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McHugh K, Cummins T, Aherne J. The threat from ozone to vegetation in Ireland. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 262:119974. [PMID: 39270962 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Ozone is the most damaging air pollutant to vegetation globally. Metrics of accumulated ozone above a concentration threshold (e.g. AOT40, ppb·h) have been widely used to assess ozone risk. However, there is growing consensus that accumulated Phytotoxic Ozone Dose (POD) above a receptor-specific critical stomatal flux threshold (y; nmol O3 m-2 s-1), expressed per unit of projected leaf area, provides a more reliable risk assessment, as it considers ozone entering the leaf (PODy, mmol m-2 leaf area). Few studies have assessed both concentration- and flux-based metrics using site-specific observations of ozone and meteorology. In this study we assessed the risk that ozone poses to five vegetation types across eight sites in Ireland during 2005-2021, using AOT40 and PODy risk metrics, and we predicted impacts using dose-response relationships. Long-term trends in both metrics were also assessed. The PODy critical level for vegetation protection was exceeded for all vegetation types, with exceedances most common at Atlantic coastal sites, and for tree species (beech POD1 15.7-25.7 mmol/m2 PLA). When PODy and AOT40 results were normalised based on their respective critical levels, predicted impacts were higher for PODy. There were significant increases in PODy for three vegetation types at rural sites during the study period, which also experienced increases in temperature and global solar radiation. The long-term trends were consistent with other European studies that show decreases in AOT40 and increases in PODy. While ozone concentrations in Ireland are relatively low (39-75 μg/m3 five-year average range), the humid climate and longer growing season may lead to elevated stomatal ozone uptake and thereby a risk to vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keelan McHugh
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Thomas Cummins
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Julian Aherne
- School of Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
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Kittipornkul P, Thiravetyan P, Hoshika Y, Sorrentino B, Popa I, Leca S, Sicard P, Paoletti E, De Marco A. Surface ozone risk to human health and vegetation in tropical region: The case of Thailand. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 234:116566. [PMID: 37423361 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a threat to vegetation and human health over the world, in particular in Asia. Knowledge on O3 impacts on tropical ecosystems is still very limited. An O3 risk assessment to crops, forests, and people from 25 monitoring stations across the tropical and subtropical Thailand during 2005-2018 showed that 44% of sites exceeded the critical levels (CLs) of SOMO35 (i.e., the annual Sum Of daily maximum 8-h Means Over 35 ppb) for human health protection. The concentration-based AOT40 CL (i.e., sum of the hourly exceedances above 40 ppb for daylight hours during the assumed growing season) was exceeded at 52% and 48% of the sites where the main crops rice and maize are present, respectively, and at 88% and 12% of the sites where evergreen or deciduous forests are present, respectively. The flux-based metric PODY (i.e., Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above a threshold Y of uptake) was calculated and was found to exceed the CLs at 1.0%, 1.5%, 20.0%, 1.5%, 0% and 68.0% of the sites where early rice, late rice, early maize, late maize, evergreen forests, and deciduous forests can grow, respectively. Trend analysis indicated that AOT40 increased over the study period (+5.9% year-1), while POD1 decreased (- 5.3% year-1), suggesting that the role of climate change in affecting the environmental factors that control stomatal uptake cannot be neglected. These results contribute novel knowledge on O3 threat to human health, forest productivity, and food security in tropical and subtropical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyatida Kittipornkul
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Bangkuntien), 49 Soi Tientalay 25, Bangkuntien, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Paitip Thiravetyan
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Ionel Popa
- INCDS, 128 Eroilor Bvd., Voluntari, 077030, Romania
| | - S Leca
- INCDS, 128 Eroilor Bvd., Voluntari, 077030, Romania
| | - Pierre Sicard
- ARGANS, 260 Route du Pin Montard, 06410, Biot, France
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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Lukasová V, Bičárová S, Buchholcerová A, Adamčíková K. Low sensitivity of Pinus mugo to surface ozone pollution in the subalpine zone of continental Europe. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2022; 66:2311-2324. [PMID: 36107252 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-022-02359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High altitudes have been exposed to enhanced levels of surface ozone (O3) concentrations over recent decades compared to the pre-industrial era. The responses of vegetation to this toxic pollutant are species-specific and depend on the climate conditions. In this paper, we explored the reaction of Pinus mugo (P. mugo) to O3-induced stress in the continental climate of an ozone-rich mountain area in the High Tatra Mountains (Western Carpathians). The effects of O3 doses modelled by a deposition model, O3 concentrations and other factors on P. mugo were identified from (a) satellite-based data via NDVI (normalised differenced vegetation index) over 2000-2020 and (b) visible injury on needle samples gathered from P. mugo individuals at ground-truth sites in 2019 and 2020. Analysing the NDVI trend, we observed non-significant changes (p > 0.05) in the greenness of P. mugo despite growing in an environment with the average seasonal O3 concentration around 51.6 ppbv, the maximum hourly concentrations more than 90 ppbv and increasing trend of O3 doses by 0.1 mmol m-2 PLA (plant leaf area) year-1. The visible O3 injury of samples collected at study sites was low (mean injury observed on 1-10% of needles' surface), and the symptoms of injury caused by other biotic and abiotic factors prevailed over those caused by O3. In addition, the correlation analyses between NDVI and the climatic factors indicated a significant (p < 0.05) and positive relationship with photosynthetic active radiation (R = 0.45) in July, and with stomatal conductance (R = 0.52) and temperature factor (R = 0.43) in August. Therefore, we concluded that the positive effect of climate conditions, which support the growth processes of P. mugo, may suppress the negative effect of the mean O3 doses of 17.8 mmol m-2 PLA accumulated over the growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Lukasová
- Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Tatranská Lomnica, 059 60, Slovakia.
| | - Svetlana Bičárová
- Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Tatranská Lomnica, 059 60, Slovakia
| | - Anna Buchholcerová
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, Bratislava, 842 48, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Adamčíková
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Department of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademická 2, Nitra, 949 01, Slovakia
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Datta S, Sharma A, Sinha B. Nocturnal pollutant uptake contributes significantly to the total stomatal uptake of Mangifera indica. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119902. [PMID: 35940482 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
DO3SE (Deposition of Ozone for Stomatal Exchange), is a dry deposition model, designed to assess tropospheric ozone risk to vegetation, and is based on two alternative algorithms to estimate stomatal conductance: multiplicative and photosynthetic. The multiplicative model has been argued to perform better for leaf-level and regional-level application. In this study, we demonstrate that the photosynthetic model is superior to the multiplicative model even for leaf-level studies using measurements performed on Mangifera indica. We find that the multiplicative model overestimates the daytime stomatal conductance, when compared with measured stomatal conductance and prescribes zero conductance at night while measurements show an average conductance of 100 mmol(H2O)m-2s-1 between 9 p.m. and 4 a.m. The daytime overestimation of the multiplicative model can be significantly reduced when the model is modified to include a response function for ozone-induced stomatal closure. However, nighttime pollutant uptake fluxes can only be accurately assessed with the photosynthetic model which includes the stomatal opening at night during respiration and is capable of reproducing the measured nighttime stomatal conductance. At our site, the nocturnal flux contributes 64%, 39%, 46%, and 88% of the total for NO2 uptake in winter, summer, monsoon, and post-monsoon, respectively. For SO2, nocturnal uptake amounts to 35%, 28%, 28%, and 44% in winter, summer, monsoon, and post-monsoon, respectively while for ozone the nighttime uptake contributes 30%, 17%, 18%, and 29% of the total stomatal uptake in winter, summer, monsoon, and post-monsoon respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Datta
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S.A.S Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Anita Sharma
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S.A.S Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Baerbel Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S.A.S Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India.
