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Li H, Yuan Y, Yang H, Xu X, Wang W, Chen Y, Kan C, Zhufu H, Gong C. Consumption of toxic benthic cyanobacteria by two common demersal fish: Growth, antioxidant and liver histopathology responses. Toxicon 2024; 242:107703. [PMID: 38522586 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Benthic freshwater cyanobacteria have the potential to produce toxins. Compared with more extensively studied plankton species, little is known about the impact of harmful benthic cyanobacteria on aquatic organisms. As demersal fish are usually in direct contact with benthic cyanobacteria, it is important to understand their interactive effects. This study investigated the physio-chemical responses of two demersal fish (Xenocypris davidi and Crucian carp) after exposure to benthic Oscillatoria (producing cylindrospermopsin, 2 × 106 cells/mL) for 7 days. Interestingly, benthic Oscillatoria had less adverse effects on X. davidi than C. carp. The two demersal fish effectively ingested Oscillatoria, but Oscillatoria cell sheathes could not be fully digested in C. carp intestines and led to growth inhibition. Oscillatoria consumption induced oxidative stress and triggered alterations in detoxification enzyme activities in the X. davidi liver. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities significantly increased in the C. carp liver, but catalase (CAT) and detoxification enzymes glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione (GSH) activities were insignificantly changed. This suggested that C. carp may have a relatively weak detoxification capacity for toxic Oscillatoria. Oscillatoria ingestion led to more pronounced liver pathological changes in C. carp, including swelling, deformation, and loss of cytoskeleton structure. Simultaneously, fish consumption of Oscillatoria increased extracellular cylindrospermopsin concentration. These results provide valuable insights into the ecological risks associated with benthic cyanobacteria in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Li
- School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, 276826, China; State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Yuan Yuan
- School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, 276826, China
| | - Huiting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinyue Xu
- School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, 276826, China
| | - Wenxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, 276000, China
| | - Yanfeng Chen
- School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, 276826, China
| | - Changlin Kan
- School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, 276826, China
| | - Hengji Zhufu
- School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, 276826, China
| | - Chen Gong
- School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, 276826, China
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Mandal AK, Pal T, Kumar S, Mukherji S, Mukherji S. A portable EIS-based biosensor for the detection of microcystin-LR residues in environmental water bodies and simulated body fluids. Analyst 2024; 149:2170-2179. [PMID: 38445310 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01029e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Due to the eutrophication of water bodies around the world, there is a drastic increase in harmful cyanobacterial blooms leading to contamination of water bodies with cyanotoxins. Chronic exposure to cyanotoxins such as microcystin leads to oxidative stress, inflammation, and liver damage, and potentially to liver cancer. We developed a novel and easy-to-use electrochemical impedance spectroscopy-based immunosensor by fabricating stencil-printed conductive carbon-based interdigitated microelectrodes and immobilising them with cysteamine-capped gold nanoparticles embedded in polyaniline. It has been also coupled with a custom handheld device enabling regular on-site assessment, especially in resource-constrained situations encountered in developing countries. The sensor is able to detect microcystin-LR up to 0.1 μg L-1, having a linear response between 0.1 and 100 μg L-1 in lake and river water and in serum and urine samples. In addition to being inexpensive, easy to fabricate, and sensitive, it also has very good selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atindra Kanti Mandal
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Tathagata Pal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
| | - Satish Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
| | - Suparna Mukherji
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Soumyo Mukherji
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
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Shu Y, Wang H, Jiang H, Zhou S, Zhang L, Ding Z, Hong P, He J, Wu H. Pleurotus ostreatus polysaccharide-mediated modulation of skin damage caused by microcystin-LR in tadpoles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123440. [PMID: 38290654 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with edible mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)-derived polysaccharides on microcystin leucine-arginine (MC-LR)-induced skin damage in Pelophylax nigromaculatus tadpoles. Tadpoles were exposed to 1 μg/L daily MC-LR, with or without 5.0 g/kg of dietary P. ostreatus polysaccharides, for 30 days. P. ostreatus polysaccharide supplementation significantly increased the dermal collagen fibrils, increased tight junction protein gene expression, decreased the amount of MC-LR accumulation in skin tissues, attenuated oxidative stress, downregulated apoptosis-associated gene transcription, decreased eosinophil numbers, and downregulated transcription of inflammation-related genes (e.g. TLR4, NF-κB, and TNF-α). The composition of the skin commensal microbiota of MC-LR-exposed tadpoles supplemented with P. ostreatus polysaccharides was similar to that of the no-treatment control group. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content was positively correlated with the abundance of Gram-negative bacteria, including Chryseobacterium and Thauera. Therefore, P. ostreatus polysaccharides may alleviate MC-LR-induced skin barrier damage in tadpoles in two ways: 1) attenuation of oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis mediated by increased glutathione (GSH) content and total superoxide dismutase activity; and 2) alteration of the skin commensal microbiota composition to attenuate the LPS/Toll-like receptor 4 inflammatory pathway response. Furthermore, P. ostreatus polysaccharides may increase skin GSH synthesis by promoting glycine production via the gut microbiota and may restore the MC-LR-damaged skin resistance to pathogenic bacteria by increasing antimicrobial peptide transcripts and lysozyme activity. This study highlights for the first time the potential application of P. ostreatus polysaccharides, an ecologically active substance, in mitigating the skin damage induced by MC-LR exposure, and may provide new insights for its further development in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Shu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Huiling Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Shiwen Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liyuan Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Zifang Ding
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Pei Hong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Jun He
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China; Department of Pathology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Hailong Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
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Zhang H, Wu J, Fang N, Zhang S, Su X, Jiang H, Hong P, Wu H, Shu Y. Waterborne exposure to microcystin-leucine arginine induces endocrine disruption and gonadal dysplasia of Pelophylax nigromaculatus tadpoles via the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-liver axis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167644. [PMID: 37806583 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The impact of microcystins on the gonad development and reproduction endocrine in the tadpole stage on amphibians remains unclear. In this study, the tadpoles (Pelophylax nigromaculatus) were exposed to 0, 1, and 10 μg/L of microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) for 60 days to explore the impacts of environmental realistic concentration MC-LR on gonad development and reproduction endocrine, respectively. After MC-LR exposure, the germ cell structure has changed, especially in oocytes. The 10 μg/L MC-LR exposure group showed a significantly diminished gonad somatic index (GSI) in females. However, the sex ratio of tadpoles did not differ significantly. Moreover, gene transcription (figla and nobox) related to ovarian development and genes (sox9 and dmrt1) associated with testicular development were down-regulated after MC-LR exposure. After MC-LR exposure, the gene transcripts encoding gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh1 and gnrh2) were down-regulated in the hypothalamus, while gonadotropins (FSH and LH) levels increased in serum. The transcripts of testosterone synthesis-related genes (star, cyp11a1, 3β-hsd, cyp17a1, and 17β-hsd) were up-regulated in the gonads, and the testosterone (T) concentration increased in serum. However, key gene transcript (cyp19a1) involved in estradiol synthesis was down-regulated and the estradiol (E2) concentration decreased in serum, resulting in the absence of a compensatory mechanism for positive feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis to maintain E2 levels. The vitellogenin gene (vtg1) transcription level was significantly down-regulated. The E2/T content ratio decreased in MC-LR concentration-dependent manner. Consequently, MC-LR exposure interfered with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-liver (HPGL) axis in tadpoles, which in turn affects gonadal development, especially the ovaries. Overall, this study provides the initial evidence that MC-LR exerts significant effects on reproductive endocrinology and gonadal development in amphibian tadpoles, highlighting the susceptibility of the tadpole reproductive system to the environmental risks of MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Juntao Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Nanxi Fang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Shengbin Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Xiaomei Su
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Huiling Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Pei Hong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Hailong Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
| | - Yilin Shu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Pierce EF, Schnetzer A. Microcystin Concentrations, Partitioning, and Structural Composition during Active Growth and Decline: A Laboratory Study. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:684. [PMID: 38133188 PMCID: PMC10746996 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15120684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystin can be present in variable concentrations, phases (dissolved and particulate), and structural forms (congeners), all which impact the toxicity and persistence of the algal metabolite. Conducting incubation experiments with six bloom assemblages collected from the Chowan River, North Carolina, we assessed microcystin dynamics during active growth and biomass degradation. Upon collection, average particulate and dissolved microcystin ranged between 0.2 and 993 µg L-1 and 0.5 and 3.6 µg L-1, respectively. The presence of congeners MC-LA, -LR, -RR, and -YR was confirmed with MC-RR and MC-LR being the most prevalent. Congener composition shifted over time and varied between dissolved and particulate phases. Particulate microcystin exponentially declined in five of six incubations with an average half-life of 10.2 ± 3.7 days, while dissolved microcystin remained detectable until the end of the incubation trials (up to 100 days). Our findings suggest that concerns about food-web transfer via intracellular toxins seem most warranted within the first few weeks of the bloom peak, while dissolved toxins linger for several months in the aftermath of the event. Also, it was indicated there were differences in congener profiles linked to the sampling method. We believe this study can inform monitoring strategies and aid microcystin-exposure risk assessments for cyanobacterial blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Pierce
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Astrid Schnetzer
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Haida M, El Khalloufi F, Tamegart L, Mugani R, Essadki Y, Redouane EM, Azevedo J, Araújo MJ, Campos A, Vasconcelos V, Gamrani H, Oudra B. Tracing the fate of microcystins from irrigation water to food chains: Studies with Fragaria vulgaris and Meriones shawi. Toxicon 2023; 236:107345. [PMID: 37963511 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are cyanobacterial toxins that can negatively impact human and animal health. This study investigated the bioaccumulation, transfer, depuration, and health risks of MCs in strawberry plants (Fragaria vulgaris) and Meriones shawi animals. The plants were irrigated with 1, 5, 10, and 20 μg/L MCs for 60 days (bioaccumulation phase) and then with clean water for 30 days (depuration phase). The harvested plants (roots and leaves) were then prepared in an aliquot form and used as feed for Meriones shawi. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was used to measure MC concentrations in plant and animal tissues. The bioaccumulation of MCs was found to be highest in the roots, followed by leaves, fruits, liver, stomach, and fecal matter. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was highest in perlite (8.48), followed by roots (5.01), leaves (1.55), stomach (0.87), and fecal matter (1.18), indicating that the parts with high bioaccumulation factor had high translocation of MCs. The transfer of MCs to animal organs was low, and the daily toxin intake of adult consumers of strawberry fruit irrigated with 1, 5, 10, and 20 μg/L MC did not exceed the WHO-recommended limit of 0.04 μg MC-LR/Kg of bw/day. However, fruits from plants irrigated with 10 and 20 μg/L may pose a moderate health risk to children (25 Kg bw), and Meriones' consumption of leaves may pose a significant health risk. After the depuration phase, MC concentration in perlite, roots, leaves, and fruits decreased, indicating that depuration reduced the danger of MC transmission and bioaccumulation. The study also found that glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase activity were essential in the depuration of MCs in the tested plants. The findings suggest that legislation regulating the quality of irrigation water in terms of MC concentrations is necessary to prevent detrimental consequences to crops and human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Haida
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Fatima El Khalloufi
- Natural Resources Engineering and Environmental Impacts Team, Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation Laboratory, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga, Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal, B.P: 145, 25000, Khouribga, Morocco
| | - Lahcen Tamegart
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, AbdelmalekEssaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco; Neurosciences, Pharmacology and Environment Team, Laboratory of Clinical, Experimental and Environmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Richard Mugani
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Yasser Essadki
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - El Mahdi Redouane
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Joana Azevedo
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Jorge Araújo
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Campos
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Halima Gamrani
- Neurosciences, Pharmacology and Environment Team, Laboratory of Clinical, Experimental and Environmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Brahim Oudra
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
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Padovan A, Kennedy K, Gibb K. A microcystin synthesis mcyE/ndaF gene assay enables early detection of microcystin production in a tropical wastewater pond. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 127:102476. [PMID: 37544676 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria can dominate the algal community in wastewater ponds, which can lead to the production of cyanotoxins and their release into the environment. We applied traditional and molecular techniques to identify cyanotoxin hazards and high-risk periods in a tropical wastewater treatment system. Potentially toxic cyanobacteria were identified by microscopy and amplicon sequencing over the course of a year. Toxin gene levels were monitored and compared to toxin production to identify likely toxin producing species and high-risk periods. Cyanobacteria were persistent in the effluent year-round, with Planktothrix and Microcystis the most abundant genera; Microcystis could not be resolved beyond genus using amplicon sequencing, but M. flos-aquae was identified as a dominant species by microscopy. Microcystin toxin was detected for the first time in treated effluent at the beginning of the wet season (December 2018), which correlated with an increase in Microcystis amplicon sequence abundance and elevated microcystin toxin gene (mcyE/ndaF) levels. Concomitantly, microscopy data showed an increase in M. flos-aquae but not M. aeruginosa. These data informed a refined sampling campaign in 2019 and results showed a strong correlation between mcyE/ndaF gene abundance, microcystin toxin levels and Microcystis amplicon sequence abundance. Microscopy data showed that in addition to M. flos-aquae, M. aeruginosa was also abundant in February and March 2019, with highest levels coinciding with toxin detection and toxin gene levels. M. aeruginosa was the most abundant Microcystis species detected in selected treated effluent samples by metagenomics analysis, and elevated levels coincided with toxin production. All microcystin genes in the biosynthesis pathway were detected, but microcystin genes from Planktothrix agardhii were not detected. Gene toxin assays were successfully used to predict microcystin production in this wastewater system. Changes in amplicon sequence relative abundance were a useful indicator of changes in the cyanobacterial community. We found that metagenomics was useful not just for identifying the most abundant Microcystis species, but the detection of microcystin biosynthesis genes helped confirm this genus as the most likely toxin producer in this system. We recommend toxin gene testing for the early detection of potential toxin producing cyanobacteria to manage the risk of toxicity and allow the implementation of risk management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Padovan
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Ellengowan Drive, Casuarina, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia.
