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Zhao Y, Guo B, Liu Z, Wang X, Xiao G, Bol R. A meta-analysis of elevated O3 effects on herbaceous plants antioxidant oxidase activity. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305688. [PMID: 38917096 PMCID: PMC11198797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Increases in near-surface ozone (O3) concentrations is a global environmental problem. High-concentration O3 induces stress in plants, which can lead to visible damage to plants, reduced photosynthesis, accelerated aging, inhibited growth, and can even plant death. However, its impact has not been comprehensively evaluated because of the response differences between individual plant species, environmental O3 concentration, and duration of O3 stress in plants. We used a meta-analysis approach based on 31 studies 343 observations) to examine the effects of elevated O3 on malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) activities in herbaceous plants. Globally, important as they constitute the majority of the world's food crops. We partitioned the variation in effect size found in the meta-analysis according to the presence of plant species (ornamental herb, rice, and wheat), O3 concentration, and duration of O3 stress in plants. Our results showed that the effects of elevated O3 on plant membrane lipid peroxidation depending on plant species, O3 concentration, and duration of O3 stress in plants. The wheat SOD and POD activity was significantly lower compared to the herbs and rice (P<0.01). The SOD activity of all herbaceous plants increased by 34.6%, 10.5%, and 26.3% for exposure times to elevated O3 environments of 1-12, 13-30, and 31-60 days, respectively. When the exposure time was more than 60 days, SOD activity did not increase but significantly decreased by 12.1%. However, the POD activity of herbaceous plants increased by 30.4%, 57.3%, 21.9% and 5.81%, respectively, when exposure time of herbaceous plants in elevated O3 environment was 1-12, 13-30, 31-60 and more than 60 days. Our meta-analysis revealed that (1) rice is more resistant to elevated O3 than wheat and ornamental herbs likely because of the higher activity of antioxidant components (e.g., POD) in the symplasts, (2) exposure to elevated O3 concentrations for >60 days, may result in antioxidant SOD lose its regulatory ability, and the antioxidant component POD in the symplast is mainly used to resist O3 damage, and (3) the important factors affected the activity of SOD and POD in plants were not consistent: the duration of O3 stress in plants was more important than plant species and O3 concentration for SOD activity. However, for POD activity, plant species was the most important factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Bing Guo
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhouli Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Black Soil Evolution and Ecological Effect, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Guangmin Xiao
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sci-ence/Hebei Fertilizer Technology Innovation Center, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Roland Bol
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- School of Natural Sciences, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
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2
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Zeydan Ö, Ülker U. Assessment of ground-level ozone pollution in Türkiye according to new WHO limits. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:549. [PMID: 38743179 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone is a secondary pollutant and is attributable to respiratory diseases and mortality. For this reason, the World Health Organization (WHO) implemented a new long-term (peak season) limit value for ozone. The previous studies related to ozone in Türkiye were spatially limited to certain locations. In this study, annual mean and peak season ozone concentrations, and limit exceedances were investigated for Türkiye for the year 2021. Moreover, ozone peak seasons were determined for the first time for 126 air quality monitoring stations. The annual mean ozone concentration was determined as 44.3 ± 19.3 µg/m3 whereas the peak season average ozone level was 68.4 ± 27.2 µg/m3. April-September period was the most frequently observed ozone peak season. Among all stations, Erzurum Palandöken was by far the most polluted station in terms of annual mean and limit exceedances of ozone. Ankara Siteler stations have the highest rank in peak season mean. 87 and 83 stations exceeded the short-term and long-term recommendations of WHO, respectively. Four hotspot regions were revealed in terms of peak season exceedance: Adana and surrounding provinces, the surroundings of Burdur and Isparta provinces, and the northeastern and northwestern parts of Türkiye. To protect public health, WHO recommendations for 8-h and peak season limits should be immediately implemented in Turkish regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgür Zeydan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, 67100, Zonguldak, Türkiye.