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Eghdami H, Werner W, Büker P, Sicard P. Assessment of ozone risk to Central European forests: Time series indicates perennial exceedance of ozone critical levels. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111798. [PMID: 34333015 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the stomatal ozone (O3) fluxes were investigated at five low-elevation forest sites in Western Germany (Rhineland Palatinate) over the time period 1998-2019. The Phytotoxic Ozone Dose with an hourly threshold of uptake (Y), to represent the detoxification capacity of trees (POD1 in mmol m-2 per leaf area, with Y = 1 nmol O3 m-2 s-1), and the number of exceedances of the O3 critical level of 5.2 mmol O3 m-2 per leaf area for European beech and 9.2 mmol O3 m-2 per leaf area for Norway spruce were calculated by using the DO3SE model. A Principal Component Analysis revealed strong correlations between daily O3 concentrations, daytime O3 (for hours with global radiation exceeding 50 W m-2), POD1, global radiation, vapor pressure deficit and air temperature. Moreover, a significant correlation was obtained between POD1 and soil water content (SWC) at all sites (r = 0.51-0.74). The Random Forests Analysis confirmed that the SWC is the most important predictor of stomatal O3 fluxes. The soil water supply is very important for POD1 estimation, because drought decreases stomatal conductance, leading to a reduction of transpiration, as well as to lower O3 uptake through stomata. Between 1998 and 2019, the drier and warmer climate induced a soil drought (on average, SWC - 0.15 % per year) leading to lower stomatal O3 uptake by forests (- 0.36 mmol O3 m-2 per year). Hence, during growing seasons with sufficient water supply and often lower O3 levels compared to hot and dry periods, forests are at higher O3 risk than during hot and dry periods when the drought stress is more significant than O3 stress despite relatively higher O3 levels. Irrespective of these differences in O3 uptake between relatively cool and humid as compared to relatively hot and dry years in the study region, the Critical Level for O3 was exceeded in late spring/early summer (May/June) during all 22 years. Risk assessment for the protection of European forests, which is urgently needed due to the forests current critical state after several successive years of drought and exceedance of the O3 critical level in large areas of Europe, should therefore become flux-based to account for the inter-twined effects of drought and O3 on the physiology and health of forest trees in the region. For stomatal O3 fluxes estimation, a better soil water and leaf parameterization is needed e.g., by taking into account both O3- and drought-induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Eghdami
- Department of Geobotany, University of Trier, 54296, Trier, Germany.
| | - Willy Werner
- Department of Geobotany, University of Trier, 54296, Trier, Germany
| | - Patrick Büker
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
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The Influence of Ozone on Net Ecosystem Production of a Ryegrass–Clover Mixture under Field Conditions. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12121629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the effect of phytotoxic tropospheric ozone (O3) on terrestrial vegetation, we quantified the impact of current O3 concentration ([O3]) on net ecosystem production (NEP) when compared to the conditions of the pre-industrial era. We compared and tested linear mixed-effects models based on [O3] and stomatal O3 flux (Fsto). The managed ryegrass–clover (Lolium perenne and Trifolium pratense) mixture was grown on arable land in the Czech Republic, Central Europe. Values of [O3] and Fsto were measured and calculated based on resistance analogy, respectively, while NEP was calculated from eddy covariance CO2 fluxes. We found the Fsto-based model more precise when compared to measured NEP. High Fsto was found even at low [O3], while broad summer maximum of [O3] was not necessarily followed by significant NEP decline, due to low soil water content leading to a low stomatal conductivity and Fsto. Comparing to low pre-industrial O3 conditions, current levels of O3 resulted in the reduction of cumulative NEP over the entire growing season, up to 29.7 and 13.5% when the [O3]-based and Fsto-based model was applied, respectively. During the growing season, an O3-induced reduction of NEP ranged between 13.1% in May and 26.2% in July when compared to pre-industrial Fsto levels. Looking to the future, high [O3] and Fsto may lead to the reduction of current NEP by approximately 13.3% on average during the growing season, but may increase by up to 61–86.6% in autumn, indicating further O3-induced acceleration of the senescence. These findings indicate the importance of Fsto and its inclusion into the models estimating O3 effects on terrestrial vegetation. The interaction between environmental factors and stomatal conductance is therefore discussed in detail.
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Singh P, Kannaujia R, Narayan S, Tewari A, Shirke PA, Pandey V. Impact of chronic elevated ozone exposure on photosynthetic traits and anti-oxidative defense responses of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de wit tree under field conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 782:146907. [PMID: 33848871 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the impact of long term exposure of elevated ozone (+20 ppb above ambient) on photosynthetic traits and anti-oxidative defense system of Leucaena leucocephala, a tree of great economic importance, was studied in a Free Air Ozone Concentration Enrichment (O3-FACE) facility at different time intervals (6, 12, 18, and 24 months). Results showed that net photosynthesis, photosynthetic pigments and lipid peroxidation were significantly reduced after 6, 12 and 24 months of exposure to elevated ozone (eO3) whereas stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were significantly decreased after 12 months of exposure to eO3. Antioxidant enzymatic activities (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase) were significantly increased after 12 months of exposure to eO3. Ascorbate was increased significantly after 6 and 12 months of exposure to eO3 while reduced glutathione content declined significantly after 6 and 24 months of exposure to eO3. The study showed that there were several negative long lasting physiological and biochemical responses in Leucaena. The results provide evidence that Leucaena exhibited greater sensitivity to O3 during initial exposure (up to 12 months) but showed moderate tolerance by the end of the 2nd year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiksha Singh
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India; Department of Forestry & Environmental Science, D.S.B. campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand 263001, India
| | - Rekha Kannaujia
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India
| | - Shiv Narayan
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ashish Tewari
- Department of Forestry & Environmental Science, D.S.B. campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand 263001, India
| | - Pramod A Shirke
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vivek Pandey
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Spatio-Temporal Variation of Ozone Concentrations and Ozone Uptake Conditions in Forests in Western Germany. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11111261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The study analyzes the long-term trends (1998–2019) of concentrations of the air pollutants ozone (O3) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) as well as meteorological conditions at forest sites in German midrange mountains to evaluate changes in O3 uptake conditions for trees over time at a plot scale. O3 concentrations did not show significant trends over the course of 22 years, unlike NO2 and NO, whose concentrations decreased significantly since the end of the 1990s. Temporal analyses of meteorological parameters found increasing global radiation at all sites and decreasing precipitation, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and wind speed at most sites (temperature did not show any trend). A principal component analysis revealed strong correlations between O3 concentrations and global radiation, VPD, and temperature. Examination of the atmospheric water balance, a key parameter for O3 uptake, identified some unusually hot and dry years (2003, 2011, 2018, and 2019). With the help of a soil water model, periods of plant water stress were detected. These periods were often in synchrony with periods of elevated daytime O3 concentrations and usually occurred in mid and late summer, but occasionally also in spring and early summer. This suggests that drought protects forests against O3 uptake and that, in humid years with moderate O3 concentrations, the O3 flux was higher than in dry years with higher O3 concentrations.