| | - Karen Kennedy
- Power and Water Corporation, Water Services, P.O. Box 37471, Winnellie, NT, Australia
| | - Karen Gibb
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Ellengowan Drive, Casuarina, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
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Anderson M, Valera M, Schnetzer A. Co-occurrence of freshwater and marine phycotoxins: A record of microcystins and domoic acid in Bogue Sound, North Carolina (2015 to 2020). HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 125:102412. [PMID: 37220972 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) create issues both environmentally and economically in coastal regions, especially if algal growth is linked to the production of toxins which can affect ecosystems, wildlife, and humans. This study is the first to confirm near year-round presence and co-occurrence of microcystins (MCs) and domoic acid (DA) within the outskirts of the largest lagoonal US estuary, the Pamlico-Albemarle Sound System (PASS). Monthly sampling at a time-series location in Bogue Sound, located within the eastern part of the PASS, showed DA and MCs were commonly present and detected together 50% of the time based on an in situ toxin tracking approach over a 6-year time period (2015-2020). Particulate toxin concentrations based on monthly grab sampling remained well below regulatory thresholds for MCs and below DA concentrations associated with animal sickness and mortality elsewhere. Time-integrated levels for dissolved MCs and DA, however, indicated a continuous presence of both toxins within Bogue Sound where high flushing rates (∼2-day average residence time) presumably alleviate potential issues linked to nutrient inputs, subsequent algal growth, or toxin accumulation. Pseudo-nitzschia spp. contributed 0 to 19% to the resident microplankton community. Light microscopy analyses did not reveal the source of MCs production in the sound but suggested potential downstream transport and/or autochthonous production due to taxa not accounted for in this study (e.g., picocyanobacteria). Nitrate+nitrite (NOx) concentrations, wind speed, and water temperature explained a third of the variations in accumulated dissolved MCs, but no relationship was seen for DA concentrations based on monthly sampling within this highly dynamic system. This study emphasizes the importance of continued algal toxin monitoring in systems like Bogue Sound which might experience decreases in water quality similar to adjacent, nutrient-impaired regions within the PASS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Anderson
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Marco Valera
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Astrid Schnetzer
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.
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9
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Gallet A, Halary S, Duval C, Huet H, Duperron S, Marie B. Disruption of fish gut microbiota composition and holobiont's metabolome during a simulated Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanobacteria) bloom. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:108. [PMID: 37194081 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01558-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyanobacterial blooms are one of the most common stressors encountered by metazoans living in freshwater lentic systems such as lakes and ponds. Blooms reportedly impair fish health, notably through oxygen depletion and production of bioactive compounds including cyanotoxins. However, in the times of the "microbiome revolution", it is surprising that so little is still known regarding the influence of blooms on fish microbiota. In this study, an experimental approach is used to demonstrate that blooms affect fish microbiome composition and functions, as well as the metabolome of holobionts. To this end, the model teleost Oryzias latipes is exposed to simulated Microcystis aeruginosa blooms of various intensities in a microcosm setting, and the response of bacterial gut communities is evaluated in terms of composition and metabolome profiling. Metagenome-encoded functions are compared after 28 days between control individuals and those exposed to highest bloom level. RESULTS The gut bacterial community of O. latipes exhibits marked responses to the presence of M. aeruginosa blooms in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, abundant gut-associated Firmicutes almost disappear, while potential opportunists increase. The holobiont's gut metabolome displays major changes, while functions encoded in the metagenome of bacterial partners are more marginally affected. Bacterial communities tend to return to original composition after the end of the bloom and remain sensitive in case of a second bloom, reflecting a highly reactive gut community. CONCLUSION Gut-associated bacterial communities and holobiont functioning are affected by both short and long exposure to M. aeruginosa, and show evidence of post-bloom resilience. These findings point to the significance of bloom events to fish health and fitness, including survival and reproduction, through microbiome-related effects. In the context of increasingly frequent and intense blooms worldwide, potential outcomes relevant to conservation biology as well as aquaculture warrant further investigation. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Gallet
- UMR7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Halary
- UMR7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Duval
- UMR7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Huet
- UMR1161 Virologie, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, INRA - ANSES - ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sébastien Duperron
- UMR7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
| | - Benjamin Marie
- UMR7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France.
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10
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España Amórtegui JC, Pekar H, Retrato MDC, Persson M, Karlson B, Bergquist J, Zuberovic-Muratovic A. LC-MS/MS Analysis of Cyanotoxins in Bivalve Mollusks-Method Development, Validation and First Evidence of Occurrence of Nodularin in Mussels ( Mytilus edulis) and Oysters ( Magallana gigas) from the West Coast of Sweden. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15050329. [PMID: 37235362 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, an LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous identification and quantification of cyanotoxins with hydrophilic and lipophilic properties in edible bivalves is presented. The method includes 17 cyanotoxins comprising 13 microcystins (MCs), nodularin (NOD), anatoxin-a (ATX-a), homoanatoxin (h-ATX) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN). A benefit to the presented method is the possibility for the MS detection of MC-LR-[Dha7] and MC-LR-[Asp3] as separately identified and MS-resolved MRM signals, two congeners which were earlier detected together. The performance of the method was evaluated by in-house validation using spiked mussel samples in the quantification range of 3.12-200 µg/kg. The method was found to be linear over the full calibration range for all included cyanotoxins except CYN for which a quadratic regression was used. The method showed limitations for MC-LF (R2 = 0.94), MC-LA (R2 ≤ 0.98) and MC-LW (R2 ≤ 0.98). The recoveries for ATX-a, h-ATX, CYN, NOD, MC-LF and MC-LW were lower than desired (<70%), but stable. Despite the given limitations, the validation results showed that the method was specific and robust for the investigated parameters. The results demonstrate the suitability of the method to be applied as a reliable monitoring tool for the presented group of cyanotoxins, as well as highlight the compromises that need to be included if multi-toxin methods are to be used for the analysis of cyanotoxins with a broader range of chemical properties. Furthermore, the method was used to analyze 13 samples of mussels (Mytilus edulis) and oysters (Magallana gigas) collected in the 2020-2022 summers along the coast of Bohuslän (Sweden). A complementary qualitative analysis for the presence of cyanotoxins in phytoplankton samples collected from marine waters around southern Sweden was performed with the method. Nodularin was identified in all samples and quantified in bivalve samples in the range of 7-397 µg/kg. Toxins produced by cyanobacteria are not included in the European Union regulatory monitoring of bivalves; thus, the results presented in this study can be useful in providing the basis for future work including cyanotoxins within the frame of regulatory monitoring to increase seafood safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio César España Amórtegui
- Science Department, Swedish Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
- Chemistry Department, Science Faculty, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Cr. 45 N° 26-85, Bogotá P.O. Box 111321, Colombia
| | - Heidi Pekar
- Science Department, Swedish Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
- Stockholm Water and Waste Company, Bryggerivägen 10, SE-106 36 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark Dennis Chico Retrato
- Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Center, Analytical Chemistry and Neurochemistry, Uppsala University, Box 599, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Persson
- Science Department, Swedish Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt Karlson
- Research and Development, Oceanography, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sven Källfelts Gata 15, SE-426 71 Västra Frölunda, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Center, Analytical Chemistry and Neurochemistry, Uppsala University, Box 599, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aida Zuberovic-Muratovic
- Science Department, Swedish Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Center, Analytical Chemistry and Neurochemistry, Uppsala University, Box 599, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Zhang Y, Whalen JK, Cai C, Shan K, Zhou H. Harmful cyanobacteria-diatom/dinoflagellate blooms and their cyanotoxins in freshwaters: A nonnegligible chronic health and ecological hazard. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119807. [PMID: 36871382 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Human and ecological health depends on the vitality of freshwater systems, but these are increasingly threatened by cyanotoxins released from harmful algal blooms (HABs). Periodic cyanotoxin production, although undesirable, may be tolerable when there is enough time for cyanotoxins to degrade and dissipate in the environment, but the year-round presence of these toxins will be a chronic health for humans and ecosystems. The purpose of this critical review is to document the seasonal shifts of algal species and their ecophysiological acclimatation to dynamic environmental conditions. We discuss how these conditions will create successive occurrences of algal blooms and the release of cyanotoxins into freshwater. We first review the most common cyanotoxins, and evaluate the multiple ecological roles and physiological functions of these toxins for algae. Then, the annual recurring patterns HABs are considered in the context of global change, which demonstrates the capacity for algal blooms to shift from seasonal to year-round growth regimes that are driven by abiotic and biotic factors, leading to chronic loading of freshwaters with cyanotoxins. At last, we illustrate the impacts of HABs on the environment by compiling four health issues and four ecology issues emanating from their presence in the that covers atmosphere, aquatic ecosystems and terrestrial ecosystems. Our study highlights the annual patterns of algal blooms, and proposes that a "perfect storm" of events is lurking that will cause the 'seasonal toxicity' to become a full-blown, 'chronic toxicity' in the context of the deterioration of HABs, highlighting a non-negligible chronic health and ecological hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Department of Natural Resource Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de Bellevue, QC H9×3V9, Canada; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, China.
