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Duan H, Wang Y, Shen H, Ren C, Li J, Li J, Wang Y, Su Y. Source-specific probabilistic health risk assessment of dust PAHs in urban parks based on positive matrix factorization and Monte Carlo simulation. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:451. [PMID: 39316207 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02236-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in dust from city parks and prioritizing sources for control are essential for public health and pollution management. The combination of Source-specific and Monte Carlo not only reduces management costs, but also improves the accuracy of assessments. To evaluate the sources of PAHs in urban park dust and the possible health risks caused by different sources, dust samples from 13 popular parks in Kaifeng City were analyzed for PAHs using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The results showed that the surface dust PAH content in the study area ranged from 332.34 µg·kg-1 to 7823.03 µg·kg-1, with a mean value of 1756.59 µg·kg-1. Nemerow Composite Pollution Index in the study area ranged from 0.32 to 14.41, with a mean of 2.24, indicating that the overall pollution warrants attention. Four pollution sources were identified using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model: transportation source, transportation-coal and biomass combustion source, coke oven emission source, and petroleum source, with contributions of 33.74%, 25.59%, 22.14%, and 18.54%, respectively. The Monte Carlo cancer risk simulation results indicated that park dust PAHs pose a potential cancer risk to all three populations (children, adult male and adult female). Additionally, the cancer risk for children was generally higher than that for adult males and females, with transportation sources being the main contributor to the carcinogenic risk. Lastly, sensitivity analyses results showed that the toxic equivalent concentration (CS) is the parameter contributing the most to carcinogenic risk, followed by Exposure duration (ED).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Duan
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- National Demonstration Center for Environmental and Planning, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Engineering Research Center for Control & Remediation of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- National Demonstration Center for Environmental and Planning, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Engineering Research Center for Control & Remediation of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Haoxin Shen
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- National Demonstration Center for Environmental and Planning, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Engineering Research Center for Control & Remediation of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Chong Ren
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- National Demonstration Center for Environmental and Planning, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Engineering Research Center for Control & Remediation of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- National Demonstration Center for Environmental and Planning, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Engineering Research Center for Control & Remediation of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Jiaheng Li
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- National Demonstration Center for Environmental and Planning, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Engineering Research Center for Control & Remediation of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- National Demonstration Center for Environmental and Planning, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Engineering Research Center for Control & Remediation of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Yanxia Su
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Environmental and Planning, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Control & Remediation of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
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Wang X, Chen Y, Chen T, Guo L, Yang Z, Chen Y, Yu Z, Liu X, Wang H. Lagging pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the rebuilt e-waste site: From the perspective of characteristics, sources, and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172406. [PMID: 38642745 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Little information is known regarding how the lagged pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) influenced the environment and human health after an e-waste dismantling site was rebuilt. This study investigated the characteristics, sources, and risk assessment of PAHs in a rebuilt e-waste site and its surrounding farmland by analyzing the samples of soil, dust, water, and vegetable. Concentrations of PAHs in soil, vegetable and water in the rebuilt site were relatively higher than in its surrounding farmland. The concentrations in surface soils, soil columns, dust, vegetables, and water varied from 55.4 to 3990 ng g-1, 1.65 to 5060 ng g-1, 2190 to 2420 ng g-1, 2670 to 10,300 ng g-1, and 46.8 to 110 μg L-1 in the e-waste site, respectively. On the farmland, PAH concentrations in surface soils, vegetables, and water ranged from 41.5 to 2760 ng g-1, 506 to 7640 ng g-1, and 56.6 to 89.2 μg L-1, respectively. A higher proportion of high-molecular-weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs) appeared in all multimedia compared with low-molecular-weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs). Diagnostic ratio together with positive matrix factorization (PMF) revealed that vehicle emission was the primary source in this area, and the activity of e-waste disposal was another important source in the rebuilt e-waste site. Based on the deterministic health risks, people working in the reconstructed e-waste site were exposed to low risks, whereas the residents living near the surrounding farmland were exposed to low risk. Sensitivity analyses indicated that exposure frequency and PAH concentrations were the main factors that influenced exposure risk. This study provides valuable insight into the comprehension of the lagging pollution effects of PAH on the environment and human health after the e-waste site was rebuilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilin Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yandao Chen
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Longxiu Guo
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiyang Yu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xingmei Liu
