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Song C, Gu Q, Zhang D, Zhou D, Cui X. Prediction of PFAS bioaccumulation in different plant tissues with machine learning models based on molecular fingerprints. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 950:175091. [PMID: 39079643 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Due to the wastewater irrigation or biosolid application, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been widely detected in agriculture soil and hence crops or vegetables. Consumption of contaminated crops and vegetables is considered as an important route of human exposure to PFASs. Machine learning (ML) models have been developed to predict PFAS uptake by plants with majority focus on roots. However, ML models for predicting accumulation of PFASs in above ground edible tissues have yet to be investigated. In this study, 811 data points covering 22 PFASs represented by molecular fingerprints and 5 plant categories (namely the root class, leaf class, cereals, legumes, and fruits) were used for model development. The Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) model demonstrated the most favorable performance to predict the bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) in all the 4 plant tissues (namely root, leaf, stem, and fruit) achieving coefficients of determination R2 as 0.82-0.93. Feature importance analysis showed that the top influential factors for BAFs varied among different plant tissues, indicating that model developed for root concentration prediction may not be feasible for above ground parts. The XGB model's performance was further demonstrated by comparing with data from pot experiments measuring BAFs of 12 PFASs in lettuce. The correlation between predicted and measured results was favorable for BAFs in both lettuce roots and leaves with R2 values of 0.76 and 0.81. This study developed a robust approach to comprehensively understand the uptake of PFASs in both plant roots and above ground parts, offering key insights into PFAS risk assessment and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenzhuo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
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Shen L, Zhou J, Ma Y, Su Q, Mao H, Su E, Tang KHD, Wang T, Zhu L. Characterization of the Bioavailability of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Farmland Soils and the Factors Impacting Their Translocation to Edible Plant Tissues. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:15790-15798. [PMID: 39172077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c04009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
In this study, various crops and farmland soils were collected from the Fen-Wei Plain, China, to investigate the bioavailability of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), their accumulation in edible plant tissues, and the factors impacting their accumulation. PFAS were frequently detected in all of the crops, with total concentrations ranging from 0.61 to 35.8 ng/g. The results of sequential extractions with water, basic methanol, and acidic methanol indicate that water extraction enables to characterize the bioavailability of PFAS in soil to edible plant tissues more accurately, especially for the shorter-chain homologues. The bioavailability of PFAS was remarkably enhanced in the rhizosphere (RS) soil, with the strongest effect observed for leafy vegetables. The water-extracted Σ16PFAS in RS soil was strongly correlated with the content of dissolved organic carbon in the soil. Tannins and lignin, identified as the main components of plant root exudates by Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, were found to enhance the bioavailability of PFAS significantly. Redundancy analysis provided strong evidence that the lipid and protein contents in edible plant tissues play important roles in the accumulation of short- and long-chain PFAS, respectively. Additionally, the high water demand of these tissues during the growth stage greatly facilitated the translocation of PFAS, particularly for the short-chain homologues and perfluorooctanoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Shen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Yujing Ma
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Qian Su
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Heshun Mao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Eryuan Su
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Kuok Ho Daniel Tang
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
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Sun C, Liu Y, Bei K, Zheng W, Wang Q, Wang Q. Impact of biochar on the degradation rates of three pesticides by vegetables and its effects on soil bacterial communities under greenhouse conditions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19986. [PMID: 39198523 PMCID: PMC11358384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70932-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
A 28 days pesticide degradation experiment was conducted for broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Planch) and pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) with three pesticides (chlorantraniliprole (CAP), haloxyfop-etotyl (HPM), and indoxacarb (IXB)) to explore the effects of biochar on pesticide environmental fate and rhizosphere soil diversity. Rice straw biochar (RB) was applied to soil at a 25.00 t ha-1 dosage under greenhouse conditions, and its effects on the degradation of three pesticides in vegetables and in soil were investigated individually. Overall, RB application effectively facilitated CAP and HPM degradation in broccoli by 13.51-39.42% and in broccoli soil by 23.80-74.10%, respectively. RB application slowed the degradation of CAP, HPM and IXB in pakchoi by 0.00-57.17% and slowed the degradation of CAP in pakchoi by 37.32-43.40%. The results showed that the effect of RB application on pesticide degradation in crops and soil was related to biochar properties, pesticide solubility, plant growth status, and soil characteristics. Rhizosphere soil microorganisms were also investigated, and the results showed that biochar application may be valuable for altering bacterial richness and diversity. The effect of biochar application on pesticide residues in crops and soil was influenced by the vegetable variety first, and the second was pesticide characteristics. RB applied to soil at a 25.00 t ha-1 dosage under greenhouse conditions is recommended for broccoli production to ensure food safety. Our results suggested that biochar application in soil could reduce pesticide non-point source pollution, especially for highly soluble pesticides, and could affect soil microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Sun
- Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198# Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuhong Liu
- Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198# Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Bei
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiran Zheng
- Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198# Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinfei Wang
- Institute of Variety Resources, Chinese Academy of Thermal Sciences, Haikou, 270203, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198# Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Huang C, Zhang X, Li X, Zhao H. β-Cyclodextrin enhanced bioavailability of petroleum hydrocarbons in industrially contaminated soil: A phytoremediation field study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2024:1-8. [PMID: 39154232 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2024.2389563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Low remediation efficiency due to low bioavailability is a primary restrictive factor for phytoremediation applications. Specifically, this investigation examines whether Suaeda heteroptera Kitagawa (S. heteroptera) can be used in combination with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to remediate contaminated site. The study was conducted on the growth response of S. heteroptera, bioavailability and dissipation of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) in soil under the influence of β-CD Our preliminary studies confirmed that β-CD is effective in increasing the biomass and height of plants. The presence of β-CD could dramatically elevate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes in S. heteroptera. Moreover, a remarkable positive correlation between PHs levels in roots with the dosage of β-CD and a negative correlation between the PHs levels in roots with KOW of PHs have been observed. The dissipation of n-alkanes was estimated to be 38.73-62.27%, and the dissipation of PAHs was 36.59-60.10%. In addition, the dissipation behavior of n-alkanes and PAHs was well agreement with the first-order kinetic model. These results display that applying β-CD accelerated the desorption process of PHs from soil and promoted the absorption process of PHs onto the root epidermis. The enhancement of phytoremediation was achieved by increasing the bioavailability of PHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaonuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xintong Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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Xu K, Huang J, Zhang Y, Wu X, Cai D, Hu G, Li Y, Ni Z, Lin Q, Wang S, Qiu R. Crop Contamination and Human Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances around a Fluorochemical Industrial Park in China. TOXICS 2024; 12:269. [PMID: 38668492 PMCID: PMC11054258 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Due to their significant environmental impact, there has been a gradual restriction of the production and utilization of legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), leading to continuous development and adoption of novel alternatives. To effectively identify the potential environmental risks from crop consumption, the levels of 25 PFAS, including fourteen perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), two precursor substances and nine novel alternatives, in agricultural soils and edible parts of various crops around a fluoride industrial park (FIP) in Changshu city, China, were measured. The concentration of ΣPFAS in the edible parts of all crops ranged from 11.64 to 299.5 ng/g, with perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) being the dominant compound, accounting for an average of 71% of ΣPFAS. The precursor substance, N-methylperfluoro-octanesulfonamidoacetic acid (N-MeFOSAA), was detected in all crop samples. Different types of crops showed distinguishing accumulation profiles for the PFAS. Solanaceae and leafy vegetables showed higher levels of PFAS contamination, with the highest ΣPFAS concentrations reaching 190.91 and 175.29 ng/g, respectively. The highest ΣAlternative was detected in leafy vegetables at 15.21 ng/g. The levels of human exposure to PFAS through crop consumption for various aged groups were also evaluated. The maximum exposure to PFOA for urban toddlers reached 109.8% of the standard value set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). In addition, short-chained PFAAs and novel alternatives may pose potential risks to human health via crop consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kairan Xu
- Maoming and Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (K.X.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.); (Z.N.); (R.Q.)
| | - Jian Huang
- Maoming and Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (K.X.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.); (Z.N.); (R.Q.)
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Maoming and Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (K.X.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.); (Z.N.); (R.Q.)
| | - Xilong Wu
- Maoming and Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (K.X.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.); (Z.N.); (R.Q.)
| | - Dan Cai
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; (G.H.); (Y.L.)
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Guocheng Hu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; (G.H.); (Y.L.)
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yu Li
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; (G.H.); (Y.L.)
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ecological Simulation and Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Zhuobiao Ni
- Maoming and Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (K.X.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.); (Z.N.); (R.Q.)
| | - Qingqi Lin
- Maoming and Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (K.X.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.); (Z.N.); (R.Q.)
| | - Shizhong Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- Maoming and Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (K.X.); (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.); (Z.N.); (R.Q.)
