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Broughton RK, Searle KR, Walker LA, Potter ED, Pereira MG, Carter H, Sleep D, Noble DG, Butler A, Johnson AC. Long-term trends of second generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) show widespread contamination of a bird-eating predator, the Eurasian Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) in Britain. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120269. [PMID: 36162558 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Second generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) are widely used to control rodents around the world. However, contamination by SGARs is detectable in many non-target species, particularly carnivorous mammals or birds-of-prey that hunt or scavenge on poisoned rodents. The SGAR trophic transfer pathway via rodents and their predators/scavengers appears widespread, but little is known of other pathways of SGAR contamination in non-target wildlife. This is despite the detection of SGARs in predators that do not eat rodents, such as specialist bird-eating hawks. We used a Bayesian modelling framework to examine the extent and spatio-temporal trends of SGAR contamination in the livers of 259 Eurasian Sparrowhawks, a specialist bird-eating raptor, in regions of Britain during 1995-2015. SGARs, predominantly difenacoum, were detected in 81% of birds, with highest concentrations in males and adults. SGAR concentrations in birds were lowest in Scotland and higher or increasing in other regions of Britain, which had a greater arable or urban land cover where SGARs may be widely deployed for rodent control. However, there was no overall trend for Britain, and 97% of SGAR residues in Eurasian Sparrowhawks were below 100 ng/g (wet weight), which is a potential threshold for lethal effects. The results have potential implications for the population decline of Eurasian Sparrowhawks in Britain. Fundamentally, the results indicate an extensive and persistent contamination of the avian trophic transfer pathway on a national scale, where bird-eating raptors and, by extension, their prey appear to be widely exposed to SGARs. Consequently, these findings have implications for wildlife contamination worldwide, wherever these common rodenticides are deployed, as widespread exposure of non-target species can apparently occur via multiple trophic transfer pathways involving birds as well as rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Broughton
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK.
| | - Kate R Searle
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Lee A Walker
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Elaine D Potter
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - M Glória Pereira
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Heather Carter
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Darren Sleep
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - David G Noble
- British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk, IP24 2PU, UK
| | - Adam Butler
- BioSS, James Clerk Maxwell Building, King's Buildings, Mayfield Rd, Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ, UK
| | - Andrew C Johnson
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
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Cha J, Hong S, Gwak J, Kim M, Lee J, Kim T, Han GM, Hong SH, Hur J, Giesy JP, Khim JS. Identification of novel polar aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists accumulated in liver of black-tailed gulls in Korea using advanced effect-directed analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128305. [PMID: 35077967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in seabirds has been examined, few studies have been conducted to identify previously unidentified substances. Here, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists were identified in livers of black-tailed gulls from South Korea using effect-directed analysis combined with full-scan screening analysis. Significant AhR-mediated potencies were observed in the polar fractions of liver extracts using H4IIE-luc bioassay. Eight known polar AhR agonists accounted for 11-20% of the total AhR-mediated potencies in the polar fractions; hydrocortisone and rutaecarpine were the major contributors. Twenty-two AhR agonist candidates in the polar fractions were identified using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry during a six-step selection process. Of these, [10]-gingerol, angelicin, corticosterone, eupatilin, etofenprox, oxadixyl, and tretinoin were identified as novel AhR agonists. The contribution to potencies increased with inclusion of novel AhR agonists (27-52%); corticosterone and [10]-gingerol contributed significantly. Quantitative structure-activity relationship suggested that the novel AhR agonists have other potential toxic effects, including carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Polar AhR agonists have been used for pharmaceuticals and pesticides. Some novel AhR agonists have log KOW > 2 and log KOA ≥ 6, which indicates that these compounds can be biomagnified in air-breathing organisms, such as seabirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Cha
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jiyun Gwak
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Mungi Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewoo Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Myung Han
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Hong
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences & Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5B3, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7266, United States