- College of Environment & Resource Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources & Environment of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Deng W, Wen M, Xiong J, Wang C, Huang J, Guo Z, Wang W, An T. Atmospheric occurrences and bioavailability health risk of PAHs and their derivatives surrounding a non-ferrous metal smelting plant. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134200. [PMID: 38593661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Non-ferrous metal smelting emits large amounts of organic compounds into the atmosphere. Herein, 20 parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAHs), 9 nitrated PAHs (NPAHs), 14 chlorinated PAHs (ClPAHs), and 6 alkylated PAHs (APAHs) in atmospheric samples from a typical non-ferrous metal smelting plant (NMSP) and residential areas were detected. In NMSP, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, 6-nitrochrysene, 9-chlorofluorene, and 1-methylfluorene were the predominant compounds in the particulate phase, while phenanthrene constituted 57.3% in the gaseous phase. The concentration of PAHs in residential areas around NMSP was 1.8 times higher than that in the control area. Additionally, there was a significant negative correlation between the concentration and the distance from the NMSP. In terms of health risks, although the skin penetration coefficient of PM2.5 is smaller than that of the gaseous phase, dermal absorption of PM2.5 posed a greater threat to the population, the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of NMSP was 1.8 × 10-4. After considering bioavailability, BILCR decreased by 1-2 orders of magnitude in different regions, and dermal absorption decreased more than inhalation intake. Nevertheless, the dermal absorption of PM2.5 in NMSP still presents a probable carcinogenic risk. This study provides a necessary reference for the subsequent control of NMSP contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Deng
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Meicheng Wen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jukun Xiong
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhizhao Guo
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wanjun Wang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Deng W, Wen M, Wang C, Huang J, Zhang S, Ma S, Xiong J, Wang W, Zhang X, An T. Atmospheric occurrences and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in a typical coking facility and surrounding areas. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:139994. [PMID: 37652242 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Coking facilities release large quantities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives into the ambient air. Here we examined the profiles, spatial distributions, and potential sources of atmospheric PAHs and their derivatives in an industrial coking plant and its surrounding environment (gaseous and particulate). The mean concentrations of PAHs, nitrated PAHs (NPAHs), chlorinated PAHs (ClPAHs), and brominated PAHs (BrPAHs) in the air of the coking facility were 923, 23.8, 16.7 and 4.25 ng m-³, respectively, 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than those in the surrounding area and the control area. Linear regressions between contaminant concentrations and distance from the coking facility suggested that the concentrations of PAHs (r2 = 0.82, p < 0.05), NPAHs (r2 = 0.77, p < 0.01), and BrPAHs (r2 = 0.62, p < 0.01) were negatively correlated with distance. Additionally, the particle-bound fractions of PAHs and their derivatives were significantly correlated with their molecular weights (p < 0.01). Based on the calculation of the gas/particle partitioning coefficients (log KP) for PAHs and their derivatives and the corresponding subcooled liquid vapor pressures (log PL), the slope values for PAHs, NPAHs, ClPAHs, and BrPAHs ranged from -1 to -0.6, indicating that deposition of PAHs and their derivatives occurred through both adsorption and absorption. Five emissions sources were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF), including coking emissions, oil pollution, industrial and combustion sources, secondary formation, and traffic emissions, with coking emissions accounting for more than 50% of total emissions. Furthermore, the results of the health risks assessment suggested that atmospheric PAHs and their derivatives in the coke plant and surrounding area negatively impacted human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Deng
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Meicheng Wen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Chao Wang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jukun Xiong
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wanjun Wang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Pouyamanesh S, Kowsari E, Ramakrishna S, Chinnappan A. A review of various strategies in e-waste management in line with circular economics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:93462-93490. [PMID: 37572248 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29224-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Waste management of electrical and electronic equipment has become a key challenge for electronics manufacturers due to globalization and the rapid expansion of information technology. As the volume of e-waste grows, legal departments lack the infrastructure, technology, and ability to collect and manage it environmentally soundly. Government laws, economic reasons, and social issues are important considerations in e-waste management. The circular economy concept is built on reusing and recycling goods and resources. A novel idea called the circular economy might prevent the negative consequences brought on by the exploitation and processing of natural resources while also having good effects such as lowering the demand for raw materials, cutting down on the use of fundamental resources, and creating jobs. To demonstrate the significance of policy implementation, the necessity for technology, and the need for societal awareness to build a sustainable and circular economy, the study intends to showcase international best practices in e-waste management. This study uses circular economy participatory implementation methods to provide a variety of possible approaches to assist decision-makers in e-waste management. The purpose of this article is to review the most accepted methods for e-waste management to emphasize the importance of implementing policies, technology requirements, and social awareness in creating a circular economy. To conclude, this paper highlights the necessity of a common legal framework, reform of the informal sector, the responsibility of different stakeholders, and entrepreneurial perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudabeh Pouyamanesh
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, No. 424, Hafez Avenue, Tehran, 1591634311, Iran
| | - Elaheh Kowsari
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, No. 424, Hafez Avenue, Tehran, 1591634311, Iran.
