accurate, requires a small sample volume, and causes minimal environmental pollution. It provides a high-throughput detection method for the rapid screening of SVOCs in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Lou
- Environmental Testing and Experiment Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
- School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
| | - Fujia Wang
- Environmental Testing and Experiment Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Hangchen Zhao
- Environmental Testing and Experiment Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Sufang Wang
- Environmental Testing and Experiment Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Xinxin Xiao
- Environmental Testing and Experiment Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yanmei Yang
- School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Environmental Testing and Experiment Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Zheng Q, Qiu H, Zhu Z, Gong W, Zhang D, Ma J, Chen X, Yang J, Lin Y, Lu S. Perchlorate in fine particulate matter in Shenzhen, China, and implications for human inhalation exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:2857-2867. [PMID: 36076152 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The wide application of perchlorate in military and aerospace industries raises potential exposure risks for humans. Previous studies have mainly focused on perchlorate in drinking water, foodstuffs and dust, while its exposure in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has received less attention. Thus, we investigated its concentrations and temporal variability in PM2.5 from October 2020 to September 2021 in Shenzhen, southern China. We also assessed the native population's intake and uptake of perchlorate in PM2.5 via inhalation. Measured PM2.5 concentrations in samples from Shenzhen ranged from 2.0 to 91.9 μg m-3. According to air quality guidelines proposed by the World Health Organization, 12.7% of all the samples exceeded interim target 1 (> 35 μg m-3), and only 37.3% met interim target 3 (< 15 μg m-3). Logistic regression analysis showed that perchlorate concentrations positively correlated with the PM2.5 concentrations and negatively correlated with precipitation. The median estimated daily intake (EDI) was highest for infants (0.029 ng kg-1 day-1), and both EDIs and estimated daily uptakes (EDUs) gradually decreased with age. All the EDIs and EDUs were below the reference dose provided by the US National Academy of Sciences (NAS), indicating that exposure to perchlorate in PM2.5 posed negligible health risks for Shenzhen residents. However, the exposure of infants and specific groups who tend to be more highly exposed than average still warrants attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanzhi Zheng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Hongmei Qiu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Weiran Gong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development On Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ma
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jialei Yang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yuli Lin
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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Xiao J, Fang K, Zhang S, Jiang S, Liu T, Lv M, Liao M, Cao H, Shi Y. Inhalation bioaccessibility of inhaled triazole fungicides and health risk assessment during spraying. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:1768-1776. [PMID: 36627764 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambient air pollution caused by pesticide drift has received great attention. To accurately evaluate the health risk of inhaled pesticides, bioaccessibility should be considered. However, methods to reliably assess pesticide residues remain limited, hindering the precise estimation of exposure assessment. We aimed to optimize an in vitro method for the inhalation bioaccessibility (IBA) measurement of triazole fungicides and to incorporate this into inhalation exposure assessment during pesticide spraying. RESULTS The IBA of triazole fungicides increased logarithmically with extraction duration, plateauing after 6 h. The frequency of agitation displayed a similar pattern, whereas the ratio of solid to liquid between 1/1500 and 1/250 was considerably negatively associated. The predicted values (35.9-53.5%) for IBA based on optimized methodological parameters determined using a response surface methodology showed an acceptable deviation from experimental values (30.7-50.8%), suggesting feasibility for in vitro IBA measurement. Incorporating IBA into calculations of inhalation exposure amount (IE) yielded a value of 8.5 × 10-7 -2.1 × 10-5 mg kg-1 day-1 , a 50-68% reduction compared to IE based on total amount. Additionally, the safety exposure threshold was determined for triazole fungicides using benchmark dose modelling of data from lung A549 cell proliferation toxicity assays, and in this context, margin of exposure (MOE) values were calculated to be within an acceptable level. CONCLUSION This in vitro method supplements bioaccessibility evaluation based on pesticide inhalation exposure, along with the risk to human health. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Xiao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Ke Fang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Sidong Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Siyuan Jiang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Tianhe Liu
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Mengjiao Lv
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Min Liao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Haiqun Cao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Yu J, Luo H, Yang B, Wang M, Gong Y, Wang P, Jiao Y, Liang T, Cheng H, Ma F, Gu Q, Li F. Risk Control Values and Remediation Goals for Benzo[ a]pyrene in Contaminated Sites: Sectoral Characteristics, Temporal Trends, and Empirical Implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:2064-2074. [PMID: 36695743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a highly carcinogenic pollutant of global concern. There is a need for a comprehensive assessment of regulation decisions for BaP-contaminated site management. Herein, we present a quantitative evaluation of remediation decisions from 206 contaminated sites throughout China between 2011 and 2021 using the cumulative distribution function (CDF) and related statistical methodologies. Generally, remediation decisions seek to establish remediation goals (RGs) based on the risk control values (RCVs). Cumulative frequency distributions, followed non-normal S-curve, emerged multiple nonrandom clusters. These clusters are consistent with regulatory guidance values (RGVs), of national and local soil levels in China. Additionally, priority interventions for contaminated sites were determined by prioritizing RCVs and identifying differences across industrial sectors. Notably, we found that RCVs and RGs became more relaxed over time, effectively reducing conservation and unsustainable social and economic impacts. The joint probability curve was applied to model decision values, which afforded a generic empirically important RG of 0.57 mg/kg. Overall, these findings will help decision-makers and governments develop appropriate remediation strategies for BaP as a ubiquitous priority pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing100012, China