| | - Uğur Ülker
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, 67100, Zonguldak, Türkiye
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Yang Q, Zhao T, Bai Y, Wei J, Sun X, Tian Z, Hu J, Ma X, Luo Y, Fu W, Yang K. Interannual variations in ozone pollution with a dipole structure over Eastern China associated with springtime thermal forcing over the Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171527. [PMID: 38453079 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is essential in modulating climate change in downstream Eastern China (EC). As a meteorology-sensitive pollutant, changes in ozone (O3) in connection with the TP have received limited attention. In this study, using climate analysis of the China High Air Pollutants O3 product and ERA5 reanalysis data of meteorology for 1980-2020, the effect of springtime TP thermal forcing on the warm season (April-September) O3 pollution over EC was investigated. The strong TP thermal effect significantly modulates the interannual variations in O3 pollution with a dipole pattern over EC, inducing more O3 pollution in northern EC regions and alleviating O3 pollution in the southern regions. In northern (southern) EC, strong TP thermal forcing triggers a significant anomalous high (low) pressure center accompanied by anticyclonic (cyclonic) anomalies, resulting in decreased (increased) total cloud cover, increased (reduced) surface downward solar radiation and air temperature, which are conducive to the anomalous increase (decrease) in surface O3 concentrations. Moreover, the key sources of springtime thermal forcing over the TP influence the major O3 pollution regions over southern and northern EC with an inverse pattern, depending on their locations and orientations to the large topography of the TP. This research reveals an important driving factor for the dipole interannual variation in O3 pollution over EC, providing a new prospect for the effect of the TP on atmospheric environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjian Yang
- Climate and Weather Disasters Collaborative Innovation Center, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, PREMIC, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Tianliang Zhao
- Climate and Weather Disasters Collaborative Innovation Center, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, PREMIC, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yongqing Bai
- Institute of Heavy Rain, China Meteorological Administration, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science and ESSIC, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Sun
- Climate and Weather Disasters Collaborative Innovation Center, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, PREMIC, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhijie Tian
- China Institute for Radiation Protection, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Fujian Academy of Environmental Sciences, Fuzhou 350011, China
| | - Xiaodan Ma
- Climate and Weather Disasters Collaborative Innovation Center, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, PREMIC, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yuehan Luo
- Climate and Weather Disasters Collaborative Innovation Center, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, PREMIC, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Weikang Fu
- Climate and Weather Disasters Collaborative Innovation Center, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, PREMIC, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Climate and Weather Disasters Collaborative Innovation Center, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, PREMIC, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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4
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Dewan S, Bamola S, Lakhani A. Addressing ozone pollution to promote United Nations sustainable development goal 2: Ensuring global food security. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 347:140693. [PMID: 37967682 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Achieving global food security and ensuring sustainable agriculture, the dual objectives of the second Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 2), necessitate immediate and collaborative efforts from developing and developed nations. The adverse effects of ozone on crop yields have the potential to significantly undermine the United Nations' ambitious target of attaining food security and ending hunger by 2030. This review examines the causes of growing tropospheric ozone, especially in India and China which lead to a substantial reduction in crop yield and forest biomass. The findings show that a nexus of high population, rapid urbanization and regional pollution sources aggravates the problem in these countries. It elucidates that when plants are exposed to ozone, specific cellular pathways are triggered, resulting in changes in the expression of genes related to hormone production, antioxidant metabolism, respiration, and photosynthesis. Assessing the risks associated with ozone exposure involves using response functions that link exposure-based and flux-based measurements to variables like crop yield. Precisely quantifying the losses in yield and economic value in food crops due to current ozone levels is of utmost importance in comprehending the risks ozone poses to global food security. We conclude that policymakers should focus on implementing measures to decrease the emissions of ozone precursors, such as enhancing vehicle fuel efficiency standards and promoting the use of cleaner energy sources. Additionally, efforts should be directed toward mapping or developing crop varieties that can tolerate ozone, applying protective measures at critical stages of plant growth and establishing ozone-related vegetation protection standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surat Dewan
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, 282005, India
| | - Simran Bamola
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, 282005, India
| | - Anita Lakhani
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, 282005, India.
