Prenatal exposure to arsenic and lung function in children from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study

Neurotransmitter Metabolism in Arsenic Exposure-Induced Cognitive Impairment: Emerging Insights and Predictive Implications

Scholars have long been interested in the association between arsenic (As) exposure and neurological disorders; however, existing systematic epidemiological investigations are insufficient and lack the inclusion of diagnostic or predictive biological markers. This study sought to evaluate the association between As exposure and cognitive impairment and identify potential biomarkers by developing predictive models. Here, we found that logarithm (Ln)-transformed urinary As concentrations were negatively linearly related to the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score exposure-response curves. Subsequently, we identified a unique plasma neurometabolite profile in subjects exposed to As compared with the reference group. Further analyses showed that tryptophan, tyrosine, dopamine, epinephrine, and homovanillic acid were all significantly associated with both urinary As concentrations and MMSE scores. Notably, the association between As exposure and MMSE scores was partly mediated by tryptophan, tyrosine, dopamine, and epinephrine. Importantly, an unprecedented prediction model utilizing neurotransmitters was established to assess the risk of cognitive impairment due to As exposure. A 91.1% consistency rate was found between the predicted and the actual probabilities. Additionally, machine learning models also produced highly accurate predictions. Overall, this study revealed a dose-dependent cognitive decline in As-exposed adults accompanied by a disturbance in the signature of neurotransmitter metabolites, offering new predictive insights.

Exposure to iodine, essential and non-essential trace element through seaweed consumption in humans

Seaweed consumption has gained popularity due to its nutritional value and potential health benefits. However, concerns regarding the bioaccumulation of several trace elements highlight the need for comprehensive studies on exposure associated with seaweed consumption. To address this gap in knowledge, we carried out a feeding intervention study of three common edible seaweeds (Nori, Kombu, and Wakame) in 11 volunteers, aiming to elucidate the extent of both beneficial and harmful trace element exposure through seaweed consumption in humans. Concentrations of total arsenic, cobalt, copper, cadmium, iodine, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc were measured in urine samples before and following seaweed consumption. Elements concentrations were also measured in the seaweeds provided for the study. Descriptive analysis for each element were conducted and we used quantile g-computation approach to assess the association between the 8-element mixture and seaweed consumption. Differences in urine element concentrations and seaweed consumption were analyzed using generalized estimating equations (GEE). Urinary concentrations of iodine and total arsenic increased after seaweed consumption. When we analyze the 8-element mixture, the largest weight was observed for iodine after Kombu consumption while for total arsenic was observed after Wakame consumption. Similar results were observed when we compared the mean differences between the elements before and after seaweed consumption through the GEE. Seaweed consumption relates with increased urinary iodine and total arsenic concentrations, particularly after Kombu and Wakame consumption.

Pro-vegetarian dietary patterns and essential and heavy metal exposure in children of 4-5-years from the INfancia y medio Ambiente cohort (INMA)

Dietary patterns provide a comprehensive assessment of food consumption, including essential nutrients and potential exposure to environmental contaminants. While pro-vegetarian (PVG) dietary patterns have shown health benefits in adults, their effects on children are less well studied. This study aims to explore the association between children's adherence to the most common PVG dietary patterns and their exposure to metals, assessed through urine concentration. In our study, we included a population of 723 children aged 4-5-years from the INfancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA) cohort in Spain. We calculated three predefined PVG dietary patterns, namely general (gPVG), healthful (hPVG), and unhealthful (uPVG), using dietary information collected through a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire. Urinary concentrations of various essential and heavy metals (Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo, Pb, and Cd) were measured using mass spectrometry. Additionally, urinary arsenic speciation, including arsenobetaine (AsB), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), and inorganic arsenic (iAs), was measured. The sum of urinary MMA and iAs was used to assess iAs exposure. We estimated primary (PMI) and secondary iAs methylation (SMI) indices. To explore the association between PVG dietary patterns in quintiles and metal exposure, we utilized multiple-adjusted linear regression models and the quantile g-computation approach. Compared with the lowest quintile, participants in the highest quintile of gPVG showed a 22.7% lower urinary Co (95% confidence interval (CI): -38.7; -1.98) and a 12.6% lower Se (95%CI: -22.9; -1.00) concentrations. Second quintile of adherence to hPVG was associated with a 51.7% lower urinary iAs + MMA concentrations (95%CI: -74.3; -8.61). Second quintile of adherence to an uPVG was associated with a 13.6% lower Se levels (95%CI: -22.9; -2.95) while the third quintile to this pattern was associated with 17.5% lower Mo concentrations (95%CI: -29.5; -2.95). The fourth quintile of adherence to gPVG was associated with a 68.5% higher PMI and a 53.7% lower SMI. Our study showed that adherence to a gPVG dietary pattern in childhood may modestly reduce the intakes of some essential metals such as Co and Se. Further investigations are warranted to explore any potential health implications.