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Bodziach K, Staniszewska M, Falkowska L, Nehring I, Ożarowska A, Zaniewicz G, Meissner W. Distribution paths of endocrine disrupting phenolic compounds in waterbirds (Mergus merganser, Alca torda, Clangula hyemalis) from the Southern Baltic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148556. [PMID: 34328961 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study determined the distribution of phenol derivatives in the organisms of waterbirds and the factors influencing their bioaccumulation and affinity to specific tissues. Concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP) and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) were determined in the brains, subcutaneous fat, kidneys, livers and pectoral muscles of goosanders Mergus merganser (GO), long-tailed ducks Clangula hyemalis (LO) and razorbills Alca torda (RA). The birds came from the winter by-catch (2014-2016) in the Southern Baltic. Different distribution routes of individual phenol derivatives in the birds were established, most likely due to their ability to bind to proteins and/or dissolve in lipids. BPA and 4-NP accumulated most in the muscles (BPA <2.0-223.0 ng.g-1 dw, 4-NP 26.0-476.4 ng.g-1 dw), livers (BPA <2.0-318.2 ng.g-1 dw, 4-NP 60.7-525.8 ng.g-1 dw), and kidneys (BPA <2.0-836.1 ng.g-1 dw, 4-NP 29.3-469.2 ng.g-1 dw), while 4-t-OP was stored mainly in the brains (2.6-341.1 ng.g-1 dw), subcutaneous fat (0.7-173.7 ng.g-1 dw) and livers (<0.5-698.8 ng.g-1 dw). The liver was the only organ where all compounds showed a positive correlation with each other and alkylphenols were also positively correlated with each other in tissues with high fat content (brains and subcutaneous fat), and negatively in muscles. Despite the different trophic levels of birds, the concentrations of phenol derivatives in the tissues between individual species in most cases did not differ significantly. However, between the species on a similar trophic level, the higher biomagnification coefficient was calculated for LO feeding on benthos, and the lower for RA feeding on pelagic fish (p < 0.05). The good condition of birds, resulting in large intestinal fat stores, promoted on the one hand the penetration of phenol derivatives from the intestine to the liver, and on the other hand their accumulation in subcutaneous fat, thereby protecting the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Bodziach
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Marta Staniszewska
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Lucyna Falkowska
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Iga Nehring
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ożarowska
- Department of Vertebrate Ecology & Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Zaniewicz
- Department of Vertebrate Ecology & Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Meissner
- Department of Vertebrate Ecology & Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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Zhang Y, Zheng X, Wang P, Zhang Q, Zhang Z. Occurrence and risks of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in three raptors from North China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 223:112541. [PMID: 34352580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were investigated in muscle samples from common kestrels (Falco tinnunculus), eagle owls (Bubo bubo), and little owls (Athene noctua) collected in Beijing, China. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs were in the ranges of 22.7-5280, 67.5-1610, and 68.4-3180 pg/g lipid weight (lw), while levels of dioxin-like PCBs ranged from 4.91 to 1560, 8.08-294, and 28.2-3540 ng/g lw, in common kestrel, eagle owl, and little owl, respectively. The main PCDD/Fs congener was 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, and CB-153 dominated the seven indicator PCBs. PCB levels have shown a decreasing trend in the last decade for the common kestrel, but not for little owl in Beijing, which exhibited higher levels of pollutants and toxic equivalency (TEQ) values than the other two species. Concentrations of PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like PCBs, and indicator PCBs differed between fledgling and adult raptors for certain species. Raptors in this study generally had a higher TEQ than the no-observed-effect level in the literature, indicating significant exposure risks to PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in raptors, especially in adult little owls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; The High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco, Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhengwang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Reindl AR, Falkowska L, Grajewska A. Halogenated organic compounds in the eggs of aquatic birds from the Gulf of Gdansk and Wloclawek Dam (Poland). CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 237:124463. [PMID: 31382198 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diet is the major route of exposure to environmental contaminants in biota and, after penetration into an organism, xenobiotics continue to accumulate in the body. In birds the egg-laying process acts as a transfer mechanism for the accumulated pollutants and results in the burdening of the next generation at an early stage of development. This transfer has a strong influence on developmental disorders and even breeding success. With this in mind polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo furans (PCDD/Fs), as well as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were analyzed in the eggs of aquatic birds from different habitats and with different diet preferences. The highest concentration of PBDE was noted in gull eggs (198.31 ng g-1 dw.) and the lowest in tern eggs (sandwich tern: 76.96 ng g-1 dw.; common tern: 113.73 ng g-1 dw). Deca-BDE was detected only in herring gull eggs from the Wloclawek reservoir. PCDDF/s were found in the eggs of terns from the southern coast of the Baltic Sea and gulls from an inland reservoir (dam) on the River Vistula close to the town of Wloclawek. The highest toxicity (birds Toxic Equivalent Factor) was found in the eggs of terns (sandwich tern - 93.97 pg g-1 dw., common tern - 68.35 pg g-1 dw.), and this was found to be several times higher than in herring gull eggs (18.80 pg g-1 dw.). Non-dioxin like PCBs were ten times higher than other analyzed PCB congeners, but the congener pattern was similar to other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej R Reindl
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography Gdansk University, Poland.