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5
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Bhattarai H, Tai APK, Val Martin M, Yung DHY. Impacts of changes in climate, land use, and emissions on global ozone air quality by mid-21st century following selected Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167759. [PMID: 37832689 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Surface ozone (O3) is a major air pollutant and greenhouse gas with significant risks to human health, vegetation, and climate. Uncertainties around the impacts of various critical factors on O3 is crucial to understand. We used the Community Earth System Model to investigate the impacts of land use and land cover change (LULCC), climate, and emissions on global O3 air quality under selected Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). Our findings show that increasing forest cover by 20 % under SSP1 in East China, Europe, and the eastern US leads to higher isoprene emissions leading 2-5 ppb increase in summer O3 levels. Climate-induced meteorological changes, like rising temperatures, further enhance BVOC emissions and increase O3 levels by 10-20 ppb in urban areas with high NOx levels. However, higher BVOC emissions can reduce O3 levels by 5-10 ppb in remote environments. Future NOx emissions control reduces O3 levels by 5-20 ppb in the US and Europe in all SSPs, but reductions in NOx and changes in oxidant titration increase O3 in southeast China in SSP5. Increased NOx emissions in southern Africa and India significantly elevate O3 levels up to 15 ppb under different SSPs. Climate change is equally important as emissions changes, sometimes countering the benefits of emissions control. The combined effects of emissions, climate, and land cover result in worse O3 air quality in northern India (+40 %) and East China (+20 %) under SSP3 due to anthropogenic NOx and climate-induced BVOC emissions. Over the northern hemisphere, surface O3 decreases due to reduced NOx emissions, although climate and land use changes can increase O3 levels regionally. By 2050, O3 levels in most Asian regions exceed the World Health Organization safety limit for over 150 days per year. Our study emphasizes the need to consider complex interactions for effective air pollution control and management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemraj Bhattarai
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Programme and Graduate Division of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amos P K Tai
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Programme and Graduate Division of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Maria Val Martin
- Leverhulme Centre for Climate Change Mitigation, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - David H Y Yung
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Programme and Graduate Division of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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6
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Shu Z, Zhao T, Chen Y, Liu Y, Yang F, Jiang Y, He G, Yang Q, Zhang Y. Terrain effect on atmospheric process in seasonal ozone variation over the Sichuan Basin, Southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 338:122622. [PMID: 37783418 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Terrain effect is challenging for understanding atmospheric environment changes under complex topography. This study targets the Sichuan Basin (SCB), a deep basin isolated by plateaus and mountains in Southwest China, by employing WRF-Chem with integrated process rates (IPR) analysis to characterize the terrain-driven seasonal variations of tropospheric ozone (O3) with atmospheric physical and chemical processes. Results show that the basin terrain exerts reversed impacts on regional air quality changes by aggravating summertime and alleviating wintertime near-surface O3 with the relative contributions oscillating seasonally between -40% and 40% in SCB. Similarly, a seasonal shift of vertical O3 structures is dominated by summertime positive and wintertime negative changes in the lower troposphere induced by basin terrain. The key contributions of atmospheric process to near-surface O3 are identified with vertical and horizontal transport, which is dominated by basin terrain with intensifying seasonal and diurnal variations. With the existence of basin, the daytime O3 productions at the near-surface layer are elevated in months of warm seasons (April and July) but inhibited in the cold seasons (October and January), presenting a seasonal transition of primary factor from meteorology to aerosol-radiation forcing on photochemical reactions. Driven by plateau-basin thermodynamic forcing, horizontal O3 transport between the SCB and eastern TP is enhanced by mountain-plains solenoid (MPS), and even nocturnal O3-rich layers contribute to the impacts of vertical exchange on near-surface O3 levels. The terrain effects of deep basin under the interaction of Asian monsoons and westerlies could jointly change atmospheric physical and chemical processes to construct the seasonal and diurnal O3 evolution patterns over the SCB region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuozhi Shu
- Sichuan Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Tianliang Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Yubao Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- School of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, National Engineering Research Center on Flue Gas Desulfurization, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yongcheng Jiang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Straits Meteorology, Xiamen Meteorological Bureau, Xiamen, 361013, China
| | - Guoqing He
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Qingjian Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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7