| | - Joann K Whalen
- Department of Natural Resource Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de Bellevue, QC H9×3V9, Canada
| | - Chen Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kun Shan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Computing, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China, CAS Key Lab on Reservoir Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Hongxu Zhou
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
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12
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Lusty MW, Gobler CJ. Repeated hydrogen peroxide dosing briefly reduces cyanobacterial blooms and microcystin while increasing fecal bacteria indicators in a eutrophic pond. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:522-543. [PMID: 36182161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the effects of H2O2 on Cyanobacteria and non-target microbes using fluorometry, microscopy, flow cytometry, and high throughput DNA sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene during a series of mesocosm and whole-ecosystem experiments in a eutrophic pond in NY, USA. The addition of H2O2 (8 mg/L) significantly reduced Cyanobacteria concentrations during a majority of experiments (66%; 6 of 9) and significantly increased eukaryotic green and unicellular brown algae in 78% and 45% of experiments, respectively. While heterotrophic bacteria declined significantly following H2O2 addition in all experiments, bacteria indicative of potential fecal contamination (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, fecal coliform bacteria) consistently and significantly increased in response to H2O2, evidencing a form of 'pollution swapping'. H2O2 more effectively reduced Cyanobacteria in enclosed mesocosms compared to whole-ecosystem applications. Ten whole-pond H2O2 applications over a two-year period temporarily reduced cyanobacterial levels but never reduced concentrations below bloom thresholds and populations always rebounded in two weeks or less. The bacterial phyla of Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Planctomycetes were the most negatively impacted by H2O2. Microcystis was always reduced by H2O2, as was the toxin microcystin, but Microcystis remained dominant even after repeated H2O2 treatments. Although H2O2 favored the growth of eukaryotic algae over potentially harmful Cyanobacteria, the inability of H2O2 to end cyanobacterial blooms in this eutrophic waterbody suggests it is a non-ideal mitigation approach in high biomass ecosystems and should be used judiciously due to potential negative impacts on non-target organisms and promotion of bacteria indicative of fecal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Lusty
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY 11968, USA
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY 11968, USA.
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13
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Badagian N, Pírez Schirmer M, Pérez Parada A, Gonzalez-Sapienza G, Brena BM. Determination of Microcystins in Fish Tissue by ELISA and MALDI-TOF MS Using a Highly Specific Single Domain Antibody. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15020084. [PMID: 36828400 PMCID: PMC9966346 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of simple, reliable, and cost-effective methods is critically important to study the spatial and temporal variation of microcystins (MCs) in the food chain. Nanobodies (Nbs), antigen binding fragments from camelid antibodies, present valuable features for analytical applications. Their small antigen binding site offers a focused recognition of small analytes, reducing spurious cross-reactivity and matrix effects. A high affinity and broad cross-reactivity anti-MCs-Nb, from a llama antibody library, was validated in enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and bound to magnetic particles with an internal standard for pre-concentration in quantitative-matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (Nb-QMALDI MS). Both methods are easy and fast; ELISA provides a global result, while Nb-QMALDI MS allows for the quantification of individual congeners and showed excellent performance in the fish muscle extracts. The ELISA assay range was 1.8-29 ng/g and for Nb-QMALDI, it was 0.29-29 ng/g fish ww. Fifty-five fish from a MC-containing dam were analyzed by both methods. The correlation ELISA/sum of the MC congeners by Nb-QMALDI-MS was very high (r Spearman = 0.9645, p < 0.0001). Using ROC curves, ELISA cut-off limits were defined to accurately predict the sum of MCs by Nb-QMALDI-MS (100% sensitivity; ≥89% specificity). Both methods were shown to be simple and efficient for screening MCs in fish muscle to prioritize samples for confirmatory methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Badagian
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Macarena Pírez Schirmer
- Immunology Area, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de la República, Av A. Navarro 3051, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Andrés Pérez Parada
- Technological Development Department, Centro Universitario Regional del Este, Universidad de la República, Ruta 9, Rocha 27000, Uruguay
| | - Gualberto Gonzalez-Sapienza
- Immunology Area, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de la República, Av A. Navarro 3051, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Beatriz M. Brena
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
- Correspondence:
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14
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Qiu J, Zhang J, Li A. Cytotoxicity and intestinal permeability of phycotoxins assessed by the human Caco-2 cell model. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114447. [PMID: 38321666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Phycotoxins are a class of multiple natural metabolites produced by microalgae in marine and freshwater ecosystems that bioaccumulate in food webs, particularly in shellfish, having a great impact on human health. Phycotoxins are mainly leached and absorbed in the small intestine when human consumers accidentally ingest toxic aquatic products contaminated by them. To assess the intestinal uptake and damage of phycotoxins, a typical in vitro model was developed and widely applied using the human colorectal adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cell line. In this review, the application cases were summarized for multiple phycotoxins, including microcystins (MCs), cylindrospermopsins (CYNs), domoic acids (DAs), saxitoxins (STXs), palytoxins (PLTXs), okadaic acids (OAs), pectenotoxins (PTXs) and azaspiracids (AZAs). The results of the previous studies showed that each group of phycotoxins presented different cytotoxicity and mechanisms to Caco-2 cells, and significant discrepancies in the transport of phycotoxin across the Caco-2 cell monolayers. Therefore, this review describes the evaluation assays of the Caco-2 cell monolayer model, illustrates the principles of several primary cytotoxicity evaluation assays, and summarizes the cytotoxicity of each group of phycotoxins to Caco-2 cells line and their cellular transport, and finally proposes the development of multicellular intestinal models for future comprehensive studies on the toxicity and absorption of phycotoxins in the intestine. It will improve the understanding of Caco-2 cell monolayer models in the toxicology studies on phycotoxins and the potentially detrimental effects of microalgal toxins on the human intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jingrui Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China.
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15
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Zhang J, Yu M, Gao Y, Zhang M, Dong J, Li M, Li X. Feeding behavior, microcystin accumulation, biochemical response, and ultramicrostructure changes in edible freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea exposed to Microcystis aeruginosa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:13560-13570. [PMID: 36136196 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22833-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As filter-feeders, bivalves naturally come into direct contact with microcystins (MCs) in eutrophic water bodies suffering from cyanobacteria blooms. To date, however, no studies have quantified the dynamics of microcystin accumulation and depuration in the edible freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea when exposed to dense bloom concentrations of Microcystis aeruginosa, while considering dynamic changes of biochemical indexes and feeding structure. In the present study, the bioaccumulation and detoxification of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in C. fluminea were investigated. Our results showed that C. fluminea would graze equally efficiently on green algae and M. aeruginosa, irrespective of whether the M. aeruginosa strains were toxic or non-toxic. MCs could be accumulated and depurated by C. fluminea efficiently. In addition, linear and exposure time-dependent MC-LR accumulation patterns were observed in C. fluminea. Activities of biotransformation (glutathione S-transferase, GST) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD, and catalase, CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in various tissues of treated clams were stimulated by MCs in a tissue-specific manner. Our findings indicated that C. fluminea hepatopancreas was the primary target organ for MC-LR detoxification processes, as evidenced by a significant increase in GST activity. Besides, gills and mantle were more sensitive than the other tissues to oxidative stress in the initial microcystin exposure period with a significant increase in SOD activity. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations revealed that the lateral cilia in the gill aperture were well developed during the MCs exposure period, which could perform the filter-feeding function instead of the damaged frontal cilium. This study provides insight into the possible tolerance of C. fluminea exposed to dense bloom concentrations of M. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiao Zhang
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Yunni Gao
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Mei Li
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
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16
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Turner AD, Beach DG, Foss A, Samdal IA, Løvberg KLE, Waack J, Edwards C, Lawton LA, Dean KJ, Maskrey BH, Lewis AM. A Feasibility Study into the Production of a Mussel Matrix Reference Material for the Cyanobacterial Toxins Microcystins and Nodularins. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 15:27. [PMID: 36668847 PMCID: PMC9867187 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins and nodularins, produced naturally by certain species of cyanobacteria, have been found to accumulate in aquatic foodstuffs such as fish and shellfish, resulting in a risk to the health of the seafood consumer. Monitoring of toxins in such organisms for risk management purposes requires the availability of certified matrix reference materials to aid method development, validation and routine quality assurance. This study consequently targeted the preparation of a mussel tissue reference material incurred with a range of microcystin analogues and nodularins. Nine targeted analogues were incorporated into the material as confirmed through liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), with an additional 15 analogues detected using LC coupled to non-targeted high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Toxins in the reference material and additional source tissues were quantified using LC-MS/MS, two different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods and with an oxidative-cleavage method quantifying 3-methoxy-2-methyl-4-phenylbutyric acid (MMPB). Correlations between the concentrations quantified using the different methods were variable, likely relating to differences in assay cross-reactivities and differences in the abilities of each method to detect bound toxins. A consensus concentration of total soluble toxins determined from the four independent test methods was 2425 ± 575 µg/kg wet weight. A mean 43 ± 9% of bound toxins were present in addition to the freely extractable soluble form (57 ± 9%). The reference material produced was homogenous and stable when stored in the freezer for six months without any post-production stabilization applied. Consequently, a cyanotoxin shellfish reference material has been produced which demonstrates the feasibility of developing certified seafood matrix reference materials for a large range of cyanotoxins and could provide a valuable future resource for cyanotoxin risk monitoring, management and mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Turner
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Daniel G. Beach
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Amanda Foss
- Greenwater Laboratories, 205 Zeagler Drive, Suite 302, Palatka, FL 32177, USA
| | | | | | - Julia Waack
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
- CyanoSol, School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Christine Edwards
- CyanoSol, School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Linda A. Lawton
- CyanoSol, School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Karl J. Dean
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Benjamin H. Maskrey
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Adam M. Lewis
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
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17
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Oxidative Stress Parameters and Morphological Changes in Japanese Medaka ( Oryzias latipes) after Acute Exposure to OA-Group Toxins. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:life13010015. [PMID: 36675964 PMCID: PMC9867479 DOI: 10.3390/life13010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Toxins of the OA-group (okadaic acid, OA; dinophysistoxin-1, DTX-1) are the most prevalent in the fjords of southern Chile, and are characterized by their potential harmful effects on aquatic organisms. The present study was carried out to determine the acute toxicity of OA/DTX-1 on oxidative stress parameters in medaka (Oryzias latipes) larvae. Medaka larvae were exposed to different concentrations (1.0-30 μg/mL) of OA/DTX-1 for 96 h to determine the median lethal concentration. The LC50 value after 96 h was 23.5 μg/mL for OA and 16.3 μg/mL for DTX-1 (95% confidence interval, CI was 22.56, 24.43 for OA and 15.42, 17.17 for DTX-1). Subsequently, larvae at 121 hpf were exposed to acute doses (10, 15 and 20 μg/mL OA and 5.0, 7.5 and 11.0 μg/mL DTX-1) for 96 h and every 6 h the corresponding group of larvae was euthanized in order to measure the activity levels of biochemical biomarkers (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; glutathione peroxidase, GPx; and glutathione reductase, GR) as well as the levels of oxidative damage (malondialdehyde, MDA; and carbonyl content). Our results showed that acute doses caused a decrease in SOD (≈25%), CAT (≈55%), and GPx and GR (≈35%) activities, while MDA levels and carbonyl content increased significantly at the same OA/DTX-1 concentrations. This study shows that acute exposure to OA-group toxins tends to simultaneously alter the oxidative parameters that induce sustained morphological damage in medaka larvae. DTX-1 stands out as producing greater inhibition of the antioxidant system, leading to increased oxidative damage in medaka larvae. Considering that DTX-1 is the most prevalent HAB toxin in southern Chile, these findings raise the possibility of an important environmental impact on the larval stages of different fish species present in the southern fjords of the South Pacific.