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Amutha Chinnappan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
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Jadhao PR, Mishra S, Singh A, Pant KK, Nigam KDP. A sustainable route for the recovery of metals from waste printed circuit boards using methanesulfonic acid. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 335:117581. [PMID: 36867901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The rapid increase in electronic waste (e-waste) generation and its unsustainable management pose a threat to the environment and human well-being. However, various valuable metals are present in e-waste, which makes it a potential secondary source to recover metals. Therefore, in the present study, efforts were made to recover valuable metals (Cu, Zn, and Ni) from waste printed circuit boards (WPCB) of computers using methanesulfonic acid (MSA). MSA is contemplated as a biodegradable green solvent and has a high solubility for various metals. The effect of various process parameters (MSA concentration, H2O2 concentration, stirring speed, liquid to solid ratio, time, and temperature) was investigated on metal extraction to optimize the process. At the optimized process conditions, 100% extraction of Cu and Zn was achieved, while Ni extraction was around 90%. The kinetic study for metal extraction was performed using a shrinking core model and findings showed that MSA-aided metal extraction is a diffusion-controlled process. Activation energies were found to be 9.35, 10.89, and 18.86 kJ/mol for Cu, Zn, and Ni extraction, respectively. Furthermore, the individual recovery of Cu and Zn was achieved using the combination of cementation and electrowinning, which resulted in 99.9% purity of Cu and Zn. The current study proposes a sustainable solution for the selective recovery of Cu and Zn from WPCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Ram Jadhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Snigdha Mishra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Aditya Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - K K Pant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - K D P Nigam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
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Zhang L, Wang B, Li K, Wang Z, Xu D, Su Y, Wu D, Xie B. Non-negligible health risks caused by inhalation exposure to aldehydes and ketones during food waste treatments in megacity Shanghai. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 325:121448. [PMID: 36931489 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aldehydes and ketones in urban air continue to receive regulatory and scientific attention for their environmental prevalence and potential health hazard. However, current knowledge of the health risks and losses caused by these pollutants in food waste (FW) treatment processes is still limited, especially under long-term exposure. Here, we presented the first comprehensive assessment of chronic exposure to 21 aldehydes and ketones in urban FW-air environments (e.g., storage site, mechanical dewatering, and composting) by coupling substantial measured data (383 samples) with Monte Carlo-based probabilistic health risk and impact assessment models. The results showed that acetaldehyde, acetone, 2-butanone and cyclohexanone were consistently the predominant pollutants, although the significant differences in pollution profiles across treatment sites and seasons (Adonis test, P < 0.001). According to the risk assessment results, the estimated cancer risk (CR; mean range: 1.6 × 10-5-1.12 × 10-4) and non-cancer risk (NCR; mean range: 2.98-22.7) triggered by aldehydes and ketones were both unacceptable in most cases (CR: 37.8%-99.3%; NCR: 54.2%-99.8%), and even reached the limit of concern to CR (1 × 10-4) in some exposure scenarios (6.18%-16.9%). Application of DALYs (disability adjusted life years) as a metric for predicting the damage suggested that exposure of workers to aldehydes and ketones over 20 years of working in FW-air environments could result in 0.02-0.14 DALYs per person. Acetaldehyde was the most harmful constituent of all targeted pollutants, which contributed to the vast majority of health risks (>88%) and losses (>90%). This study highlights aldehydes and ketones in FW treatments may be the critical pollutants to pose inhalation risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangmao Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Binghan Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Kaiyi Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zijiang Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yinglong Su
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Bing Xie
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China; Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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8
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Zhang Y, Zhang H, Yan K, You Q, Zeng S, Wu Y, Chen F, Chen J, Xu J, Wang H. The Spatial Distribution and Potential Risk Assessment of POPs in Farmland around a Typical E-Waste Dismantling Site. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 84:453-465. [PMID: 37129623 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-023-01000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pollution from electronic-waste (E-waste) dismantling is of great concern. This study investigated the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in 253 cropland soil samples around an abandoned E-waste dismantling site in Taizhou city, Zhejiang province in China, using an analytical method which simultaneously extracted, purified and determined the identity and quantity of the three types of persistent organic pollutants. Meanwhile, their spatial distributions, pollution characteristics, and risk assessments were further analyzed. Total PCBs in the test soils ranged from below method detection limits (ND) to 2985.25 μg kg-1 on a dry weight basis (d.w.), and the spatial distribution indicated a "hot spot" of PCBs pollution in the study area. The PAHs were detected in all samples with total concentrations ranging from 4.99 to 2723.06 μg kg-1 d.w. The distribution of PBDEs showed the pollution characteristics of "family-run workshops", with a total content range of ND ~ 899.34 μg kg-1 d.w., of which BDE209 was typically the dominant congener, accounting for 74.05% of the total PBDEs content in the test soils, with the highest content reaching 857.72 μg kg-1 d.w. Results showed that the ecological and lifetime carcinogenic risks of PCBs and PAHs were low in the study area, but the health risk caused by oral ingestion and dermal contact accounted for the highest proportion of the total exposure risks, while inhalation could be ignored. PBDEs in soils of the study area were a potential chronic non-carcinogenic risk, particularly for children. Therefore, in order to protect human health and environment, it is necessary to regulate the management of E-waste dismantling sites and pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kang Yan
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qi You
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Saiqi Zeng