Intrauterine arsenic exposure induces glucose metabolism disorders in adult offspring by targeting TET2-mediated DNA hydroxymethylation reprogramming of HNF4α in developing livers, an effect alleviated by ascorbic acid

Exposure to arsenic during gestation has lasting health-related effects on the developing fetus, including an increase in the risk of metabolic disease later in life. Epigenetics is a potential mechanism involved in this process. Ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) has been widely considered as a transferase of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Here, mice were exposed, via drinking water, to arsenic or arsenic combined with ascorbic acid (AA) during gestation. For adult offspring, intrauterine arsenic exposure exhibited disorders of glucose metabolism, which are associated with DNA hydroxymethylation reprogramming of hepatic nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α). Further molecular structure analysis, by SEC-UV-DAD, SEC-ICP-MS, verified that arsenic binds to the cysteine domain of TET2. Mechanistically, arsenic reduces the stability of TET2 by binding to it, resulting in the decrease of 5hmC levels in Hnf4α and subsequently inhibiting its expression. This leads to the disorders of expression of its downstream key glucose metabolism genes. Supplementation with AA blocked the reduction of TET2 and normalized the 5hmC levels of Hnf4α, thus alleviating the glucose metabolism disorders. Our study provides targets and methods for the prevention of offspring glucose metabolism abnormalities caused by intrauterine arsenic exposure.

Metabolomic data presents challenges for epidemiological meta-analysis: a case study of childhood body mass index from the ECHO consortium

INTRODUCTION

Meta-analyses across diverse independent studies provide improved confidence in results. However, within the context of metabolomic epidemiology, meta-analysis investigations are complicated by differences in study design, data acquisition, and other factors that may impact reproducibility.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to identify maternal blood metabolites during pregnancy (> 24 gestational weeks) related to offspring body mass index (BMI) at age two years through a meta-analysis framework.

METHODS

We used adjusted linear regression summary statistics from three cohorts (total N = 1012 mother-child pairs) participating in the NIH Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program. We applied a random-effects meta-analysis framework to regression results and adjusted by false discovery rate (FDR) using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure.

RESULTS

Only 20 metabolites were detected in all three cohorts, with an additional 127 metabolites detected in two of three cohorts. Of these 147, 6 maternal metabolites were nominally associated (P < 0.05) with offspring BMI z-scores at age 2 years in a meta-analytic framework including at least two studies: arabinose (Coefmeta = 0.40 [95% CI 0.10,0.70], Pmeta = 9.7 × 10-3), guanidinoacetate (Coefmeta = - 0.28 [- 0.54, - 0.02], Pmeta = 0.033), 3-ureidopropionate (Coefmeta = 0.22 [0.017,0.41], Pmeta = 0.033), 1-methylhistidine (Coefmeta = - 0.18 [- 0.33, - 0.04], Pmeta = 0.011), serine (Coefmeta = - 0.18 [- 0.36, - 0.01], Pmeta = 0.034), and lysine (Coefmeta = - 0.16 [- 0.32, - 0.01], Pmeta = 0.044). No associations were robust to multiple testing correction.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite including three cohorts with large sample sizes (N > 100), we failed to identify significant metabolite associations after FDR correction. Our investigation demonstrates difficulties in applying epidemiological meta-analysis to clinical metabolomics, emphasizes challenges to reproducibility, and highlights the need for standardized best practices in metabolomic epidemiology.

Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food

The European Commission asked EFSA to update its 2009 risk assessment on arsenic in food carrying out a hazard assessment of inorganic arsenic (iAs) and using the revised exposure assessment issued by EFSA in 2021. Epidemiological studies show that the chronic intake of iAs via diet and/or drinking water is associated with increased risk of several adverse outcomes including cancers of the skin, bladder and lung. The CONTAM Panel used the benchmark dose lower confidence limit based on a benchmark response (BMR) of 5% (relative increase of the background incidence after adjustment for confounders, BMDL05) of 0.06 μg iAs/kg bw per day obtained from a study on skin cancer as a Reference Point (RP). Inorganic As is a genotoxic carcinogen with additional epigenetic effects and the CONTAM Panel applied a margin of exposure (MOE) approach for the risk characterisation. In adults, the MOEs are low (range between 2 and 0.4 for mean consumers and between 0.9 and 0.2 at the 95th percentile exposure, respectively) and as such raise a health concern despite the uncertainties.

Defining high confidence targets of differential CpG methylation in response to in utero arsenic exposure and implications for cancer risk

Arsenic is a relatively abundant metalloid that impacts DNA methylation and has been implicated in various adverse health outcomes including several cancers and diabetes. However, uncertainty remains about the identity of genomic CpGs that are sensitive to arsenic exposure, in utero or otherwise. Here we identified a high confidence set of CpG sites whose methylation is sensitive to in utero arsenic exposure. To do so, we analyzed methylation of infant CpGs as a function of maternal urinary arsenic in cord blood and placenta from geographically and ancestrally distinct human populations. Independent analyses of these distinct populations were followed by combination of results across sexes and populations/tissue types. Following these analyses, we concluded that both sex and tissue type are important drivers of heterogeneity in methylation response at several CpGs. We also identified 17 high confidence CpGs that were hypermethylated across sex, tissue type and population; 11 of these were located within protein coding genes. This pattern is consistent with hypotheses that arsenic increases cancer risk by inducing the hypermethylation of genic regions. This study represents an opportunity to understand consistent, reproducible patterns of epigenomic responses after in utero arsenic exposure and may aid towards novel biomarkers or signatures of arsenic exposure. Identifying arsenic-responsive sites can also contribute to our understanding of the biological mechanisms by which arsenic exposure can affect biological function and increase risk of cancer and other age-related diseases.

Prenatal exposure to metal mixtures and lung function in children from the New Hampshire birth cohort study

Prenatal exposure to metals/metalloids, even at common US population levels, may pose risks to fetal health, and affect children's lung function. Yet, the combined effects of simultaneous prenatal exposures on children's lung function remain largely unexplored. This study analyzed 11 metals (As speciation, Cd, Co, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Zn) in maternal urine during weeks 24-28 of gestation and evaluated lung function, including forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration (FEV1), in 316 US mother-child pairs at around age 7. We used Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR), weighted quantile sum regression (WQSR), and multiple linear regression to examine the association between metal mixture exposure and children's lung function, adjusting for maternal smoking, child age, sex, and height. In BKMR models assessing combined exposure effects, limited evidence of metal non-linearity or interactions was found. Nevertheless, Co, As species, and Pb showed a negative association, while Mo exhibited a positive association with children's FVC and FEV1, with other metals held constant at their medians. The weighted index, from WQSR analysis assessing the cumulative impact of all metals, highlighted prenatal Mo with the highest positive weight, and Co, As, and Sb with the most substantial negative weights on children's FVC and FEV1. Urinary Co and Pb were negatively associated with FVC (β = -0.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) (-0.18; -0.01) and β = -0.07, 95% CI (-0.13; 0.00), respectively). Co was also negatively associated with FEV1 (β = -0.09, 95% CI (-0.18; 0.00). There was a negative association between As and FVC, and a positive association between Mo and both FVC and FEV1, though with wide confidence intervals. Our findings suggest that prenatal trace element exposures may impact children's lung function, emphasizing the importance of reducing toxic exposures and maintaining adequate nutrient levels.

Anthropometric measures and arsenic methylation among pregnant women in rural northern Bangladesh

INTRODUCTION

Arsenic methylation converts inorganic arsenic (iAs) to monomethyl (MMA) and dimethyl (DMA) arsenic compounds. Body mass index (BMI) has been positively associated with arsenic methylation efficiency (higher DMA%) in adults, but evidence in pregnancy is inconsistent. We estimated associations between anthropometric measures and arsenic methylation among pregnant women in rural northern Bangladesh.