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
| | - Huilong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing100012, China
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Technical Center for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing100012, China
| | - Minghao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing100012, China
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Yiwei Gong
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing100012, China
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
| | - Yufang Jiao
- Beijing Jiewei Science and Technology Limited Company, Beijing100012, China
| | - Tian Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing100012, China
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
| | - Hongguang Cheng
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
| | - Fujun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing100012, China
| | - Qingbao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing100012, China
| | - Fasheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing100012, China
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
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Yang DL, Zhang ZN, Liu H, Yang ZY, Liu MM, Zheng QX, Chen W, Xiang P. Indoor air pollution and human ocular diseases: Associated contaminants and underlying pathological mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137037. [PMID: 36349586 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
People spend a long time indoors, especially young children. The risk of indoor pollution on human health is one of the current hotspots in environmental and public health. The human ocular surface is highly susceptible to indoor environment quality. Epidemiological data have linked human ophthalmological disorders with exposure to indoor pollution. In this review, we summarized the adverse impacts of indoor pollution on the human ocular surface. Several studies demonstrated that indoor contaminants including particulate matter, volatile/semi-volatile organic compounds, heavy metals, and fuel combustion and cigarette smoke exposure were associated with the incidence of human dry eye, conjunctivitis, glaucoma, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, and keratitis. In addition, toxicological investigations revealed that indoor pollution-induced induced chronic inflammation, oxidative damage, and disruption of tight junctions are the main underlying pathological mechanisms for ocular surface diseases. Taken together, this review may expand the understanding of pollution-induced eye disorder and highlight the importance of reducing associated contaminants to decrease their detrimental effects on human eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Lei Yang
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety, and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Zhen-Ning Zhang
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety, and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Hai Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Eye Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Zi-Yue Yang
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety, and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Mi-Mi Liu
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Qin-Xiang Zheng
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Wei Chen
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315040, China.
| | - Ping Xiang
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety, and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China.
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Gustafsson Å, Wang B, Gerde P, Bergman Å, Yeung LWY. Bioavailability of inhaled or ingested PFOA adsorbed to house dust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:78698-78710. [PMID: 35699877 PMCID: PMC9587079 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Indoor environments may impact human health due to chemical pollutants in the indoor air and house dust. This study aimed at comparing the bioavailability and distribution of PFOA following both an inhalation and an oral exposure to PFOA coated house dust in rats. In addition, extractable organofluorine (EOF) was measured in different tissue samples to assess any potential influence of other organofluorine compounds in the experimental house dust. Blood samples were collected at sequential time points after exposure and at the time of termination; the lungs, liver, and kidney were collected for quantification of PFOA and EOF. The concentration of PFOA in plasma increased rapidly in both exposure groups attaining a Cmax at 3 h post exposure. The Cmax following inhalation was four times higher compared to oral exposures. At 48 h post exposure, the levels of PFOA in the plasma, liver, and kidney were twice as high from inhalation exposures. This shows that PFOA is readily bioavailable and has a rapid systemic distribution following an inhalation or oral exposure to house dust coated with PFOA. The proportion of PFOA to EOF corresponded to 65-71% and 74-87% in plasma and tissues, respectively. The mass balance between EOF and target PFOA indicates that there might be other unknown PFAS precursor and/or fluorinated compounds that co-existed in the house dust sample that can have accumulated in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Gustafsson
- MTM Research Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Bei Wang
- MTM Research Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Per Gerde
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Inhalation Sciences AB, Hälsovägen 7-9, SE-141 57, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Åke Bergman
- MTM Research Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leo W Y Yeung
- MTM Research Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
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15