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18
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Detection and Characterization of Nodularin by Using Label-Free Surface-Enhanced Spectroscopic Techniques. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415741. [PMID: 36555384 PMCID: PMC9779585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nodularin (NOD) is a potent toxin produced by Nodularia spumigena cyanobacteria. Usually, NOD co-exists with other microcystins in environmental waters, a class of cyanotoxins secreted by certain cyanobacteria species, which makes identification difficult in the case of mixed toxins. Herein we report a complete theoretical DFT-vibrational Raman characterization of NOD along with the experimental drop-coating deposition Raman (DCDR) technique. In addition, we used the vibrational characterization to probe SERS analysis of NOD using colloidal silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), commercial nanopatterned substrates with periodic inverted pyramids (KlariteTM substrate), hydrophobic Tienta® SpecTrimTM slides, and in-house fabricated periodic nanotrenches by nanoimprint lithography (NIL). The 532 nm excitation source provided more well-defined bands even at LOD levels, as well as the best performance in terms of SERS intensity. This was reflected by the results obtained with the KlariteTM substrate and the silver-based colloidal system, which were the most promising detection approaches, providing the lowest limits of detection. A detection limit of 8.4 × 10-8 M was achieved for NOD in solution by using AgNPs. Theoretical computation of the complex vibrational modes of NOD was used for the first time to unambiguously assign all the specific vibrational Raman bands.
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19
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Painefilú JC, González C, Cárcamo JG, Bianchi VA, Luquet CM. Microcystin-LR modulates multixenobiotic resistance proteins in the middle intestine of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 253:106327. [PMID: 36274501 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change favors explosive population growth events (blooms) of phytoplanktonic species, often producing toxic products, e.g., several genera of cyanobacteria synthesize a family of cyanotoxins called microcystins (MCs). Freshwater fish such as the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss can uptake MCs accumulated in the food chain. We studied the toxic effects and modulation of the activity and expression of multixenobiotic resistance proteins (ABCC transporters and the enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST) in the O. mykiss middle intestine by microcystin-LR (MCLR). Juvenile fish were fed with MCLR incorporated in the food every 12 h and euthanized at 12, 24, or 48 h. We estimated the ABCC-mediated transport in ex vivo intestinal strips to estimate ABCC-mediated transport activity. We measured total and reduced (GSH) glutathione contents and GST and glutathione reductase (GR) activities. We studied MCLR cytotoxicity by measuring protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) activity and lysosomal membrane stability. Finally, we examined the relationship between ROS production and lysosomal membrane stability through in vitro experiments. Dietary MCLR had a time-dependent effect on ABCC-mediated transport, from inhibition at 12 h to a significant increase after 48 h. GST activity decreased only at 12 h, and GR activity only increased at 48 h. There were no effects on GSH or total glutathione contents. MCLR inhibited PP1 activity and diminished the lysosomal membrane stability at the three experimental times. In the in vitro study, the lysosomal membrane stability decreased in a concentration-dependent fashion from 0 to 5 µmol L - 1 MCLR, while ROS production increased only at 5 µmol L - 1 MCLR. MCLR did not affect mRNA expression of abcc2 or gst-π. We conclude that MCLR modulates ABCC-mediated transport activity in O. mykiss's middle intestine in a time-dependent manner. The transport rate increase does not impair MCLR cytotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Painefilú
- Laboratorio de Ictiología y Acuicultura Experimental, IPATEC (CONICET-UNCo). Quintral 1250. San Carlos de Bariloche, 8400, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Carolina González
- Agua y Saneamientos Argentinos, Tucumán 752, 1049 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Limnología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Argentina
| | - Juan G Cárcamo
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile; Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Chile
| | - Virginia A Bianchi
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, Subsede INIBIOMA-CEAN (CONICET-UNCo). Ruta provincial 61, km 3, Junín de los Andes, 8371 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Carlos M Luquet
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, Subsede INIBIOMA-CEAN (CONICET-UNCo). Ruta provincial 61, km 3, Junín de los Andes, 8371 Neuquén, Argentina.
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Vilar M, Ferrão-Filho A. (Eco)Toxicology of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins: From Environmental Dynamics to Adverse Effects. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10110648. [PMID: 36355940 PMCID: PMC9694381 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The problem of artificial eutrophication, together with the effects of climate changes has led to an increase in the frequency of the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Vilar
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology of Cyanobacteria, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Carlos Chagas Filho Avenue, Rio de Janeiro 21949-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aloysio Ferrão-Filho
- Laboratory of Evaluation and Promotion of Environmental Health, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Brasil Avenue, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, RJ, Brazil
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21
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Zou Q, Teng J, Wang K, Huang Y, Hu Q, Chen S, Xu Q, Zhang H, Fang D, Yan H. Purification and Mechanism of Microcystinase MlrC for Catalyzing Linearized Cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins Using Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090602. [PMID: 36136540 PMCID: PMC9506587 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial hepatotoxins, including microcystins (MCs) and nodularins (NODs), are widely produced, distributed and extremely hazardous to human beings and the environment. However, the catalytic mechanism of microcystinase for biodegrading cyanobacterial hepatotoxins is not completely understood yet. The first microcystinase (MlrA) catalyzes the ring opening of cyclic hepatotoxins, while being further hydrolyzed by the third microcystinase (MlrC). Based on the homology modeling, we postulated that MlrC of Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05 was a Zn2+-dependent metalloprotease including five active sites: Glu56, His150, Asp184, His186 and His208. Here, the active recombinant MlrC and five site-directed mutants were successfully obtained with heterologous expression and then purified for investigating the activity. The results indicated that the purified recombinant MlrC had high activity to catalyze linearized hepatotoxins. Combined with the biodegradation of linearized NOD by MlrC and its mutants, a complete enzymatic mechanism for linearized hepatotoxin biodegradation by MlrC was revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Zou
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Junhui Teng
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kunyan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yiming Huang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qingbei Hu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Sisi Chen
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qianqian Xu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | | | - Hai Yan
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence:
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22
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Cevallos-Cedeño RE, Quiñones-Reyes G, Agulló C, Abad-Somovilla A, Abad-Fuentes A, Mercader JV. Rapid Immunochemical Methods for Anatoxin-a Monitoring in Environmental Water Samples. Anal Chem 2022; 94:10857-10864. [PMID: 35853613 PMCID: PMC9352146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Algal blooms that contaminate freshwater resources with
cyanotoxins
constitute, nowadays, a global concern. To deal with this problem,
a variety of analytical methods, including immunochemical assays,
are available for the main algal toxins, for example, microcystins,
nodularins, and saxitoxins, with the remarkable exception of anatoxin-a.
Now, for the first time, highly sensitive, enantioselective immunoassays
for anatoxin-a have been validated using homemade monoclonal antibodies.
Two competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were developed
in different formats, with detection limits for (+)-anatoxin-a of
0.1 ng/mL. Excellent recovery values between 82 and 117%, and coefficients
of variation below 20%, were observed using environmental water samples
fortified between 0.5 and 500 ng/mL. In addition, a lateral-flow immunochromatographic
assay was optimized for visual and instrumental reading of results.
This test showed a visual detection limit for (+)-anatoxin-a of 4
ng/mL. Performance with a reader was validated in accordance with
the European guidelines for semiquantitative rapid methods for small
chemical contaminants. Thus, at a screening target concentration of
2 ng/mL, the probability of a blank sample to be classified as “suspect”
was as low as 0.2%. Finally, the optimized direct enzyme immunoassay
was validated by comparison with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem
mass spectroscopy data and showed a good correlation (r = 0.995) with a slope of 0.94. Moreover, environmental water samples
containing more than 2 ng/mL of anatoxin-a were detected by the developed
dipstick assay. These results provide supplementary and complementary
strategies for monitoring the presence of anatoxin-a in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón E Cevallos-Cedeño
- Institute of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Scientific Research Council (CSIC), Av. Agustí Escardino 7, Paterna 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Guillermo Quiñones-Reyes
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Agulló
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Abad-Somovilla
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Abad-Fuentes
- Institute of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Scientific Research Council (CSIC), Av. Agustí Escardino 7, Paterna 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Josep V Mercader
- Institute of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Scientific Research Council (CSIC), Av. Agustí Escardino 7, Paterna 46980, Valencia, Spain
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23
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Adsorbents Used for Microcystin Removal from Water Sources: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10071235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of toxic cyanobacteria in water sources, driven by climate change and eutrophication, is of great concern worldwide today. Cyanobacterial blooms can negatively affect water bodies and generate harmful secondary metabolites, namely microcystins (MCs), which significantly impair water quality. Various adsorbents used for MC removal from water sources were assessed in this investigation. Activated carbon constitutes the most widely used adsorbent for treating contaminated waters due to its high affinity for adsorbing MCs. Alternative adsorbents have also been proposed and reported to provide higher efficiency, but the studies carried out so far in this regard are still insufficient. The mechanisms implicated in MC adsorption upon different adsorbents should be further detailed for a better optimization of the adsorption process. Certainly, adsorbent characteristics, water pH and temperature are the main factors influencing the adsorption of MCs. In this context, optimization studies must be performed considering the effectiveness, economic aspects associated with each adsorbent. This review provides guidelines for more practical field applications of the adsorption in the treatment of waters actually contaminated with MCs.