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Otu-Larbi F, Conte A, Fares S, Wild O, Ashworth K. Current and future impacts of drought and ozone stress on Northern Hemisphere forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:6218-6234. [PMID: 32893912 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rising ozone (O3 ) concentrations, coupled with an increase in drought frequency due to climate change, pose a threat to plant growth and productivity which could negatively affect carbon sequestration capacity of Northern Hemisphere (NH) forests. Using long-term observations of O3 mixing ratios and soil water content (SWC), we implemented empirical drought and O3 stress parameterizations in a coupled stomatal conductance-photosynthesis model to assess their impacts on plant gas exchange at three FLUXNET sites: Castelporziano, Blodgett and Hyytiälä. Model performance was evaluated by comparing model estimates of gross primary productivity (GPP) and latent heat fluxes (LE) against present-day observations. CMIP5 GCM model output data were then used to investigate the potential impact of the two stressors on forests by the middle (2041-2050) and end (2091-2100) of the 21st century. We found drought stress was the more significant as it reduced model overestimation of GPP and LE by ~11%-25% compared to 1%-11% from O3 stress. However, the best model fit to observations at all the study sites was obtained with O3 and drought stress combined, such that the two stressors counteract the impact of each other. With the inclusion of drought and O3 stress, GPP at CPZ, BLO and HYY is projected to increase by 7%, 5% and 8%, respectively, by mid-century and by 14%, 11% and 14% by 2091-2100 as atmospheric CO2 increases. Estimates were up to 21% and 4% higher when drought and O3 stress were neglected respectively. Drought stress will have a substantial impact on plant gas exchange and productivity, off-setting and possibly negating CO2 fertilization gains in future, suggesting projected increases in the frequency and severity of droughts in the NH will play a significant role in forest productivity and carbon budgets in future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriano Conte
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA) - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvano Fares
- National Research Council (CNR) - Institute of BioEconomy (IBE), Rome, Italy
| | - Oliver Wild
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Kirsti Ashworth
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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Schneuwly J, Ammann C. Large regional differences of soil water limitation effect on ozone induced yield loss for wheat and potato in Switzerland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 718:135257. [PMID: 31848059 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The accumulated stomatal ozone (O3) uptake over a threshold (Phytotoxic Ozone Dose POD6), calculated by an ozone deposition model, has been shown to be the most appropriate metric to quantify negative effects of O3 on food crops. In this study we used data of 13 sites in different regions of Switzerland with multiple years of O3 measurements to quantify the stomatal O3 uptake and the related yield loss of wheat and potato. Flux patterns for different years were calculated with the DO3SE model to disentangle the influence of contrasting seasonal environmental conditions. Regional and inter-annual differences in meteorological conditions led to considerable variations in soil water conditions and the POD6 values for wheat. Potato stomatal uptake was much less influenced by soil water and showed a more even distribution of POD6 values across sites and years. The estimated nationally and temporally average yield loss was 3.2 ± 1.2% for wheat and 2.4 ± 0.8% for potato, calculated based on an area weighting. It was found that soil water deficit, observed frequently in the western part of Switzerland, had a large attenuation effect on stomatal O3 uptake by wheat and on corresponding yield losses. This highlights the importance of including soil moisture limitation in O3 uptake modelling even in moist climatic regions. The comparison of modelled evapotranspiration with water flux measurements over a wheat field showed a reasonable agreement concerning the temporal pattern and the magnitude. But it is also concluded that the DO3SE soil moisture module will need further testing and adaptation to improve accuracy of the model in dryer conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Schneuwly
- Agroscope, Climate and Agriculture Group, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christof Ammann
- Agroscope, Climate and Agriculture Group, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Evidence of Ozone-Induced Visible Foliar Injury in Hong Kong Using Phaseolus Vulgaris as a Bioindicator. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11030266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated cities in the world, with millions of people exposed to severe air pollution. Surface ozone, mostly produced photochemically from anthropogenic precursor gases, is harmful to both humans and vegetation. The phytotoxicity of ozone has been shown to damage plant photosynthesis, induce early leaf death, and retard growth. (2) Methods: We use genotypes of bush bean Phaseolus vulgaris with various degrees of sensitivity to ozone to investigate the impacts of ambient ozone on the morphology and development of the beans. We use ozone-induced foliar injury index and measure the flowering and fruit production to quantify the ozone stress on the plants. (3) Results: We expected that the ozone-sensitive genotype would suffer from a reduction of yield. Results, however, show that the ozone-sensitive genotype suffers higher ozone-induced foliar damage as expected but produces more pods and beans and heavier beans than the ozone-resistant genotype. (4) Conclusions: It is postulated that the high ozone sensitivity of the sensitive genotype causes stress-induced flowering, and therefore results in higher bean yield. A higher than ambient concentration of ozone is needed to negatively impact the yield production of the ozone-sensitive genotype. Meanwhile, ozone-induced foliar damage shows a graduated scale of damage pattern that can be useful for indicating ozone levels. This study demonstrates the usefulness of bioindicators to monitor the phytotoxic effects of ozone pollution in a subtropical city such as Hong Kong.
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Flux-Based Ozone Risk Assessment for a Plant Injury Index (PII) in Three European Cool-Temperate Deciduous Tree Species. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated visible foliar ozone (O3) injury in three deciduous tree species with different growth patterns (indeterminate, Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.; intermediate, Sorbus aucuparia L.; and determinate, Vaccinium myrtillus L.) from May to August 2018. Ozone effects on the timing of injury onset and a plant injury index (PII) were investigated using two O3 indices, i.e., AOT40 (accumulative O3 exposure over 40 ppb during daylight hours) and PODY (phytotoxic O3 dose above a flux threshold of Y nmol m−2 s−1). A new parameterization for PODY estimation was developed for each species. Measurements were carried out in an O3 free-air controlled exposure (FACE) experiment with three levels of O3 treatment (ambient, AA; 1.5 × AA; and 2.0 × AA). Injury onset was found in May at 2.0 × AA in all three species and the timing of the onset was determined by the amount of stomatal O3 uptake. It required 4.0 mmol m−2 POD0 and 5.5 to 9.0 ppm·h AOT40. As a result, A. glutinosa with high stomatal conductance (gs) showed the earliest emergence of O3 visible injury among the three species. After the onset, O3 visible injury expanded to the plant level as confirmed by increased PII values. In A. glutinosa with indeterminate growth pattern, a new leaf formation alleviated the expansion of O3 visible injury at the plant level. V. myrtillus showed a dramatic increase of PII from June to July due to higher sensitivity to O3 in its flowering and fruiting stage. Ozone impacts on PII were better explained by the flux-based index, PODY, as compared with the exposure-based index, AOT40. The critical levels (CLs) corresponding to PII = 5 were 8.1 mmol m−2 POD7 in A. glutinosa, 22 mmol m−2 POD0 in S. aucuparia, and 5.8 mmol m−2 POD1 in V. myrtillus. The results highlight that the CLs for PII are species-specific. Establishing species-specific O3 flux-effect relationships should be key for a quantitative O3 risk assessment.