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
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Li Y, Zhi Y, Weed R, Broome SW, Knappe DRU, Duckworth OW. Commercial compost amendments inhibit the bioavailability and plant uptake of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in soil-porewater-lettuce systems. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 186:108615. [PMID: 38582061 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Compost is widely used in agriculture as fertilizer while providing a practical option for solid municipal waste disposal. However, compost may also contain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), potentially impacting soils and leading to PFAS entry into food chains and ultimately human exposure risks via dietary intake. This study examined how compost affects the bioavailability and uptake of eight PFAS (two ethers, three fluorotelomer sulfonates, and three perfluorosulfonates) by lettuce (Lactuca sativa) grown in commercial organic compost-amended, PFAS spiked soils. After 50 days of greenhouse experiment, PFAS uptake by lettuce decreased (by up to 90.5 %) with the increasing compost amendment ratios (0-20 %, w/w), consistent with their decreased porewater concentrations (by 30.7-86.3 %) in compost-amended soils. Decreased bioavailability of PFAS was evidenced by the increased in-situ soil-porewater distribution coefficients (Kd) (by factors of 1.5-7.0) with increasing compost additions. Significant negative (or positive) correlations (R2 ≥ 0.55) were observed between plant bioaccumulation (or Kd) and soil organic carbon content, suggesting that compost amendment inhibited plant uptake of PFAS mainly by increasing soil organic carbon and enhancing PFAS sorption. However, short-chain PFAS alternatives (e.g., perfluoro-2-methoxyacetic acid (PFMOAA)) were effectively translocated to shoots with translocation factors > 2.9, increasing their risks of contamination in leafy vegetables. Our findings underscore the necessity for comprehensive risk assessment of compost-borne PFAS when using commercial compost products in agricultural lands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States.
| | - Yue Zhi
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States; Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Rebecca Weed
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States
| | - Stephen W Broome
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States
| | - Detlef R U Knappe
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States
| | - Owen W Duckworth
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States
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Grasserová A, Pacheco NIN, Semerád J, Filipová A, Innemanová P, Hanč A, Procházková P, Cajthaml T. New insights into vermiremediation of sewage sludge: The effect of earthworms on micropollutants and vice versa. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 174:496-508. [PMID: 38128368 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Vermicomposting represents an environmentally friendly method for the treatment of various types of biowastes, including sewage sludge (SS), as documented in numerous studies. However, there are few papers providing insights into the mechanisms and toxicity effects involved in SS vermicomposting to present a comprehensive overview of the process. In this work, the vermiremediation of SS containing various micropollutants, including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors, and per/polyfluoroalkyl substances, was studied. Two SSs originating from different wastewater treatment plants (WWTP1 and WWTP2) were mixed with a bulking agent, moistened straw, at ratios of 0, 25, 50, and 75% SS. Eisenia andrei earthworms were introduced into the mixtures, and after six weeks, the resulting materials were subjected to various types of chemical and toxicological analyses, including conventional assays (mortality, weight) as well as tissue- and cell-level assays, such as malondialdehyde production, cytotoxicity tests and gene expression assays. Through the vermiremediation process significant removal of diclofenac (90%), metoprolol (88%), telmisartan (62%), and triclosan (81%) was achieved. Although the concentrations of micropollutants were substantially different in the original SS samples, the micropollutants vermiaccumulated to a similar extent over the incubation period. The earthworms substantially eliminated the present bacterial populations, especially in the 75% SS treatments, in which the average declines were 90 and 79% for WWTP1 and WWTP2, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the vermiremediation of such a large group of micropollutants in real SS samples and provide a thorough evaluation of the effect of SS on earthworms at tissue and cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Grasserová
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, Prague 2, 12801, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Natividad I N Pacheco
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, 14220, Czech Republic; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 32, Prague 2, 12108, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45004 Toledo, Spain
| | - Jaroslav Semerád
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Filipová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Innemanová
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, Prague 2, 12801, Czech Republic; DEKONTA a.s, Dřetovice 109, Stehelčeves, 27342, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Hanč
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague 6, 16500, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Procházková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Cajthaml
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, Prague 2, 12801, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, 14220, Czech Republic.
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Li Z, Zhi Y, Li W, Lei J, Huang Z, Li H, Qian S. Bioaccumulation Characteristics of Typical Perfluoroalkyl Compounds in Alfalfa Under Salt Stress. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 112:24. [PMID: 38180582 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Medicago sativa, commonly known as alfalfa, is widely distributed worldwide, known for its strong stress resistance and well-developed root system, making it an important plant in ecological restoration research. To investigate the absorption and transport characteristics of alfalfa for typical perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) under salt stress, a 30-day indoor greenhouse experiment was conducted. The results showed that alfalfa exhibited varying degrees of absorption and transport for the selected PFAS. The highest BCF (Bioconcentration Factor) for shoot tissue reached 725.4 (for PFBA), and the highest TF (Translocation Factor) reached 53.8 (for PFPeA). Different PFAS compounds exhibited distinct bioaccumulation behaviors, with short-chain PFAS more readily entering the plant's root system and being transported upwards, while long-chain PFAS tended to adsorb to the surface of the root system. Furthermore, salt stress did not significantly affect the uptake of PFAS by alfalfa. This suggests that alfalfa is salt-tolerant and holds great potential for ecological restoration in short-chain PFAS-contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Yue Zhi
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Jiamin Lei
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Zhiqiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Haoran Li
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Shenhua Qian
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
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Yang Z, Shojaei M, Guelfo JL. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in grocery store foods: method optimization, occurrence, and exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:2015-2030. [PMID: 37796493 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00268c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Dietary exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is poorly understood. Evaluating PFAS in food is complicated by the need to evaluate varied matrices and a lack of a standard, matrix-specific sample extraction methods. Prior food studies implemented universal rather than matrix-specific extraction approaches, which may yield false negatives and an underestimation of PFAS dietary exposure if methods are not suitable to all matrices. Here the objectives were to screen and optimize PFAS extraction methods for plants, tissues, and dairy; apply optimized extraction methods to a grocery store food survey; and compare estimated exposure to published reference doses (RfDs). Optimized, matrix-specific extractions generally yielded internal standard recoveries of 50-150% and matrix spike recoveries of 70-130%. The frequency of PFAS detection in grocery store foods (16 of 22 products) was higher than in previous work. PFAS were detected at concentrations of 10 ng kgdw-1 (perfluorobutane sulfonate; washed green beans and perfluorohexanoic acid; unwashed tomato) to 2680 ng kgdw-1 (perfluorohexane sulfonate; radish). Concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in carrots, lettuce, radish, and canned green beans yielded median exposure intake (EI) values of 0.016-0.240 ng per kgbw-day, which exceeded the EPA RfD (0.0015 ng per kgbw-day). Washing reduced radish PFOA concentrations below detection, but EIs at the reporting limit still exceeded the RfD. The combination of improved data quality and greater frequency of PFAS detection vs. prior studies plus EI > RfD for some PFAS suggests a need for matrix-specific extractions and analysis of PFAS in additional grocery store foods from broader geographic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yang
- Department of Civil, Construction & Environmental Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - Marzieh Shojaei
- Department of Civil, Construction & Environmental Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer L Guelfo
- Department of Civil, Construction & Environmental Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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10
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Wu S, Zhu L, Ye Q, Zhu Y, Zhang T, Chen X, Zhong W. Mechanisms for the structural dependent transformation of 6:2 and 8:2 polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131536. [PMID: 37146340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs) are widely used and detected in various environmental media and organisms, but little is known about their behaviors in plants. In this study, the uptake, translocation and transformation of 6:2 and 8:2 diPAP in wheat using hydroponic experiments were investigated. 6:2 diPAP was more easily taken up by roots and translocated to shoots than 8:2 diPAP. Their phase I metabolites were fluorotelomer saturated carboxylates (FTCAs), fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylates (FTUCAs) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs). PFCAs with even-numbered chain length were the primary phase I terminal metabolites suggesting that they were mainly generated through β-oxidation. Cysteine and sulfate conjugates were the primary phase II transformation metabolites. The higher levels and ratios of phase II metabolites in the 6:2 diPAP exposure group indicated that the phase I metabolites of 6:2 diPAP were more susceptible to phase II transformation than that of 8:2 diPAP, which was confirmed by density functional theory calculation. Enzyme activity analyses and in vitro experiments demonstrated that cytochrome P450 and alcohol dehydrogenase actively participated in the phase Ⅰ transformation of diPAPs. Gene expression analyses showed that glutathione S-transferase (GST) was involved in the phase Ⅱ transformation, and the subfamily GSTU2 played a dominant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Qingqing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Yumin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Tianxu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Wenjue Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China.