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Fei Z, Fan F, Liao J, Wan M, Bai W, Wang W, He M, Li Y. Improving astaxanthin production of Haematococcus pluvialis on the outdoor large scale cultivation by optimizing the disinfection strategy of photobioreactor. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hao A, Su M, Kobayashi S, Zhao M, Iseri Y. Multiple roles of bamboo as a regulator of cyanobacterial bloom in aquatic systems. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1605. [PMID: 35102198 PMCID: PMC8803990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the potential roles of terrestrial bamboo on controlling cyanobacterial blooms in aquatic systems, growth rates of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa and its competitor algae were examined under different concentrations of bamboo extract. In mono-species cultures with unicellular algal strains, 5.0 g L-1 extract treatment suppressed M. aeruginosa growth, while it had little effect on the growth of green alga Scenedesmus obliquus or promoted the growth of diatom Nitzschia palea. In co-species cultures, the extract treatment increased the effect of S. obliquus and N. palea on the growth of M. aeruginosa. Under the extract treatment with a field-collected M. aeruginosa population, its cell density declined and its colony was etiolated and sank, while co-cultured N. palea increased explosively by invading the colony. These results suggest that bamboo forest stands along banks and artificially installed bamboo poles can affect the aquatic environment for phytoplankton community. Enhancing the growth of competitors, especially diatoms that can invade cyanobacterial colonies, by using extracts or by providing substrates for growth, was suggested to be the major way of the bloom control by bamboo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Hao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Chashan Academic Town, Ouhai, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Mengyao Su
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Chashan Academic Town, Ouhai, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sohei Kobayashi
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Chashan Academic Town, Ouhai, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Min Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Chashan Academic Town, Ouhai, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yasushi Iseri
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Chashan Academic Town, Ouhai, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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Koto Y, Kawahara H, Kurata K, Yoshikiyo K, Hashiguchi A, Okano K, Sugiura N, Shimizu K, Shimizu H. Microcystin-LR incorporated into colonic cells through probenecid-sensitive transporters leads to upregulated MCP-1 expression induced by JNK activation. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:937-944. [PMID: 35875256 PMCID: PMC9301606 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algae that inhabit eutrophic lakes produce cyanotoxic microcystins. Therefore, the relationship between chronic exposure to microcystins via drinking water and organ disorders has been investigated. The present study aimed to determine whether representative microcystin-LR is involved in increased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression in rat colonic mucosa and enterocyte-like differentiated Caco-2 cells. The mRNA expression of MCP-1 was increased in the colons of rats administered with microcystin-LR, compared with controls. Furthermore, mRNA levels of MCP-1 expression significantly and positively correlated with those of Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptor E1 (ADGRE1; EMR1; F4/80), an indicator of macrophage infiltration, suggesting that increased MCP-1 expression induced by microcystin-LR promotes macrophage infiltration into the colon. Microcystin-LR increased MCP-1 expression in enterocyte-like differentiated Caco-2 cells, by activating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or p38. The findings of transporter inhibitors indicated that microcystin-LR is incorporated into cells via ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) or solute carrier (SLC) transporters other than the organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs)1B1, 1B3, 2B1, and 1A2, which this leads to increased MCP-1 expression in the colon through activating JNK. Thus, increased MCP-1 expression induced by microcystin-LR might be a trigger for initiating tumorigenesis with inflammation in the colon because increased MCP-1 expression induces inflammation associated with macrophage infiltration into the colon, and chronic inflammation is associated with the initiation of tumorigenesis. Microcystin-LR upregulated colonic MCP-1 expression in rats. Increased MCP-1 expression correlated with accumulated macrophages in rat colon. Microcystin-LR evoked MCP-1 expression by activating JNK in cultured colon cells. Rifampicin was not involved in microcystin-LR-induced JNK activation. Probenecid suppressed JNK/MCP-1 pathway activation induced by microcystin-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihito Koto
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kawahara
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Koichi Kurata
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshikiyo
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Ayumi Hashiguchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
- Institute of Environmental Systems Science, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
- Estuary Research Center, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Okano
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Norio Sugiura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shimizu
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Shimizu
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
- Estuary Research Center, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
- Raman Project Center for Medical and Biological Applications, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
- Project Center for Fortification of Local Specialty Food Functions, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
- Correspondence to: Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan.
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Kim M, Hong S, Cha J, Kim Y, Lee CE, An Y, Shin KH. Multimedia distributions and the fate of microcystins from freshwater discharge in the Geum River Estuary, South Korea: Applicability of POCIS for monitoring of microalgal biotoxins. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118222. [PMID: 34571464 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Here, we investigated the characteristics of the environmental multimedia distribution of microcystins (MCs) introduced from freshwater discharge through the estuary dam of the Geum River. In addition, the applicability of a passive sampling device (polar organic chemical integrative sampler, POCIS) for monitoring MCs was evaluated. Surface water, suspended solids (SS), sediments, and oysters were collected from the inner and outer estuary dam. Seven MC variants were analyzed using HPLC-MS/MS. POCIS was deployed at three sites over one week, and MCs were monitored for four weeks from August to September 2019. Before POCIS was deployed in the field, compounds-specific sampling rates of MCs were determined as functions of water temperature (10, 20, and 30 °C), flow rate (0, 0.38, and 0.76 m s-1), and salinity (0, 15, and 30 psu) in the laboratory. The sampling rates of MCs in POCIS increased significantly with increasing water temperature and flow rate, whereas salinity did not significantly affect the sampling rates between freshwater and saltwater. The MCs in the Geum River Estuary mainly existed as particulate forms (mean: 78%), with relatively low proportions of dissolved forms (mean: 22%), indicating that MCs were mainly contained in cyanobacterial cells. There was no significant correlation among the concentrations of MCs in water, SS, sediments, and oysters. Time-weighted average concentrations of MCs from POCIS were not significantly correlated with the concentrations of MCs in water and oysters. The metabolites of MCs, including MC-LR-GSH, MC-LR-Cys, MC-RR-GSH, and MC-RR-Cys, were detected in oysters (no metabolites were detected in POCIS). Overall, POCIS can be useful for monitoring dissolved MCs in the aquatic ecosystem, particularly in calculating time-weighted average concentrations, but it seems to have limitations in evaluating the contamination status of total MCs, mainly in particulate form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mungi Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jihyun Cha
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngnam Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Eon Lee
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonyoung An
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
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Controlling Eutrophication via Surface Aerators in Irregular-Shaped Urban Ponds. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13233360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Surface aerators have often been introduced in urban ponds for esthetics, but their roles in remediating water quality are less understood. Effects of surface aerators on controlling eutrophication were examined in two urban ponds, in which anaerobic odors and cyanobacterial blooms had occurred and several aerators had been installed. In one of the ponds, a dramatic improvement in dissolved oxygen (DO) (from 1.8 to 8.1 mg L−1) and total phosphorus (TP) (from 1.6 to 0.4 mg L−1) was evident based on the comparison before and after the aeration. Although cyano-bloom did not occur, phytoplankton was dominated by cyanobacteria Microcystis species in both periods. Chlorophyll a (Chl-a) increased (from 29 to 51 μg L−1) and water transparency decreased (from 81 to 27 cm) after the aeration. In the other pond with an irregular shape, water quality was monitored two years after the installation to examine seasonal variation in trophic state and its spatial variation associated with aerator distribution. The water was mixed vertically well for the whole pond, as indicated by small surface-to-bottom differences in temperature. DO decreased in summer after rainfall but was always >5.7 mg L−1. Total nitrogen (TN) and TP were 0.8–2.3 and 0.03–0.07 mg L−1, respectively, and no cyano-blooms were observed across sites throughout the year. Phytoplankton was dominated by green algae and diatom species, which may be favored by the lower phosphorus level of the pond. Chl-a was higher and transparency was lower in the north side, which had more aerators and less shade from trees and buildings. These results suggest that surface aerators increased DO by vertical and horizontal mixing of water, reduced phosphorus release from sediment, and prevented cyano-bloom occurrence, but they did not improve Chl-a level and transparency. Rather, aeration can promote algal growth, and thus, additional purifying measures such as filtration and contact oxidation are required to further improve the trophic state of these ponds.
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Biodegradation of Nodularin by a Microcystin-Degrading Bacterium: Performance, Degradation Pathway, and Potential Application. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110813. [PMID: 34822597 PMCID: PMC8618024 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, studies worldwide have comprehensively recognized the importance of Sphingomonadaceae bacteria and the mlrCABD gene cluster in microcystin (MC) degradation. However, knowledge about their degradation of nodularin (NOD) is still unclear. In this study, the degradation mechanism of NOD by Sphingopyxis sp. m6, an efficient MC degrader isolated from Lake Taihu, was investigated in several aspects, including degradation ability, degradation products, and potential application. The strain degraded NOD of 0.50 mg/L with a zero-order rate constant of 0.1656 mg/L/d and a half-life of 36 h. The average degradation rate of NOD was significantly influenced by the temperature, pH, and initial toxin concentrations. Moreover, four different biodegradation products, linear NOD, tetrapeptide H-Glu-Mdhb-MeAsp-Arg-OH, tripeptide H-Mdhb-MeAsp-Arg-OH, and dipeptide H-MeAsp-Arg-OH, were identified, of which the latter two are the first reported. Furthermore, the four mlr genes were upregulated during NOD degradation. The microcystinase MlrA encoded by the mlrA gene hydrolyzes the Arg-Adda bond to generate linear NOD as the first step of NOD biodegradation. Notably, recombinant MlrA showed higher degradation activity and stronger environmental adaptability than the wild strain, suggesting future applications in NOD pollution remediation. This research proposes a relatively complete NOD microbial degradation pathway, which lays a foundation for exploring the mechanisms of NOD degradation by MC-degrading bacteria.
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de Cássio da Silva R, Oliveira RR, de Oliveira Azevedo SMF, Soares RM, Magalhães VFD. Evidence of cylindrospermopsin uptake and clearance in fish (Oreochromis niloticus) under laboratory conditions. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:1274-1279. [PMID: 34159594 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cyanotoxin that has raised serious concerns about public health in many parts of the world. It can bioaccumulate and affect the health of aquatic organisms, but despite this, few studies have been conducted on CYN uptake and clearance in fish. In this paper, the authors evaluate the uptake and clearance of CYN in the muscle tissue and viscera of juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after exposure to aqueous extracts and whole cells of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (CYN-producer). CYN blended with commercial fish food, and three experiments were conducted. In the first trial, fish food, and aqueous extracts containing 0.31 μg CYN g-1 of food per day, was administered to tilapia for 15 days. In the second trial, fish were provided food and intact cells (5.4 μg CYN g-1 of food per day) for 15 days. In the last trial, they were provided fish food and aqueous extracts (0.8 μg CYN g-1 of food per day) for 12 days, and for the next 10 days, the animals were fed food without toxic cell extracts (to simulate a clearance period). The concentration of CYN in muscle tissue and viscera was analysed using ELISA. In the case of juvenile tilapia, the presence of CYN was higher in viscera than in muscle tissue, and the toxin remained in the tissues even after 10 days without the addition of contaminated food. The results suggest that tilapia represents a potential source of CYN transfer through the food web, and this shows the need for a continuous monitoring of this compound in organisms that are used for human and animal consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo de Cássio da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Uvaranas, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rosas Oliveira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G, Ilha do Fundão, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Moares Soares
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G, Ilha do Fundão, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valéria Freitas De Magalhães
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G, Ilha do Fundão, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Changes in Growth, Photosynthesis Performance, Pigments, and Toxin Contents of Bloom-Forming Cyanobacteria after Exposure to Macroalgal Allelochemicals. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080589. [PMID: 34437460 PMCID: PMC8402365 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroalgae can directly restrict the growth of various phytoplankton species by releasing allelopathic compounds; therefore, considerable attention should be paid to the allelopathic potential of these organisms against harmful and bloom-forming cyanobacteria. The main aim of this study was to demonstrate for the first time the allelopathic activity of Ulva intestinalis on the growth, the fluorescence parameters: the maximum PSII quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) and the effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII), the chlorophyll a (Chl a) and carotenoid (Car) content, and the microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and phenol content of three bloom-forming cyanobacteria, Aphanizomenon sp., Nodularia spumigena, and Nostoc sp. We found both negative and positive allelopathic effects of U. intestinalis on tested cyanobacteria. The study clearly showed that the addition of the filtrate of U. intestinalis significantly inhibited growth, decreased pigment content and Fv/Fm and ΦPSII values of N. spumigena and Nostoc sp., and stimulated Aphanizomenon sp. The addition of different concentrations of aqueous extract also stimulated the cyanobacterial growth. It was also shown that the addition of extract obtained from U. intestinalis caused a significant decrease in the MC-LR content in Nostoc sp. cells. Moreover, it the phenol content in N. spumigena cells was increased. On the other hand, the cell-specific phenol content for Aphanizomenon sp. decreased due to the addition of the filtrate. In this work, we demonstrated that the allelopathic effect of U. intestinalis depends on the target species’ identity as well as the type of allelopathic method used. The study of the allelopathic Baltic macroalgae may help to identify their possible role as a significant biological factor influencing harmful cyanobacterial blooms in brackish ecosystems.