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Dai L, Hayes F, Sharps K, Harmens H, Mills G. Nitrogen availability does not affect ozone flux-effect relationships for biomass in birch (Betula pendula) saplings. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 660:1038-1046. [PMID: 30743901 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate whether nitrogen (N) load affects the ozone (O3) stomatal flux-effect relationship for birch biomass, three-year old birch saplings were exposed to seven different O3 profiles (24 h mean of 35-66 ppb) and four different N loads (10, 30, 50 and 70 kg ha-1 yr-1) in precision-controlled hemispherical glasshouses (solardomes) in 2012 and 2013. Stomatal conductance (gs) under optimal growth conditions was stimulated by enhanced N supply but was not significantly affected by enhanced O3 exposure. Birch root, woody (stem + branches) and total biomass (root + woody) were not affected by the Phytotoxic Ozone Dose (POD1SPEC) after two seasons of O3 exposure, and enhanced N supply stimulated biomass production independent of POD1SPEC (i.e. there were no POD1SPEC × N interactions). There was a strong linear relationship between the stem cross-sectional area and tree biomass at the end of the experiment, which was not affected by O3 exposure or N load. Enhanced N supply stimulated the stem cross-sectional area at the end of season 2, but not at the end of season 1, which suggests a time lag before tree biomass responded to enhanced N supply. There was no significant effect of POD1SPEC on stem cross-sectional area after either the first or second growing season of the experiment. Contrasting results reported in the literature on the interactive impacts of O3 and N load on tree physiology and growth are likely due to species-specific responses, different duration of the experiments and/or a limitation of the number of O3 and N levels tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Dai
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Felicity Hayes
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom.
| | - Katrina Sharps
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Harmens
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Mills
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
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Li Q, Gabay M, Rubin Y, Raveh-Rubin S, Rohatyn S, Tatarinov F, Rotenberg E, Ramati E, Dicken U, Preisler Y, Fredj E, Yakir D, Tas E. Investigation of ozone deposition to vegetation under warm and dry conditions near the Eastern Mediterranean coast. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 658:1316-1333. [PMID: 30677993 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dry deposition of ozone (O3) to vegetation is an important removal pathway for tropospheric O3, while O3 uptake through plant stomata negatively affects vegetation and leads to climate change. Both processes are controlled by vegetation characteristics and ambient conditions via complex mechanisms. Recent studies have revealed that these processes can be fundamentally impacted by coastal effects, and by dry and warm conditions in ways that have not been fully characterized, largely due to lack of measurements under such conditions. Hence, we hypothesized that measuring dry deposition of O3 to vegetation along a sharp spatial climate gradient, and at different distances from the coast, can offer new insights into the characterization of these effects on O3 deposition to vegetation and stomatal uptake, providing important information for afforestation management and for climate and air-quality model improvement. To address these hypotheses, several measurement campaigns were performed at different sites, including pine, oak, and mixed Mediterranean forests, at distances of 20-59 km from the Eastern Mediterranean coast, under semiarid, Mediterranean and humid Mediterranean climate conditions. The eddy covariance technique was used to quantify vertical O3 flux (Ftot) and its partitioning to stomatal flux (Fst) and non-stomatal flux (Fns). Whereas Fst tended to peak around noon under humid Mediterranean and Mediterranean conditions in summer, it was strongly limited by drought under semiarid conditions from spring to early winter, with minimum average Fst/Ftot of 8-11% during the summer. Fns in the area was predominantly controlled by relative humidity (RH), whereas increasing Fns with RH for RH < 70% indicated enhancement of Fns by aerosols, via surface wetness stimulation. At night, efficient turbulence due to sea and land breezes, together with increased RH, resulted in strong enhancement of Ftot. Extreme dry surface events, some induced by dry intrusion from the upper troposphere, resulted in positive Fns events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maor Gabay
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoav Rubin
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shira Raveh-Rubin
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shani Rohatyn
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Fyodor Tatarinov
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal Rotenberg
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Efrat Ramati
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Uri Dicken
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yakir Preisler
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Erick Fredj
- Department of Computer Science, Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dan Yakir
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eran Tas
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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15
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Gottardini E, Cristofolini F, Cristofori A, Ferretti M. In search for evidence: combining ad hoc survey, monitoring, and modeling to estimate the potential and actual impact of ground level ozone on forests in Trentino (Northern Italy). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:8206-8216. [PMID: 28956248 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9998-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A 5-year project was carried out over the period 2007-2011 to estimate the potential and actual ozone effect on forests in Trentino, Northern Italy (6207 km2) (Ozone EFFORT). The objective was to provide explicit answers to three main questions: (i) is there a potential risk placed by ozone to vegetation? (ii) are there specific ozone symptoms on vegetation, and are they related to ozone levels? (iii) are there ozone-related effects on forest health and growth? Different methods and techniques were adopted as follows: monitoring ozone levels, ad hoc field survey for symptoms on vegetation and chlorophyll-related measurements, modeling to upscale ozone measurements, ozone flux estimation, statistical analysis, and modeling to detect whether a significant effect attributable to ozone exists. Ozone effects were assessed on an ad hoc-introduced bioindicator, on spontaneous woody species, and on forest trees. As for question (i), the different ozone-risk critical levels for both exposure and stomatal flux were largely exceeded in Trentino, evidencing a potentially critical situation for vegetation. As for question (ii), specific ozone foliar symptoms related to ozone exposure levels were observed on the introduced supersensitive Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Bel-W3 and on the spontaneous, ozone-sensitive Viburnum lantana L., but not on other 33 species surveyed in the field studies. Regarding question (iii), statistical analyses on forest health (in terms of defoliation) and growth (in terms of basal area increment) measured at 15 forest monitoring plots and tree rings (at one site) revealed no significant relationship with ozone exposure and flux. Instead, a set of factors related to biotic and abiotic causes, foliar nutrients, age, and site were identified as the main drivers of forest health and growth. In conclusion, while ozone levels and fluxes in the investigated region were much higher than current critical levels, evidence of impact on vegetation-and on forest trees in particular-was limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gottardini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach, 1 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy.