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuheng Wu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Futao Chen
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Plant Protection, Fertilizer and Rural Energy Agency of Wenling, Wenling, 317500, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haizhen Wang
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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9
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Zhu Y, Xu Y, Xu J, Meidl P, He Y. Contrasting response strategies of microbial functional traits to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131548. [PMID: 37141779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PAHs (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) are widely distributed in soil ecosystems, but our knowledge regarding the impacts of PAHs effects on soil microbial functional traits is limited. In this study, we evaluated the response and regulating strategies of microbial functional traits that are associated with the typical C, N, P, S cycling processes in a pristine soil under aerobic and anaerobic conditions after the addition of PAHs. Results revealed that indigenous microorganisms had strong degradation potential and adaptability to PAHs especially under aerobic conditions, while anaerobic conditions favored the degradation of high molecular weight PAHs. PAHs exhibited contrasting effects on soil microbial functional traits under different aeration conditions. It would probably change microbial carbon source utilization preference, stimulate inorganic P solubilization and strengthen the functional interactions between soil microorganisms under aerobic conditions, while might cause the increase of H2S and CH4 emissions under anaerobic conditions. This research provides an effective theoretical support for the ecological risk assessment of soil PAHs pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jianming Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Peter Meidl
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Yan He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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10
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Chen W, Xian W, He G, Xue Z, Li S, Li W, Li Y, Zhang Y, Yang X. Occurrence and spatiotemporal distribution of PAHs and OPAHs in urban agricultural soils from Guangzhou City, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 254:114767. [PMID: 36917879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) derivatives in the environment is of growing concern because they exhibit higher toxicity than their parent PAHs. This study evaluated the large-scale occurrence and spatiotemporal distribution of 16 PAHs and 14 oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) in urban agricultural soils from seven districts of Guangzhou City, China. Linear correlation analysis was conducted to explore the relationship between PAH and OPAH occurrence and a series of parameters. The compositional analysis, principal component analysis, diagnostic ratios, and principal component analysis coupled with a multiple linear regression model were used to identify the sources of PAHs and OPAHs in the soils. The average concentrations of ΣPAHs and ΣOPAHs (59.6 ± 31.1-213 ± 115.5 μg/kg) during the flood season were significantly higher than those during the dry season (42.1 ± 13.3-157.2 ± 98.2 μg/kg), which were due to relatively strong wet deposition during the flood season and weak secondary reactions during the dry season. Linear correlation analysis showed that soil properties, industrial activities, and agricultural activities (r = 0.27-0.96, p < 0.05) were responsible for the spatial distribution of PAHs during the dry season. The PAH distribution was mainly affected by precipitation during the flood season. The concentrations of ΣOPAHs were only related to the soil properties during the dry season because their occurrence was sensitive to secondary reactions, climate and meteorological conditions, and their water solubility. Our results further showed that coal combustion and traffic emissions were the dominant origins of PAHs and OPAHs during both the seasons. Wet deposition and runoff-induced transport also contributed to PAH and OPAH occurrence during the flood season. The results of this study can improve our understanding of the environmental risks posed by PAHs and OPAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisong Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Weixuan Xian
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Guiying He
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Zhongye Xue
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Shaomin Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Wenyan Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| | - Xingjian Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
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11
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Pollution Characteristics, Source Apportionment, and Health Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) of Fine Street Dust during and after COVID-19 Lockdown in Bangladesh. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10122575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 period has had a significant impact on both the global environment and daily living. The COVID-19 lockdown may provide an opportunity to enhance environmental quality. This study has evaluated the effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the street dust (diameter < 20 µm) of different land use areas in Dhaka city, Bangladesh, using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The maximum (2114 ng g−1) concentration of ∑16 PAHs was found in the industrial area during without lockdown conditions and the minimum (932 ng g−1) concentration was found in the public facilities area during the complete lockdown. Meanwhile, due to the partial lockdown, a maximum of 30% of the ∑16 PAH concentration decreased from the situation of without lockdown in the industrial area. The highest result of 53% of the ∑16 PAH concentration decreased from the situation without lockdown to the complete lockdown in the commercial area. The 4-ring PAHs had the highest contribution, both during and after the lockdown conditions. PAH ratios, correlation, principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) were applied in order to evaluate the possible sources. Two major origins of PAHs in the street dust were identified as petroleum and petrogenic sources, as well as biomass and coal combustion. Ingestion and dermal pathways were identified as the major exposure routes to PAHs in the dust. The total incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) due to exposure for adults and children ranged from 8.38 × 10−8 to 1.16 × 10−7 and from 5.11 × 10−8 to 1.70 × 10−7, respectively. These values were lower than the baseline value of acceptable risk (10–6), indicating no potential carcinogenic risk. This study found that the COVID-19 lockdown reduced the distribution of PAHs in the different sites of Dhaka city, thus providing a unique opportunity for the remarkable improvement of degraded environmental resources.