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Sánchez-Piñero J, Novo-Quiza N, Pernas-Castaño C, Moreda-Piñeiro J, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P. Inhalation bioaccessibility of multi-class organic pollutants associated to atmospheric PM 2.5: Correlation with PM 2.5 properties and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119577. [PMID: 35688393 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) represents a global concern due to the adverse effects in human health. In the last years, scientific community has been adopted the assessment of the PM2.5-bound pollutant fraction that could be released (bioaccessible fraction) in simulated lung fluids (SLFs) to achieve a better understanding of PM risk assessment and toxicological studies. Thus, bioaccessibility of 49 organic pollutants, including 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 12 phthalate esters (PAEs), 11 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), 6 synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) and 2 bisphenols in PM2.5 samples was evaluated. The proposed method consists of a physiologically based extraction test (PBET) by using artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF) to obtain bioaccessible fractions, followed by a vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (VALLME) and a final analysis by programmed temperature vaporization-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (PTV-GC-MS/MS). The highest inhalation bioaccessibility ratio was found for bisphenol A (BPA) with an average of 83%, followed by OPFRs, PAEs and PAHs (with average bioaccessibilities of 68%, 41% and 34%, respectively). Correlations between PM2.5 composition (major ions, trace metals, equivalent black carbon (eBC) and UV-absorbing particulate matter (UVPM)) and bioaccessibility ratios were also assessed. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) suggested that PAHs, PAES and OPFRs bioaccessibility ratios could be positively correlated with PM2.5 carbonaceous content. Furthermore, both inverse and positive correlations on PAHs, PAEs and OPFRs bioaccessibilites could be accounted for some major ions and metal (oid)s associated to PM2.5, whereas no correlations comprising considered PM2.5 major ions and metal (oid)s contents and BPA bioaccessibility was observed. In addition, health risk assessment of target PM2.5-associated PAHs via inhalation was assessed in the study area considering both total and bioaccessible concentrations, being averaged human health risks within the safe carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Sánchez-Piñero
- University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, S/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Natalia Novo-Quiza
- University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, S/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Cristina Pernas-Castaño
- University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, S/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jorge Moreda-Piñeiro
- University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, S/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, S/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Purificación López-Mahía
- University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, S/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
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17
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Besis A, Gallou D, Avgenikou A, Serafeim E, Samara C. Size-dependent in vitro inhalation bioaccessibility of PAHs and O/N PAHs - Implications to inhalation risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 301:119045. [PMID: 35217141 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Size segregated samples (<0.49, 0.49-0.95, 0.95-1.5, 1.5-3.0, 3.0-7.2 and > 7.2 μm) of atmospheric particulate matter (APM) were collected at a traffic site in the urban agglomeration of Thessaloniki, northern Greece, during the cold and the warm period of 2020. The solvent-extractable organic matter was analyzed for selected organic contaminants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and their nitro- and oxy-derivarives (NPAHs and OPAHs, respectively). Mean concentrations of ∑16PAHs, ∑6NPAHs and ∑10OPAHs associated to total suspended particles (TSP) were 18 ng m-3, 0.2 ng m-3 and 0.9 ng m-3, respectively, in the cold period exhibiting significant decrease (6.4, 0.2 and 0.09 ng m-3, respectively) in the warm period. The major amount of all compounds was found to be associated with the alveolar particle size fraction <0.49 μm. The inhalation bioaccessibility of PAHs and O/N PAHs was measured in vitro using two simulated lung fluids (SLFs), the Gamble's solution (GS) and the artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF). With both SLFs, the derived bioaccessible fractions (BAFs) followed the order PAHs > OPAHs > NPAHs. Although no clear dependence of bioaccessibility on particle size was obtained, increased bioaccessibility of PAHs and PAH derivatives in coarse particles (>7.2 μm) was evident. Bioaccessibility was found to be strongly related to the logKOW and the water solubility of individual compounds hindering limited mobilization of the most hydrophobic and less water-soluble compounds from APM to SLFs. The lifetime cancer risk due to inhalation exposure to bioaccessible PAHs, NPAHs and OPAHs was estimated and compared to those calculated from the particulate concentrations of organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Besis
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Domniki Gallou
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna Avgenikou
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Serafeim
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantini Samara
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Zhang Z, Wang S, Li L. Emerging investigator series: the role of chemical properties in human exposure to environmental chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1839-1862. [PMID: 34542121 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00252j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
One of the ultimate goals of environmental exposure science is to mechanistically understand how chemical properties and human behavior interactively determine human exposure to the wide spectrum of chemicals present in the environment. This comprehensive review assembles state-of-the-art knowledge of the role of partitioning, dissociation, mass transfer, and reactive properties in human contact with and absorption of organic chemicals via oral, dermal, and respiratory routes. Existing studies have revealed that chemicals with different properties vary greatly in mass distribution and occurrence among multiple exposure media, resulting in distinct patterns of human intake from the environment. On the other hand, these chemicals encounter different levels of resistance in the passage of intestinal, dermal, and pulmonary absorption barriers and demonstrate different levels of bioavailability, due to the selectivity of biochemical, anatomical and physiological structures of these absorption barriers. Moving forward, the research community needs to gain more in-depth mechanistic insights into the complex processes in human exposure, advance the technique to better characterize and predict chemical properties, generate and leverage experimental data for a more diverse range of chemicals, and describe better the interactions between chemical properties and human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhen Zhang
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, 89557-274, Reno, Nevada, USA.
| | - Shenghong Wang
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, 89557-274, Reno, Nevada, USA.
| | - Li Li
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, 89557-274, Reno, Nevada, USA.