| | - Fabiana Cristofolini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach, 1 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Antonella Cristofori
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach, 1 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Marco Ferretti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- TerraData environmetrics, Via L. Bardelloni 19, 58025 Monterotondo M.mo, Grosseto, Italy
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16
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Shang B, Feng Z, Li P, Yuan X, Xu Y, Calatayud V. Ozone exposure- and flux-based response relationships with photosynthesis, leaf morphology and biomass in two poplar clones. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017. [PMID: 28624639 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Poplar clones 546 (P. deltoides cv. '55/56'×P. deltoides cv. 'Imperial') and 107 (P. euramericana cv. '74/76') were exposed to five ozone concentrations in 15 open-top chambers (OTCs). Both ozone exposure (AOT40, Accumulation Over a Threshold hourly ozone concentration of 40ppb) and flux-based (POD7, Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above an hourly flux threshold of 7nmol O3 m-2 PLA (projected leaf area) s-1) response relationships were established with photosynthesis, leaf morphology and biomass variables. Increases in both metrics showed significant negative relationships with light-saturated photosynthesis rate, chlorophyll content, leaf mass per area, actual photochemical efficiency of PSII in the light and root biomass but not with stomatal conductance (gs), leaf and stem biomass. Ozone had a greater impact on belowground than on aboveground biomass. The ranking of these indicators from higher to lower sensitivity to ozone was: photosynthetic parameters, morphological index, and biomass. Clone 546 had a higher sensitivity to ozone than clone 107. The coefficients of determination (R2) were similar between exposure- and flux-based dose-response relationships for each variable. The critical levels (CLs) for a 5% reduction in total biomass for the two poplar clones were 14.8ppmh for AOT40 and 9.8mmol O3 m-2 PLA for POD7. In comparison, equivalent reduction occurred at much lower values in photosynthetic parameters (4ppmh for AOT40 and 3mmol O3 m-2 PLA for POD7) and LMA (5.8ppmh for AOT40 and 4mmol O3 m-2 PLA for POD7). While in recent decades different CLs have been proposed for several plant receptors especially in Europe, studies focusing on both flux-based dose-response relationships and CLs are still scarce in Asia. This study is therefore valuable for regional O3 risk assessment in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Pin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yansen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Vicent Calatayud
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; Fundación CEAM, c/Charles R. Darwin 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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17
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Sicard P, Augustaitis A, Belyazid S, Calfapietra C, de Marco A, Fenn M, Bytnerowicz A, Grulke N, He S, Matyssek R, Serengil Y, Wieser G, Paoletti E. Global topics and novel approaches in the study of air pollution, climate change and forest ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:977-987. [PMID: 26873061 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Research directions from the 27th conference for Specialists in Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Forest Ecosystems (2015) reflect knowledge advancements about (i) Mechanistic bases of tree responses to multiple climate and pollution stressors, in particular the interaction of ozone (O3) with nitrogen (N) deposition and drought; (ii) Linking genetic control with physiological whole-tree activity; (iii) Epigenetic responses to climate change and air pollution; (iv) Embedding individual tree performance into the multi-factorial stand-level interaction network; (v) Interactions of biogenic and anthropogenic volatile compounds (molecular, functional and ecological bases); (vi) Estimating the potential for carbon/pollution mitigation and cost effectiveness of urban and peri-urban forests; (vii) Selection of trees adapted to the urban environment; (viii) Trophic, competitive and host/parasite relationships under changing pollution and climate; (ix) Atmosphere-biosphere-pedosphere interactions as affected by anthropospheric changes; (x) Statistical analyses for epidemiological investigations; (xi) Use of monitoring for the validation of models; (xii) Holistic view for linking the climate, carbon, N and O3 modelling; (xiii) Inclusion of multiple environmental stresses (biotic and abiotic) in critical load determinations; (xiv) Ecological impacts of N deposition in the under-investigated areas; (xv) Empirical models for mechanistic effects at the local scale; (xvi) Broad-scale N and sulphur deposition input and their effects on forest ecosystem services; (xvii) Measurements of dry deposition of N; (xviii) Assessment of evapotranspiration; (xix) Remote sensing assessment of hydrological parameters; and (xx) Forest management for maximizing water provision and overall forest ecosystem services. Ground-level O3 is still the phytotoxic air pollutant of major concern to forest health. Specific issues about O3 are: (xxi) Developing dose-response relationships and stomatal O3 flux parameterizations for risk assessment, especially, in under-investigated regions; (xxii) Defining biologically based O3 standards for protection thresholds and critical levels; (xxiii) Use of free-air exposure facilities; (xxiv) Assessing O3 impacts on forest ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sicard
- ACRI-HE, 260 Route Du Pin Montard BP234, 06904 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France.
| | - Algirdas Augustaitis
- Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentu 13, Kaunas Dstr., LT-53362 Lithuania.
| | | | | | | | - Mark Fenn
- USDA, Forest Service, PSW Research Station, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr., Riverside, CA 92507, USA.
| | - Andrzej Bytnerowicz
- USDA, Forest Service, PSW Research Station, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr., Riverside, CA 92507, USA.
| | | | - Shang He
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.
| | - Rainer Matyssek
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | | | - Gerhard Wieser
- Division of Alpine Timberline Ecophysiology, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Rennweg 1, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Elena Paoletti
- IPSP-CNR, Via Madonna Del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy.
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18
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Sicard P, De Marco A, Dalstein-Richier L, Tagliaferro F, Renou C, Paoletti E. An epidemiological assessment of stomatal ozone flux-based critical levels for visible ozone injury in Southern European forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:729-741. [PMID: 26437347 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Southern forests are at the highest ozone (O3) risk in Europe where ground-level O3 is a pressing sanitary problem for ecosystem health. Exposure-based standards for protecting vegetation are not representative of actual field conditions. A biologically-sound stomatal flux-based standard has been proposed, although critical levels for protection still need to be validated. This innovative epidemiological assessment of forest responses to O3 was carried out in 54 plots in Southeastern France and Northwestern Italy in 2012 and 2013. Three O3 indices, namely the accumulated exposure AOT40, and the accumulated stomatal flux with and without an hourly threshold of uptake (POD1 and POD0) were compared. Stomatal O3 fluxes were modeled (DO3SE) and correlated to measured forest-response indicators, i.e. crown defoliation, crown discoloration and visible foliar O3 injury. Soil water content, a key variable affecting the severity of visible foliar O3 injury, was included in DO3SE. Based on flux-effect relationships, we developed species-specific flux-based critical levels (CLef) for forest protection against visible O3 injury. For O3 sensitive conifers, CLef of 19 mmol m(-2) for Pinus cembra (high O3 sensitivity) and 32 mmol m(-2) for Pinus halepensis (moderate O3 sensitivity) were calculated. For broadleaved species, we obtained a CLef of 25 mmol m(-2) for Fagus sylvatica (moderate O3 sensitivity) and of 19 mmol m(-2) for Fraxinus excelsior (high O3 sensitivity). We showed that an assessment based on PODY and on real plant symptoms is more appropriated than the concentration-based method. Indeed, POD0 was better correlated with visible foliar O3 injury than AOT40, whereas AOT40 was better correlated with crown discoloration and defoliation (aspecific indicators). To avoid an underestimation of the real O3 uptake, we recommend the use of POD0 calculated for hours with a non-null global radiation over the 24-h O3 accumulation window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sicard
- ACRI-HE, 260 route du Pin Montard, BP 234, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex, France.