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12
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Zhang B, Wei W, Zhu H, Liu X, Lv L, Chen H. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of Central Plains Urban Agglomeration, China: The bidirectional effects of urbanization and anthropogenic activities. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113930. [PMID: 35868582 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the variations in environmental behavior (levels, distribution, sources, and soil toxicity) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) under the impact of anthropogenic activities during the urbanization process, we collected soil samples from 195 sites in the Central Plains Urban Agglomeration (CPUA), North China, and analyzed 16 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) PAH priority pollutants. We divided the sampling sites into three groups (urban area, industrial area, and farmland) and collected soil samples (0-20 cm surface layer). ∑16PAHs concentrations in the soils of the urban area, industrial area, and farmland ranged from 24.2 to 4400 ng/g, 12.3-8780 ng/g, and 20.9-852 ng/g (the average value of 349, 634, and 186 ng/g), respectively. The 4 to 5 ring PAHs were dominant compounds in three soil types, accounting for 65-80% of the ∑16PAHs. The results of the source analysis showed that the PAHs in the soils of CPUA were mainly from energy consumption. PAH levels in urban and industrial soils had a potential low cancer risk. The impact of urbanization on PAHs in the soil was bidirectional. On the one hand, the level of PAHs in the farmland soil might increase due to burning coal and agricultural machinery, which releases diesel or petrol fumes. On the other hand, in the urbanization process, the PAH content in urban soil and industrial soil showed a downward trend due to the implementation of environmental protection policies in China, which have reduced the atmospheric input of PAHs into the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhong Zhang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100#, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Grain Quality Security, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenhao Wei
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100#, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huina Zhu
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100#, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Grain Quality Security, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100#, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Lv
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100#, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanyu Chen
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100#, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
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13
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Ren H, Su P, Kang W, Ge X, Ma S, Shen G, Chen Q, Yu Y, An T. Heterologous spatial distribution of soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the primary influencing factors in three industrial parks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119912. [PMID: 35961570 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) generated from industrial processes are highly spatially heterologous, with limited quantitative studies on their main influencing factors. The present study evaluated the soil PAHs in three types of industrial parks (a petrochemical industrial park, a brominated flame retardant manufacturing park, and an e-waste dismantling park) and their surroundings. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs in the parks were 340-2.43 × 103, 26.2-2.63 × 103, and 394-2.01 × 104 ng/g, which were significantly higher than those in the surrounding areas by 1-2 orders of magnitude, respectively. The highest soil PAH contamination was observed in the e-waste dismantling park. Nap can be considered as characteristic pollutant in the petrochemical industrial park, while Phe in the flame retardant manufacturing park and e-waste dismantling park. Low molecular weight PAHs (2-3 rings) predominated in the petrochemical industrial park (73.0%) and the surrounding area of brominated flame retardant manufacturing park (80.3%). However, high molecular weight PAHs (4-6 rings) were enriched in the other sampling sites, indicating distinct sources and determinants of soil PAHs. Source apportionment results suggested that PAHs in the parks were mainly derived from the leakage of petroleum products in the petroleum manufacturing process and pyrolysis or combustion of fossil fuels. Contrarily, the PAHs in the surrounding areas could have been derived from the historical coal combustion and traffic emissions. Source emissions, wind direction, and local topography influenced the PAH spatial distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helong Ren
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Peixin Su
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Wei Kang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Xiang Ge
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Qiang Chen
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
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14
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Fang J, Zhang L, Rao S, Zhang M, Zhao K, Fu W. Spatial variation of heavy metals and their ecological risk and health risks to local residents in a typical e-waste dismantling area of southeastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:604. [PMID: 35867165 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing concern that soils in e-waste recycling regions are severely contaminated by unregulated e-waste dismantling activities. Hence, it is urgent to reveal the spatial variation of hazardous elements in arable lands close to e-waste stacking and dismantling areas and their potential risks to human beings. We collected 349 topsoil samples based on an intensive grid of 100 m × 100 m in southeastern China. The average concentrations of heavy metals were 1.25 (Cd), 35.44 (Ni), 77.68 (Cr), 77.38 (Pb), 122.14 (Cu), 203.39 (Zn), 0.21 (Hg), and 4.74 (As) mg kg-1, respectively. Compared to the risk screening values of hazardous elements in Chinese agricultural land, Cd and Cu were severely accumulated in the soils. The results of ecological risk analysis revealed that Cd posed the crucial risk among the studied elements. However, the levels of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk were still within the acceptable quantity for adults. Spatial distribution by kriging interpolation displayed that the heavy metals were mainly distributed close to e-waste dismantling sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Luyao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Shengting Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Minghua Zhang
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Keli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Weijun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, China.