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11
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Adu O, Ma X, Sharma VK. Bioavailability, phytotoxicity and plant uptake of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 447:130805. [PMID: 36669401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of legacy and emerging contaminants containing at least one aliphatic perfluorocarbon moiety. They display rapid and extensive transport in the environment due to their generally high water-solubility and weak adsorption onto soil particles. Because of their widespread presence in the environment and known toxicity, PFAS has become a serious threat to the ecosystem and public health. Plants are an essential component of the ecosystem and their uptake and accumulation of PFAS affect the fate and transport of PFAS in the ecosystem and has strong implications for human health. It is therefore imperative to investigate the interactions of plants with PFAS. This review presents a detailed discussion on the mechanisms of the bioavailability and plant uptake of PFAS, and essential factors affecting these processes. The phytotoxic effects of PFAS at physiological, biochemical, and molecular level were also carefully reviewed. At the end, key research gaps were identified, and future research needs were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatunbosun Adu
- Department of Water Management and Hydrological Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Program for the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, 212 Adriance Lab Rd., 1266 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xingmao Ma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Program for the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, 212 Adriance Lab Rd., 1266 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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12
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Qian S, Lu H, Xiong T, Zhi Y, Munoz G, Zhang C, Li Z, Liu C, Li W, Wang X, He Q. Bioaccumulation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Ferns: Effect of PFAS Molecular Structure and Plant Root Characteristics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4443-4453. [PMID: 36848373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study assessed the bioaccumulation potential of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in ferns and linked root uptake behaviors to root characteristics and PFAS molecular structure. Tissue and subcellular-level behavioral differences between alternative and legacy PFAS were compared via an electron probe microanalyzer with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EPMA-EDS) and differential centrifugation. Our results show that ferns can accumulate PFAS from water, immobilize them in roots, and store them in harvestable tissue. The PFAS loading in roots was dominated by PFOS; however, a substantial amount of associated PFOS could be rinsed off by methanol. Correlation analyses indicated that root length, surface and project area, surface area per unit length of the root system, and molecular size and hydrophobicity of PFAS were the most significant factors affecting the magnitude of root uptake and upward translocation. EPMA-EDS images together with exposure experiments suggested that long-chain hydrophobic compounds tend to be adsorbed and retained on the root epidermis, while short-chain compounds are absorbed and quickly translocated upward. Our findings demonstrated the feasibility of using ferns in phytostabilization and phytoextraction initiatives of PFAS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenhua Qian
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hongying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Tiantian Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yue Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Chuhui Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Zhengwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Caihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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13
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Li Z, Luo ZM, Huang Y, Wang JW, Ouyang G. Recent trends in degradation strategies of PFOA/PFOS substitutes. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 315:137653. [PMID: 36581124 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The global elimination and restriction of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), respectively, have urged manufacturers to shift production to their substitutes which still pose threat to the environment with their bioaccumulation, toxicity and migration issues. In this context, efficient technologies and systematic mechanistic studies on the degradation of PFOA/PFOS substitutes are highly desirable. In this review, we summarize the progress in degrading PFOA/PFOS substitutes, including four kinds of mainstream methods. The pros and cons of the present technologies are analyzed, which renders the discussion of future prospects on rational optimizations. Additional discussion is made on the differences in the degradation of various kinds of substitutes, which is compared to the PFOA/PFOS and derives designing principles for more degradable F-containing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizi Li
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhi-Mei Luo
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanjun Huang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jia-Wei Wang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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14
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McDermett K, Anderson T, Jackson WA, Guelfo J. Assessing Potential Perfluoroalkyl Substances Trophic Transfer to Crickets (Acheta domesticus). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:2981-2992. [PMID: 36102845 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although many studies have assessed the bioaccumulation of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in plant tissues, to date there has been minimal research on the bioaccumulation of PFAS in soil invertebrates that results from consuming PFAS-contaminated media. The present study focused on two different consumption pathways in a population of crickets: individuals consuming PFAS-contaminated alfalfa and individuals consuming PFAS-spiked drinking water. Alfalfa was grown in a greenhouse and irrigated with PFAS-spiked water (∼1 ppm) containing seven unique PFAS. The alfalfa was then harvested and fed to crickets. Another population of crickets was supplied with PFAS-spiked drinking water at similar concentrations to irrigation water for direct consumption. Alfalfa accumulation of PFAS and subsequent consumption by the crickets resulted in overall similar tissue concentrations in the crickets who consumed PFAS-spiked water directly. This indicates that source concentration (water) may be an important factor in assessing the bioaccumulation of PFAS in organisms. To our knowledge, ours is the first study not only to assess the direct trophic transfer of PFAS from contaminated vegetation to invertebrates, but also to highlight the similarities in bioaccumulation regardless of ingestion pathway. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2981-2992. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylin McDermett
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
- Geosyntec Consultants, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Todd Anderson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - W Andrew Jackson
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer Guelfo
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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15
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Ruan J, Tang T, Zhang M, Qiao W. Interaction mechanism between chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether potassium sulfonate (F-53B) and chromium on different types of soil surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119820. [PMID: 35940486 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The coexistence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and heavy metals have been found in soils. However, the interaction between the combined pollutants in soils remains unclear. In this study, the adsorption processes of single and combined Cr(VI) and chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether potassium sulfonate (F-53 B) in red, yellow and black soils were simulated. When compared with the single F-53 B and Cr(VI), the adsorption amount of the combined F-53 B and Cr(VI) on soils changed with the types of soils. The interactions between F-53 B and Cr(VI) in soils affected their adsorption behavior. The adsorption of the combined F-53 B and Cr(VI) best fit second-order kinetics and the Freundlich equation. Moreover, aluminum and iron oxides are highly correlated with adsorption of F-53 B and Cr(VI). Both F-53 B and Cr(VI) can form complexes with aluminum and iron oxides through electrostatic interactions, but PFOS could be bridged with iron oxides to form an inner sphere complex and with aluminum oxides to form an outer sphere complex. The coexistence of F-53 B and Cr(VI) could change the fluorescent group of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soils due to the complexation between F-53 B and DOM. In addition, F-53 B increased the acid-soluble portion of Cr and decreased its residual form, which promoted the environmental risk of Cr in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Ruan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Tianhao Tang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Weichuan Qiao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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16
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Liu Y, Bahar MM, Samarasinghe SVAC, Qi F, Carles S, Richmond WR, Dong Z, Naidu R. Ecological risk assessment for perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) in soil using species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129667. [PMID: 36104899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) is one of the persistent organic pollutants that has been recommended to be listed in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention. It has gained increasing attention in recent years due to its toxic effects. The guideline values of PFHxS are commonly associated with PFOS in various countries and regulatory agencies. In this study, multispecies bioassays were conducted to determine the ecological toxic effects of PFHxS, including plants, soil invertebrates, and soil microorganisms, which indicated the EC10/NOEC values ranged from 2.9 to 250 mg/kg. Where possible, logistic models were used to calculate the EC30 values for various endpoints. The species sensitivity distributions were employed to estimate the ecological investigation levels for PFHxS contamination in soils using toxicity results from literature and this study. The calculation using EC10/NOEC values from both literature and this study indicated a most conservative HC5 as 1.0 mg/kg (hazardous concentration for 5 % of the species being impacted). However, utilisation of EC30 values derived from this study resulted in a much higher HC5 for PFHxS in contaminated soils (13.0 mg/kg) which is at the higher end of the existing guideline values for PFOS for protecting ecological systems. The results obtained in this study can be useful in risk assessment processes to minimize any uncertainty using combined values with PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanju Liu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Md Mezbaul Bahar
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - S V A Chamila Samarasinghe
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Fangjie Qi
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | | | - William R Richmond
- Department of Water and Environmental Regulation, Government of Western Australia, 8 Davidson Terrace, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia.
| | - Zhaomin Dong
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijging 100191, China.
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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17
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Jiang T, Zhang W, Liang Y. Uptake of individual and mixed per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) by soybean and their effects on functional genes related to nitrification, denitrification, and nitrogen fixation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156640. [PMID: 35697220 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we set up a soil-microbe-soybean system spiked with PFOA, PFOS, or a PFAS mixture of eight PFAS and investigated the distribution of PFAS in the system and impacts on the abundance and expression level of genes involved in the nitrogen (N) cycle. When soybean was exposed to the PFAS mixtures, synergistic uptake by shoots was detected. PFAS exhibited remarkable impacts on abundance of nitrification and denitrification genes in both bulk soil and rhizosphere as well as expression of N fixation gene in soybean nodules. The abundance of nitrification genes AOA and AOB amoA and denitrification gene nirK was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in almost all treatments in bulk soil, except PFOA at 10 μg/kg. The abundance of other functional genes, such as nirS and norZ was affected differently depending on PFAS concentrations and sample location, either bulk soil or the rhizosphere. Interestingly, the N fixation gene nifH in soybean nodules was overexpressed by a PFAS mixture at 100 μg/kg. Hence, this work provided in-depth knowledge regarding the distribution of PFAS and their impacts on the N cycle for the studied system. Results from this study provide insights on assessing risks posed by individual or mixed PFAS to soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Weilan Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
| | - Yanna Liang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
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18
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Translocation, bioaccumulation, and distribution of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in plants. iScience 2022; 25:104061. [PMID: 35345465 PMCID: PMC8957016 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent in the environment and have been detected in a variety of plants such as vegetables, cereals, and fruits. Increasing evidence shows that plants are at a risk of being adversely affected by PFASs. This review concludes that PFASs are predominantly absorbed by roots from sources in the soil; besides, the review also discusses several factors such as soil properties and the species of PFASs and plants. In addition, following uptake by root, long-chain PFASs (C ≥ 7 for PFCA and C ≥ 6 for PFSA) were preferentially retained within the root, whereas the short-chain PFASs were distributed across tissues above the ground — according to the studies. The bioaccumulation potential of PFASs within various plant structures are further expressed by calculating bioaccumulation factor (BAF) across various plant species. The results show that PFASs have a wide range of BAF values within root tissue, followed by straw, and then grain. Furthermore, owing to its high water solubility than other PFASs, PFOA is the predominant compound accumulated in both the soil itself and within the plant tissues. Among different plant groups, the potential BAF values rank from highest to lowest as follows: leaf vegetables > root vegetables > flower vegetables > shoot vegetables. Several PFAS groups such as PFOA, PFBA, and PFOS, may have an increased public health risk based on the daily intake rate (ID). Finally, future research is suggested on the possible PFASs degradation occurring in plant tissues and the explanations at genetic-level for the metabolite changes that occur under PFASs stress. Long-chain PFASs are preferentially retained in the roots BAF values were ranked as root > straw > grain in one plant PFOA is the main compound in soil and within plant tissues PFOA, PFBA, and PFOS have a potential risk to humans through dietary exposure
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19
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Tang KHD, Kristanti RA. Bioremediation of perfluorochemicals: current state and the way forward. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:1093-1109. [PMID: 35098376 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02694-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorochemicals are widely found in the environment due to their versatile uses and persistent nature. Perfluorochemicals have also been detected in human and animals due to direct or indirect exposures, giving rise to health concerns. This review aims to examine the bioremediation of perfluorochemicals with plants, bacteria and fungi, including their efficiency and limitations. It also aims to propose the future prospects of bioremediation of perfluorochemicals. This review retrieved peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2010 and 2021 from journal databases consisting of Web of Science, Scopus and ScienceDirect. This review shows that multiple Pseudomonas species could degrade perfluorochemicals particularly perfluoroalkyl acids under aerobic condition. Acidimicrobium sp. degraded perfluoroalkyl acids anaerobically in the presence of electron donors. A mixed Pseudomonas culture was more effective than pure cultures. Multiple plants were found to bioconcentrate perfluorochemicals and many demonstrated the ability to hyperaccumulate perfluoroalkyl acids, particularly Festuca rubra, Salix nigra and Betula nigra. Fungal species, particularly Pseudeurotium sp. and Geomyces sp., have the potential to degrade perfluorooctanoic acid or perfluorooctane sulphonic acid. Perfluorochemicals bioremediation could be advanced with identification of more candidate species for bioremediation, optimization of bioremediation conditions, mixed culturing, experiments with environmental media and studies on the biochemical pathways of biotransformation. This review provides comprehensive insight into the efficiency of different bacterial, plant and fungal species in perfluorochemicals bioremediation under different conditions, their limitations and improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuok Ho Daniel Tang
- Environmental Science Program, Division of Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, 2000 Jintong Road, Tangjiawan, Zhuhai, 519087, GD, China.