| | - Lucyna Falkowska
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography Gdansk University, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Grajewska
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography Gdansk University, Poland
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6
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Braune BM, Mallory ML. Declining trends of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and non-ortho PCBs in Canadian Arctic seabirds. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:557-566. [PMID: 27742441 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polychorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) such as the non-ortho PCBs (nPCBs) persist in the environment despite international measures to ban their emissions. We determined congener patterns and temporal trends for PCDDs, PCDFs, nPCBs as well as their toxic equivalents (TEQs) in eggs of thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia) and northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) sampled from Prince Leopold Island in the Canadian Arctic between 1975 and 2014. The dominant PCDD congeners were 1,2,3,7,8-PnCDD, 2,3,7,8-TCDD and 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD, and the dominant PCDF congener was 2,3,4,7,8-PnCDF. The nPCB profile was dominated by PCB-126. The TEQ profile in the murre eggs was dominated by nPCB-TEQ whereas in the fulmar eggs, the PCDF-TEQ contribution to ΣTEQ was slightly greater than that of nPCB-TEQ. Concentrations of ΣPCDD, ΣPCDF, ΣnPCB and ΣTEQ declined between 1975 and 2014 in both murre and fulmar eggs. Based on TEQ thresholds in the literature for other species, and taking into account the trend towards declining TEQ levels, it is unlikely that current levels of PCDDs, PCDFs or nPCBs are affecting the reproductive success of thick-billed murres or northern fulmars in the Canadian Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit M Braune
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Raven Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3, Canada.
| | - Mark L Mallory
- Biology Department, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, B4P 2R6, Canada
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Falkowska L, Reindl AR, Grajewska A, Lewandowska AU. Organochlorine contaminants in the muscle, liver and brain of seabirds (Larus) from the coastal area of the Southern Baltic. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 133:63-72. [PMID: 27414257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The presence of persistent organic pollutants in the environment manifests itself most strongly in the marine trophic chain, where the highest link is comprised of seabirds. At the same time, seabirds are excellent indicators of contamination in their habitat. The present study concentrates on toxic substances: polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and chlorinated organic pesticides (OCPs) accumulated in the livers, pectoral muscles and brains of dead gulls collected along the Polish coast of the Baltic Sea in the years 2010-12. The highest toxic equivalence was determined in the livers of Larus argentatus (TEQ(birds TEF)-28.3pgg(-1) ww) and Larus marinus (TEQ(birds TEF)-29.9pgg(-1) ww.). However, the toxic equivalence of muscles was lower and amounted to 3.9pgg(-1) ww. and 7.8pgg(-1) ww. respectively for the two species. The lowest toxic equivalence was found in the brains of birds, where only one, the most toxic, 2,3,7,8 TCDD congener was found (TEQ(birds TEF) 0.87pgg(-1) ww). The highest concentration of chloroorganic pesticides was determined in the brains of the birds (total OCP 167.8pgg(-1) ww.), lower concentrations were found in the livers (total OCP 92.1pgg(-1) ww.) and muscles (total OCP 43.1pgg(-1) ww.). With regard to pesticides, the highest proportion in the total OCP content was constituted by DDT and its isomers (liver 81%, muscles 77% and brain 55%). High concentrations of the studied pollutants in the livers of gulls found dead on the coast of the Southern Baltic could have been effected by levels of contamination in the birds' last meals, which resulted in a seven-fold increase of the liver's toxic equivalence and a two-fold increase in OCP concentration in relation to muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Falkowska
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdansk, Address: Al. Pilsudskiego 46, 81-387 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Andrzej R Reindl
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdansk, Address: Al. Pilsudskiego 46, 81-387 Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Grajewska
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdansk, Address: Al. Pilsudskiego 46, 81-387 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Anita U Lewandowska
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdansk, Address: Al. Pilsudskiego 46, 81-387 Gdynia, Poland