METHODS

We enrolled pregnant women (n = 784) (median [IQR] gestational week: 14 [13, 15]) in Gaibandha District, Bangladesh from 2018 to 2019. Anthropometric measures were BMI, subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses, and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), fat area (MUAFA), and muscle area (MUAMA). Arsenic methylation measures were urinary iAs, MMA, and DMA divided by their sum and multiplied by 100 (iAs%, MMA%, and DMA%), primary methylation index (MMA/iAs; PMI), and secondary methylation index (DMA/MMA; SMI). In complete cases (n = 765 [97.6%]), we fitted linear, beta, and Dirichlet regression models to estimate cross-sectional differences in iAs%, MMA%, DMA%, PMI, and SMI per IQR-unit difference in each anthropometric measure, adjusting for drinking water arsenic, age, gestational age, education, living standards index, and plasma folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine.

RESULTS

Median (IQR) BMI, subscapular skinfold thickness, triceps skinfold thickness, MUAC, MUAFA, and MUAMA were 21.5 (19.4, 23.8) kg/m2, 17.9 (13.2, 24.2) mm, 14.2 (10.2, 18.7) mm, 25.9 (23.8, 28.0) cm, 15.3 (10.5, 20.3) cm2, and 29.9 (25.6, 34.2) cm2, respectively. Median (IQR) iAs%, MMA%, DMA%, PMI, and SMI were 12.0 (9.3, 15.2)%, 6.6 (5.3, 8.3)%, 81.0 (77.1, 84.6)%, 0.6 (0.4, 0.7), and 12.2 (9.3, 15.7), respectively. In both unadjusted and adjusted linear models, all anthropometric measures were negatively associated with iAs%, MMA%, and PMI and positively associated with DMA% and SMI. For example, fully adjusted mean differences (95% CI) in DMA% per IQR-unit difference in BMI, subscapular skinfolds thickness, triceps skinfold thickness, MUAC, MUAFA, and MUAMA were 1.72 (1.16, 2.28), 1.58 (0.95, 2.21), 1.74 (1.11, 2.37), 1.45 (0.85, 2.06), 1.70 (1.08, 2.31), and 0.70 (0.13, 1.27) pp, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Anthropometric measures were positively associated with arsenic methylation efficiency among pregnant women in the early second trimester.

Association of maternal metals exposure, metabolites and birth outcomes in newborns: A prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Maternal exposure to metals may pose a risk to the health of newborns, however, the underlying mechanisms remain ambiguous. Herein, we aimed to investigate the influence of metals exposure on birth outcomes and reveal the importance of metabolites in the exposure-outcomes association by using metabolomics methods.

METHODS

In our study, 292 mother-pairs were included who were recruited from the affiliated hospitals of Nanjing Medical University between 2006 and 2011. We measured fifteen metals (mercury, lead, vanadium, arsenic, zinc, cadmium, rubidium, copper, cobalt, iron, molybdenum, strontium, thallium, magnesium and calcium) and metabolites in maternal second trimester serums by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography high resolution accurate mass spectrometry, respectively. A multi-step statistical analysis strategy including exposome-wide association study (ExWAS) model, variable selection models and multiple-exposure models were performed to systematically appraise the associations of individual and mixed metals exposure with birth outcomes. Furthermore, differential metabolites that associated with metals exposure and birth outcomes were identified using linear regression models.

RESULTS

Metal's levels in maternal serums ranged from 0.05 μg/L to 1864.76 μg/L. In the ExWAS model, maternal exposure to arsenic was negatively associated with birth weight (β = 188.83; 95% CI: -368.27, -9.39), while maternal mercury exposure showed a positive association (β = 533.65; 95%CI: 179.40, 887.90) with birth weight. Moreover, each unit increase in mercury (1 ng/mL-log transformed) was associated with a 1.82 week-increase (95%CI: 0.85, 2.79) in gestational age. These findings were subsequently validated by variable selection models and multiple exposure models. Metabolomic analysis further revealed the significant role of 3-methyladenine in the relationship between arsenic exposure and birth weight.

