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Ma T, Perrot V, Baeyens W, Li G, Lievens S, Ngo HTT, Nguyen TTT, Leermakers M, Gao Y. Mercury distribution, mobilization and bioavailability in polluted sediments of Scheldt Estuary and Belgian Coastal Zone. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133209. [PMID: 38101023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the vertical distribution of mercury (Hg) in estuarine and marine sediment porewaters and solid phases was assessed by conventional and passive sampling techniques in the historically polluted Scheldt Estuary and Belgian Coastal Zone (BCZ). The Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) measured labile Hg concentrations (HgLA) were mostly lower than the porewater Hg concentrations (HgPW), and they also presented different vertical distribution patterns. Still high Hg concentrations in the sediment solid phases, comparable to the historical ones, were observed. Even though pH, redox potential and dissolved sulfide concentration could influence the Hg biogeochemical behaviour, organic matter (OM) played a key role in governing Hg mobilization from sediment solid phase to porewater and in its partitioning between porewater and solid phase over depth. In the marine sediments, where OM had a marine signature, higher labile Hg concentrations in the porewater and faster resupply from the solid phase were observed. The DGT technique showed significant potential not only for the measurement of bioavailable Hg fractions in porewater, but also for the assessment of kinetic parameters governing the release of labile Hg species from the solid phase with the assistance of the DGT Induced Fluxes in Sediments (DIFS) model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhui Ma
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Perrot
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Willy Baeyens
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guanlei Li
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sybrien Lievens
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Huong Thi Thuy Ngo
- Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology Lab, Faculty of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Phenikaa University, Yen Nghia Ward - Ha Dong District, 12116 Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thao Thi Thanh Nguyen
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Vietnam Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources, 67 Chien Thang, Van Quan, Ha Dong District, 12109 Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Martine Leermakers
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yue Gao
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Yin Y, Wang Y, Ding C, Zhou Z, Tang X, He L, Li Z, Zhang T, Wang X. Impact of iron and sulfur cycling on the bioavailability of cadmium and arsenic in co-contaminated paddy soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133408. [PMID: 38183938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The biogeochemical cycling of iron (Fe) or sulfur (S) in paddy soil influences the cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) migration. However, the influence of coupled reduction effects and reaction precedence of Fe and S on the bioavailability of Cd and As is still not fully understood. This study aimed to reveal the influence of Fe and S reduction on soil Cd and As mobility under various pe + pH conditions and to elucidate the related mechanism in subtropical China. According to the findings, higher adsorption from Fe reduction caused high-crystalline goethite (pe + pH > 2.80) to become amorphous ferrihydrite, which in turn caused water-soluble Cd (62.0%) to first decrease. Cd was further decreased by 72.7% as a result of the transformation of SO42- to HS-/S2- via sulfate reduction and the formation of CdS and FeS. As release (an increase of 8.1 times) was consequently caused by the initial reduction and dissolution of iron oxide (pe + pH > 2.80). FeS had a lesser impact on the immobilization of As than sulfate-mediated As (V) reduction in the latter stages of the reduction process (pe + pH < 2.80). pe + pH values between 3 and 3.5 should be maintained to minimize the bioavailability of As and Cd in moderate to mildly polluted soil without adding iron oxides and sulfate amendments. The practical remediation of severely co-contaminated paddy soil can be effectively achieved by using Fe and S additions at different pe + pH conditions. This technique shows promise in reducing the bioavailability of Cd and As.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuepeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil & Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yurong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil & Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Changfeng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Soil & Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhigao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Soil & Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil & Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liqin He
- State Key Laboratory of Soil & Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ziyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil & Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Taolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil & Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil & Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Gu X, Han X, Xing P, Xu D, Wan S, Wu QL, Wu F. Diffusion kinetic processes and release risks of trace metals in plateau lacustrine sediments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133341. [PMID: 38150756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The ecological risk posed by trace metals in the plateau lacustrine sediments of China has attracted worldwide attentions. A better understanding of the kinetic diffusion processes and bioavailability of these metals in plateau lakes is needed. Using the diffusive gradient in thin films (DGT) and Rhizon, concentrations of Mn, Mo, Ni, Cr, and Co in the sediments, labile fractions, and interstitial water of Lake Fuxian were comprehensively analyzed. According to the DGT-induced fluxes in sediments (DIFS) model, fully sustained and unsustained resupplies are possible ways in which metals are released from solids to the solution. Moreover, the resupply characteristics of metals varied at different depths in the sediments and at different sites in the lake. Based on the DIFS model, the effective concentrations (CE) of the trace metals were calculated and all except Cr showed good linear relationships with the DGT-labile concentrations, indicating that the CE values were valuable for predicting metal bioavailability. According to the CE values, the metal contamination released from the sediments was relatively low based on the Monte Carlo simulation. This study provides a comprehensive solution for studying the environmental behavior and potential ecological risks of toxic metals in sedimentary environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xiaotong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Peng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Di Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shiqiang Wan