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Zaidi H, Amrani A, Sedrati F, Maaref H, Leghrib F, Benamara M, Amara H, Wang Z, Nasri H. Histological and chemical damage induced by microcystin-LR and microcystin-RR on land snail Helix aspersa tissues after acute exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 245:109031. [PMID: 33737222 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are the most common cyanotoxins with more than 200 variants. Among these cyanotoxins, microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and microcystin-RR (MC-RR) are the most studied congeners due to their high toxicity and frequent occurrence in surface waters. MC-LR has been detected in more than 75% of natural cyanobacteria bloom, along with other toxic and less toxic congeners. Accumulation of several microcystins variants (MC-LR and MC-RR) has been confirmed in aquatic snails exposed naturally or in the laboratory to toxic blooms. Thus, this paper aims to compare the biochemical and histological impact of both toxic variants (microcystin-LR and microcystin-RR) and their mixed form on a bioindicator, the land snail Helix aspersa. During experiments, snails were gavaged with a single acute dose (0.5 μg/g) of purified MC-LR, MC-RR, or mixed MC-LR + MC-RR (0.25 + 0.25 μg/g). After 96 h of exposure, effects on the hepatopancreas, kidney, intestine and lungs were assessed by histological observations and analysis of oxidative stress biomarkers. The results show that a small dose of MCs variants can increase the non-enzymatic antioxidant glutathione (GSH), inhibit glutathione-s-transferase (GST) level and trigger a defense system by activating glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Microcystin-RR causes serious anomalies in the hepatopancreas and kidney than Microcystin-LR. The organ most affected is the kidney. The damage caused by MC-LR + MC-RR is greater than that caused by single variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zaidi
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecosystems Pollution, Faculty of life and nature Sciences, University of Chadli Bendjedid, El Taref, Algeria
| | - A Amrani
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecosystems Pollution, Faculty of life and nature Sciences, University of Chadli Bendjedid, El Taref, Algeria
| | - F Sedrati
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecosystems Pollution, Faculty of life and nature Sciences, University of Chadli Bendjedid, El Taref, Algeria
| | - H Maaref
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecosystems Pollution, Faculty of life and nature Sciences, University of Chadli Bendjedid, El Taref, Algeria; Central Pathology Laboratory, El Taref Hospital, El Tarf, Algeria
| | - F Leghrib
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecosystems Pollution, Faculty of life and nature Sciences, University of Chadli Bendjedid, El Taref, Algeria
| | - M Benamara
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecosystems Pollution, Faculty of life and nature Sciences, University of Chadli Bendjedid, El Taref, Algeria
| | - H Amara
- Central Pathology Laboratory, El Taref Hospital, El Tarf, Algeria
| | - Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation, Hubei, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - H Nasri
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecosystems Pollution, Faculty of life and nature Sciences, University of Chadli Bendjedid, El Taref, Algeria; Thematic Agency for Research in Health Sciences, Oran, Algeria.
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Mirasbekov Y, Zhumakhanova A, Zhantuyakova A, Sarkytbayev K, Malashenkov DV, Baishulakova A, Dashkova V, Davidson TA, Vorobjev IA, Jeppesen E, Barteneva NS. Semi-automated classification of colonial Microcystis by FlowCAM imaging flow cytometry in mesocosm experiment reveals high heterogeneity during seasonal bloom. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9377. [PMID: 33931681 PMCID: PMC8087837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88661-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A machine learning approach was employed to detect and quantify Microcystis colonial morphospecies using FlowCAM-based imaging flow cytometry. The system was trained and tested using samples from a long-term mesocosm experiment (LMWE, Central Jutland, Denmark). The statistical validation of the classification approaches was performed using Hellinger distances, Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, and Kullback-Leibler divergence. The semi-automatic classification based on well-balanced training sets from Microcystis seasonal bloom provided a high level of intergeneric accuracy (96-100%) but relatively low intrageneric accuracy (67-78%). Our results provide a proof-of-concept of how machine learning approaches can be applied to analyze the colonial microalgae. This approach allowed to evaluate Microcystis seasonal bloom in individual mesocosms with high level of temporal and spatial resolution. The observation that some Microcystis morphotypes completely disappeared and re-appeared along the mesocosm experiment timeline supports the hypothesis of the main transition pathways of colonial Microcystis morphoforms. We demonstrated that significant changes in the training sets with colonial images required for accurate classification of Microcystis spp. from time points differed by only two weeks due to Microcystis high phenotypic heterogeneity during the bloom. We conclude that automatic methods not only allow a performance level of human taxonomist, and thus be a valuable time-saving tool in the routine-like identification of colonial phytoplankton taxa, but also can be applied to increase temporal and spatial resolution of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yersultan Mirasbekov
- grid.428191.70000 0004 0495 7803School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Adina Zhumakhanova
- grid.428191.70000 0004 0495 7803School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Almira Zhantuyakova
- grid.428191.70000 0004 0495 7803School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000 Kazakhstan ,grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Present Address: University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kuanysh Sarkytbayev
- grid.428191.70000 0004 0495 7803School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000 Kazakhstan ,National Laboratory Astana, Nur-Sultan, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Dmitry V. Malashenkov
- grid.14476.300000 0001 2342 9668Department of General Ecology and Hydrobiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Assel Baishulakova
- grid.428191.70000 0004 0495 7803School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Veronika Dashkova
- grid.428191.70000 0004 0495 7803School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000 Kazakhstan ,grid.428191.70000 0004 0495 7803School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Thomas A. Davidson
- grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Ivan A. Vorobjev
- grid.428191.70000 0004 0495 7803School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000 Kazakhstan ,National Laboratory Astana, Nur-Sultan, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark ,grid.6935.90000 0001 1881 7391Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Mersin, 33731 Turkey ,grid.6935.90000 0001 1881 7391Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Ecosystem Research and Implementation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 06800 Turkey ,grid.484648.20000 0004 0480 4559Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Natasha S. Barteneva
- grid.428191.70000 0004 0495 7803School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000 Kazakhstan ,grid.428191.70000 0004 0495 7803The Environmental Research and Efficiency Cluster (EREC), Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000 Kazakhstan
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Kalaitzidou MP, Nannou CI, Lambropoulou DA, Papageorgiou KV, Theodoridis AM, Economou VK, Giantsis IA, Angelidis PG, Kritas SK, Petridou EJ. First report of detection of microcystins in farmed mediterranean mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis in Thermaikos gulf in Greece. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH (THESSALONIKE, GREECE) 2021; 28:8. [PMID: 33691804 PMCID: PMC7949245 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-021-00139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microcystins are emerging marine biotoxins, produced by potentially toxic cyanobacteria. Their presence has been reported in aquatic animals in Greek freshwater, while data are few in marine environments. Since the climate change induces eutrophication and harmful algal blooms in coastal marine ecosystems affecting the public health, further research on microcystins' presence in marine waters is required. The aim of this study was to examine the potential presence of microcystins in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis in the largest farming areas in Thermaikos gulf, in Northern Greece, and to investigate their temporal and spatial distribution, adding to the knowledge of microcystins presence in Greek Mediterranean mussels. RESULTS A 4-year microcystins' assessment was conducted from 2013 to 2016, in farmed Mediterranean mussels M. galloprovincialis, in five sampling areas in Thermaikos gulf, in northern Greece, where the 90% of the Greek mussels' farming activities is located. The isolation of potentially toxic cyanobacteria was confirmed by molecular methods. An initial screening was performed with a qualitative and quantitative direct monoclonal (DM) ELISA and results above 1 ng g-1 were confirmed for the occurrence of the most common microcystins-RR, -LR and -YR, by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with a high- resolution mass spectrometer (HRMS) (Orbitrap analyzer). Microcystin-RR and microcystin-LR were detected, while the intensity of microcystin-YR was below the method detection limit. Most samples that exhibited concentrations above 1 ng g-1 were detected during the warm seasons of the year and especially in spring. Results indicated an overestimation of the ELISA method, since concentrations ranged between 0.70 ± 0.15 ng g-1 and 53.90 ± 3.18 ng g-1, while the confirmation denoted that the levels of microcystins were 6 to 22 times lower. CONCLUSIONS Microcystin-RR and microcystin-LR were detected for the first time in mussel M. galloprovincialis, harvested from farms in Thermaikos gulf, in Central Macedonia, Greece. Their presence was linked to potentially toxic cyanobacteria. Bioaccumulation was observed in digestive gland, while the concentrations in muscles were found extremely low. Samples with levels above 1 ng g-1 were observed mostly during spring, confirming the seasonal distribution of microcystins. The comparison of the results by the ELISA and the LC-Orbitrap MS method indicated an overestimation of concentration by the ELISA method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P. Kalaitzidou
- National Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, Department of Food Microbiology, Biochemical Control, Residues, Marine Biotoxins and other water toxins, Directorate of Veterinary Center of Thessaloniki, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Limnou 3A, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina I. Nannou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra A. Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos V. Papageorgiou
- 3rd Military Veterinary Hospital, General Staff, Hellenic Ministry of Defense, 15th km Thessaloniki-Vasilika, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandros M. Theodoridis
- Laboratory of Animal Production Economics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vangelis K. Economou
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin-Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis A. Giantsis
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, Florina, Greece
| | - Panagiotis G. Angelidis
- Laboratory of Ichthyology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyridon K. Kritas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evanthia J. Petridou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Kim M, Kim D, Kim J, Hong S, Shin KH. Distribution of microcystins in environmental multimedia and their bioaccumulation characteristics in marine benthic organisms in the Geum River Estuary, South Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143815. [PMID: 33250238 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spatio-temporal distributions and bioaccumulation characteristics of freshwater cyanobacterial toxins, such as microcystins (MCs) in the Geum River Estuary, South Korea, were investigated during summer. Environmental multimedia samples (water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediments) and tidal flat organisms (polychaetes, decapods, amphipods, and bivalves) were collected from regions inside and outside of the estuary dam for MCs analysis. Phytoplankton communities in the Geum River (freshwater) and estuarine area (brackish water) were also analyzed in order to understand the relationship with MCs concentrations. Seasonal variation in the structure of phytoplankton communities was detected in the Geum River, with a relatively high density of Cyanophyta in summer. MC concentrations were strongly correlated to water temperature, chlorophyll a, and cyanobacterial density. MC-LR was the most abundant MC variants in environmental samples. Dissolved MCs remained for longer periods and were more widely distributed in the coastal environments compared to particulate MCs. The distribution coefficients between water and SPM (Kd-SPM) and between water and sediments (Kd-sediment) of MCs showed that the phase shift of MCs in the environmental samples occurred in the estuary. Kd-SPM declined from the inside to outside regions of the estuary dam, and was mainly attributed to differences in the half-lives of MCs in dissolved (4.7 d for MC-LR) and particulate phases (0.44-0.52 d for MC-LR). Species-specific bioaccumulation of MCs occurred in tidal flat organisms, with relatively high bioaccumulation factors of MCs being detected in polychaetes and decapods compared to amphipods and bivalves. Overall, this study advances our understanding on the distribution, transport, fate, and bioaccumulation of MCs in estuarine and coastal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mungi Kim
- Department of Ocean Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyun Kim
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseong Kim
- Water & Eco-Bio Co., Ltd., Jungboo Building, Miryong-dong, Kunsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Ocean Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
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Habtemariam H, Kifle D, Leta S, Beekman W, Lürling M. Cyanotoxins in drinking water supply reservoir (Legedadi, Central Ethiopia): implications for public health safety. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04313-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractCyanobacterial blooms in drinking water supply affect its quality, which ultimately impacts ecosystem and public health. Thus, this cross-sectional study was conducted to perform a preliminary study on cyanotoxins via analysis of samples collected only once from two sites during the month of peak algal bloom and to subsequently prompt a comprehensive risk assessment in a major drinking water source, Legedadi Reservoir, of Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. Samples were collected during peak algal bloom month (January 2018) from two sampling sites, near the dam (S1) and at the center of the reservoir (S2). Identification and enumeration of phytoplankton taxa were done and the measurement of common hepatotoxin (MCs and NOD) concentrations was conducted using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In the reservoir, cyanobacteria made up to 98% of total phytoplankton abundance, with Dolichospermum and Microcystis spp, dominating the phytoplankton community. In these first cyanotoxin analyses conducted for a drinking water supply source in Ethiopia, six major MC variants, namely MC-dmRR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-dmLR, MC-LR, and MC-LA, were detected in both algal seston and water samples. MC-LR was the most dominant MCs variant, while nodularin was not detected for both sampling sites. Extracellular total MC concentrations (μg L−1) of 453.89 and 61.63 and intracellular total MC concentrations (μg L−1) of 189.29 and 112.34 were recorded for samples from S1 and S2, respectively. The high concentrations of extracellular MCs, with MC-LR constituting the greatest proportion, indicate the extremely high potential public health risk for end-users.