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), 76, Lungotevere Thaon de Revel, Rome, Italy
| | - Laurence Dalstein-Richier
- GIEFS (Groupe International d'Etudes des Forêts Sud-européennes), 60, Avenue des Hespérides, 06300 Nice, France
| | - Francesco Tagliaferro
- IPLA (Istituto per le Piante da Legno e l'Ambiente), Corso Casale 476, 10132 Turin, Italy
| | - Camille Renou
- ACRI-HE, 260 route du Pin Montard, BP 234, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex, France
| | - Elena Paoletti
- IPSP-CNR (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
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19
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Büker P, Feng Z, Uddling J, Briolat A, Alonso R, Braun S, Elvira S, Gerosa G, Karlsson PE, Le Thiec D, Marzuoli R, Mills G, Oksanen E, Wieser G, Wilkinson M, Emberson LD. New flux based dose-response relationships for ozone for European forest tree species. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 206:163-74. [PMID: 26164201 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
To derive O3 dose-response relationships (DRR) for five European forest trees species and broadleaf deciduous and needleleaf tree plant functional types (PFTs), phytotoxic O3 doses (PODy) were related to biomass reductions. PODy was calculated using a stomatal flux model with a range of cut-off thresholds (y) indicative of varying detoxification capacities. Linear regression analysis showed that DRR for PFT and individual tree species differed in their robustness. A simplified parameterisation of the flux model was tested and showed that for most non-Mediterranean tree species, this simplified model led to similarly robust DRR as compared to a species- and climate region-specific parameterisation. Experimentally induced soil water stress was not found to substantially reduce PODy, mainly due to the short duration of soil water stress periods. This study validates the stomatal O3 flux concept and represents a step forward in predicting O3 damage to forests in a spatially and temporally varying climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Büker
- Stockholm Environment Institute at York, Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
| | - Z Feng
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidan District, 100085 Beijing, China.
| | - J Uddling
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - A Briolat
- Stockholm Environment Institute at York, Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
| | - R Alonso
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - S Braun
- Institut für Angewandte Pflanzenbiologie (IAP), Sandgrubenstraβe 25/27, 4124 Schönenbuch, Switzerland.
| | - S Elvira
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - G Gerosa
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "Niccolò Tartaglia", Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Musei 41, 25121 Brescia, Italy.
| | - P E Karlsson
- Swedish Environmental Research Institute, IVL, Box 5302, 40014 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - D Le Thiec
- UMR Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, INRA, Rue D'Amance, 54280 Champenoux, France.
| | - R Marzuoli
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "Niccolò Tartaglia", Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Musei 41, 25121 Brescia, Italy.
| | - G Mills
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom.
| | - E Oksanen
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Post Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - G Wieser
- Department for Natural Hazards and Alpine Timberline, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Hofburg 1, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - M Wilkinson
- Centre for Sustainable Forestry & Climate Change, Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey, GU10 4LH, United Kingdom.
| | - L D Emberson
- Stockholm Environment Institute at York, Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
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20
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Vlasáková-Matoušková L, Hůnová I. Stomatal ozone flux and visible leaf injury in native juvenile trees of Fagus sylvatica L.: a field study from the Jizerske hory Mts., the Czech Republic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:10034-10046. [PMID: 25677787 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The study was carried out at six sites in the Jizerskehory Mts. in the north of the Czech Republic. At all these sites, ranging in altitude between 460 and 962 m a. s. l., and during the period from June to September in 2008, O3 concentrations and environmental parameters important for accumulated stomatal O3 flux (AFst) into Fagus sylvatica leaves were measured. At five sites, visible injury on Fagus sylvatica L. juvenile tree leaves was observed. A combination of actual O3 levels in the Jizerkehory Mts. and environmental conditions, though relative air humidity and air temperature significantly limited stomatal conductance, has been sufficient enough to cause O3 uptake exceeding the critical level (CL) for forest ecosystems. The AFst values ranged between 13.4 and 22.3 mmol O3 m(-2). The CL for the accumulated stomatal flux of O3 above a flux threshold 1.6 nmol m(-2) s(-1) (AFst1.6) was exceeded at all sites from ca 45 to 270% (160% on average). The CL of 5 ppm h(-1) for AOT40 (accumulated O3 exposure above threshold of 40 ppb) was exceeded at four sites. The relationship between visible injury on O3 indices was found. The conclusions based on AOT40 and AFSt are not the same. AFSt has been determined as better predictor of visible injury than AOT40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona Vlasáková-Matoušková
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benatska 2, 128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic,
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21
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Assis PILS, Alonso R, Meirelles ST, Moraes RM. DO3SE model applicability and O3 flux performance compared to AOT40 for an O3-sensitive tropical tree species (Psidium guajava L. 'Paluma'). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:10873-10881. [PMID: 25772875 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Phytotoxic ozone (O3) levels have been recorded in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP). Flux-based critical levels for O3 through stomata have been adopted for some northern hemisphere species, showing better accuracy than with accumulated ozone exposure above a threshold of 40 ppb (AOT40). In Brazil, critical levels for vegetation protection against O3 adverse effects do not exist. The study aimed to investigate the applicability of O3 deposition model (Deposition of Ozone for Stomatal Exchange (DO3SE)) to an O3-sensitive tropical tree species (Psidium guajava L. 'Paluma') under the MRSP environmental conditions, which are very unstable, and to assess the performance of O3 flux and AOT40 in relation to O3-induced leaf injuries. Stomatal conductance (g s) parameterization for 'Paluma' was carried out and used to calculate different rate thresholds (from 0 to 5 nmol O3 m(-2) projected leaf area (PLA) s(-1)) for the phytotoxic ozone dose (POD). The model performance was assessed through the relationship between the measured and modeled g sto. Leaf injuries were analyzed and associated with POD and AOT40. The model performance was satisfactory and significant (R (2) = 0.56; P < 0.0001; root-mean-square error (RMSE) = 116). As already expected, high AOT40 values did not result in high POD values. Although high POD values do not always account for more injuries, POD0 showed better performance than did AOT40 and other different rate thresholds for POD. Further investigation is necessary to improve our model and also to check if there is a critical level of ozone in which leaf injuries arise. The conclusion is that the DO3SE model for 'Paluma' is applicable in the MRSP as well as in temperate regions and may contribute to future directives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro I L S Assis
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 3005, São Paulo, 01061-970, Brazil,
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Zhang W, Feng Z, Wang X, Niu J. Impacts of elevated ozone on growth and photosynthesis of Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 226:182-188. [PMID: 25113463 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