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Qinglong L Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Center for Evolution and Conservation Biology, Southern Marine Sciences and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; The Fuxianhu Station of Deep Lake Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengjiang 652500, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Zhou C, Lin W, Ni Z, Fan F, Dong Y, Gao Y, Baeyens W, Wang S. Seaward alteration of arsenic mobilization mechanisms based on fine-scale measurements in Pearl River estuarine sediments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133547. [PMID: 38262324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Identification of key As mobilization processes in estuarine sediments is challenging due to the transitional hydrodynamic condition and the technical restriction of obtaining fine-scale results. Herein, high-resolution (μm to mm) and in situ profiling of As with associated elements (Fe, Mn, and S) by the diffusive gradients in thin-film (DGT) technique were applied and coupled with pore water and solid phase analysis as well as microbial high-throughput sequencing, to ascertain the driving mechanisms of As mobilization in the sediments of Pearl River Estuary (PRE). Significant diffusion fluxes of As from sediment to water were observed, particularly in the upper estuary. With the seaward increase of salinity, the driving mechanism of As mobilization gradually shifted from microbial-induced dissimilatory Fe reduction to saltwater-induced ion exchange. Correspondingly, the dominant Fe-reducing bacteria (FeRB) in sediments changed from the genera Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and Bacillus to Ferrimonas and Deferribacter. The presence of dissolved sulfide in deeper sediments contributes to As removal through the formation of As-S precipitates as supported by theoretical calculations. Fine-scale findings revealed seaward changes of As mobilization mechanism in the sediments of a human-impacted estuary and may benefit the understanding of As biogeochemical behavior in estuaries worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Zhou
- Center for Water Research, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Water Security, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Center for Water Research, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Water Security, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Zhaokui Ni
- Center for Water Research, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Water Security, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Fuqiang Fan
- Center for Water Research, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Water Security, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Yue Dong
- Center for Water Research, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Water Security, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Willy Baeyens
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Shengrui Wang
- Center for Water Research, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Water Security, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China.
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Wang Z, Zhang R, Zhang C, Liang X, Cai Y, Liu W, Zhou Q, Liu R, Zhao Y. Oxidative compensation mechanism of Fe-S synergetic inhibition of Cd activity in paddy field during flooding and drainage. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 886:163955. [PMID: 37164083 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
It is known that the transformation of Fe and S forms in soil affects the migration and activity of Cd, but the coordinated regulation of Cd activity by Fe and S under different redox conditions is still unclear. Here, Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), an in-situ monitoring technique, is used to explore the difference of the regulation of Cd activity in paddy fields with ferrihydrite (FH) and ferrihydrite coprecipitated by sulfate (FH-S) under the flooding and drainage conditions. The addition of FH-S and FH significantly reduced the activity of Cd (Dissolved, Exchanged, and CDGT-Cd). Compared with pure FH, the adsorption extent of Cd in FH was enhanced by increasing concentrations of SO42- (i.e., S/Fe ratio), which is attributed to the decrease in the crystallinity of FH by sulfate. During soil flooding, the addition of FH-S promoted the production of metal sulfide (CdS and FeS/FeS2). The activity of Cd increased after drainage, while the FH-S treatment groups delayed the release of Cd. After 30 days of drainage, the concentration of Cd in FH-S treatment groups decreased by 28.9-44.1 % compared with the control group. The fresh FeS/FeS2 is not the main adsorbent for fixing Cd, and due to the existence of oxidation compensation mechanism, the preferential oxidation of FeS/FeS2 delays the release of Cd in the drainage stage. Our study shed new light on the mechanism of Fe-S synergistic regulation of Cd and remediation of Cd-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China; Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Runqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China; Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Chuangchuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China; Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Xuefeng Liang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Yanming Cai
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China; Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Qiwen Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China; Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Rongle Liu
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Yujie Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China; Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China.