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Camacho-Muñoz D, Waack J, Turner AD, Lewis AM, Lawton LA, Edwards C. Rapid uptake and slow depuration: Health risks following cyanotoxin accumulation in mussels? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116400. [PMID: 33421845 PMCID: PMC7859834 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater cyanobacteria produce highly toxic secondary metabolites, which can be transported downstream by rivers and waterways into the sea. Estuarine and coastal aquaculture sites exposed to toxic cyanobacteria raise concerns that shellfish may accumulate and transfer cyanotoxins in the food web. This study aims to describe the competitive pattern of uptake and depuration of a wide range of microcystins (MC-LR, MC-LF, MC-LW, MC-LY, [Asp3]-MC-LR/[Dha7]-MC-LR, MC-HilR) and nodularins (NOD cyclic and linear) within the common blue mussel Mytilus edulis exposed to a combined culture of Microcystis aeruginosa and Nodularia spumigena into the coastal environment. Different distribution profiles of MCs/NODs in the experimental system were observed. The majority of MCs/NODs were present intracellularly which is representative of healthy cyanobacterial cultures, with MC-LR and NOD the most abundant analogues. Higher removal rate was observed for NOD (≈96%) compared to MCs (≈50%) from the water phase. Accumulation of toxins in M. edulis was fast, reaching up to 3.4 μg/g shellfish tissue four days after the end of the 3-days exposure period, with NOD (1.72 μg/g) and MC-LR (0.74 μg/g) as the dominant toxins, followed by MC-LF (0.35 μg/g) and MC-LW (0.31 μg/g). Following the end of the exposure period depuration was incomplete after 27 days (0.49 μg/g of MCs/NODs). MCs/NODs were also present in faecal material and extrapallial fluid after 24 h of exposure with MCs the main contributors to the total cyanotoxin load in faecal material and NOD in the extrapallial fluid. Maximum concentration of MCs/NODs accumulated in a typical portion of mussels (20 mussels, ≈4 g each) was beyond greater the acute, seasonal and lifetime tolerable daily intake. Even after 27 days of depuration, consuming mussels harvested during even short term harmful algae blooms in close proximity to shellfish beds might carry a high health risk, highlighting the need for testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Camacho-Muñoz
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK.
| | - Julia Waack
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK; Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Adam M Lewis
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Linda A Lawton
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Christine Edwards
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK
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Chia MA, Abdulwahab R, Ameh I, Balogun JK, Auta J. Farmed tilapia as an exposure route to microcystins in Zaria-Nigeria: A seasonal investigation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116366. [PMID: 33401213 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have reported the contamination of farmed fish by microcystins, however, alternations in levels of contamination resulting from seasonal changes are infrequently described. This investigation is focused on the seasonal accumulation of microcystins in farmed Nile Tilapia muscle tissue across three farms located in Zaria, Nigeria, as a means of assessing the health risks associated with the consumption of contaminated fish. Total microcystins and cyanobacteria content, respectively, in muscle tissue and gut of tilapia varied, seasonally in the farms. Microcystin levels were higher in fish tissues analyzed in the dry season than the rainy season at Nagoyi and Danlami ponds. Correlating with the levels of microcystins found in fish tissues, the highest dissolved microcystins levels in all the fish farms occurred in the dry season, where the Bal and Kol fish farm had the highest concentration (0.265 ± 0.038 μgL-1). Gut analysis of fish obtained from the ponds, revealed a predominance of Microcystis spp. among other cyanobacteria. Estimation of total daily intake of consumed contaminated Nile tilapia muscles reveal values exceeding WHO recommended (0.04 μg kg-1 body weight) total daily intake of MC-LR. Consumption of tilapia from Danlami pond presented the greatest risk with a value of 0.093 μg kg-1 total daily intake. Results of the present study necessitate the implementation of legislation and monitoring programs for microcystins and other cyanobacteria contaminants of fish obtained from farms and other sources in Zaria and indeed several other African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ilu Ameh
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Jehu Auta
- Department Biology Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Sharma M, Khurana H, Singh DN, Negi RK. The genus Sphingopyxis: Systematics, ecology, and bioremediation potential - A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 280:111744. [PMID: 33280938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The genus Sphingopyxis was first reported in the year 2001. Phylogenetically, Sphingopyxis is well delineated from other genera Sphingobium, Sphingomonas and Novosphingobium of sphingomonads group, family Sphingomonadaceae of Proteobacteria. To date (at the time of writing), the genus Sphingopyxis comprises of twenty validly published species available in List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature. Sphingopyxis spp. have been isolated from diverse niches including, agricultural soil, marine and fresh water, caves, activated sludge, thermal spring, oil and pesticide contaminated soil, and heavy metal contaminated sites. Sphingopyxis species have drawn considerable attention not only for their ability to survive under extreme environments, but also for their potential to degrade number of xenobiotics and other environmental contaminants that impose serious threat to human health. At present, genome sequence of both cultivable and non-cultivable strains (metagenome assembled genome) are available in the public databases (NCBI) and genome wide studies confirms the presence of mobile genetic elements and plethora of degradation genes and pathways making them a potential candidate for bioremediation. Beside genome wide predictions there are number of experimental evidences confirm the degradation potential of bacteria belonging to genus Sphingopyxis and also the production of different secondary metabolites that help them interact and survive in their ecological niches. This review provides detailed information on ecology, general characteristic and the significant implications of Sphingopyxis species in environmental management along with the bio-synthetic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sharma
- Fish Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Himani Khurana
- Fish Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Durgesh Narain Singh
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Ram Krishan Negi
- Fish Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India.
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Hernando M, De Troch M, de la Rosa F, Giannuzzi L. Fatty acid response of the invasive bivalve Limnoperna fortunei fed with Microcystis aeruginosa exposed to high temperature. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 240:108925. [PMID: 33130072 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The success of Limnoperna fortunei as an invasive freshwater bivalve species is related to its physiological plasticity to endure changes in environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological responses of L. fortunei after feeding on Microcystis aeruginosa grown at 26 °C (control) and 29 °C during 10 days. At the beginning, we measured biomass, fatty acids (FAs) composition on Cyanobacteria grown at both temperatures at different time intervals. Afterwards, mussels were fed with the thawed M. aeruginosa cells and their FA profile was measured after 15 days of feeding. M. aeruginosa exposed to 29 °C had the highest content of the FAs 18:2ω6 and cis-18:1ω9. The FA profile of the consumer L. fortunei fed with M. aeruginosa cultures grown at 29 °C was also significantly different to those fed with cultures grown at 26 °C, with a significant increased Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5ω3) and Arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4ω6) concentrations. L. fortunei was already known to be physiologically adapted to live at 29 °C, but our results also shown a high biosynthesis of EPA and ARA (increase of 70 and 40% respectively, compared with 26 °C) and avoided the lipid peroxidation of both FAs. This increased EPA and ARA biosynthesis may be an important source of ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) for higher trophic levels, such as the pelagic fishes or birds that mainly prey on these mussels. The transfer of the cyanobacterial response at higher temperature to higher trophic levels will influence the overall functioning of freshwater bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Hernando
- Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA), Departamento de Radiobiología, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Av. Gral. Paz 1499, 1650 San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Marleen De Troch
- Ghent University, Faculty of Sciences, Marine Biology, Krijgslaan 281-S8, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Florencia de la Rosa
- Instituto de Fisiología y Neurociencias (IFiNe), Universidad de Morón, Machado 914, 5to Piso, 1708 Morón, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Godoy Cruz, 2290, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Plaas HE, Paerl HW. Toxic Cyanobacteria: A Growing Threat to Water and Air Quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:44-64. [PMID: 33334098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The global expansion of harmful cyanobacterial blooms (CyanoHABs) poses an increasing threat to public health. CyanoHABs are characterized by the production of toxic metabolites known as cyanotoxins. Human exposure to cyanotoxins is challenging to forecast, and perhaps the least understood exposure route is via inhalation. While the aerosolization of toxins from marine harmful algal blooms (HABs) has been well documented, the aerosolization of cyanotoxins in freshwater systems remains understudied. In recent years, spray aerosol (SA) produced in the airshed of the Laurentian Great Lakes (United States and Canada) has been characterized, suggesting that freshwater systems may impact atmospheric aerosol loading more than previously understood. Therefore, further investigation regarding the impact of CyanoHABs on human respiratory health is warranted. This review examines current research on the incorporation of cyanobacterial cells and cyanotoxins into SA of aquatic ecosystems which experience HABs. We present an overview of cyanotoxin fate in the environment, biological incorporation into SA, existing data on cyanotoxins in SA, relevant collection methods, and adverse health outcomes associated with cyanotoxin inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley E Plaas
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, NC 28557, United States
| | - Hans W Paerl
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, NC 28557, United States
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Won EJ, Kim D, Yoo JW, In S, Shin KH, Lee YM. Oxidative stress responses in brackish water flea exposed to microcystin-LR and algal bloom waters from Nakdong River, Republic of Korea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 162:111868. [PMID: 33279800 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystis blooms and the impact of their toxins, particularly microcystin (MC), in coastal ecosystems is an emerging threat, but the species-specific effects of MC and the potential for bioconcentration are not fully understood. We exposed the brackish water flea, Diaphanosoma celebensis, to MC-LR, which showed antioxidant responses measured at the molecular to enzyme levels but no acute toxicity. We extended our experimental investigation to measure the released MC and its uptake by D. celebensis exposed to river water. In a short-term exposure (48 h) experiment, D. celebensis exposed to water from an algal bloom (approximately 2 μg L-1 MC) assimilated more than 50 pg MC per individual. The significant increase of MCs suggests the potential for the species to accumulate MCs. The dose-dependent increase in the antioxidant response observed in the mRNA levels also showed that D. celebensis exposed to diluted algal bloom waters were affected by toxins from cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ji Won
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea; Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dokyun Kim
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Won Yoo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Convergence Engineering, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon In
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Convergence Engineering, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea; Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mi Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Convergence Engineering, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea.