| | - Risky Ayu Kristanti
- Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, 14430, Indonesia
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20
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Liu S, Zhou J, Guo J, Gao Z, Jia Y, Li S, Wang T, Zhu L. Insights into the impacts of dissolved organic matter of different origins on bioaccumulation and translocation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in wheat. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118604. [PMID: 34856244 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been found to be widely present in soil. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil are supposed to greatly affect the bioavailability of PFASs in soil. Herein, hydroponic experiments were conducted to understand the impacts of two kinds of typical DOM, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and humic acid (HA), on the uptake and translocation of legacy PFASs and their emerging alternatives, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctane acid (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonic (PFHxS) and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The results indicated that both HA and BSA significantly inhibited the bioaccumulation and translocation of PFASs in the roots and shoots of wheat, and the impacts of BSA were greater than HA. This difference was explained by the greater binding affinities of the four PFASs with BSA than with HA, as evidenced by the equilibrium dialysis and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) analyses. It was noting that inhibition impacts of the BSA-HA mixture (1:1) were lower than BSA alone. The results of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy suggested that HA could bind with the fluorescent tryptophan residues in BSA greatly, competing the binding sites with PFASs and forming a cover on the surface of BSA. As a result, the binding of PFASs with BSA-HA complex was much lower than that with BSA, but close to HA. The results of this study shed light on the impacts of DOM in soil on the bioaccumulation and translocation of PFASs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqian Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Jia Guo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China
| | - Zhuo Gao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China
| | - Yibo Jia
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Shunli Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China.
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21
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Arslan M, Gamal El-Din M. Removal of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) by wetlands: Prospects on plants, microbes and the interplay. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149570. [PMID: 34399352 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) represent a large family of synthetic organofluorine aliphatic compounds. They have been extensively produced since 1940s due to enormous applications as a surface-active agent, and water and oil repellent characteristics. PFASs are made to be non-biodegradable, therefore, many of them have been found in the environment albeit strict regulations have been in place since 2002. PFASs are extremely toxic compounds that can impart harm in both fauna and flora. Recent investigations have shown that wetlands might be useful for their removal from the environment as a passive and nature-based solution. To this end, understanding the role of plants, microbes, and their combined plant-microbe interplay is crucial because it could help design a sophisticated passive treatment wetland system. This review focuses on how these components (plants, microbe, substrate) can influence PFASs removal in wetlands under natural and controlled conditions. The information on underlying removal mechanisms is mostly retrieved from laboratory-based studies; however, pilot- and field-scale data are also presented to provide insights on their real-time performance. Briefly, a traditional wetland system works on the principles of phytouptake, bioaccumulation, and sorption, which are mainly due to the fact that PFASs are synthetic compounds that have very low reactivity in the environment. Nevertheless, recent investigations have also shown that Feammox process in wetlands can mineralize the PFASs; thus, opens new opportunities for PFASs degradation in terms of effective plant-microbe interplay in the wetlands. The choice of plants and bacterial species is however crucial, and the system efficiency relies on species-specific, sediment-specific and pollutant-specific principles. More research is encouraged to identify genetic elements and molecular mechanisms that can help us harness effective plant-microbe interplay in wetlands for the successful removal of PFASs from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arslan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
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22
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Cai Y, Wang Q, Zhou B, Yuan R, Wang F, Chen Z, Chen H. A review of responses of terrestrial organisms to perfluorinated compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148565. [PMID: 34174603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are a class of persistent organic pollutants with widespread distribution in the environment. Since the soil environment has become a significant sink for PFCs, the toxicological assessment about their potential effects on terrestrial organisms is necessary. This review compiles the toxicity researches of regular and emerging PFCs on classical terrestrial biota i.e. microorganisms, earthworms, and plants. In the soil environment, the bioavailability of PFCs much depends on their adsorption in soil, which is affected by soil properties and PFCs structure. By the exploration of bacterial community richness and structure, the gene expression, the influences of PFCs on soil microorganisms were revealed; while the plants and earthworms manifested the PFCs disruption not only through macroscopic indicators, but also from molecular and metabolite responses. Basically, the addition of PFCs would accelerate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in terrestrial organisms, while the excessive ROS could not be eliminated by the defense system causing oxidative damage. Nowadays, the PFCs toxic mechanisms discussed are limited to a single strain, Escherichia coli; thus, the complexity of the soil environment demands further in-depth researches. This review warrants studies focus on more potential quantitative toxicity indicators, more explicit elaboration on toxicity influencing factors, and environmentally relevant concentrations to obtain a more integrated picture of PFCs toxicity on terrestrial biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Cai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qianyu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Beihai Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Rongfang Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhongbing Chen
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Huilun Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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23
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Stevenson ED, Kleinman MT, Bai X, Barlaz M, Abraczinskas M, Guidry V, Watson J, Chow J. Critical review on PFOA, kidney cancer, and testicular cancer. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2021; 71:1265-1276. [PMID: 34609253 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2021.1975995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Stevenson
- Department of Meteorology and Measurement, Bay Area Air Quality Management District, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael T Kleinman
- Air Pollution Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xuelien Bai
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Morton Barlaz
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, NC, USA
| | - Michael Abraczinskas
- North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Air Quality, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Virginia Guidry
- North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services Raleigh, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology, Division of Public Health, Epidemiology Section, NC, USA
| | | | - Judy Chow
- Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA
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24
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Bräunig J, Baduel C, Barnes CM, Mueller JF. Sorbent assisted immobilisation of perfluoroalkyl acids in soils - effect on leaching and bioavailability. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125171. [PMID: 33529830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of soils and groundwater with perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) is widespread due to their use in aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF). In this study the effectiveness of RemBind®, a sorbent containing activated carbon and aluminium oxyhydroxides was tested, as a tool to reduce the leaching and bioavailability of 12 PFAAs in soils, by amending contaminated soils with 5-30% (by weight) of the sorbents. Batch tests were used to determine the leaching of PFAAs. Their bioavailability to earthworms and wheat grass was assessed in greenhouse microcosms. Leaching and bioavailability of PFOS was reduced by up to 99.9%, at most sorbent application rates. Lowest reduction of leaching was found for shorter perfluoroalkyl chain length chemicals. The specific formulation of RemBind®, which is available in a basic and superior formulation, as well as the application rate were parameters for increasing effectiveness of the treatment. Furthermore, differences in leaching as well as bioavailability were seen depending on the perfluoroalkyl chain length. A preliminary assessment of the long-term stability of the treatment, assessed after a three-year curing period, suggested that the sorbent continued to be effective in reducing PFAAs in leachates, thus showing the potential of this sorbent to hinder further environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bräunig
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102 QLD, Australia.