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Ma T, Baeyens W, Leermakers M, Smolíková V, Luo M, Li G, Vandeputte D, Perrot V, Gao Y. Investigation on metal geochemical cycling in an anthropogenically impacted tidal river in Belgium. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163604. [PMID: 37087008 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The geochemical behavior of metals in water and sediment was investigated in the tidal section of the Zenne River in Belgium. Twelve-hour sampling campaigns were performed in October 2013 and March 2021 at the mouth of the Zenne River, under dry and rainy weather conditions respectively. Water samples were collected every hour while the passive samplers of Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) were deployed continuously during a tidal cycle. In addition, bottom sediments were sampled at the tidal station and water samples were taken upstream and downstream of that station to identify the metal sources. The highest concentrations of Fe, Mn, Pb, Cr, Ni and Zn appear at low tide, indicating the Zenner River as a main source. However, for Co, Cd and Cu, other sources including upstream transport may explain their behavior during a tidal cycle. Fe, Pb and Cr are essentially transported in the particulate phase (<10 % dissolved) while the other metals in the dissolved phase (20 to 90 %). Rainfall and wind gust events also play an important role in trace metal distribution, increasing sediment resuspension and metal desorption. A good agreement was found between the time-averaged dissolved and DGT-labile metal concentrations with the exception of Cu and Fe, which form strong organic Cu complexes and Fe colloids respectively. The sediments of the tidal Zenne are contaminated by trace metals, thus acting as a secondary pollution source to the river. The reductive dissolution of Mn and Fe oxyhydroxides and the release of associated trace metals are the main mobilization mechanisms. Knowledge of the upstream and downstream levels in the water column, the benthic fluxes, which are based on turbulent diffusion, and the partitioning between dissolved and particulate phases allow to explain the metal concentration variations during the tidal cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhui Ma
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry Department (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Willy Baeyens
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry Department (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martine Leermakers
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry Department (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vendula Smolíková
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry Department (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mingyue Luo
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry Department (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guanlei Li
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry Department (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Delphine Vandeputte
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry Department (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Perrot
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry Department (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yue Gao
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry Department (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Ma X, Yang L, Liu E, Dai J. Evaluating the release risk of potentially toxic elements from sediments in the New Zhuzhao River Estuary of Nansi Lake, using high-resolution technology and sequential extraction. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:353. [PMID: 36725771 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) re-release from sediment is an essential process in the sediment-water interface (SWI), especially for the influent river estuary as an important accumulation site. In this study, the diffusive gradient in thin films (DGT), high-resolution dialysis (HR-peeper) technique, and BCR sequential extraction were employed to evaluate the release risk of PTEs (As, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd) in the New Zhuzhao River Estuary of Nansi Lake. Results showed that Cd existed primarily in the non-residual fraction (accounting for 59.87%), and the residual fractions of As, Cu, Pb, and Zn accounted for a greater proportion (12.65 to 33.07%). The mobility of Cd was the highest with a risk assessment code of 33.53% reaching the medium risk category. The resupply capacity calculated by CDGT/CDis showed that As was the largest, with an average value of 0.43, indicating the strongest release capacity of As from the sediment to pore water. Furthermore, the diffusive fluxes using DGT and HR-peeper showed that As possesses a much higher potential to release upward overlying water than other elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ma
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Liyuan Yang
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China.