CONCLUSION

This study provides new epidemiological evidence indicating the associations of metals exposure and neonatal birth outcomes, and emphasizes the potential role of metabolite biomarkers and their importance in monitoring adverse birth outcomes.

Evolution of vibrational bands upon gradual protonation/deprotonation of arsinic acid H2As(O)OH in media of different polarity

This computational work is devoted to the investigation (MP2/def2-TZVP) of the geometry and IR parameters of arsinic acid H₂AsOOH and its hydrogen-bonded complexes under vacuum and in media with different polarity. The medium effects were accounted for in two ways: (1) implicitly, using the IEFPCM model, varying the dielectric permittivity (ε) and (2) explicitly, by considering hydrogen-bonded complexes of H₂As(O)OH with various hydrogen bond donors (41 complexes) or acceptors (38 complexes), imitating a gradual transition to the As(OH)₂⁺ or AsO₂^- moiety, respectively. It was shown that the transition from vacuum to a medium with ε > 1 causes the As(O)OH fragment to lose its flatness. The solvent polar medium introduces significant changes in the geometry and IR spectral parameters of hydrogen-bonded complexes too: as the polarity of a medium increases, weak hydrogen bonds become weaker, and strong and medium hydrogen bonds become stronger; in the case of a complex with two hydrogen bonds cooperativity effects are observed. In almost all cases the driving force of these changes appears to be preferential solvation of charge-separated structures. In the limiting case of complete deprotonation (or conversely complete protonation) the vibrational frequencies of ν_AsO and ν_As-O turn into ν_As-O(asym) and ν_As-O(sym), respectively. In the intermediate cases the distance between ν_AsO and ν_As-O is sensitive to both implicit solvation and explicit solvation and the systematic changes of this distance can be used for estimation of the degree of proton transfer within the hydrogen bond.

Juvenile arsenic exposure aggravates goblet cell hyperplasia and airway mucus secretion in ovalbumin-sensitized mice

Gestational arsenic (As) exposure has been associated with adverse developmental outcomes. The purpose of this study was to explore the impacts of As exposure in different periods on susceptibility to allergic asthma. In model 1, dams were administered with NaAsO₂ (0.1 or 1 ppm) by drinking water throughout pregnancy and lactation. In model 2, newly weaned pups were exposed to NaAsO₂ (1 ppm) through drinking water. Pups were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA). Inflammatory cell infiltration and pulmonary T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine upregulation were shown in OVA-sensitized and challenged pups. Goblet cell hyperplasia and airway mucus secretion were observed in OVA-sensitized and challenged pups. Maternal As exposure throughout pregnancy and lactation did not aggravate inflammatory cell infiltration, airway mucus secretion and pulmonary Th2 cytokine upregulation in OVA-sensitized and challenged pups. Although airway hyperreactivity, inflammatory cell infiltration and Th2 cytokine weren't influenced, OVA-evoked Goblet cell hyperplasia and airway mucus secretion were aggravated in pups who were exposed to NaAsO₂ after weaning. In conclusion, juvenile As exposure increases susceptibility to allergic asthma through aggravating Goblet cell hyperplasia and airway mucus secretion. The impacts of maternal As exposure during pregnancy and lactation on susceptibility to allergic asthma needs to be further evaluated in other animal experiments.

Maternal NO2 exposure disturbs the long noncoding RNA expression profile in the lungs of offspring in time-series patterns

Gestation is a sensitive window to nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) exposure, which may disturb fetal lung development and lung function later in life. Animal and epidemiological studies indicated that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in abnormal lung development induced by environmental pollutant exposure. In the present study, pregnant C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 2.5 ppm NO₂ (mimicking indoor occupational exposure) or clean air, and lncRNAs expression profiles in the lungs of offspring mice were determined by lncRNA-seq on embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5), E18.5, postnatal day 1 (P1), and P14. The lung histopathology examination of offspring was performed, followed by weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), prediction of lncRNAs-target genes, and the biological processes enrichment analysis of lncRNAs. Our results indicated that maternal NO₂ exposure induced hypoalveolarization on P14 and differentially expressed lncRNAs showed a time-series pattern. Following WGCNA and enrichment analysis, 2 modules participated in development-related pathways. Importantly, the expressions of related genes were altered, some of which were confirmed to be related to abnormal vascular development and even lung diseases. The research points out that the maternal NO₂ exposure leads to abnormal lung development in offspring that might be related to altered lncRNAs expression profiles with time-series-pattern.