| | - Christine Baduel
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102 QLD, Australia
| | - Craig M Barnes
- Airservices Australia, 25 Constitution Avenue, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102 QLD, Australia
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25
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Lesmeister L, Lange FT, Breuer J, Biegel-Engler A, Giese E, Scheurer M. Extending the knowledge about PFAS bioaccumulation factors for agricultural plants - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:142640. [PMID: 33077210 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A main source of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) residues in agricultural plants is their uptake from contaminated soil. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) can be an important tool to derive recommendations for cultivation or handling of crops prior consumption. This review compiles >4500 soil-to-plant BAFs for 45 PFASs from 24 studies involving 27 genera of agricultural crops. Grasses (Poaceae) provided most BAFs with the highest number of values for perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid. Influencing factors on PFAS transfer like compound-specific properties (hydrophobicity, chain length, functional group, etc.), plant species, compartments, and other boundary conditions are critically discussed. Throughout the literature, BAFs were higher for vegetative plant compartments than for reproductive and storage organs. Decreasing BAFs per additional perfluorinated carbon were clearly apparent for aboveground parts (up to 1.16 in grains) but not always for roots (partly down to zero). Combining all BAFs per single perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (C4-C14) and sulfonic acid (C4-C10), median log BAFs decreased by -0.25(±0.029) and -0.24(±0.013) per fluorinated carbon, respectively. For the first time, the plant uptake of ultra-short-chain (≤ C3) perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) was reviewed and showed a ubiquitous occurrence of trifluoroacetic acid in plants independent from the presence of other PFAAs. Based on identified knowledge gaps, it is suggested to focus on the uptake of precursors to PFAAs, PFAAs ≤C3, and additional emerging PFASs such as GenX or fluorinated ethers in future research. Studies regarding the uptake of PFASs by sugar cane, which accounts for about one fifth of the global crop production, are completely lacking and are also recommended. Furthermore, aqueous soil leachates should be tested as an alternative to the solvent extraction of soils as a base for BAF calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Lesmeister
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Thomas Lange
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jörn Breuer
- Landwirtschaftliches Technologiezentrum Augustenberg (LTZ), Neßlerstr. 25, 76227 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Evelyn Giese
- German Environment Agency, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Marco Scheurer
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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26
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Lasee S, Subbiah S, Deb S, Karnjanapiboonwong A, Payton P, Anderson TA. The Effects of Soil Organic Carbon Content on Plant Uptake of Soil Perfluoro Alkyl Acids (PFAAs) and the Potential Regulatory Implications. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:820-833. [PMID: 32474950 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoro alkyl acids (PFAAs) are known to bioconcentrate in plants grown in contaminated soils; the potential risk from consuming these plants is currently less understood. We determined that the current daily reference doses (RfDs) of the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) could be met by consuming a single radish grown in soils with a perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) concentration of 9.7 ng/g or a perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) concentration of 90.5 ng/g. Using a combination of our own research and literature data on plant uptake of PFAAs from soil, we developed equations for predicting PFAA bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for plant shoot and root tissues grown in soils with a known percentage of organic carbon. This calculated BCF was then applied to 6 scenarios with measured soil PFAA concentrations to estimate PFAA concentrations in plants and potential exposure to humans and animals consuming harvested vegetation. Five of the 6 scenarios showed potential for surpassing USEPA PFAA RfDs at soil concentrations as low as 24 ng/g PFOA and 28 ng/g PFOS. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:832-845. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sanjit Deb
- Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | | | - Paxton Payton
- Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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27
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Knight ER, Bräunig J, Janik LJ, Navarro DA, Kookana RS, Mueller JF, McLaughlin MJ. An investigation into the long-term binding and uptake of PFOS, PFOA and PFHxS in soil - plant systems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 404:124065. [PMID: 33069992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the potential aging and plant bioaccumulation of three perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), perfluorosulphonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorohexanesulphonic acid (PFHxS) in 20 soils over a six-month period. Sorption coefficients (Log Kd) ranged from 0.13-1.28 for PFHxS, 0.17-1.06 for PFOA and 0.98-2.03 for PFOS, respectively, and bioaccumulation factors (Log BAFs) ranged from 0.29-1.24, 0.22-1.46 and 0.05-0.65 for PFHxS, PFOA and PFOS, respectively. Over the six-month period, Kd values significantly increased for PFHxS and PFOA but the magnitude of the increase was very small and did not translate into differences in plant PFAA-concentrations between aged and freshly spiked treatments. The Kd and BAF values were modelled by multiple linear regression (MLR) to soil physico-chemical properties and by partial least squares regression to soil spectra acquired by mid-infrared spectroscopy (DRIFT-PLSR). Modelling of each PFAA was influenced by different soil properties, including organic carbon, pH, CEC, exchangeable cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and oxalate extractable Al. BAF values were not strongly correlated to any soil property but were inversely correlated to Kd values. Our results indicate that limited aging occurred in these soils over the six-month period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Knight
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1 Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, PMB 2 Land and Water, Waite Campus, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Jennifer Bräunig
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leslie J Janik
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1 Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Divina A Navarro
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, PMB 2 Land and Water, Waite Campus, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rai S Kookana
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1 Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael J McLaughlin
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1 Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
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28
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Yan X, Wang J, Zhu L, Wang J, Li S, Kim YM. Oxidative stress, growth inhibition, and DNA damage in earthworms induced by the combined pollution of typical neonicotinoid insecticides and heavy metals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:141873. [PMID: 32911142 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals pollution of soil and widespread application of neonicotinoid insecticides have caused environmental problems worldwide. To evaluate ecological toxicity resulting from the combined pollution of neonicotinoids and heavy metals, typical representatives of neonicotinoid insecticides (imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, dinotefuran) and heavy metals (cadmium, copper, zinc) were selected as soil pollutants; earthworms were used as test organisms. Analysis of the main and interaction effects of a combined pollution process were performed using a uniform design method. Results showed that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content of earthworms in most treatment groups was higher during exposure than that of the control group. The malondialdehyde (MDA) and ROS content of earthworms demonstrated relatively low values on the 21st day and increased by the 28th day. The interaction between dinotefuran and Cd had significant antagonistic effects on ROS and MDA. The combined pollution adversely affected both the growth and genes of earthworms and also caused damage to the epidermis, midgut, and DNA. The interaction between imidacloprid and Cd was synergistic to ROS, weight inhibition rate, and Olive tail moment (OTM), but was antagonistic to MDA. Of all the single and combined exposures, Zn as a single chemical affected ROS and DNA damage the most, and MDA was significantly enhanced by imidacloprid. Composite pollutants may create different primary effects and interactions causing potential harm to soil organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Jinhua Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Shuyan Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Young Mo Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Zhou Y, Zhou Z, Lian Y, Sun X, Wu Y, Qiao L, Wang M. Source, transportation, bioaccumulation, distribution and food risk assessment of perfluorinated alkyl substances in vegetables: A review. Food Chem 2021; 349:129137. [PMID: 33556727 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in agricultural products have attracted more and more attentions recently. In this review, relationship between PFASs and vegetables is summarized comprehensively. PFASs could transfer to cultivation soils by irrigation water, bio-amended soil, and atmospheric deposition mainly from industrial emissions. Carbon chain length of PFASs, species of vegetables and so on are key factors for PFASs migration and bioaccumulation in soils, plants and vegetables. Studies on food risk assessment of PFOA and PFOS show low consumption risk for most vegetables, however researches on other substances are lacking. In the future, we need to pay more attention on novel pollution pathway in cultivation, traceability research for considerable contamination, dietary exposure levels for different vegetables and more substances, as well as more exact and scientific food risk assessments. Additionally, effective means for PFASs adsorption in soil and removal from soil are also expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China; Jining Center for Food and Drug Control, Jining 272025, China
| | - Ziyu Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yujing Lian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xin Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China; Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Luqin Qiao
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Minglin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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30
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Sun C, Bei K, Xu Y, Pan Z. Effect of Biochar on the Degradation Dynamics of Chlorantraniliprole and Acetochlor in Brassica chinensis L. and Soil under Field Conditions. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:217-226. [PMID: 33458474 PMCID: PMC7807468 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Although biochar is a promising soil enhancement material, we have limited understanding of its effect on certain pesticide in soils and plants under field conditions. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of walnut shell biochar (WSB), which is rich in benzylic ring C and lignin charcoal, on the degradation dynamics of chlorantraniliprole (CAP) and acetochlor in Brassica chinensis L. fields. The functional group structure, aromatic ring structure, and crystallite size of the WSB were determined by thermogravimetric analysis and derivative thermogravimetry analysis (TGA-DTG), NMR, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction, respectively. With WSB applications of 5% (v/v) in root soil, B. chinensis L. growth was facilitated. Degradation dynamic analysis showed that the half-life of CAP on B. chinensis L. and in soil did not change greatly. For acetochlor, the half-life in soil was 6.93 days with WSB application and 9.90 days without WSB application. The WSB application increased bioconcentration factor values more significantly for acetochlor than for CAP. These results show that WSB has a greater impact on acetochlor than on CAP when used for pesticide degradation in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Sun
- College
of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
- Institute
of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- State
Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry
of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Ke Bei
- College
of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou
University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yanmei Xu
- College
of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhiyan Pan
- College
of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
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31
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Wang W, Rhodes G, Ge J, Yu X, Li H. Uptake and accumulation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:127584. [PMID: 32717507 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of persistent organic contaminants that are ubiquitous in the environment and have been found to be accumulated in agricultural products. Consumption of PFAS-contaminated agricultural products represents a feasible pathway for the trophic transfer of these toxic chemicals along food chains/webs, leading to risks associated with human and animal health. Recently, studies on plant uptake and accumulation of PFASs have rapidly increased; consequently, a review to summarize the current knowledge and highlight future research is needed. Analysis of the publications indicates that a large variety of plant species can take up PFASs from the environment. Vegetables and grains are the most commonly investigated crops, with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) as the most studied PFASs. The potential sources of PFASs for plant uptake include industrial emissions, irrigation with contaminated water, land application of biosolids, leachates from landfill sites, and pesticide application. Root uptake is the predominant pathway for the accumulation of PFASs in agricultural crops, and uptake by plant aboveground portions from the ambient atmosphere could play a minor role in the overall PFAS accumulation. PFAS uptake by plants is influenced by physicochemical properties of compounds (e.g., perfluorocarbon chain length, head group functionality, water solubility, and volatility), plant physiology (e.g., transpiration rate, lipid and protein content), and abiotic factors (e.g., soil organic matters, pH, salinity, and temperature). Based on literature analysis, the current knowledge gaps are identified, and future research prospects are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China; Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Geoff Rhodes
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jing Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xiangyang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Sinclair GM, Long SM, Jones OAH. What are the effects of PFAS exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations? CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 258:127340. [PMID: 32563917 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The group of synthetic chemicals known as poly and per-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are currently of high concern to environmental regulators and the public due to their widespread occurrence, resistance to degradation and reported toxicity. However, little data exists on the effects of exposure to PFAS at environmentally relevant concentrations and this hampers the effective management of these compounds. This paper reviews current research on the occurrence and ecotoxicology of PFAS at environmentally relevant doses to assess their potential biological impacts. Hazard Quotient (HQ) analysis was undertaken as part of this assessment. Most PFAS detected in the environment were found to have a HQ risk value of <1 meaning their reported concentrations are below their predicted no effect concentration. This indicates many reported toxic effects of PFAS are, theoretically, unlikely to occur outside the laboratory. However, lack of information on new PFAS as well as their precursors and degradation products, coupled with lack of knowledge of their mixture toxicity means our understanding of the risks of PFAS is incomplete, especially in regard to sub-lethal and/or chronic effects. It is proposed that the development of molecular markers for PFAS exposure are needed to aid in the development of environmental PFAS regulations that are effective in fully protecting the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia M Sinclair
- Aquatic Environmental Stress Research Group (AQUEST), School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, PO Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, PO Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Sara M Long
- Aquatic Environmental Stress Research Group (AQUEST), School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, PO Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Oliver A H Jones
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, PO Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.