| | - Enfeng Liu
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, People's Republic of China
| | - Jierui Dai
- Shandong Institute of Geological Survey, Jinan, 250013, China
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Baran A, Tack FMG, Delemazure A, Wieczorek J, Tarnawski M, Birch G. Metal contamination in sediments of dam reservoirs: A multi-facetted generic risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136760. [PMID: 36243080 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The quality of bottom sediments is a key factor for many functions of dam reservoirs, which include water supply, flood control and recreation. The aim of the study was to combine different pollution indices in a critical generic risk assessment of metal contamination of bottom sediments. Both geochemical and ecological indices reflected that sediment contamination was dominated by Zn, Pb and Cd. The ecological risk indices suggested a high riks for all three metals, whereas human health risks were high for Pb and Cd. An occasional local contamination of sediments with Cr and Ni was revealed, although at levels not expected to cause concerns about potential ecological or health risk. Sediments from the Rybnik reservoir for Cu only revealed a high potential ecological risk. EF turned to be as being the most useful, whereas TRI (∑TRI) was the most important ecological index. All multi-element indices suggested similar trends, indicating that Zn, Pb and Cd taken altogether had the greatest impact on the level of sediment contamination and posed the greatest potential ecological and health risks to organisms. The use of sequential BCR extraction and ecotoxicity analyses allowed for a multi-facetted generic risk assessment of metals in sediments of dam reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Baran
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Filip M G Tack
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Antoine Delemazure
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Jerzy Wieczorek
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Marek Tarnawski
- University of Agriculture in Krakow, Department of Hydraulic Engineering and Geotechnics, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Gavin Birch
- Geocoastal Research Group, School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
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9
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Zhang X, Wang B, Pan F, Cai Y, Wu X, Liu H, Guo Z. Potential pollution assessment of labile trace metals in Xixi River estuary sediments in Xiamen, China. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2022; 250:104055. [PMID: 35917655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.104055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The release of trace metals caused by industrial effluents and anthropogenic activities has been recorded in the Xixi River estuary, southern China. However, a thorough understanding of the behavior of trace heavy metals in Xixi River sediments is lacking. A total of 12 sediment cores were collected in June and December in the upper estuary section and mouth of the estuary. Here, an in situ high-resolution sampling technique, namely, diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), was employed to acquire profiles of trace element concentrations and the release of bioavailable metals from sediments in different seasons. A three-step Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction method was used to explore the chemical speciation of trace metals in different seasons and to thereby assess the release potential of trace elements in sediments. The BCR sequential extraction results showed that the trace metals Fe, Mn, Co and Pb were mainly in the residual fraction, which rarely influences living organisms. The total mobile fractions (F1 + F2 + F3) of all trace metals were higher in winter than in summer, suggesting that accumulation occurred from summer to winter. DGT measurements showed that the intensity of sulfate reduction was higher in summer than in winter because of the high temperatures and high organic matter in summer. The intensity of sulfate and Mn(III/IV) reduction increased from the upper estuary section to the lower estuary. Fe(III) reduction decreased in summer but increased slowly in winter. The Pearson correlation results showed that the release of DGT-labile Co in pore water was related to Mn(III/IV) reduction, while the release of DGT-labile Pb was basically not controlled by the Fe-Mn-S redox transition. Abnormally high DGT-labile Pb concentrations were observed at the sampling station (XR3) closest to the estuary in winter, which might have been caused by the high Pb content in the local micro-sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Zhang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Feng Pan
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Yu Cai
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Xindi Wu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Huatai Liu
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China.
| | - Zhanrong Guo
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China.
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Luo M, Zhou C, Ma T, Guo W, Percival L, Baeyens W, Gao Y. Anthropogenic activities influence the mobilization of trace metals and oxyanions in coastal sediment porewaters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:156353. [PMID: 35654196 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The biogeochemical cycle of trace metals and oxyanions in marine sediments is mainly controlled by early diagenesis of organic material, but anthropogenic activities such as dumping of dredged sludge or shipyard activities can strongly perturb these natural processes. Therefore, the impact of dumping of dredged sludge, shipyard activities such as blasting of boat hulls and the mixing of polluted Scheldt estuary water with less polluted coastal water on the mobilization of trace metals and oxyanions in the sediments was studied in the pre- and post-bloom period (March and October) in Belgian Coastal Zone (BCZ). Vertical profiles of total and labile dissolved trace element concentrations, dissolved sulfide, pH and redox potential were assessed in sediment porewaters. Generally, total and labile dissolved element profiles in the porewaters are well correlated, showing higher concentrations in March when the redox potential is lower and sulfide concentrations higher. Low pH levels were documented together with high amounts of Fe and associated elements in March at the dumping station. At the coastal station in the vicinity of the shipyards, sediment porewaters are enriched in dissolved Zn while at the mouth of the Scheldt estuary the highest dissolved Cu levels were found. Theoretical calculations with Visual MINTEQ confirm the increased Fe and associated element concentrations in March (lower pH) and the lower metal concentrations in October (lower Eh). R values, ratio of labile dissolved to total dissolved concentrations, reflect the potential of the solid sediment phase to supply labile elements to the porewater. They were lowest for Cu and highest for V. This study showed that anthropogenic activities in the BCZ such as dumping of dredged sludge and blasting of boat hulls have a serious impact on the levels, distribution and bioavailability of contaminants in the sediments, which may form a real threat to the benthic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Luo