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15
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Gong K, Zhang Y, Guo H, Huang Z, Urynowicz M, Ali MI. Enhancing Biomethane Production From Lignite by an Anaerobic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Degrading Fungal Flora Enriched From Produced Water. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:899863. [PMID: 35711763 PMCID: PMC9197214 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.899863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The coal-degrading ability of microorganisms is essential for the formation of biogenic coalbed methane. The ability to degrade the aromatic compound of coal is more important because it is perceived as the main refractory component for bioconversion. In this paper, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) degrading fungal community (PF) was enriched from produced water using phenanthrene as sole carbon source. The goal was to improve both the microbial structure of the methanogenic microflora and its coal-degrading ability. Two strategies were pursued. The first used coal pretreatment with PF (PP), followed by methane production by methanogenic microflora; the second used methane production directly from coal by mixed culture of PF and methanogenic microflora (PM). The results showed that methane productions of PP and PM increased by 29.40 and 39.52%, respectively. After 7 days of cultivation, the fungal community has been altered in PP and PM, especially for Penicillium the proportions of which were 67.37 and 89.81% higher than that in methanogenic microflora, respectively. Furthermore, volatile fatty acid accumulations increased by 64.21 and 58.15%, respectively. The 13C-NMR results showed that PF addition promoted the transformation of aromatic carbons in coal to carboxyl and carbonyl carbons, which contributed greatly to the production of methane together with oxygen-containing functional groups. These results suggest that methane production can be increased by indigenous PAH-degrading fungi by improving the fermentation of aromatics in coal and the generation of volatile fatty acids. This provided a feasible method for enhancing biomethane generation in the coal seam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyi Gong
- College of Safety and Emergency Management and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
- Key Lab of In-situ Property-improving Mining of Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- College of Safety and Emergency Management and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
- Key Lab of In-situ Property-improving Mining of Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hongguang Guo
- College of Safety and Emergency Management and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
- Key Lab of In-situ Property-improving Mining of Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Hongguang Guo
| | - Zaixing Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Michael Urynowicz
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Muhammad Ishtiaq Ali
- Environmental Microbiology Lab, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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16
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Altarawneh IS, Altarawneh M. On the formation chemistry of brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (BrPAHs). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 290:133367. [PMID: 34933028 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (BrPAHs) have been consistently detected in various environmental matrices, and measured at alarming rates in stack emissions. However, formation mechanisms and bromination patterns of BrPAHs remain unclear. This contribution constructs detailed mechanistic pathways for the synthesis of selected BrPAHs (namely bromine-bearing naphthalene, acenaphthylene, anthracene, and phenanthrene). Mapped-out pathways follow the Bittner-Howard's route in the hydrogen abstraction acetylene addition (HACA) mechanism, in which a second C2HBr molecule is added to the first one. Constructed kinetic model portrays temperature-dependent profiles of major and minor species. Direct loss of an H atom from the acetylenic fragment appears to be more important at elevated temperatures, when compared with further addition of C2HBr cuts or ring-cyclization reactions. The occurrence of closed-shell Diels-Alder pathway should be inhibited owing to sizable enthalpic barriers. Fukui Indices for electrophilic substitutions (f-1) establish bromination' s pattern of selected BrPAHs. The diradical character of BrPAHs coupled with electron-deficient C(Br) sites, render BrPAHs as potent precursors for the formation of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs). Findings reported herein shall be useful in comprehending the formation chemistry of BrPAHs, a less-investigated category of toxicants in thermal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahem S Altarawneh
- Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering Department, German Jordanian University, Amman, 11180, Jordan
| | - Mohammednoor Altarawneh
- United Arab Emirates University, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Al-Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates.
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17
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Ma S, Lin M, Tang J, Liu R, Yang Y, Yu Y, Li G, An T. Occurrence and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from electronic waste dismantling activities: A critical review from environmental pollution to human health. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127683. [PMID: 34799168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) is one of the fastest-growing solid wastes and has become an urgent issue due to the potential adverse consequences of exposure to emitted toxic pollutants, especially for these occupational exposed workers and local residents. In this review, the environmental occurrences, emission characteristics, sources, and possible adverse effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from primitive e-waste dismantling activities are summarized. In general, the atmospheric levels of PAHs at typical e-waste sites, e.g., in Guiyu, China, have substantially decreased by more than an order of magnitude compared with levels a decade ago. The PAH concentrations in soil from old e-waste sites in China are also generally lower than those at newly emerged e-waste sites in India, Pakistan and Ghana. However, elevated concentrations of PAHs have been reported in human milk, hair and urine from the populations near these e-waste sites. Source apportionment both from bench-scale studies to field observations has demonstrated that the pyrolysis and combustion processing of electronic circuit board are mainly responsible for the emissions of various PAHs. In addition, some specific PAHs and their derivatives, such as triphenylbenzene, halogenated and oxygenated PAHs, have frequently been identified and could be considered as indicators in routine analysis in addition to the 16 U.S. EPA priority PAHs currently used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Meiqing Lin
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ranran Liu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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18