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Kitanovski Z, Hovorka J, Kuta J, Leoni C, Prokeš R, Sáňka O, Shahpoury P, Lammel G. Nitrated monoaromatic hydrocarbons (nitrophenols, nitrocatechols, nitrosalicylic acids) in ambient air: levels, mass size distributions and inhalation bioaccessibility. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59131-59140. [PMID: 32529617 PMCID: PMC8541976 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09540-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated monoaromatic hydrocarbons (NMAHs) are ubiquitous in the environment and an important part of atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS) and brown carbon. They are ecotoxic and with underresearched toxic potential for humans. NMAHs were determined in size-segregated ambient particulate matter collected at two urban sites in central Europe, Ostrava and Kladno, Czech Republic. The average sums of 12 NMAHs (Σ12NMAH) measured in winter PM10 samples from Ostrava and Kladno were 102 and 93 ng m-3, respectively, and 8.8 ng m-3 in summer PM10 samples from Ostrava. The concentrations in winter corresponded to 6.3-7.3% and 2.6-3.1% of HULIS-C and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), respectively. Nitrocatechols represented 67-93%, 61-73% and 28-96% of NMAHs in PM10 samples collected in winter and summer at Ostrava and in winter at Kladno, respectively. The mass size distribution of the targeted substance classes peaked in the submicrometre size fractions (PM1), often in the PM0.5 size fraction especially in summer. The bioaccessible fraction of NMAHs was determined by leaching PM3 samples in two simulated lung fluids, Gamble's solution and artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF). More than half of NMAH mass is found bioaccessible, almost complete for nitrosalicylic acids. The bioaccessible fraction was generally higher when using ALF (mimics the chemical environment created by macrophage activity, pH 4.5) than Gamble's solution (pH 7.4). Bioaccessibility may be negligible for lipophilic substances (i.e. log KOW > 4.5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Kitanovski
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Hovorka
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kuta
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Cecilia Leoni
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Sáňka
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pourya Shahpoury
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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20
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Du X, Zhou Y, Li J, Wu Y, Zheng Z, Yin G, Qiu Y, Zhao J, Yuan G. Evaluating oral and inhalation bioaccessibility of indoor dust-borne short- and median-chain chlorinated paraffins using in vitro Tenax-assisted physiologically based method. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123449. [PMID: 32683154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Though ingestion and inhalation of dust have been suggested as important exposure routes contributing chlorinated paraffins (CPs) build-up in humans, the bioaccessibility of dust-borne CPs in the organ environment has not been well-studied, which may hinder an accurate estimation of exposure risks. In this study, the ingestion and inhalation bioaccessibility of dust-borne short- and median-chain CPs (SCCPs and MCCPs) was assessed using (colon-extended) physiologically based extraction test with the addition of Tenax. The ingestion bioaccessibility of SCCPs 51.5 %Cl, SCCPs 63 %Cl, MCCPs 42 %Cl, and MCCPs 57 %Cl was in ranges of 21.1-44.0 %, 11.7-45.8 %, 21.9-36.6 %, and 7.9-32.9 %, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated statistically significant associations of ingestion bioaccessibility with carbon chain length and chlorine substitution. The ingestion bioaccessibility of CPs also increased with co-existence of carbohydrate/protein. The inhalation bioaccessibility of SCCPs (16.7-38.7 % in artificial lysosomal fluid and 15.5-34.1 % in modified Gamble solution) was significantly higher than MCCPs (<5 %), and varied with dust particle size/total organic carbon content. Our study indicates that modest bioaccessible fractions of CPs in dust should be taken into account to refine the estimation of human exposure, and their bioaccessibility may be affected by CP molecular size, nutritional content and dust property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China; School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yihui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China; School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Yan Wu
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Ziye Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ge Yin
- Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yanling Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jianfu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Guoli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China; School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
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21
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Eichler CMA, Hubal EAC, Xu Y, Cao J, Bi C, Weschler CJ, Salthammer T, Morrison GC, Koivisto AJ, Zhang Y, Mandin C, Wei W, Blondeau P, Poppendieck D, Liu X, Delmaar CJE, Fantke P, Jolliet O, Shin HM, Diamond ML, Shiraiwa M, Zuend A, Hopke PK, von Goetz N, Kulmala M, Little JC. Assessing Human Exposure to SVOCs in Materials, Products, and Articles: A Modular Mechanistic Framework. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:25-43. [PMID: 33319994 PMCID: PMC7877794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A critical review of the current state of knowledge of chemical emissions from indoor sources, partitioning among indoor compartments, and the ensuing indoor exposure leads to a proposal for a modular mechanistic framework for predicting human exposure to semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Mechanistically consistent source emission categories include solid, soft, frequent contact, applied, sprayed, and high temperature sources. Environmental compartments are the gas phase, airborne particles, settled dust, indoor surfaces, and clothing. Identified research needs are the development of dynamic emission models for several of the source emission categories and of estimation strategies for critical model parameters. The modular structure of the framework facilitates subsequent inclusion of new knowledge, other chemical classes of indoor pollutants, and additional mechanistic processes relevant to human exposure indoors. The framework may serve as the foundation for developing an open-source community model to better support collaborative research and improve access for application by stakeholders. Combining exposure estimates derived using this framework with toxicity data for different end points and toxicokinetic mechanisms will accelerate chemical risk prioritization, advance effective chemical management decisions, and protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara M A Eichler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Elaine A Cohen Hubal