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry Department (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chunyang Zhou
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry Department (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Center for Water Research, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, 519087, China
| | - Tianhui Ma
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry Department (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, 100124 Beijing, China
| | - Lawrence Percival
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry Department (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Willy Baeyens
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry Department (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yue Gao
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry Department (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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11
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Wang Z, Liu X, Liang X, Dai L, Li Z, Liu R, Zhao Y. Flooding-drainage regulate the availability and mobility process of Fe, Mn, Cd, and As at paddy soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:152898. [PMID: 35031365 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Speciation changes in Fe and Mn during the soil flooding-drainage process strongly affect the Cd and As bioavailability in paddy soils. However, owing to a lack of in-situ dynamic monitoring technology, the regularity and mechanism of synergetic changes in Fe, Mn, Cd, and As in paddy soils have not been sufficiently studied. Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) were used to investigate the dissolution/transformation process of FeMn oxides and their effects on the bioavailability of Cd and As in three contaminated paddy fields that underwent incubated flooding for 40 d followed by a 20 d oxidation period. In-situ monitoring showed that the labile Cd concentrations decreased rapidly upon flooding but bioavailability of As increased significantly, with As and Cd concentrations largely depending upon Fe (II) content. We discovered that the transformation pathway of Iron Oxide-LDH (FeII-FeIII)-Goethite was the key process in reducing the activity of soil Cd. A higher Mn/Fe ratio and lower organic matter content delayed the Fe reduction process, which subsequently delayed Cd immobilization. Mobilization of Cd upon soil drainage was caused by a decrease in soil pH resulting in the release of Cd from secondary minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China; Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China; Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Xuefeng Liang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Lihong Dai
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China; Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Zhitao Li
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Rongle Liu
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China.
| | - Yujie Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China; Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China.
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12
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Deng H, Luo M, Su M, Chen D, Liu Y, Peng W, Liao S, Yu Z, Luo J, Xiao T. Geochemical distribution and speciation of Tl and other trace metals in upper Beijiang River in South China: Approach of in-situ DGT monitoring. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149636. [PMID: 34426312 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mining activities frequently result in severe contamination of river water. This study aimed to better understand the spatial distribution characteristics of Tl and other metals (e.g., Al, Cd, Co, Mn, Ni, Zn, Pb, V, As, Mo, and Sb), and to assess their risks to human health. Surface water samples were collected from the upper Beijiang River (South China) via grab sampling and the diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique. The concentrations of Tl measured by grab sampling and δ-MnO2-DGT ranged from 0.045 μg L-1 to 0.231 μg L-1 and from 0.056 μg L-1 to 0.131 μg L-1, respectively. Most of the metals monitored were below the threshold levels allowed by the drinking water standard in China, except for As, Sb, and Mn at specific sampling sites. The concentrations of other metals measured by grab sampling were higher than those measured using the DGT technique because of the differences in speciation during these measurements. The hazard quotient (5.43 × 10-4-8.0 × 10-1 for grab sampling and 2.23 × 10-4-2.8 × 10-1 for DGT technique) for the monitored trace metals demonstrated minimal health risk to human beings. The pollution status of these toxic metals in the study area was generally acceptable. As was found to be potentially the most harmful metal in the studied area, with hazard quotients at some sampling sites calculated by grab sampling of >1. It has previously been suggested that As is the most important non-carcinogenic contaminant. The combination of grab sampling and the DGT technique provides a comprehensive understanding of trace metals, especially Tl, in terms of potential bioavailability and ecological assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Deng
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mengting Luo
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Minhua Su
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Diyun Chen
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenkan Peng
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shiping Liao
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tangfu Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China.