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Pambianchi E, Hagenberg Z, Pecorelli A, Pasqui A, Therrien JP, Valacchi G. Tension as a key factor in skin responses to pollution. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16013. [PMID: 37749125 PMCID: PMC10519937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42629-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Being the more apparent organ exposed to the outdoor stressors, the effect of pollution on the skin has been widely studied in the last few decades. Although UV light is known as the most aggressive stressor to which our cutaneous tissue is daily exposed, other components of the tropospheric pollution have also shown to affect skin health and functionality. Among them, ozone has been proven to be one of the most toxic due to its high reactivity with the epidermal lipids. Studying the cutaneous effect of pollution in a laboratory setting presents challenges, therefore it becomes critical to employ appropriate and tailored models that aim to answer specific questions. Several skin models are available nowadays: in vitro models (2D cell lines and 3D cutaneous tissues), ex vivo skin explants and in vivo approaches (animals and humans). Although in the last 20 years researchers developed skin models that closely resemble human skin (3D cutaneous tissues), ex vivo skin explants still remain one of the best models to study cutaneous responses. Unfortunately, one important cutaneous property that is not present in the traditional ex vivo human skin explants is the physiological tension, which has been shown to be a cardinal player in skin structure, homeostasis, functional properties and responses to external stimuli. For this reason, in this study, to confirm and further comprehend the harmful mechanism of ozone exposure on the integumentary system, we have performed experiments using the state of art in cutaneous models: the innovative TenSkin™ model in which ex vivo human skin explants are cultured under physiologically relevant tension during the whole experimental procedure. Specifically, we were interested in corroborating previous findings showing that ozone exposure modulates the expression of cutaneous antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). The present work demonstrates that cutaneous exposure to ozone induces AMPs gene and protein levels (CAMP/LL-37, hBD2, hBD3) and that the presence of tension can further modulate their expression. In addition, different responses between tension and non-tension cultured skin were also observed during the evaluation of OxInflammatory markers [cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), matrix-metallo-proteinase 9 (MMP9) and 4-hydroxy-nonenal (4HNE)]. This current study supports our previous findings confirming the ability of pollution to induce the cutaneous expression of AMPs via redox signaling and corroborates the principle that skin explants are a good and reliable model to study skin responses even though it underlines the need to holistically consider the role of skin tension before extrapolating the data to real life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Pambianchi
- Department of Animal Science, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Zachary Hagenberg
- Department of Animal Science, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Alessandra Pecorelli
- Department of Animal Science, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
- Toscana Life Sciences Foundation, 53100, Siena, Italy
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Arianna Pasqui
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
- Toscana Life Sciences Foundation, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Jean-Philippe Therrien
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Animal Science, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
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He C, Li B, Gong X, Liu L, Li H, Zhang L, Jin J. Spatial-temporal evolution patterns and drivers of PM 2.5 chemical fraction concentrations in China over the past 20 years. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:91839-91852. [PMID: 37481498 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28913-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
The quantitative assessment of the spatial and temporal variability and drivers of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) fraction concentrations are important for pollution control and public health preservation in China. In this study, we investigated the spatial temporal variation of PM2.5 chemical component based on the PM2.5 chemical component datasets from 2000 to 2019 and revealed the driving forces of the differences in the spatial distribution using geodetector model (GD), multi-scale geographically weighted regression model (MGWR), and a two-step clustering approach. The results show that: the PM2.5 chemical fraction concentrations show a trend of first increasing (2000-2007) and then decreasing (2007-2019). From 2000 to 2019, the change rates of PM2.5, organic matter (OM), black carbon (BC), sulfates (SO2- 4), ammonium (NH+ 4), and nitrates (NO- 3) were -0.59, -0.23, -0.07, -0.15, -0.02, and 0.04μg/m3/yr in the entirety of China. The secondary aerosol (i.e., SO2- 4, NO- 3, and NH+ 4; SNA) had the highest fraction in PM2.5 concentrations (55.6-68.1% in different provinces), followed by OM and BC. Spatially, North, Central, and East China are the regions with the highest PM2.5 chemical component concentrations in China; meanwhile, they are also the regions with the most significant decrease in PM2.5 chemical fraction concentrations. The GD and MGWR model shows that among all variables, the number of enterprises, disposable income, private car ownership, and the share of secondary industry non-linearly enhance the differences in the spatial distribution of PM2.5 component concentrations. Electricity consumption has the strongest influence on NH+ 4 emissions in Northwest China and BC and OM emissions in Northeast China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan, 430100, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan, 430100, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan, 430100, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan, 430100, China