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Chenyang Bi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Tunga Salthammer
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Braunschweig 38108, Germany
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Antti Joonas Koivisto
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Corinne Mandin
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), Champs sur Marne 77447, France
| | - Wenjuan Wei
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), Champs sur Marne 77447, France
| | - Patrice Blondeau
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur pour l'Environnement - LaSIE, Université de La Rochelle, La Rochelle 77447, France
| | - Dustin Poppendieck
- Engineering Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Christiaan J E Delmaar
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Center for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven 3720, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Olivier Jolliet
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hyeong-Moo Shin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Andreas Zuend
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A0B9, Canada
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5708, United States
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | | | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - John C Little
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
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22
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Cai K, Song Q, Yuan W, Ruan J, Duan H, Li Y, Li J. Human exposure to PBDEs in e-waste areas: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115634. [PMID: 33254638 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are commonly added to electronic products for flame-retardation effects, and are attracting more and more attentions due to their potential toxicity, durability and bioaccumulation. This study conducts a sysmtematic review to understand the human exposure to PBDEs from e-waste recycling, especially exploring the exposure pathways and human burden of PBDEs as well as investigating the temporal trend of PBDEs exposure worldwide. The results show that the particular foods (contaminated fish, poultry, meat and breast milk) ingestion, indoor dust ingestion and indoor air inhalation may be key factors leading to human health risks of PBDEs exposure in e-waste recycling regions. Residents and some vulnerable groups (occupational workers and children) in e-waste recycling areas may face higher exposure levels and health risks. PBDE exposure is closely related to exposure level, exposure duration, e-waste recycling methods, and dietary customs. High levels of PBDEs are found in human tissues (breast milk, hair, blood (serum), placenta and other tissues) in e-waste areas, at far higher levels than in other areas. Existing data indicate that PBDE exposure levels do not present any apparent downward trend, and will possibly cause serious human diseases. More epidemiological studies are still needed to provide a solid basis for health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihan Cai
- Macau Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China; Macau Institute of Systems Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Qingbin Song
- Macau Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China.
| | - Wenyi Yuan
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Jujun Ruan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Huabo Duan
- College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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23
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Ren H, Yu Y, An T. Bioaccessibilities of metal(loid)s and organic contaminants in particulates measured in simulated human lung fluids: A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:115070. [PMID: 32806460 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Particle-bound pollutants can pose a health risk to humans. Inhalation exposure evaluated by total contaminant concentrations significantly overestimates the potential risk. To assess the risk more accurately, bioavailability, which is the fraction that enters into the systemic circulation, should be considered. Researchers have replaced bioavailability by bioaccessibility due to the rapid and cost-efficient measurement for the latter, especially for assessment by oral ingestion. However, contaminants in particulates have different behavior when inhaled than when orally ingested. Some of the contaminants are exhaled along with exhalation, and others are deposited in the lung with the particulates. In addition, a fraction of the contaminants is released into the lung fluid and absorbed by the lung, and another fraction enters systemic circulation under the action of cell phagocytosis on particulates. Even if the release fraction, i.e., release bioaccessibility, is considered, the measurement faces many challenges. The present study highlights the factors influencing release bioaccessibility and the incorporation of inhalation bioaccessibility into the risk assessment of inhaled contaminants. Currently, there are three types of extraction techniques for simulated human lung fluids, including simple chemical solutions, sequential extraction techniques, and physiologically based techniques. The last technique generally uses three kinds of solution: Gamble's solution, Hatch's solution, and artificial lysosomal fluid, which are the most widely used physiologically based simulated human lung fluids. External factors such as simulated lung fluid composition, pH, extraction time, and sorption sinks can affect release bioaccessibility, whereas particle size and contaminant properties are important internal factors. Overall, release bioaccessibility is less used than bioaccessibility considering the deposition fraction when assessing the risk of contaminants in inhaled particulates. The release bioaccessibility measurement poses two main challenges: developing a unified, accurate, stable, simple, and systematic biologically based method, and validating the method through in-vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helong Ren
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515041, China.