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Dong Y, Wu S, Fan H, Li X, Li Y, Xu S, Bai Z, Zhuang X. Ecological selection of bacterial taxa with larger genome sizes in response to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons stress. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 112:82-93. [PMID: 34955225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous priority pollutants that cause great damage to the natural environment and health. Average genome size in a community is critical for shedding light on microbiome's functional response to pollution stress within an environment. Here, microcosms under different concentrations were performed to evaluate the selection of PAHs stress on the average genome size in a community. We found the distinct communities of significantly larger genome size with the increase of PAHs concentration gradients in soils, and consistent trends were discovered in soils at different latitudes. The abundance of Proteobacteria and Deinococcus-Thermus with relatively larger genomes increased along with PAHs stress and well adapted to polluted environments. In contrast, the abundance of Patescibacteria with a highly streamlined and smaller genome decreased, implying complex interactions between environmental selection and functional fitness resulted in bacteria with larger genomes becoming more abundant. Moreover, we confirmed the increased capacity for horizontal transfer of degrading genes between communities by showing an increased connection number per node positively related to the nidA gene along the concentration gradients in the co-occurrence network. Our findings suggest PAHs tend to select bacterial taxa with larger genome sizes, with significant consequences for community stability and potential biodegradation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shanghua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haonan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xianglong Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yijing Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Sino-Danish Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shengjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhihui Bai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuliang Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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19
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Zhang Q, Meng J, Su G, Liu Z, Shi B, Wang T. Source apportionment and risk assessment for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils at a typical coking plant. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 222:112509. [PMID: 34265535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely present in the environment. The coking industry is an important industrial source of PAHs. Coke production in China accounts for 67.44% of total global coke production. Tangshan, a coastal city on the Bohai Rim, contains the largest cluster of coking plants in China. Extremely high PAH emissions in Tangshan may cause long-distance cross-border pollution problems. In this study, the concentrations and sources of 16 priority PAHs in soil at a coking plant in Tangshan were determined and the risks posed by the PAHs were assessed. The PAH concentrations were generally higher in surface soil than subsurface soil, particularly near the coke oven, crude benzol, and coal blending areas. The dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA) concentrations were higher than the risk screening value (1500 ngg-1) but lower than the control value (15,000 ngg-1) for type II land defined in Chinese standard (GB36600-2018). The main sources of PAHs were coal combustion, the coke oven, and traffic. The PAH concentrations were higher in the ammonium sulfate, boiler room, coal blending, and coke oven areas than in the other areas. Toxic equivalent concentrations were calculated to assess the toxic and carcinogenic risks posed by PAHs. The toxic equivalent concentrations were relatively high in the boiler, crude benzol, and coal blending areas, where the toxic equivalent concentrations for the sums of seven highly carcinogenic PAHs contributed 95% of the toxic equivalent concentrations for the sums of the 16 PAHs that were analyzed. The carcinogenic risks posed to humans were therefore assessed using the concentrations of the seven highly carcinogenic PAHs. Dermal contact was found to be an important exposure pathway leading to carcinogenic risks. The carcinogenic risk posed by DBA was > 1 × 10-6 but < 5 × 10-6, indicating that DBA concentrations at the study site monitored closely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environment Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guijin Su
- Key Laboratory of Environment Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhelun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Environment Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tieyu Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
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20
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Rene ER, Sethurajan M, Kumar Ponnusamy V, Kumar G, Bao Dung TN, Brindhadevi K, Pugazhendhi A. Electronic waste generation, recycling and resource recovery: Technological perspectives and trends. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125664. [PMID: 33838506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The growing population and increased disposal of end-of-life (EoL) electrical and electronic products have caused serious concerns to the environment and human health. Electronic waste (e-waste) is a growing problem because the quantity and the rate at which it is generated has increased exponentially in the last 5 years. The rapid changes or upgradation in technologies, IT requirements for working or learning from home during COVID-19, manufacturers releasing new electronic gadgets and devices that serves the consumers comfort and a declension in services has contributed to an increase in the e-waste or waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) generation rates. The current status of e-waste generation, handling procedures and regulatory directives in USA, EU, China, India, Vietnam and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries are presented in this review. The recent developments in e-waste recycling methods/recovery of base and precious metals, the advantages and limitations of hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, biohydrometallurgy and pyrolysis are discussed. Considering the impediments in the present technologies, the extraction of valuable resources, i.e. precious metals, from e-waste using suitable biocatalysts shows promising applications. This review also stresses on the research needs to assess the economic effects of involving different unit operations/process industries for resource recovery, reuse and recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldon R Rene
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, Delft 2601DA, The Netherlands
| | - Manivannan Sethurajan
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, Delft 2601DA, The Netherlands
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, and Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Box 8600 Forus, 4036 Stavanger, Norway; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Ngoc Bao Dung
- Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Kathirvel Brindhadevi
- Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam; College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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21
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Hanousková B, Száková J, Rychlíková E, Najmanová J, Košnář Z, Tlustoš P. The risk assessment of inorganic and organic pollutant levels in an urban area affected by intensive industry. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:68. [PMID: 33462650 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08825-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The city of Litvínov (North Bohemia, Czech Republic) is seriously affected by coal mining, coal processing, and intensive industrial activities. Within the urban area, the potential environmental hazard of risk elements (in soil and vegetation) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, in soils) was estimated using selected environmental and human health hazard indices. In total, 24 sites were sampled, including the city center, residential areas, industrialized zone, and areas close to operating and/or abandoned coal mines. The results showed elevated values of As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in soils (the maximum levels of individual pollution indices varied between 3 and 5 for As, Pb, and Zn); the risk assessment code (RAC) values indicated high bioaccessibility of Cd and Zn. The high mobility of Cd was confirmed by their bioaccumulation factors (BAF) in the aboveground biomass of Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia and Polygonum aviculare, reaching up to 1.9 and 2.9, respectively. The Cd content in plants presents a substantial health hazard for herbivores such as Oryctolagus cuniculus living within the urban area. The PAH levels in the soils also showed elevated values; the contents of benzo(a)pyrene exceeded more than 2-fold the indicative values for potential health risk for biota, especially near the abandoned coal mines. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) for ingestion of the contaminated soil showed only low or negligible cancerogenic risk, varying between 6.7 × 10-7 and 1.6 × 10-5 for children, and between 9.9 × 10-7 and 2.7 × 10-6 for adults. However, the potential health impact of the inhalation of the contaminated particulate matter should be included in the further research. Although the contamination level in the investigated area does not represent an imminent environmental and health risk, the potential remediation measures should be considered in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Hanousková