One-year-old Metasequoia glyptostroboides seedlings were exposed to non-filtered ambient air (NF) and elevated ozone (E-O3, NF+60 ppb) in open-top chambers for two years. E-O3 accelerated leaf senescence, as indicated by significant decreases in photosynthetic pigment contents with the elongation of O3 exposure. E-O3 significantly affected gas exchange and carboxylation, inducing reductions in light-saturated photosynthesis (Asat), the maximum activity of Rubisco (Vc,max) and the maximum electron transport rate (Jmax). Chl a/b, Vc,max/Jmax and stomatal limitation (l) were not affected. Stomatal conductance (gs) was significantly decreased by E-O3 in the first year, but remained unchanged in the second year. It can be inferred that the decrease in Asat by E-O3 was mainly attributed to the changes in non-stomatal factors. After two years' exposure, E-O3 caused significant decreases in canopy photosynthesis and leaf mass per area, and a significant increase in the number of branches, but induced slight, not significant decreases in growth and biomass. Therefore, it can be concluded that the carbon accumulation of the species M. glyptostroboides could be negatively affected after long-term exposure to high O3 concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Xiaoke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Junfeng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
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Fantozzi F, Monaci F, Blanusa T, Bargagli R. Holm Oak (Quercus ilex L.) canopy as interceptor of airborne trace elements and their accumulation in the litter and topsoil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 183:89-95. [PMID: 23269369 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of urban Holm Oak (Quercus ilex L.) trees as an airborne metal accumulators and metals' environmental fate. Analyses confirmed Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn as a main contaminants in Siena's urban environment; only Pb concentrations decreased significantly compared to earlier surveys. Additionally, we determined chemical composition of tree leaves, litter and topsoil (underneath/outside tree crown) in urban and extra-urban oak stands. Most notably, litter in urban samples collected outside the canopy had significantly lower concentrations of organic matter and higher concentrations of Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn than litter collected underneath the canopy. There was a greater metals' accumulation in topsoil, in samples collected under the tree canopy and especially near the trunk ('stemflow area'). Thus, in urban ecosystems the Holm Oak stands likely increase the soil capability to bind metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Fantozzi
- Department of Environmental Sciences "G. Sarfatti", University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli, 4, Siena 53100, Italy.
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van Goethem TMWJ, Azevedo LB, van Zelm R, Hayes F, Ashmore MR, Huijbregts MAJ. Plant species sensitivity distributions for ozone exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 178:1-6. [PMID: 23501341 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study derived Species Sensitivity Distributions (SSD), representing a cumulative stressor-response distribution based on single-species sensitivity data, for ozone exposure on natural vegetation. SSDs were constructed for three species groups, i.e. trees, annual grassland and perennial grassland species, using species-specific exposure-response data. The SSDs were applied in two ways. First, critical levels were calculated for each species group and compared to current critical levels for ozone exposure. Second, spatially explicit estimates of the potentially affected fraction of plant species in Northwestern Europe were calculated, based on ambient ozone concentrations. We found that the SSD-based critical levels were lower than for the current critical levels for ozone exposure, with conventional critical levels for ozone relating to 8-20% affected plant species. Our study shows that the SSD concept can be successfully applied to both derive critical ozone levels and estimate the potentially affected species fraction of plant communities along specific ozone gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M W J van Goethem
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Zhang W, Feng Z, Wang X, Niu J. Responses of native broadleaved woody species to elevated ozone in subtropical China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 163:149-57. [PMID: 22325443 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
To assess ozone sensitivity of subtropical broadleaved tree species and explore possible underlying mechanisms, six evergreen and two deciduous native species were exposed to either charcoal-filtered air or elevated O(3) (E-O(3), ∼150ppb) for one growing season. Initial visible symptoms in deciduous species appeared much earlier than those in evergreen species. The species which first showed visible symptoms also had the largest reductions in biomass. E-O(3) induced significant decreases in photosynthesis rate, chlorophyll content and antioxidant capacity but a significant increase in malondialdehyde content in two deciduous species and two evergreen species (Cinnamomum camphora and Cyclobalanopsis glauca). Except C. glauca, however, E-O(3) had no significant effects on stomatal conductance (g(s)), total phenols and ascorbate contents. Difference in O(3) sensitivity among all species was strongly attributed to specific leaf mass rather than g(s). It suggests that some subtropical tree species will be threatened by rising O(3) concentrations in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2871 Mailbox, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
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Ainsworth EA, Yendrek CR, Sitch S, Collins WJ, Emberson LD. The effects of tropospheric ozone on net primary productivity and implications for climate change. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 63:637-61. [PMID: 22404461 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O(3)) is a global air pollutant that causes billions of dollars in lost plant productivity annually. It is an important anthropogenic greenhouse gas, and as a secondary air pollutant, it is present at high concentrations in rural areas far from industrial sources. It also reduces plant productivity by entering leaves through the stomata, generating other reactive oxygen species and causing oxidative stress, which in turn decreases photosynthesis, plant growth, and biomass accumulation. The deposition of O(3) into vegetation through stomata is an important sink for tropospheric O(3), but this sink is modified by other aspects of environmental change, including rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, rising temperature, altered precipitation, and nitrogen availability. We review the atmospheric chemistry governing tropospheric O(3) mass balance, the effects of O(3) on stomatal conductance and net primary productivity, and implications for agriculture, carbon sequestration, and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Ainsworth
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Abstract
Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg (Chinese tulip tree) has a long history of utilization and plantation, but the chemical components of benzene/ethanol extractives of Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg leaves were unrevealed. The analytical result by method of GC/MS showed that the chemical components of benzene/ethanol extractives of freeze-dried Liriodendron chinense were identified as 55 constituent, and the main components are as: 2-Propenenitrile, 2-chloro- (13.75%), 1-Mercapto-2-heptadecanon (13.10 %), 1-Mercapto-2-heptadecanon (12.77%), Ethanol, 2-butoxy- (12.03%), 1-Docosanol (10.74%), Guanidine, (4-aminobutyl)- (5.05%), 5,10-Pentadecadiyn-1-ol, acetate (4.82%), 1,2,4-Butanetriol (3.13%), Thiophene, 2-ethyltetrahydro- (2.09%), 1-Eicosanol (2.00%), 1-Butanol, 3-methyl-, formate (1.60%), Butanoic acid (1.60%), .alpha.-D-Xylofuranoside, methyl 3,5-di-O-methyl- (1.30%), Phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy-4-(2-propenyl)- (1.29%),5.alpha.-Pregnane-12,20-dione (1.12%), Cyclopentanol (0.82%), etc. As the first report here, our result by GC/MS showed that the benzene-methanol extractive of freeze-dried leaves from Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg can be developed into top value-added materials of medicines and spicery.