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515041, China
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24
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Yang Y, Luo H, Liu R, Li G, Yu Y, An T. The exposure risk of typical VOCs to the human beings via inhalation based on the respiratory deposition rates by proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometer. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 197:110615. [PMID: 32325328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory deposition rates are the important analytical parameters for human health risk assessment related to the environmental volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In present study, the deposition rates from the linear regressions of CH2O, CH5N, C2H6O, C2H4O2, C3H8O, C6H6, C7H8, C8H8, and C8H10 of 120 healthy volunteers were obtained with significantly different from the respective calculated deposition rates. The CH2O (formaldehyde) has the highest deposition rate, indicating the highest associated exposure risk of CH2O if the persons are exposed to the same concentrations of these VOCs through inhalation. In order to explore the effects of the breathing models and sampling time on the deposition rates of VOCs, volunteers were first asked to breathe successively with nasal-in-nasal-out, oral-in-nasal-out, and oral-in-oral-out breathing models before and after three meals for three days. Sampling time variation has no effect on the deposition rates of selected VOCs, while the deposition rates of C2H4O2, C3H8O, C6H6, C7H8 and C8H10 by nasal-in-nasal-out were significantly different from oral-in-oral-out and nasal-in-oral-out models. Among all the breathing models, nasal-in-oral-out comprises the entire respiratory system. In order to further validate the results, the deposition rates of the selected VOCs were calculated in 120 healthy volunteers using nasal-in-oral-out breathing model for unlimited time after the conventional lung function examination. Difference in gender and body mass index had no effect on the deposition rates of VOCs, while the age affects the deposition rates of CH2O, CH5N and C2H4O2. Positive correlation analysis between lung function factors and deposition rates revealed that the individuals with larger lung function factors are more susceptible to deposit the VOCs. Overall, the main conclusion can be drawn that the respiratory deposition rates were influenced by the physiological factors. Therefore, the major objective for future research is to accurately calculate the deposition rates of environmental VOCs for health-risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hao Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ranran Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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25
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Development and testing of a new-generation aerosol exposure system: The independent holistic air-liquid exposure system (InHALES). Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 67:104909. [PMID: 32512146 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dose of inhaled materials delivered to the respiratory tract is to a large extent a function of the kinetics of particle deposition and gas dissolution on or in the airway and lung epithelia, and therefore of the structural and functional properties of the respiratory tract. In vitro aerosol exposure systems commonly do not simulate these properties, which may result in the delivery of non-realistic, non-human-relevant doses of inhalable test substances to the in vitro biological test systems. We developed a new-generation in vitro aerosol exposure system, the InHALES, that can, like the human respiratory tract, actively breathe, operate medical inhalers, or take puffs from tobacco products. Due to its structural and functional similarity to the human respiratory tract, the system is expected to deliver human-relevant doses of inhalable materials to cell cultures representing respiratory tract epithelia. We here describe the proof of concept of the InHALES with respect to aerosol delivery and compatibility with oral, bronchial, and alveolar cell cultures. The results indicate that the system structure and function translate into complex patterns of test atmosphere delivery that, with increasing system complexity, may closely mimic the patterns observable in the human respiratory tract.
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26
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Lammel G, Kitanovski Z, Kukučka P, Novák J, Arangio AM, Codling GP, Filippi A, Hovorka J, Kuta J, Leoni C, Příbylová P, Prokeš R, Sáňka O, Shahpoury P, Tong H, Wietzoreck M. Oxygenated and Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air-Levels, Phase Partitioning, Mass Size Distributions, and Inhalation Bioaccessibility. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2615-2625. [PMID: 31950831 PMCID: PMC7307896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Among the nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs and OPAHs) are some of the most hazardous substances to public health, mainly because of their carcinogenicity and oxidative potential. Despite these concerns, the concentrations and fate of NPAHs and OPAHs in the atmospheric environment are largely unknown. Ambient air concentrations of 18 NPAHs, 5 quinones, and 5 other OPAHs were determined at two urban and one regional background sites in central Europe. At one of the urban sites, the total (gas and particulate) concentrations of Σ10OPAHs were 10.0 ± 9.2 ng/m3 in winter and 3.5 ± 1.6 ng/m3 in summer. The gradient to the regional background site exceeded 1 order of magnitude. Σ18NPAH concentrations were typically 1 order of magnitude lower than OPAHs. Among OPAHs, 9-fluorenone and (9,10)-anthraquinone were the most abundant species, accompanied by benzanthrone in winter. (9,10)-Anthraquinone represented two-thirds of quinones. We found that a large fraction of the target substance particulate mass was carried by submicrometer particles. The derived inhalation bioaccessibility in the PM10 size fraction is found to be ≈5% of the total ambient concentration of OPAHs and up to ≈2% for NPAHs. For 9-fluorenone and (9,10)-anthraquinone, up to 86 and 18%, respectively, were found at the rural site. Our results indicate that water solubility could function as a limiting factor for bioaccessibility of inhaled particulate NPAHs and OPAHs, without considerable effect of surfactant lipids and proteins in the lung lining fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Lammel
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Zoran Kitanovski
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Petr Kukučka
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Novák
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea M. Arangio
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Garry P. Codling
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Filippi
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Jan Hovorka
- Faculty
of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Prague 116 36, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kuta
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Cecilia Leoni
- Faculty
of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Prague 116 36, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Příbylová
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Sáňka
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Pourya Shahpoury
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Air
Quality Processes Research Section, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, Toronto 12843, Canada
| | - Haijie Tong
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Marco Wietzoreck
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
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27
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Wei W, Ramalho O, Mandin C. Modeling the bioaccessibility of inhaled semivolatile organic compounds in the human respiratory tract. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 224:113436. [PMID: 31978732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccessibility of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) via inhalation has rarely been studied, as indicated by the literature. There is no model to calculate the SVOC bioaccessibility following inhalation, and measurement data have focused on only a few polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the particle phase. The present work developed a mechanistic model to address the mass transfer of inhaled SVOCs among the gas, particle and mucus phases in the human respiratory tract. The model considers (1) the SVOC partitioning between the gas and particle phases as well as between the gas and mucus phases and (2) the deposition of gas- and particle-phase SVOCs in the mucus of the respiratory tract. Based on the model, the inhalation bioaccessibility for 72 SVOCs was calculated. The SVOCs were measured in French dwellings at the nationwide scale, and their median concentrations in both the gas and particle phases were used for the bioaccessibility calculations. The results show that the inhalation bioaccessibility varies considerably from one compound to another, e.g., between 0.62 and 1.00 for phthalates, between 0.71 and 0.79 for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), between 0.48 and 0.56 for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), between 0.48 and 1.00 for different chemical families of pesticides and between 0.48 and 0.90 for PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wei
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, Champs sur Marne, 77447, France.