| | - Xusheng Gong
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan, 430100, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan, 430100, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Shanghai Environmental Protection Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Jiming Jin
- College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan, 430100, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan, 430100, China
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9
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Feng Z, Yuan X, Zhao Y. The impacts of ambient ozone pollution on China's wheat yield and forest production from 2010 to 2021. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121726. [PMID: 37127233 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Near-surface ozone causes damages on both crop and forest but their long-term spatiotemporal changes in China have been insufficiently explored, preventing comprehensive policy making with food security and climate targets. Moreover, limitation exists in the current metrics for long-term regional ozone risk assessment, AOT40 (the accumulated hourly ozone over a threshold of 40 ppbv) and PODY (phytotoxic ozone dose over a threshold of Y nmol ozone m-2 PLA s-1), with ignorance of meteorological influence for the former and complicated data collection and calculation procedures for the latter. Here, we developed a new metric for ozone-induced risk on winter wheat, O3MET, which can be easily derived based on ozone concentrations and meteorological variables, and is suitable for long-term assessment of ozone-induced wheat loss at the regional scale. Combining with existing metric for forest (O3RH), we comprehensively quantified the ozone damages on winter wheat yield and forest gross primary production (GPP) for mainland China during 2010-2021, the period with fast growth of ozone level across the country. The annual average losses of wheat yield and forest GPP were estimated at 26.5 Mt and 552.6 TgC, accounting for 17% and 4% of the total yield and GPP without ozone impact, respectively. Heavy dual ozone-induced damages on both wheat and forest were presented in East and South China. The ozone-induced wheat yield loss and forest GPP loss were estimated to increase at a rate of 1.8 Mt/yr and 13.9 TgC/yr for the entire country, respectively, driven mainly by the enhanced ambient ozone level within the research period. Besides ecological impact, the ozone pollution in the developed eastern China resulted in serious health burden as well, thus effective actions on ozone pollution alleviation in the region is crucial for reducing its ecological and health risks simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave., Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Youchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave., Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangyang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave., Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Jiangsu, 210044, China.
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10
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Chen B, Wang Y, Huang J, Zhao L, Chen R, Song Z, Hu J. Estimation of near-surface ozone concentration and analysis of main weather situation in China based on machine learning model and Himawari-8 TOAR data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 864:160928. [PMID: 36539084 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is an important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Stratospheric ozone protects human beings, but high near-surface ozone concentrations threaten environment and human health. Owing to the uneven distribution of ground-monitoring stations and the low time resolution of polar orbiting satellites, it is difficult to accurately evaluate the refinement and synergistic pollution of near-surface ozone in China. Besides, atmospheric circulation patterns also affect ozone concentrations greatly. In this study, a new generation of geostationary satellite is used to estimate the hourly near-surface ozone concentration with a spatial resolution of 0.05°. First, the Pearson correlation coefficient and maximum information coefficient were used to study the correlation between the top of atmospheric radiation (TOAR) of Himawari-8 satellite and O3 concentration; seven TOAR channels were selected. Second, based on an interpretable deep learning model, the hourly ozone concentration in China from September 2015 to August 2021 was obtained using the TOAR-O3 model. Finally, the self-organizing map method was used to determine six major summer weather circulation patterns in China. The results showed that (1) the near-surface O3 concentration can be accurately estimated; the R2 (RMSE: μg/m3) values of the daily, monthly, and annual tenfold cross validation results were 0.91 (12.74), 0.97 (5.64), and 0.98 (1.75), respectively. The feature importance of the model showed that the temperature, TOAR, and boundary layer height contributed 38 %, 22 %, and 13 %, respectively. (2) The O3 concentration showed obvious spatiotemporal difference and gradually increased from 10:00 to 15:00 (Beijing time) every day. In most areas of China, O3 concentration had increased significantly. (3) The O3 concentration in northern China was the highest under the circulation pattern of the Meiyu front over the Yangtze River Delta, while in southern China, it was the highest under the circulation pattern of the northeast cold vortex controlling most of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianping Huang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ruming Chen