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Száková
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Rychlíková
- Public Health Institute in Usti nad Labem, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Najmanová
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Košnář
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Tlustoš
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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22
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Yang S, Gu S, He M, Tang X, Ma LQ, Xu J, Liu X. Policy adjustment impacts Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn contamination in soils around e-waste area: Concentrations, sources and health risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 741:140442. [PMID: 32615436 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pollution control policies (PCP) have been implemented in some e-waste dismantling areas in China to curb metal contamination since 2012. We investigated the effects of policy intervention on the concentrations, sources and health risks of heavy metals in soils. Post-implementation, among Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, Pb levels declined while the Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn concentrations in soils were not impacted. Changes in their pollution indices and health risks were also similar. After the PCP, the contribution of traffic emission significantly decreased, while natural and industrial contribution increased due to the heighten background input and relocation of small e-waste dismantling workshops. Risk assessment showed that total cancer risk of five metals also slightly increased. Thus, policy intervention might be effective in controlling the release of some metals from e-waste dismantling. However, the performance of control measures varied depending on both source emission and geochemical properties of the metals. This study reveal the ongoing need of stricter supervision, targeted emission reduction and more-effective soil remediation actions to alleviate soil contamination from e-waste dismantling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Yang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shunbin Gu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mingjiang He
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xianjin Tang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lena Q Ma
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xingmei Liu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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23
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He M, Yan P, Yu H, Yang S, Xu J, Liu X. Spatiotemporal modeling of soil heavy metals and early warnings from scenarios-based prediction. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 255:126908. [PMID: 32388257 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Prediction of soil heavy metal concentrations based on continuous site specific investigation can provide reference for soil metal contamination prevention and early warning of soil environmental quality. In this study, the spatiotemporal variations of soil heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Zn, Pb and Cu) in Wenling were analyzed with 132 and 169 soil samples gathered in 2011 and 2016. In addition, we adopted a scenario-simulation model to predict future dynamic concentrations of soil heavy metals under optimistic (the pollution inputs are zero under strict environmental policy) and default (the pollution status maintain constant) conditions. Results indicated that the paddy soil was contaminated mainly by Cd and Cu. Spatiotemporal maps revealed distinct patterns in the joint area, where soil Cd, Ni, Zn, Pb and Cu all increased in northwest. Soil heavy metal concentrations as well as the associated ecological risks would decline gradually under optimistic scenario, while sharply increase when no control acts are taken over long term in default condition. The percentages of soil Cd and Cu that exceeding their corresponding risk screening value (RSV) under the default condition would be 1.6 and 1.3 times higher than those under optimistic scenario 10 years later. The probability of high potential ecological risk in default condition would be twice higher than that under optimistic scenario in 2026. Overall, strengthening the control of pollution sources and strict environmental policy are very important for soil heavy metals contamination prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjiang He
- College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ping Yan
- College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haodan Yu
- College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shiyan Yang
- College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xingmei Liu
- College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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24
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Zhang J, Liu F, Huang H, Wang R, Xu B. Occurrence, risk and influencing factors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soils from a large-scale coal mine, Huainan, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 192:110269. [PMID: 32032861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coal is one of the most important fossil fuels for energy, but it can cause serious polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution to the environment. In this work, the distribution, sources, influencing factors, and risk assessment of PAHs were studied in a soil of typical coal resource city, Huainan, China. The total concentration of 16 PAHs classified by USEPA in 47 soils ranged from 109.94 to 1105.30 ng/g with a mean concentration of 528.06 ng/g. The PAH concentration was higher in soil of this area than most of the agricultural, urban and industrial soils and lower than some coal mine and coal-fired power plant areas in the world. The principal component analysis (PCA) and diagnostic ratios demonstrated that PAHs in soils were mainly from the coal combustion and refined petroleum products. The total organic carbon (TOC, p < 0.01) and black carbon (BC, p < 0.01) can significantly influence PAH inventories in soils, particularly for PAHs with high molecular weight. In addition, the significantly positive correlations between PAHs in feed coal (p < 0.05), fly ash (p < 0.01), particulate matter (PM1-2.5 and PM2.5-10, p < 0.01) and PAHs in soils revealed that the emission sources and deposition processes were also the main factors affecting PAH contents in soils. The estimated values of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for children and adults were higher than 10-4 at all sampling sites, suggesting high carcinogenic risks for local residents, and the most important exposure route for PAHs was dermal absorption. These findings are valuable for assessing the health risk of PAHs in soils around typical coal mine and coal-fired power plants and highlight the urgency of taking actions to control and reduce the carcinogenic risks for local residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Zhang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - He Huang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Rujing Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Baile Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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