| | - Olivier Ramalho
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, Champs sur Marne, 77447, France
| | - Corinne Mandin
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, Champs sur Marne, 77447, France
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Li D, Li Z, Yang Y, Zeng X, Li Y, Du X, Zhu X. Circular RNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in environmental chemical exposure-related diseases. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 180:108825. [PMID: 31683121 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chemical contamination in the environment is known to cause abnormal circular RNA (circRNA) expression through multiple exposure routes; yet, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially circRNAs, play important roles in epigenetic regulation and disease pathogenesis; however, few studies have examined the function of circRNAs in chemical contamination-induced diseases. CircRNAs are covalently closed continuous loops that do not possess 5' and 3' ends, increasing their structural stability and limiting degradation by exoribonucleases. In addition, environmental chemical exposure-related diseases are often accompanied by aberrant expression of specific circRNAs and those circRNAs are often detected in tissues and body fluids. Based on these characteristics, circRNAs may serve as candidate biomarkers for the diagnosis of diseases related to environmental chemical exposure. Here, we review the generation and function of circRNAs, and the possible molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of environmental chemical exposure-related disorders by circRNAs. This is the first comprehensive review of the relationship between environmental chemical exposure and circRNAs in chemical exposure-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China; College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China
| | - Zeqin Li
- College of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610059, China
| | - Yan Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China
| | - Xianyin Zeng
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China
| | - Youping Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China
| | - Xiaogang Du
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China; College of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610059, China.
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Jiang Y, Yuan L, Lin Q, Ma S, Yu Y. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and human external and internal exposure in China: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 696:133902. [PMID: 31470322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as brominated flame retardants. Because of their toxicity and persistence, some PBDEs were restricted under the Stockholm Convention in 2009. Since then, many studies have been carried out on PBDEs in China and in many other countries. In the present review, the occurrences and contamination of PBDEs in air, water, sediment, soil, biota and daily food, human blood, hair, and other human tissues in China are comprehensively reviewed and described. The human exposure pathways and associated health risks of PBDEs are summarized. The data showed no obvious differences between North and South China, but concentrations from West China were generally lower than in East China, which can be mainly attributed to the production and widespread use of PBDEs in eastern regions. High levels of PBDEs were generally observed in the PBDE production facilities (e.g., Jiangsu Province and Shandong Province, East China) and e-waste recycling sites (Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, East China, and Guiyu City and Qingyuan City, both located in Guangdong Province, South China) and large cities, whereas low levels were detected in rural and less-developed areas, especially in remote regions such as the Tibetan Plateau. Deca-BDE is generally the major congener. Existing problems for PBDE investigations in China are revealed, and further studies are also discussed and anticipated. In particular, non-invasive matrices such as hair should be more thoroughly studied; more accurate estimations of human exposure and health risks should be performed, such as adding bioaccessibility or bioavailability to human exposure assessments; and the degradation products and metabolites of PBDEs in human bodies should receive more attention. More investigations should be carried out to evaluate the quantitative relationships between internal and external exposure so as to provide a scientific basis for ensuring human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Jiang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Longmiao Yuan
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Qinhao Lin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shentao Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515100, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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Zhuo M, Ma S, Li G, Yu Y, An T. Chlorinated paraffins in the indoor and outdoor atmospheric particles from the Pearl River Delta: Characteristics, sources, and human exposure risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:1041-1049. [PMID: 30308793 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are ubiquitously present in the environment due to their abundant production and consumption. Information on CPs as part of indoor particles is very limited although a significant amount of time is spent in indoor environments. Seventy-two indoor and 66 outdoor TSP/PM10/PM2.5 samples (particulate matters with aerodynamic diameter <100, 10, and 2.5μm) from 24 homes of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China, were analyzed for CPs. PM2.5 were found to be the dominant particles both indoors and outdoors. CPs were mainly distributed in PM2.5 that accounted for 89.1% and 93.0% of the total particles indoors and outdoors, respectively. The geometric mean (GM) concentrations of medium-chain CPs (MCCPs) exceeded those of short-chain CPs (SCCPs) (22.0 vs. 9.2ng/m3) in all particle samples. Both SCCPs and MCCPs in the indoor particles (GM: 13.4 and 30.9ng/m3) were approximately twice as high as in the outdoor environment (GM: 6.1 and 15.2ng/m3). C11 and C14 carbon chains as well as six and seven chlorine homologues were found to be predominant in all samples with average percentages of 43.0% and 55.4%, respectively. The estimated daily CP intakes via PM2.5 inhalation were 8.1-24.6 and 25.1-76.0ng/kg·bw/day for all age subgroups based on both mean and 95th percentile concentrations of CPs. However, the estimated daily uptakes decreased to 4.4-16.4 and 13.5-50.6ng/kg·bw/day, respectively, when the deposition fractions of PM2.5 in the human lung were considered. Indoor PM2.5 attributed to 93.8% exposure of CPs based on both total estimated daily intakes (EDIs) and estimated daily uptakes (EDUs), indicating that the indoor PM2.5 exposure was very important. Infants and toddlers suffered higher exposure risks of CPs compared to other subgroups, indicating higher potential health risks; however, based on the margin of the exposure analysis these risks could be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihui Zhuo