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Chen G, Wang L, Wang M, Hu T. Comprehensive insights into the occurrence and toxicological issues of nodularins. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 162:111884. [PMID: 33307402 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of cyanobacterial toxins is being increasingly reported. Nodularins (NODs) are one of the cyanotoxins group mainly produced by Nodularia spumigena throughout the world. NODs may exert adverse effects on animal and human health, and NOD-R variant is the most widely investigated. However, research focused on them is still limited. In order to understand the realistic risk well, the aim of this review is to compile the available information in the scientific literature regarding NODs, including their sources, distribution, structural characteristics, physicochemical properties, biosynthesis and degradation, adverse effects in vitro and vivo, and toxicokinetics. More data is urgently needed to integrate the cumulative or synergistic effects of NODs on different species and various cells to better understand, anticipate and aggressively manage their potential toxicity after both short- and long-term exposure in ecosystem, and to minimize or prevent the adverse effects on human health, environment and the economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Linping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Mingxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Tingzhang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
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Li M, Rui J, Liu D, Su F, Li Z, Qiao H, Wang Z, Liu C, Shan J, Li Q, Guo M, Fan N, Qian J. Liquid Transport in Fibrillar Channels of Ion-Associated Cellular Nanowood Foams. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:58212-58222. [PMID: 33319989 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A mechanical disintegration of waste wood biomass and freeze-induced assembly of colloidal nanowood were effectively deployed to explore ion-associated cellular foams (NWFs) with unidirectional channels. Under the assistance of inorganic ions, the as-fabricated foams were significantly enhanced in physical stability, compressive strength, flame retardancy, and thermal barrier, accounting for the tuning effects of pores and channels, surface charges, and microphase interaction by ion effects and freeze orientation. As a result, the vascular-like ion-doped channels benefited from quick capillary liquid transport. Under 1 sun illumination, NWF-V as a 3-D evaporator exhibited a high evaporation rate of 1.50 kg m-2 h-1 and a conversion efficiency of up to 88.9% for seawater desalination. Dramatically, an average of 12.5 kg m-2 of fresh water could be generated on each sunny day by outdoor NWFs for durability beyond 15 days. Under the drive of fuel combustion, an efficient conveying of ethanol or pump oil could be at rates of 0.44 and 0.26 mL min-1, respectively. Moreover, combustion flame with variable color was generated according to the doping cations in NWFs. Therefore, sustainable, green, facile, and multifunctional wood-based cellular foams could be tailored, scaled-up, and applied as color flame burners or desalination evaporators under combustion or solar drive in the energy and environment fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environment Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jilong Rui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environment Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Dagang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environment Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Fan Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environment Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zehui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Huanhuan Qiao
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Zhongkai Wang
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environment Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jiaqi Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environment Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Qin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environment Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Mengna Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environment Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Ning Fan
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environment Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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Magnet-actuated droplet microfluidic immunosensor coupled with gel imager for detection of microcystin-LR in aquatic products. Talanta 2020; 219:121329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Stroming S, Robertson M, Mabee B, Kuwayama Y, Schaeffer B. Quantifying the Human Health Benefits of Using Satellite Information to Detect Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms and Manage Recreational Advisories in U.S. Lakes. GEOHEALTH 2020; 4:e2020GH000254. [PMID: 32864541 PMCID: PMC7446750 DOI: 10.1029/2020gh000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Significant recent advances in satellite remote sensing allow environmental managers to detect and monitor cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHAB), and these capabilities are being used more frequently in water quality management. A quantitative estimate of the socioeconomic benefits generated from these new capabilities, known as an impact assessment, was missing from the growing literature on cyanoHABs and remote sensing. In this paper, we present an impact assessment framework to characterize the socioeconomic benefits of satellite remote sensing for detecting cyanoHABs and managing recreational advisories at freshwater lakes. We then apply this framework to estimate the socioeconomic benefits of satellite data that were used to manage a 2017 cyanoHAB event in Utah Lake. CyanoHAB events on Utah Lake can pose health risks to people who interact with the blooms through recreation. We find that the availability of satellite data yielded socioeconomic benefits by improving human health outcomes valued at approximately $370,000, though a sensitivity analysis reveals that this central estimate can vary significantly ($55,000-$1,057,000 in benefits) as a result of different assumptions regarding the time delay in posting a recreational advisory, the number of people exposed to the cyanoHAB, the number of people who experience gastrointestinal symptoms, and the cost per case of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Stroming
- School of Foreign ServiceGeorgetown UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | | | | | | | - Blake Schaeffer
- Office of Research and DevelopmentUnited States Environmental Protection AgencyResearch Triangle ParkNCUSA
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Peng L, Tang Q, Gu J, Lei L, Chen W, Song L. Seasonal variation of microcystins and their accumulation in fish in two large shallow lakes of China. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:790-800. [PMID: 32424447 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation of microcystins (MCs) has been widely observed in aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates, but its seasonal and specific variations remain unclear. In the present study, dissolved MCs in water, algal cell-bound MCs and muscle tissue MCs of nine fish species were investigated monthly in two of the largest shallow lakes in China: Lake Taihu and Lake Chaohu. The fish species were grouped as carnivorous, planktivorous, and omnivorous fish. Seasonal variations in dissolved and algal cell-bound MCs in water and MCs contents of fish hepatopancreas and muscle were investigated in the two lakes from 2009 to 2010. Dissolved MCs in water ranged from 0.35 to 2.56 µg l-1 in Lake Taihu and 0.16 to 2.45 µg l-1 in Lake Chaohu, and showed seasonally a unimodal distribution. Algal cell-bound MCs also showed a similar seasonal variation in both lakes, but dissolved MCs in water peaked about one month later than algal cell-bound MCs. The MCs content in the Fish muscle was higher MCs from October to December than in the other months. For most of the fish species, it exceeded the tolerable daily intake value established by the WHO. The averaged MCs content in the muscle of carnivorous, planktivorous, omnivorous fish was 48.2, 28.7 and 37.8 μg kg-1 in Lake Taihu, respectively, and 27.8, 18.6 and 20.4 μg kg-1 in Lake Chaohu. It was significantly higher in carnivorous fish than in planktivorous and omnivorous fish, indicating that carnivorous fish has a higher exposure risk to the local people when consuming the harvested fish. The average ratio of hepatopancreas to muscle MCs contents was 13.0, 25.2, 13.8 for carnivorous, planktivorous, omnivorous fishes in Lake Taihu, respectively, and 18.0, 24.9, 14.8 in Lake Chaohu. These ratio for planktivorous fish almost doubled that for carnivorous and omnivorous fish. High correlation of MC content in carnivorous, omnivorous and planktivorous fish indicates that MCs can be delivered along trophic levels in the food chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Peng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Quehui Tang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiguang Gu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lamei Lei
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430072, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Lirong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430072, Wuhan, PR China.
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Rangel LM, Silva LHS, Faassen EJ, Lürling M, Ger KA. Copepod Prey Selection and Grazing Efficiency Mediated by Chemical and Morphological Defensive Traits of Cyanobacteria. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12070465. [PMID: 32708114 PMCID: PMC7404970 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton anti-grazer traits control zooplankton grazing and are associated with harmful blooms. Yet, how morphological versus chemical phytoplankton defenses regulate zooplankton grazing is poorly understood. We compared zooplankton grazing and prey selection by contrasting morphological (filament length: short vs. long) and chemical (saxitoxin: STX- vs. STX+) traits of a bloom-forming cyanobacterium (Raphidiopsis) offered at different concentrations in mixed diets with an edible phytoplankton to a copepod grazer. The copepod selectively grazed on the edible prey (avoidance of cyanobacteria) even when the cyanobacterium was dominant. Avoidance of the cyanobacterium was weakest for the “short STX-” filaments and strongest for the other three strains. Hence, filament size had an effect on cyanobacterial avoidance only in the STX- treatments, while toxin production significantly increased cyanobacterial avoidance regardless of filament size. Moreover, cyanobacterial dominance reduced grazing on the edible prey by almost 50%. Results emphasize that the dominance of filamentous cyanobacteria such as Raphidiopsis can interfere with copepod grazing in a trait specific manner. For cyanobacteria, toxin production may be more effective than filament size as an anti-grazer defense against selectively grazing zooplankton such as copepods. Our results highlight how multiple phytoplankton defensive traits interact to regulate the producer-consumer link in plankton ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana M. Rangel
- Laboratório de Ficologia, Museu Nacional, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (L.M.R.); (L.H.S.S.)
| | - Lúcia H. S. Silva
- Laboratório de Ficologia, Museu Nacional, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (L.M.R.); (L.H.S.S.)
| | - Elisabeth J. Faassen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miquel Lürling
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (K.A.G.)
| | - Kemal Ali Ger
- Center for Coastal Limnological and Marine Studies (CECLIMAR), Campus Litoral Norte, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande de Sul, 95625-000 Imbé, Brazil
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (K.A.G.)
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Synthesis of metal-organic framework-5@chitosan material for the analysis of microcystins and nodularin based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1623:461198. [PMID: 32505287 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) and nodularin (NOD) are tumor promoters produced by cyanobacteria and present in surface water. In this work, a novel mesoporous metal-organic framework-5@chitosan (MOF-5@CS) material was synthesized and applied for the enrichment of MCs and NOD in water and fish samples. The mesoporous MOF-5@CS material was firstly synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method, and the chitosan was combined with MOF-5 via chemical bonding assembly. As a new adsorbent, the as-synthesized material was found having a large specific surface area and good thermal stability. Under the optimized conditions, MCs and NOD were enriched by the MOF-5@CS material and detected by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The limit of detection of the new method for MCs and NOD were in the range of 0.0018-0.077 ng/mL. The value of relative standard deviation for repeatability were 2.69-6.30%, and the recovery of the analytes ranged from 84.36% to 118.51%. Compared with other reported method for MCs and NOD detection in complex matrices, better adsorption performance for MCs and NOD were obtained by our new method, and the sensitivity of MCs-RR and NOD were improved nearly 20 times and 30 times, respectively.
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50
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The Efficacy of Hydrogen Peroxide in Mitigating Cyanobacterial Blooms and Altering Microbial Communities across Four Lakes in NY, USA. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12070428. [PMID: 32610617 PMCID: PMC7405413 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been proposed as an agent to mitigate toxic cyanobacterial blooms due to the heightened sensitivity of cyanobacteria to reactive oxygen species relative to eukaryotic organisms. Here, experiments were conducted using water from four diverse, eutrophic lake ecosystems to study the effects of H2O2 on cyanobacteria and non-target members of the microbial community. H2O2 was administered at 4 µg L-1 and a combination of fluorometry, microscopy, flow cytometry, and high throughput DNA sequencing were used to quantify the effects on eukaryotic and prokaryotic plankton communities. The addition of H2O2 resulted in a significant reduction in cyanobacteria levels in nearly all experiments (10 of 11), reducing their relative abundance from, on average, 85% to 29% of the total phytoplankton community with Planktothrix being highly sensitive, Microcystis being moderately sensitive, and Cylindrospermopsis being most resistant. Concurrently, eukaryotic algal levels increased in 75% of experiments. The bacterial phyla Actinobacteria, cyanobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Verrucomicrobia were most negatively impacted by H2O2, with Actinobacteria being the most sensitive. The ability of H2O2 to reduce, but not fully eliminate, cyanobacteria from the eutrophic water bodies studied here suggests it may not be an ideal mitigation approach in high biomass ecosystems.
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