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Tang T, Liu X, Wang L, Zuh AA, Qiao W, Huang J. Uptake, translocation and toxicity of chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether potassium sulfonate (F53B) and chromium co-contamination in water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115385. [PMID: 32798984 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation and toxicity of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances and metal in plants have been confirmed, however their contamination in soil and plants still requires extensive investigation. In this study the combined effects of chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether potassium sulfonate (F53B) and chromium (Cr) on water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk) were investigated. Compared with each single stress, the combination of F53B and Cr (VI) reduced the biomass and height and increasingly accumulated in the roots and destroyed the cell structure. Besides, the co-contamination led to the immobilization of F53B and Cr (VI) in soil, which affected their migration in soil and transfer to plants. The antioxidant response and photosynthesis of the plant weakened under the single Cr (VI) and enhanced under the single F53B treatment; however the contamination of F53B and Cr (VI) could also reduce this effect, as confirmed by the gene expression of MTa, psbA and psbcL genes. This study provides an evidence of the environmental risks resulting from the coexistence of F53B and Cr (VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Tang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Longqian Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Achuo Anitta Zuh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Weichuan Qiao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOC), State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Fang S, Sha B, Yin H, Bian Y, Yuan B, Cousins IT. Environment occurrence of perfluoroalkyl acids and associated human health risks near a major fluorochemical manufacturing park in southwest of China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 396:122617. [PMID: 32298866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite China being the largest global manufacturer of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), few studies have been carried out on the environmental occurrence and associated human health risks of PFAAs emitted from manufacturing sites in China. Here, river water, tap water, soil and leaf samples were collected around a major fluorochemical manufacturing park (FMP) in the southwest of China in 2019. High ΣPFAA concentrations (sum of 12 PFAAs) of 3817 ng/L, 3254 ng/L, 322-476 ng/g dw and 23401-33749 ng/g dw were measured near the FMP in river water, tap water, soil and leaves, respectively, indicating that the FMP is a point source of PFAAs. PFOA was the predominant PFAA in all samples (58.5-98.6 %) indicating the production or use of PFOA at the FMP. PFOA concentrations in most tap water samples (> 300 ng/L in 31 of 38 samples) exceeded the U.S. EPA health advisory. Proportions of branched PFOA isomers in all samples were in 5.9-47.4 %, suggesting the production or use of PFOA manufactured by electrochemical fluorination at the FMP. It is recommended to focus more attention on branched PFOA isomers in the future because otherwise health risks may be underestimated due to their relatively high proportions in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Fang
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, PR China; Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Bo Sha
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hongling Yin
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, PR China
| | - Yuxia Bian
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, PR China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ian T Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Chen L, Dai Y, Zhou C, Huang X, Wang S, Yu H, Liu Y, Morel JL, Lin Q, Qiu R. Robust Matrix Effect-Free Method for Simultaneous Determination of Legacy and Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Crop and Soil Matrices. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:8026-8039. [PMID: 32614578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing use of emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has caused extensive concerns around the world. Effective detection methods to trace their pollution characteristics and environmental behaviors in complex soil-crop systems are urgently needed. In this study, a reliable and matrix effect (ME)-free method was developed for simultaneous determination of 14 legacy and emerging PFASs, including perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonate, 6 hydrogenous PFASs, 3 chlorinated PFASs, and 3 hexafluoropropylene oxide homologues, in 6 crop (the edible parts) and 5 soil matrices using ultrasonic extraction combined with solid-phase extraction and ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS. The varieties of extractants and cleanup cartridges, the dosage of ammonia hydroxide, and the ME were studied to obtain an optimal pretreatment procedure. The developed method had high sensitivity and accuracy with satisfactory method detection limits (2.40-83.03 pg/g dry weight) and recoveries (72-117%) of all target analytes in matrices at five concentrations, that is, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 ng/g. In addition, the ME of this method (0.82-1.15) was negligible for all PFASs, even considering 11 different matrices. The successful application of the ME-free method to simultaneously determine the legacy and emerging PFASs in crop and soil samples has demonstrated its excellent practicability for monitoring emerging PFASs in soil-crop systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuya Dai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Can Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiongfei Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shizhong Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hang Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yun Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jean Louis Morel
- Laboratoire Sol et Environnement, Université de Lorraine-INRAE, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy 54500, France
| | - Qingqi Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Zhang W, Liang Y. Removal of eight perfluoroalkyl acids from aqueous solutions by aeration and duckweed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 724:138357. [PMID: 32272417 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are surfactants. Leveraging their surface active feature, this work investigated using aeration to remove perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) from aqueous solutions. Eight PFAAs were spiked to either deionized water or Hoagland solution at three pHs. After 7 h of aeration, removals of perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) were marginal and much lower than those of and perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). In deionized water, close to 80% of PFOA and PFOS at 200 ppb were removed when the pH was 2.3. The Hoagland solution at pH 2.3 and 5.0 benefited removal of long-chain PFAS at 2 ppb, but not at 200 ppb. With duckweed growing on the Hoagland solution surface, >95% of PFHpA, PFHxS, PFOA, and PFOS at 200 ppb were removed after 2 weeks. Aeration enhanced duckweed uptake of PFHxS, PFOA, and PFOS at 2 ppb significantly. Specific to PFOS, duckweed accumulated 14.4% of this compound initially spiked at 2 ppb in 2 weeks. These results demonstrated that aeration plus duckweed could be a viable and scalable remediation solution for surface water contaminated by PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilan Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Yanna Liang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
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Jin B, Mallula S, Golovko SA, Golovko MY, Xiao F. In Vivo Generation of PFOA, PFOS, and Other Compounds from Cationic and Zwitterionic Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in a Terrestrial Invertebrate ( Lumbricus terrestris). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7378-7387. [PMID: 32479721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) are two environmentally persistent per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) that have been detected globally in human tissues and fluids. As part of a project investigating the indirect sources of PFOA/PFOS in the environment and engineered systems, this study is concerned with the mechanisms leading to their in vivo generation in terrestrial invertebrates. We demonstrate here the formation of PFOA and PFOS in earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) from a group of four zwitterionic/cationic polyfluoroalkyl amides and sulfonamides. In bioaccumulation tests, the zwitterionic PFAS compounds were metabolized within 10 days to PFOA/PFOS at yields of 3.4-20.8 mol % by day 21 and several infrequently reported PFAS species for which chemical structures were determined using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Cationic PFAS, on the other hand, were found to be much less metabolizable in terms of the number (n = 2) and yields (0.9-5.1 mol %) of metabolites. Peak-shaped bioaccumulation profiles were frequently observed for the studied PFAS. Residual zwitterionic/cationic PFAS in earthworms were detected at the end of the elimination phase, indicating that not all zwitterionic/cationic PFAS molecules in vivo are available for enzymatic degradation. Finally, the relative importance of different exposure routes (i.e., waterborne and dietary exposure) was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bosen Jin
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, 243 Centennial Drive Stop 8115, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Swetha Mallula
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, 243 Centennial Drive Stop 8115, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Svetlana A Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 Columbia Road North Stop 9037, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Mikhail Y Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 Columbia Road North Stop 9037, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Feng Xiao
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, 243 Centennial Drive Stop 8115, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
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Zhou J, Li M, Li J, Shao Z, Liu Y, Wang T, Zhu L. Bioavailability and Bioaccumulation of 6:2 Fluorotelomer Sulfonate, 6:2 Chlorinated Polyfluoroalkyl Ether Sulfonates, and Perfluorophosphinates in a Soil-Plant System. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4325-4334. [PMID: 32208655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As emerging alternatives of legacy perfluoroalkyl substances, 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS), 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonates (6:2 Cl-PFESA), and perfluorophosphinates (C6/C6 and C8/C8 PFPiAs) are supposed to be partitioned to soil and highly persistent in the environment. The uptake of novel per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) by plants represents a potential pathway for their transfer in the food chain. In this study, the bioavailability of these four novel PFASs in soil and the bioaccumulation characteristics in greenhouse-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), maize (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill), and pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.) were investigated. The results indicated that these novel PFASs with higher hydrophobicity were more easily sequestrated in soil, and the fractions extracted by methanol could well describe their bioavailability, which could be stimulated by low-molecular-weight organic acids at rhizospheric concentrations. A negative relationship was found between root soil concentration factors (RSCFs) and hydrophobicity (log Kow) of the target PFASs. This correlation was also found in the translocation factors (TF) from roots to shoots. Furthermore, the uptake and transfer of the target PFASs were regulated by the protein contents in plant roots and shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, P. R. China