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13
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Szara-Bąk M, Baran A, Klimkowicz-Pawlas A, Tkaczewska J, Wojtasik B. Mobility, ecotoxicity, bioaccumulation and sources of trace elements in the bottom sediments of the Rożnów reservoir. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:4701-4718. [PMID: 33969453 PMCID: PMC8528782 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to use of geochemical, chemical, ecotoxicological and biological indicators for a comprehensive assessment of ecological risks related to the mobility, ecotoxicity and bioavailability of trace elements in the bottom sediment of the Rożnów reservoir. The study found three elements deserving attention in the sediments: cadmium, nickel and chromium. Cadmium proved to be the most mobile and bioavailable, although the total cadmium content and geochemical indicators did not reveal any risk to organisms. Geochemical indicators showed that the sediments are contaminated with nickel and chromium, but both elements had a low bioaccumulation factor. Fractional analysis also revealed relatively low mobility of Cr and Ni and a higher potential risk of bioavailability for nickel. Most of the tested sediment samples had low toxicity in relation to the tested organisms. For H. incongruens, 11% of the samples were non-toxic, 50% of the samples had low toxicity, and 39% of the samples were toxic. For A. fischeri, no toxicity was found in 7% of the samples, low toxicity in 76% of the samples and toxicity in 17% of the sediment samples. The As, Cd, Cu content in the F1 fraction correlated significantly positively with the content of these metals in mussel tissues. Both biotesting and chemical analysis can reveal a potential risk to aquatic organisms. For a real assessment of the ecological risks associated with trace elements, it is necessary to use bioindicators taken from the environment and exposed to trace elements in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Szara-Bąk
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Baran
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Klimkowicz-Pawlas
- Department of Soil Science Erosion and Land Protection, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Joanna Tkaczewska
- Department of Animal Product Processing, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Wojtasik
- Department of Genetics and Biosystematics, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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14
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Wang J, Cai Y, Yang J, Zhao X. Research trends and frontiers on source appointment of soil heavy metal: a scientometric review (2000-2020). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:52764-52779. [PMID: 34467485 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16151-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, source appointment of soil heavy metal has attracted growing attention. However, few studies have attempted to make a comprehensive and systematical review on this topic. For this reason, a total of 1051 publications were retrieved from the Web of Science (WOS) database between 2000 and 2020. A scientometric analysis was carried out to reveal the characteristics of publications, research power, and research hotspots. CiteSpace was used to visualize and summarize the information about the development in this field. The results showed that (1) the number of publications in source appointment of soil heavy metal had increased rapidly; Environmental science and ecology and environmental sciences were top 2 most popular subject categories; (2) Research power was mainly distributed in Asia, Europe, and North America. China and Chinese Academy of Sciences were the most productive country and institution in terms of publications in this field. Biao Huang (China) was the most productive author. However, Hakanson L (Sweden) was the most influential author in terms of citation frequency; (3) Heavy metal, source identification, and contamination were the most frequent keywords. Keyword clustering analysis showed that the research hotspots mainly concentrated on air pollution, bioremediation, spatial distribution, soil, PCA, and so on; (4) Keyword bursts analysis showed that the research frontiers mainly focused on spatial analysis of soil heavy metal and exposure risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Wang
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yu Cai
- East China University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiangwei Zhao
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
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15
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Li Y, Han C, Luo J, Jones KC, Zhang H. Use of the Dynamic Technique DGT to Determine the Labile Pool Size and Kinetic Resupply of Pesticides in Soils and Sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9591-9600. [PMID: 34029066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique has been successfully and widely applied to investigate the labile fractions of inorganic contaminants in soils and sediments, but there have been almost no applications to organic contaminants. Here we developed and tested the approach for the pesticide Atrazine (ATR) in a controlled soil experiment and in situ in an intact lake sediment core. The soil study explored the relationships between soil solution, DGT measured labile ATR and solvent extractable ATR in dosed soils of different organic matter, pH status and incubation times. The results are further interpreted using the DIFS (DGT-induced fluxes in soils and sediments) model. Resupply of ATR to the soil solution was partially sustained by the solid phase in all the soils. This was due to small labile pool size and slow kinetics, with soil pH being an important controlling factor. The in situ sediment study successfully used a DGT probe to examine labile ATR distribution through the core on the subcm scale. It demonstrated-for the first time-an easy to use in situ technique to investigate the effects of redox on resupply kinetics and biogeochemical processes of trace organic contaminants in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, U.K
| | - Chao Han
- Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P. R. China
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, U.K
| | - Hao Zhang
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, U.K
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