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhihao Song
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiashun Hu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou 730000, China
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11
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Zhang X, Xu W, Zhang G, Lin W, Zhao H, Ren S, Zhou G, Chen J, Xu X. First long-term surface ozone variations at an agricultural site in the North China Plain: Evolution under changing meteorology and emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160520. [PMID: 36442628 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Significant upward trends in surface ozone (O3) have been widely reported in China during recent years, especially during warm seasons in the North China Plain (NCP), exerting adverse environmental effects on human health and agriculture. Quantifying long-term O3 variations and their attributions helps to understand the causes of regional O3 pollution and to formulate according control strategy. In this study, we present long-term trends of O3 in the warm seasons (April-September) during 2006-2019 at an agricultural site in the NCP and investigate the relative contributions of meteorological and anthropogenic factors. Overall, the maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) O3 exhibited a weak decreasing trend with large interannual variability. < 6 % of the observed trend could be explained by changes in meteorological conditions, while the remaining 94 % was attributed to anthropogenic impacts. However, the interannual variability of warm season MDA8 O3 was driven by both meteorology (36 ± 28 %) and anthropogenic factors (64 ± 27 %). Daily maximum temperature was the most essential factor affecting O3 variations, followed by ultraviolet radiation b (UVB) and boundary layer height (BLH), with rising temperature trends inducing O3 inclines throughout April to August, while UVB mainly influenced O3 during summer months. Under changes in emissions and air quality, warm season O3 production regime gradually shifted from dominantly VOCs-limited during 2006-2015 to NOx-limited afterwards. Relatively steady HCHO and remarkably rising NOx levels resulted in the fast decreasing MDA8 O3 (-2.87 ppb yr-1) during 2006-2012. Rapidly decreasing NOx, flat or slightly increasing HCHO promoted O3 increases during 2012-2015 (9.76 ppb yr-1). While afterwards, slow increases in HCHO and downwards fluctuating NOx led to decreases in MDA8 O3 (-4.97 ppb yr-1). Additionally, continuous warming trends might promote natural emissions of O3 precursors and magnify their impacts on agricultural O3 by inducing high variability, which would require even more anthropogenic reduction to compensate for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Gen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Weili Lin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huarong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Institute of Agricultural Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Sanxue Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Institute of Agricultural Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guangsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Institute of Agricultural Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Hebei Gucheng Agricultural Meteorology National Observation and Research Station, Baoding 072656, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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12
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Fan S, Li Y. Potential deterioration of ozone pollution in coastal areas caused by marine-emitted halogens: A case study in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160456. [PMID: 36436642 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is one of the most important air pollutants worldwide in terms of its great damage to human health and agriculture. Previous studies show that marine-emitted halogens significantly influence O3 concentrations, mainly through the consumption of O3 by bromine and iodine atoms. In this study, we investigate the temporal variation at finer time scales (daily and hourly) than previous studies (annual or monthly) to better characterize the influence of marine-emitted halogens on coastal O3. In contrast to previous studies that mainly reported a decrease in O3, our results show significant temporal variations in halogen-induced O3 changes. More specifically, the halogen-induced decrease in coastal O3 in southern China is concentrated on clean days, while an unexpected increase in some regions of up to >10 ppbv could occur on polluted days. On polluted days, the activation of particulate chloride (Cl-) in sea salt aerosol (SSA) is effective due to the high level of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) that is formed from the reactions of O3 and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). In addition, the wind fields are unfavorable for the transport of marine air masses with large O3 depletion inland. These two factors together result in the increase in hourly and MDA8 O3 on polluted days in some regions in the GBA. The locations of O3 increases are controlled by the distribution of nitryl chloride (ClNO2) at sunrise, which is influenced by O3 and NO2 during the previous night. As a result, the increase in O3 is a continuation of the O3 pollution from the previous day, and the whole area is under potential threat of this worsening pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidong Fan
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Center for the Oceanic and Atmospheric Science at SUSTech (COAST), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Center for the Oceanic and Atmospheric Science at SUSTech (COAST), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China.