| | - Min Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqian Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, P. R. China
| | - Zixuan Shao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, P. R. China
| | - Yiman Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, P. R. China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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Munoz G, Desrosiers M, Vetter L, Vo Duy S, Jarjour J, Liu J, Sauvé S. Bioaccumulation of Zwitterionic Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Earthworms Exposed to Aqueous Film-Forming Foam Impacted Soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1687-1697. [PMID: 31922403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Critical knowledge gaps remain regarding the fate and effects of zwitterionic, cationic, and anionic perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), including assessment of their bioaccumulation potential. Here, biota soil accumulation factors (BSAFs) were assessed in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to soil microcosms amended with zwitterionic fluorotelomers and anionic perfluoroalkyl acids. The 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamidoalkyl betaine (6:2 FTAB) bioaccumulated in earthworms [BSAF ∼ 2.5-5.4 (gdw,worm/gdw,soil)-1] but to a lesser extent than perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS: BSAF ∼ 21-29). The BSAF of perfluorocarboxylates increased from ∼2.0 for C4-C6 analogues to ∼92 for perfluorotridecanoate (C13). In earthworms exposed to Ansulite and Arctic Foam aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs), the BSAF was related to perfluorinated chain length for n:3 fluorotelomer betaines (FtBs), n:1:2 FtB, and n:2 FTAB. Earthworms were also collected in situ from a fire-equipment testing site at a major Canadian airport. Summed PFAS concentrations were between 65 000 and 830 000 ng g-1 wet weight, possibly the highest burden recorded in terrestrial biota. Fluorotelomer sulfonates (6:2 FTS, 8:2 FTS, and 10:2 FTS) and FtB were particularly prevalent. Field worms also displayed elevated concentrations of n:3 acids (n = 3-11), but not those from laboratory microcosms exposed to fluorotelomer-based AFFFs. The findings provide an important confirmation to recent data suggesting that fluorotelomer compounds may accumulate in invertebrate species with limited metabolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Munoz
- Department of Chemistry , Université de Montréal , Montreal , Quebec H3C 3J7 , Canada
| | - Mélanie Desrosiers
- Centre d'expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec , Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques , Quebec City , Quebec G1P3W8 , Canada
| | - Laura Vetter
- Department of Chemistry , Université de Montréal , Montreal , Quebec H3C 3J7 , Canada
- UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées , Université de Lorraine , 57070 Metz , France
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry , Université de Montréal , Montreal , Quebec H3C 3J7 , Canada
| | - Julie Jarjour
- Department of Civil Engineering , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0C3 , Canada
| | - Jinxia Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0C3 , Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry , Université de Montréal , Montreal , Quebec H3C 3J7 , Canada
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40
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Zhang DQ, Wang M, He Q, Niu X, Liang Y. Distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in aquatic plant-based systems: From soil adsorption and plant uptake to effects on microbial community. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113575. [PMID: 31733970 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study systematically explored the distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) through soil adsorption and plant bioaccumulation in aquatic plant-based systems, derived from a surface flow constructed wetland (CW) planted with Typha angustifolia. The water-soil-plant systems were fortified with eight perfluoroalkyl subsntances (PFASs) at different concentrations. The potential for individual PFAS adsorption onto soil substrate and bioaccumulation in the plants increased with the increasing PFAS initial concentrations. Longer-chain PFASs exhibited higher affinity to soil substrate compared to shorter-chain PFASs. The highest concentration in the soil was observed for PFOS (51.3 ng g-1), followed by PFHxS (9.39 ng g-1), and PFOA (5.53 ng g-1) at low PFAS level. The perfluoroalkyl chain length dependent trend was also seen in the roots with the highest individual PFAS concentration for PFOS (68.9 ng g-1), followed by PFOA (18.5 ng g-1) and PFHxS (13.4 ng g-1). By contrast, shorter-chain PFASs were preferentially translocated from roots to shoots in Typha angustifolia. A significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation between bioaccumulation factor (BAFplant/water) (whole plant) and perfluoroalkyl chain length was observed. PFASs content in the plant compartments increased with increasing PFAS concentrations in the soil. Mass balance analysis indicates that approximately 40.7-99.6% of PFAS mass added to the system was adsorbed onto the soil and bioaccumulated in the plant tissues of T. angustifolia. Soil adsorption played a vital role in PFAS mass distribution. The results of Illumina high-throughput sequencing show that the bacterial diversity decreased upon PFAS exposure. The most predominant phyla retrieved were Proteobacteria (24.7-39.3%), followed by Actinobacteria (4.2-41.1%), Verrucomicrobia (7.9-25.1%), Bacteroidetes (10.2-20.4%), Cyanobacteria (0.4-16.5%), and Firmicutes (1.1-6.4%). The PFAS enrichment caused the changes (p > 0.05) in the structure and composition of bacterial community. This study helps to gain insight into a better understanding of the potential for PFASs distribution in an aquatic plant-based system and the impact on dynamic of microbial community exposed to PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Qing Zhang
- Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, China.
| | - Mo Wang
- College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Qiaochong He
- College of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Xiaojun Niu
- Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, China.
| | - Yanna Liang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany NY 12222, USA.
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41
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Liu Y, Hou X, Chen W, Kong W, Wang D, Liu J, Jiang G. Occurrences of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in tree bark: Interspecies variability related to chain length. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:1388-1395. [PMID: 31466174 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Occurrences of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in tree bark from four species were investigated. Species-dependent congener distribution patterns were firstly reported for perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs). The majority of PFSAs and PFCAs in Chinese red pine bark were C5-C7 PFSAs and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA, containing six carbon atoms, C6), whereas perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS, C4) and longer chain congeners (PFCAs: C ≥ 7; PFSAs: C ≥ 8) took a larger proportion in the fissured bark from Canadian poplar, Chinese scholartree and weeping willow. The species-dependent congener profiles depended on the structures and chemical compositions of tree bark, as well as the translocation of PFASs within plants. Different tree bark characteristics caused different retention abilities for particle-bound and gaseous PFASs. Particle-bound PFASs retained in the rougher structures of fissured bark led to preferential retention of long chain congeners (the major fraction in the particle phase), while lipid-rich Chinese red pine bark retained more gaseous PFASs (mainly short chain congeners). Besides, the abundance of short chain PFASs in red pine bark was consistent with the chain length-dependent translocation behaviors of PFASs in various plants, suggesting that translocation of PFASs within plants to tree bark may be invovled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingwang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weifang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenqian Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dingyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Shao Y, Hou K, Du Z, Li B, Wang J, Juhasz A, Wang J, Zhu L. Evaluation of the toxicity of 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate using earthworms (Eisenia fetida) in two soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:946-958. [PMID: 31412528 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, to research the toxic effect of ionic liquids (ILs) on earthworms and compare their different toxicities in different soils, 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim]BF4) was selected as a test substance, Eisenia fetida was selected as the experimental indicator organism, and artificial and fluvo-aquic soils were selected as the media. The acute toxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, detoxification enzyme (GST) activity, anti-oxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation oxidative and DNA damage in earthworms were all measured to evaluate the toxicity of [Bmim]BF4. The results showed that either in fluvo-aquic soil or artificial soil, [Bmim]BF4 can stimulate the accumulation of ROS in earthworms, inducing activities of antioxidant enzymes and detoxification enzymes, inevitably causing lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in earthworms. The integrated biomarker response (IBR) indicated that the toxicity of [Bmim]BF4 in fluvo-aquic soil was greater than that in artificial soil. This experiment is relevant to the reliability of artificial soil toxicity research, and maybe this paper can provide a more authentic understanding of traditional toxicity experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Shao
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Kaixuan Hou
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Zhongkun Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Bing Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Albert Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, PR China.
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Zhang W, Zhang D, Zagorevski DV, Liang Y. Exposure of Juncus effusus to seven perfluoroalkyl acids: Uptake, accumulation and phytotoxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 233:300-308. [PMID: 31176131 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has led to perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) contamination in various environmental matrices. To remove PFAAs from contaminated water, this study investigated plant uptake of PFAAs by a native wetland plant species in the US, Juncus effusus. The results showed that J. effusus translocated selected PFAAs, including perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPA), perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). During the 21-day experimental period, the uptake of PFAAs increased with increasing PFAAs exposure concentration and time. PFOS was largely accumulated in the roots with limited upward translocation. PFAAs with shorter carbon chain length were taken up by J. effusus roots and tended to accumulate in plant shoots. The highest removal efficiency (11.4%) of spiked PFAAs by J. effusus was achieved when it was exposed to PFAAs at around 4.6 mg/L for 21 days. The exposure to PFAAs stimulated the antioxidative defense system in J. effusus shoots but inhibited the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and damaged the antioxidative defense system in J. effusus roots. These results warrant further studies to evaluate J. effusus's long-term performance in a PFAAs contaminated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilan Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Dongqing Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Dmitri V Zagorevski
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Yanna Liang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, 12222, USA.