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Xie SY, Lao JY, Wu CC, Bao LJ, Zeng EY. In vitro inhalation bioaccessibility for particle-bound hydrophobic organic chemicals: Method development, effects of particle size and hydrophobicity, and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:295-303. [PMID: 30103127 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccessibility of particle-bound hydrophobic organic contaminants and related particle size effects are significant for assessing the potential human health risk via inhalation exposure, but have not been clearly evaluated. To fill this knowledge gap, the present study developed an in vitro method to estimate the inhalation bioaccessibility of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using simulated human lung fluids, i.e., a modified Gamble's solution (MGS) and artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF) with Tenax as the absorption media. Assay parameters, namely incubation time (10 d) and influence of filter use, were optimized for establishing the in vitro method. The results showed that the bioaccessibility of PAHs increased with increasing particle size, but other factors, such as total organic carbon and chemical hydrophobicity, also played a large role in the fate of these compounds. The results from this portion of the present study were then used to evaluate human health risk, which showed that the risk of these particle-bound PAHs by incorporating size-dependent PAHs bioaccessibility and deposition efficiency in the human respiratory tract into inhalation exposure risk calculations was reduced by >90% when compared to using total concentration. This suggested that the inhalation bioaccessibility and deposition efficiency of hydrophobic organic chemicals should be included in human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Yi Xie
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jia-Yong Lao
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chen-Chou Wu
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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Yu Y, Jiang Z, Zhao Z, Chong D, Li G, Ma S, Zhang Y, An T. Novel in vitro method for measuring the mass fraction of bioaccessible atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using simulated human lung fluids. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:1633-1641. [PMID: 30082153 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccessibility of organic pollutants is a key factor in human health risk assessments. We developed a novel in vitro method for determining the mass fraction of bioaccessible atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using an air-washing device containing simulated human lung fluid. The experimental parameters were optimized based on the deposition fractions (DFs) of PAHs in human lung fluids. The DFs were measured for PAHs based on the mass of compounds in the mainstream and exhaled cigarette smoke. The mass fractions of bioaccessible PAHs were measured by passing the mainstream cigarette smoke through the air-washing device, and they were calculated via a simple mass balance equation based on the PAHs in the fluid and mainstream cigarette smoke. The DFs of individual PAHs ranged from 20.5% to 78.1%, and the bioaccessible mass fractions varied between 45.5% and 99.8%. The octanol-water partition coefficients (KOW) significantly influenced both the DFs and bioaccessible mass fractions of PAHs, and the optimized in vitro method could be used to estimate the bioavailable atmospheric PAHs. This in vitro method can potentially be used to measure the mass fraction of bioaccessible atmospheric PAHs and to assess the health risk related to human exposure to airborne PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zi'an Jiang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Zhishen Zhao
- Teaching Equipment and Laboratory Management Center, Guiyang University, Guiyang, 550005, PR China
| | - Dan Chong
- Institute of Construction and Project Management, School of Management, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, PR China.
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Lu S, Kang L, Liao S, Ma S, Zhou L, Chen D, Yu Y. Phthalates in PM 2.5 from Shenzhen, China and human exposure assessment factored their bioaccessibility in lung. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 202:726-732. [PMID: 29604559 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Temporal variability of phthalates (PAEs) in PM2.5 from Shenzhen during 2015-2016 was measured and the associated human exposure via inhalation was assessed. The PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 30.7 to 115 μg m-3, greater than the air quality guidelines of interim target-3 (10-15 μg m-3) and interim target-2 (15-25 μg m-3) set by World Health Organization. PAEs were detected in 94.7% samples and the 95th percentile concentrations of total PAEs (∑6PAEs) in Longgang and Nanshan districts were 324 and 44.7 ng m-3, respectively. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate was the dominant species, accounting for an average of 81.9% of ∑6PAEs. The mean and 95th percentile concentrations of ∑6PAEs in PM2.5 were used to calculate a "typical" and "high" total daily intake and uptake, respectively. The estimated total daily intakes of PAEs varied and depended on body weight in each age group. Infants had the highest "typical" and "high" daily intake of 43.4 and 179 ng kg-body weight (bw) -1 day-1 for boys, and 42.0 and 173 ng kg-bw-1 day-1 for girls, respectively. However, after taking the bioaccessibility of PAEs in PM2.5 into account, the total daily "typical" and "high" uptakes dropped to 27.3 and 113 ng kg-bw-1 day-1 for male infants, and 29.0 and 120 ng kg-bw-1 day-1 for female infants, respectively. Both of the data on the daily "high" intake and uptake were much lower than the tolerable daily intake set by the European Food Safety Agency. It merits attention that infants were subject to greater PAE exposure than adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyou Lu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Kang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shicheng Liao
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Dingyan Chen
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
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