Arsenic exposure and respiratory outcomes during childhood in the INMA study

Ingested inorganic arsenic (iAs) is a human carcinogen that is also linked to other adverse health effects, such as respiratory outcomes. Yet, among populations consuming low-arsenic drinking water, the impact of iAs exposure on childhood respiratory health is still uncertain. For a Spanish child study cohort (INfancia y Medio Ambiente—INMA), low-arsenic drinking water is usually available and ingestion of iAs from food is considered the major source of exposure. Here, we explored the association between iAs exposure and children’s respiratory outcomes assessed at 4 and 7 years of age (n = 400). The summation of 4-year-old children’s urinary iAs, monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) was used as a biomarker of iAs exposure (∑As) (median of 4.92 μg/L). Children’s occurrence of asthma, eczema, sneeze, wheeze, and medication for asthma and wheeze at each assessment time point (i.e., 4- and 7-year) was assessed with maternal interviewer-led questionnaires. Crude and adjusted Poisson regression models using Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) were performed to account for the association between natural logarithm transformed (ln) urinary ∑As in μg/L at 4 years and repeated assessments of respiratory symptoms at 4 and 7 years of age. The covariates included in the models were child sex, maternal smoking status, maternal level of education, sub-cohort, and children’s consumption of vegetables, fruits, and fish/seafood. The GEE—splines function using Poisson regression showed an increased trend of the overall expected counts of respiratory symptoms with high urinary ∑As. The adjusted expected counts (95% confidence intervals) at ln-transformed urinary ∑As 1.57 (average concentration) and 4.00 (99^th percentile concentration) were 0.63 (0.36, 1.10) and 1.33 (0.61, 2.89), respectively. These exploratory findings suggest that even relatively low-iAs exposure levels, relevant to the Spanish and other populations, may relate to an increased number of respiratory symptoms during childhood.

Non-malignant respiratory illness associated with exposure to arsenic compounds in the environment

Arsenic (As), a toxic metalloid, primarily originates from both natural and anthropogenic activities. Reports suggested that millions of people globally exposed to high levels of naturally occurring As compounds via inhalation and ingestion. There is evidence that As is a well-known lung carcinogen. However, there has been relatively little evidence suggesting its non-malignant lung effects. This review comprehensively summarises current experimental and clinical studies implicating the association of As exposure and the development of several non-malignant lung diseases. Experimental studies provided evidence that As exposure induces redox imbalance, apoptosis, inflammatory response, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and affected normal lung development through alteration of the components of intracellular signaling cascades. In addition, we also discuss the sources and possible mechanisms of As influx and efflux in the lung. Finally, current experimental studies on treatment strategies using phytochemicals and our perspective on future research with As are also discussed.

Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants' First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study

Even the low levels of non-essential elements exposure common in the US may have health consequences especially early in life. However, little is known about the infant's dynamic exposure to essential and non-essential elements. This study aims to evaluate exposure to essential and non-essential elements during infants' first year of life and to explore the association between the exposure and rice consumption. Paired urine samples from infants enrolled in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS) were collected at approximately 6 weeks (exclusively breastfed) and at 1 year of age after weaning (n = 187). A further independent subgroup of NHBCS infants with details about rice consumption at 1 year of age also was included (n = 147). Urinary concentrations of 8 essential (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, and Se) and 9 non-essential (Al, As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Sb, Sn, V, and U) elements were determined as a measure of exposure. Several essential (Co, Fe, Mo, Ni, and Se) and non-essential (Al, As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Sb, Sn, and V) elements had higher concentrations at 1 year than at 6 weeks of age. The highest increases were for urinary As and Mo with median concentrations of 0.20 and 1.02 µg/L at 6 weeks and 2.31 and 45.36 µg/L at 1 year of age, respectively. At 1 year of age, As and Mo urine concentrations were related to rice consumption. Further efforts are necessary to minimize exposure to non-essential elements while retaining essential elements to protect and promote children's health.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12403-022-00489-x.