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Zhao S, Liang T, Zhu L, Yang L, Liu T, Fu J, Wang B, Zhan J, Liu L. Fate of 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid in pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.) based on hydroponic culture: Uptake, translocation and biotransformation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:804-812. [PMID: 31200206 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA) is currently used as an alternative to perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and is widely detected in the environment. The uptake, translocation and biotransformation of 6:2 FTSA in pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.) were investigated by hydroponic exposure for the first time. The root concentration factor (RCF) of 6:2 FTSA was 2.6-24.2 times as high as those of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) of the same or much shorter carbon chain length, demonstrating much higher bioaccumulative ability of 6:2 FTSA in pumpkin roots. The translocation capability of 6:2 FTSA from root to shoot depended on its hydrophobicity. Six terminal perfluorocarboxylic acid (PFCA) metabolites, including perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluoropropionic acid (PFPrA) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) were found in pumpkin roots and shoots. PFHpA was the primary metabolite in roots, while PFBA was the major product in shoots. 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT), a cytochromes P450 (CYPs) suicide inhibitor, could decrease the concentrations of PFCA products with dose-dependent relationships in pumpkin tissues, implying the role of CYP enzymes involved in plant biotransformation of 6:2 FTSA. This study indicated that the application of 6:2 FTSA can lead to the occurrence of PFCAs (C2-C7) in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning, 124221, PR China.
| | - Tiankun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning, 124221, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Tianqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning, 124221, PR China
| | - Jia Fu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning, 124221, PR China
| | - Bohui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning, 124221, PR China
| | - Jingjing Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning, 124221, PR China
| | - Lifen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning, 124221, PR China
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Kim H, Ekpe OD, Lee JH, Kim DH, Oh JE. Field-scale evaluation of the uptake of Perfluoroalkyl substances from soil by rice in paddy fields in South Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:714-721. [PMID: 30939324 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 17 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were investigated in paddy soil, void water, and brown rice collected from 30 paddy fields to examine the uptake of PFASs from soil by rice. The total concentrations of PFASs ranged from 7.76 to 3020 ng/L (average = 166 ng/L) in void water, 0.120 to 13.9 ng/g dry-weight (dw) (1.92 ng/g dw) in paddy soils, and from not-detected to 1.85 ng/g (0.403 ng/g) in brown rice samples. The highest PFAS concentrations were observed in brown rice cultivated in a paddy field where high levels of PFASs were observed in void water and paddy soil. Among target PFAS compounds, perfluorocarboxylic acids were dominant and detected in all matrices, and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the most predominant compound in brown rice and void water. Significant positive correlations were examined for some detected PFASs between each matrix. PFOA in brown rice was positively correlated with PFOA in void water as well as perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) in paddy soil (p < 0.01). PFOA in void water also had correlated with PFDA in paddy soil. However, there was no correlation of other compounds between each matrix, except for correlations of perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and PFDA in paddy soil with those in void water, respectively (p < 0.05). Moreover, PFOA concentration in brown rice (0.093 ng/g) was much higher than one in white rice detected with a non-detectable level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyerin Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Okon Dominic Ekpe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Lee
- EH R&C, 114, A-dong, Environmental Industry Research Park, Jeongseojin-ro 410, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Ghisi R, Vamerali T, Manzetti S. Accumulation of perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in agricultural plants: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 169:326-341. [PMID: 30502744 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
PFASs are a class of compounds that include perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, some of the most persistent pollutants still allowed - or only partially restricted - in several product fabrications and industrial applications worldwide. PFASs have been shown to interact with blood proteins and are suspected of causing a number of pathological responses, including cancer. Given this threat to living organisms, we carried out a broad review of possible sources of PFASs and their potential accumulation in agricultural plants, from where they can transfer to humans through the food chain. Analysis of the literature indicates a direct correlation between PFAS concentrations in soil and bioaccumulation in plants. Furthermore, plant uptake largely changes with chain length, functional group, plant species and organ. Low accumulations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) have been found in peeled potatoes and cereal seeds, while short-chain compounds can accumulate at high levels in leafy vegetables and fruits. Significant variations in PFAS buildup in plants according to soil amendment are also found, suggesting a particular interaction with soil organic matter. Here, we identify a series of challenges that PFASs pose to the development of a safe agriculture for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Ghisi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
| | - Teofilo Vamerali
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Sergio Manzetti
- Fjordforsk A/S, Institute for Science and Technology, Midtun 6894, Vangsnes, Norway; Uppsala Centre for Computational Sciences, Dept. of Cell & Molec. Biol., Uppsala University, Box 596, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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47
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Zhu H, Kannan K. Distribution and partitioning of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids in surface soil, plants, and earthworms at a contaminated site. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:954-961. [PMID: 30180370 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A field study was conducted to elucidate distribution and partitioning of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs; C7-12) in a terrestrial ecosystem that was contaminated with industrial sources of release. Surface soil (0-6 cm), plants, and earthworms were collected from a field located within a 1-mile radius of a fluoropolymer industry that had been manufacturing fluorochemicals for over five decades. The mean concentrations of ∑PFCAs were 150, 420, 61, 68, and 430 ng/g dry weight (dw) in surface soil, earthworms, grass roots, grass leaves, and tree leaves, respectively. The measured concentrations were higher than those reported for corresponding matrices in other locations worldwide, suggesting that fluorochemical manufacturing operations have contributed to the contamination of this nearby land. Soil and plant tissues consisted mainly of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; C8) (77.3-97.1% of the total PFCAs), whereas longer-chain PFCAs, such as perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA; C11: 17.6%) and perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDA; C12: 31.9%), accounted for relatively higher proportions in earthworms. Spatial distribution of PFCAs at this site suggested that both atmospheric deposition and groundwater recharge have contributed to the sources of contamination. Both earthworm- and grass-accumulated PFCAs from soil with biota-soil accumulation factors and root concentration factors increased with perfluorocarbon chain length. The translocation factors of PFCAs in grass decreased as the number of carbons in the fluorocarbon moiety increased. This field study is appropriate to improve our understanding of partitioning of PFCAs among soil, plants, and earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA.
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Bräunig J, Baduel C, Barnes CM, Mueller JF. Leaching and bioavailability of selected perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) from soil contaminated by firefighting activities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:471-479. [PMID: 30056234 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Historical usage of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) at firefighting training grounds (FTGs) is a potential source of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) to the surrounding environment. In this study the leaching of PFAAs from field contaminated soil and their uptake into biota was investigated. Soil was sampled from FTGs at two airports and the total as well as the leachable concentration of 12 PFAAs was determined. A greenhouse study was carried out to investigate the uptake of PFAAs from soils into earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and wheat grass (Elymus scaber). Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) were the most dominant PFAAs in all soils samples, with concentrations of PFOS reaching 13,400 ng/g. Leachable concentrations of PFOS and PFHxS reached up to 550 μg/L and 22 μg/L, respectively. In earthworms concentrations of PFOS reached 65,100 ng/g after a 28-day exposure period, while in wheat grass the highest concentration was measured for uptake of PFHxS (2,800 ng/g) after a 10-week growth-period. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for earthworms ranged from 0.1 for perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) to 23 for perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA) and initially showed a decreasing trend with increasing perfluoroalkyl chain length, followed by an increase with increasing perfluoroalkyl chain length for perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs). In wheat grass the highest BAF was found for perfluorobutanoic acid (BAF = 70), while the lowest was observed for perfluorononanoic acid (BAF = 0.06). BAFs in wheat grass decreased with increasing perfluoroalkyl chain length for both PFCAs and perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs). The results show that PFAAs readily leach from impacted soils and are bioaccumulated into earthworms and plants in an analyte dependent way. This shows considerable potential for PFAAs to move away from the original source either by leaching or uptake into ecological receptors, which may be a potential entry route into the terrestrial foodweb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bräunig
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Christine Baduel
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Craig M Barnes
- Airservices Australia, 25 Constitution Avenue, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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49
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Lan Z, Zhou M, Yao Y, Sun H. Plant uptake and translocation of perfluoroalkyl acids in a wheat-soil system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:30907-30916. [PMID: 30178412 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Application of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is shifting to short-chain analogs (C ≤ 6) that raises concerns for their potential ecotoxicological risks. In the present study, pot experiments were carried out to study the effects of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), including perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs), with different carbon chain lengths (C4, C6, and C8) on the growth of wheat seedlings and their plant uptake and transfer at two spiking levels (200 and 2000 μg/kg soil). Exposure to C4 PFAAs slightly inhibited chlorophyll activity, whereas exposure to C8 PFAAs showed enhancement. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for C4 PFAAs in wheat were over 10, while BAFs for C8 PFAAs were all below 1. Rhizospheric and root to shoot transfer factors for PFAAs were both negatively correlated with their log Kow (p < 0.05). PFCAs exhibited both higher rhizospheric mobility and accumulation potentials than PFSAs of the same chain lengths. Hence, perfluoroalkyl chain governs the mobility of PFAAs in a soil-plant system besides interactions of their head groups, and the substitution with shorter chain PFASs raises concerns for their higher plant accumulation potential that brings higher ecotoxicological and human exposure risks via food chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghui Lan
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Monitoring Center for Vehicle Emission, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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Li Y, Liu X, Wu X, Dong F, Xu J, Pan X, Zheng Y. Effects of biochars on the fate of acetochlor in soil and on its uptake in maize seedling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 241:710-719. [PMID: 29906765 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Biochar (BC) can alter the fate and bioavailability of pesticides in soil. In this study, the effects of three types of BCs (made of crofton weed, wood chips and rice hull) on the sorption of acetochlor, a common herbicide, were investigated. The acetochlor sorption constants (Kf value) were 309.96 μg1-nLn/kg (biochars made of ricehull, BCR), 3.54 μg1-nLn/kg (biochars made of crofton weed, BCH) and 2.27 μg1-nLn/kg (biochars made of wood chips, BCW). The persistence of acetochlor was 8 times greater when 1% BCR was added to the soil. Moreover, the half-life of acetochlor increased with increasing amounts of BC in the soil. The soil was amended with BCH (made of crofton weed) for two different aging period (10 d and 20 d) to evaluate the effects of aged BC on acetochlor accumulation in maize seedlings (Zea mays L). Amendment with 10 d-aged BCH in soil decreased the bioaccumulation of acetochlor. However, the concentrations and bioconcentration factors in maize cultivated in 20 d-aged BCH-amended soils were significantly higher than those in soil with no BCH amendments and with 10 d-aged BCH amendments. These results imply that BC aged in soil for a long period can increase the bioaccumulation of acetochlor in plants and the influences of BC on environmental risks of pesticides must be further clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guilin, Ministry of Agriculture, Guilin 541399, China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xinglu Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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