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Huang AC, Elliott JE, Hindmarch S, Lee SL, Maisonneuve F, Bowes V, Cheng KM, Martin K. Increased rodenticide exposure rate and risk of toxicosis in barn owls (Tyto alba) from southwestern Canada and linkage with demographic but not genetic factors. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 25:1061-1071. [PMID: 27151403 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1662-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Among many anthropogenic drivers of population decline, continual rapid urbanization and industrialization pose major challenges for the survival of wildlife species. Barn owls (Tyto alba) in southwestern British Columbia (BC) face a multitude of threats ranging from habitat fragmentation to vehicle strikes. They are also at risk from secondary poisoning of second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs), a suite of toxic compounds which at high doses results in a depletion of blood clotting factors leading to internal bleeding and death. Here, using long-term data (N = 119) for the hepatic residue levels of SGAR, we assessed the risk of toxicosis from SGAR for the BC barn owl population over the past two decades. We also investigated whether sensitivity to SGAR is associated with genetic factors, namely Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) found in the CYP2C45 gene of barn owls. We found that residue concentration for total SGAR was significantly higher in 2006-2013 (141 ng/g) relative to 1992-2003 (57 ng/g). The proportion of owls exposed to multiple SGAR types was also significantly higher in 2006-2013. Those measures accordingly translate directly into an increase in toxicosis risk level. We also detected demographic differences, where adult females showed on average lower concentration of total SGAR (64 ng/g) when compared to adult males (106 ng/g). Juveniles were overall more likely to show signs of toxicosis than adults (33.3 and 6.9 %, respectively), and those symptoms were positively predicted by SGAR concentrations. We found no evidence that SNPs in the CYP2C45 gene of barn owls were associated with intraspecific variation in SGAR sensitivity. We recommend several preventative measures be taken to minimize wildlife exposure to SGAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Huang
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Environment and Climate Change Canada (Science and Technology Branch), 5421 Robertson Rd, Delta, BC, V4K 3N2, Canada.
| | - John E Elliott
- Environment and Climate Change Canada (Science and Technology Branch), 5421 Robertson Rd, Delta, BC, V4K 3N2, Canada
- Avian Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sofi Hindmarch
- Environment and Climate Change Canada (Science and Technology Branch), 5421 Robertson Rd, Delta, BC, V4K 3N2, Canada
| | - Sandi L Lee
- Environment and Climate Change Canada (Science and Technology Branch), 5421 Robertson Rd, Delta, BC, V4K 3N2, Canada
| | - France Maisonneuve
- Environment Canada (Science and Technology Branch), National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Victoria Bowes
- Animal Health Centre, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, 1767 Angus Campbell Rd, Abbotsford, BC, V3G 2M3, Canada
| | - Kimberly M Cheng
- Avian Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kathy Martin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Environment and Climate Change Canada (Science and Technology Branch), 5421 Robertson Rd, Delta, BC, V4K 3N2, Canada
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Falkowska L, Reindl AR. Dietary exposure to, and internal organ transfer of, selected halogenated organic compounds in birds eating fish from the Southern Baltic. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2015; 50:1029-1039. [PMID: 26121018 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2015.1038171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a marine diet on the accumulation, magnification, maternal transfer and detoxification of chlorinated organic pollutants on the highest trophic level in the Baltic Sea. Results showed that birds eating whole herring received the highest doses of herbicides > pesticides > fungicides > polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) > polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs). The toxicity of PCDD/Fs in a penguin's 24-h alimentary exposure was estimated at 7.77 ng TEQ-WHO2005. Among pesticides, the highest concentrations--both in fish and penguin tissue--were those of the pp-DDE isomer. In terms of herbicides, simazine and terbutrine were predominant. The majority of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) underwent accumulation and magnification, and these factors were observed to increase with the birds' age. Guano was found to be an effective means of elimination for all of the studied xenobiotics. Maternal transfer of PCDD/Fs into eggs from internal tissues was most prominent for highly chlorinated dioxins and low chlorinated furans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Falkowska
- a Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection , Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdansk , Gdansk , Poland
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