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Cho K, Tiwari S, Agrawal SB, Torres NL, Agrawal M, Sarkar A, Shibato J, Agrawal GK, Kubo A, Rakwal R. Tropospheric ozone and plants: absorption, responses, and consequences. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 212:61-111. [PMID: 21432055 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8453-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ozone is now considered to be the second most important gaseous pollutant in our environment. The phytotoxic potential of O₃ was first observed on grape foliage by B.L. Richards and coworkers in 1958 (Richards et al. 1958). To date, unsustainable resource utilization has turned this secondary pollutant into a major component of global climate change and a prime threat to agricultural production. The projected levels to which O₃ will increase are critically alarming and have become a major issue of concern for agriculturalists, biologists, environmentalists and others plants are soft targets for O₃. Ozone enters plants through stomata, where it disolves in the apoplastic fluid. O₃ has several potential effects on plants: direct reaction with cell membranes; conversion into ROS and H₂O₂ (which alters cellular function by causing cell death); induction of premature senescence; and induction of and up- or down-regulation of responsive components such as genes , proteins and metabolites. In this review we attempt to present an overview picture of plant O₃ interactions. We summarize the vast number of available reports on plant responses to O₃ at the morphological, physiological, cellular, biochemical levels, and address effects on crop yield, and on genes, proteins and metabolites. it is now clear that the machinery of photosynthesis, thereby decreasing the economic yield of most plants and inducing a common morphological symptom, called the "foliar injury". The "foliar injury" symptoms can be authentically utilized for biomonitoring of O₃ under natural conditions. Elevated O₃ stress has been convincingly demonstrated to trigger an antioxidative defense system in plants. The past several years have seen the development and application of high-throughput omics technologies (transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) that are capable of identifying and prolifiling the O₃-responsive components in model and nonmodel plants. Such studies have been carried out ans have generated an inventory of O₃-Responsive components--a great resource to the scientific community. Recently, it has been shown that certain organic chemicals ans elevated CO₂ levels are effective in ameliorating O₃-generated stress. Both targeted and highthroughput approaches have advanced our knowledge concerning what O₃-triggerred signaling and metabolic pathways exist in plants. Moreover, recently generated information, and several biomarkers for O₃, may, in the future, be exploited to better screen and develop O₃-tolerant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungwon Cho
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Calatayud V, Marco F, Cerveró J, Sánchez-Peña G, Sanz MJ. Contrasting ozone sensitivity in related evergreen and deciduous shrubs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:3580-3587. [PMID: 20855140 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant responses to enhanced ozone levels have been studied in two pairs of evergreen-deciduous species (Pistacia terebinthus vs. P. lentiscus; Viburnum lantana vs. V. tinus) in Open Top Chambers. Ozone induced widespread visible injury, significantly reduced CO(2) assimilation and stomatal conductance (g(s)), impaired Rubisco efficiency and regeneration capacity (V(c,max,)J(max)) and altered fluorescence parameters only in the deciduous species. Differences in stomatal conductance could not explain the observed differences in sensitivity. In control plants, deciduous species showed higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity than their evergreen counterparts, suggesting metabolic differences that could make them more prone to redox imbalances. Ozone induced increases in SOD and/or peroxidase activities in all the species, but only evergreens were able to cope with the oxidative stress. The relevancy of these results for the effective ozone flux approach and for the current ozone Critical Levels is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicent Calatayud
- Fundación CEAM, c/ Charles R. Darwin 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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Appraisal of ozone as biologically active molecule and experimental tool in biomedical sciences. Med Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-010-9493-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Baumgarten M, Huber C, Büker P, Emberson L, Dietrich HP, Nunn AJ, Heerdt C, Beudert B, Matyssek R. Are Bavarian forests (southern Germany) at risk from ground-level ozone? Assessment using exposure and flux based ozone indices. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:2091-2107. [PMID: 19297062 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Exposure and flux-based indices of O3 risk were compared, at 19 forest locations across Bavaria in southern Germany from 2002 to 2005; leaf symptoms on mature beech trees found at these locations were also examined for O3 injury. O3 flux modelling was performed using continuously recorded O3 concentrations in combination with meteorological and soil moisture data collected from Level II forest sites. O3 measurements at nearby rural open-field sites proved appropriate as surrogates in cases where O3 data were lacking at forest sites (with altitude-dependent average differences of about 10% between O3 concentrations). Operational thresholds of biomass loss for both O3 indices were exceeded at the majority of the forest locations, suggesting similar risk under long-term average climate conditions. However, exposure-based indices estimated higher O3 risk during dry years as compared to the flux-based approach. In comparison, minor O3-like leaf injury symptoms were detected only at a few of the forest sites investigated. Relationships between flux-based risk thresholds and tree response need to be established for mature forest stands for validation of predicted growth reductions under the prevailing O3 regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Baumgarten
- WIDI, Wissenschaftsdienste, Ecological Science Services, Ortsstrasse 23, D-85354 Freising, Germany.
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Alonso R, Elvira S, Sanz MJ, Gerosa G, Emberson LD, Bermejo V, Gimeno BS. Sensitivity analysis of a parameterization of the stomatal component of the DO3SE model for Quercus ilex to estimate ozone fluxes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 155:473-480. [PMID: 18342418 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A sensitivity analysis of a proposed parameterization of the stomatal conductance (g(s)) module of the European ozone deposition model (DO(3)SE) for Quercus ilex was performed. The performance of the model was tested against measured g(s) in the field at three sites in Spain. The best fit of the model was found for those sites, or during those periods, facing no or mild stress conditions, but a worse performance was found under severe drought or temperature stress, mostly occurring at continental sites. The best performance was obtained when both f(phen) and f(SWP) were included. A local parameterization accounting for the lower temperatures recorded in winter and the higher water shortage at the continental sites resulted in a better performance of the model. The overall results indicate that two different parameterizations of the model are needed, one for marine-influenced sites and another one for continental sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Alonso
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 22, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Karlsson PE, Tang L, Sundberg J, Chen D, Lindskog A, Pleijel H. Increasing risk for negative ozone impacts on vegetation in northern Sweden. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 150:96-106. [PMID: 17658205 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Trends were found for increasing surface ozone concentrations during April-September in northern Sweden over the period 1990-2006 as well as for an earlier onset of vegetation growing season. The highest ozone concentrations in northern Sweden occurred in April and the ozone concentrations in April showed a strong increasing trend. A model simulation of ozone flux for Norway spruce indicated that the provisional ozone flux based critical level for forests in Europe is exceeded in northern Sweden. Future climate change would have counteracting effects on the stomatal conductance and needle ozone uptake, mediated on the one hand by direct effect of increasing air temperatures and on the other through increasing water vapour pressure difference between the needles and air. Thus, there is a substantial and increasing risk for negative impacts of ozone on vegetation in northern Sweden, related mainly to increasing ozone concentrations and an earlier onset of the growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Karlsson
- Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL), PO Box 5302, SE-400 14, Göteborg, Sweden.
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