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13
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Gu X, Wang T, Li C. Elevated ozone decreases the multifunctionality of belowground ecosystems. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:890-908. [PMID: 36300607 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Elevated tropospheric ozone (O3 ) affects the allocation of biomass aboveground and belowground and influences terrestrial ecosystem functions. However, how belowground functions respond to elevated O3 concentrations ([O3 ]) remains unclear at the global scale. Here, we conducted a detailed synthesis of belowground functioning responses to elevated [O3 ] by performing a meta-analysis of 2395 paired observations from 222 publications. We found that elevated [O3 ] significantly reduced the primary productivity of roots by 19.8%, 16.3%, and 26.9% for crops, trees and grasses, respectively. Elevated [O3 ] strongly decreased the root/shoot ratio by 11.3% for crops and by 4.9% for trees, which indicated that roots were highly sensitive to O3 . Elevated [O3 ] impacted carbon and nitrogen cycling in croplands, as evidenced by decreased dissolved organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, total soil nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, microbial biomass nitrogen, and nitrification rates in association with increased nitrate nitrogen and denitrification rates. Elevated [O3 ] significantly decreased fungal phospholipid fatty acids in croplands, which suggested that O3 altered the microbial community and composition. The responses of belowground functions to elevated [O3 ] were modified by experimental methods, root environments, and additional global change factors. Therefore, these factors should be considered to avoid the underestimation or overestimation of the impacts of elevated [O3 ] on belowground functioning. The significant negative relationships between O3 -treated intensity and the multifunctionality index for croplands, forests, and grasslands implied that elevated [O3 ] decreases belowground ecosystem multifunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tianzuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caihong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Qian Y, Luo Y, Dou K, Zhou H, Xi L, Yang T, Zhang T, Si F. Retrieval of tropospheric ozone profiles using ground-based MAX-DOAS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159341. [PMID: 36228783 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, surface ozone concentrations have increased in many cities in China. Ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) is a powerful technique for retrieving the profiles of tropospheric trace gases, such as NO2, SO2, and HCHO. However, since the difficulties in deducting the effects of stratospheric ozone, there are few studies on the retrieval of tropospheric ozone profiles using MAX-DOAS measurements. Here, we developed an accurate inversion method to retrieve tropospheric ozone concentrations during the PRIDE-GBA Campaign, wherein the ozone differential slant column densities (DSCDs) were retrieved in QDOAS software using the "time-interpolated zenith spectrum" as the reference spectrum. The tropospheric DSCDs (DSCDstrop) were then calculated by subtracting the simulated stratospheric DSCDs (DSCDsstr, simulated from the SCIATRAN model) from the DSCDs. Tropospheric ozone profiles were retrieved from the DSCDstrop using the optimal estimation method (OEM). The results showed that high values of tropospheric ozone were mainly distributed below 1 km, which is consistent with lidar measurements. In addition, the observed surface ozone concentrations were highly correlated with the in-situ measurements, with correlation coefficients (R) of 0.75 and 0.81, respectively. Combined with the retrieved NO2 and HCHO profiles using the MAX-DOAS measurements, we found that the planetary boundary layer ozone pollution of HeShan Observatory during the PRIDE-GBA Campaign are controlled by the NOx-limited regime. The results of this study indicate that the MAX-DOAS technique has the potential to retrieve tropospheric ozone profiles with high temporal and spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Qian
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuhan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Ke Dou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Haijin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Liang Xi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Taiping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Fuqi Si
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
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15
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Xu B, Wang T, Gao L, Ma D, Song R, Zhao J, Yang X, Li S, Zhuang B, Li M, Xie M. Impacts of meteorological factors and ozone variation on crop yields in China concerning carbon neutrality objectives in 2060. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120715. [PMID: 36436657 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbon neutrality objectives affect meteorology and ozone (O3) concentration in China, both of which would influence crop yields, thus food security. However, the joint impact of these two factors on crop yields in China is not clear. In this study, we investigated future trends in China's maize, rice, soybean, and wheat yields under a carbon-neutral scenario considering both regional emission reduction and global climate change in 2060. By combining a process-based crop model (Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator, APSIM) with O3 exposure equations, the impacts of regional emission reduction and global climate change were studied. The results suggest that regional emission reduction dominated the increase in yield by reducing the O3 concentration, whereas global climate change led to yield loss mainly through meteorological factors. The national yield decreases for the four crops ranged from 1.0% to 38.0% owing to meteorological factors, while O3 reduction resulted in additional yield increases ranging from 2.8% to 7.0%. The combined effect of carbon neutrality, which included both meteorological factors and O3 concentration, resulted in changes to the yields of maize, rice, soybean, and wheat of +4.3%, -7.3%, -24.0%, and -31.7%, respectively. It seems that crop production loss caused by meteorological factors in 2060 would be mitigated by the O3 reduction. Given the advantages of declining O3 concentration, regional emission reduction would likely benefit crop growth. However, global climate change may offset the benefits and threaten food production in China. Therefore, more strict emission reduction policies and global climate change mitigation actions are necessary to ensure food security in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiyao Xu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tijian Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Libo Gao
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Meteorological Observatory, Nanjing, 210041, China
| | - Danyang Ma
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Rong Song
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shu Li
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bingliang Zhuang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Min Xie
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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16
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Wang T, Wang F, Song H, Zhou S, Ru X, Zhang H. Maize yield reduction and economic losses caused by ground-level ozone pollution with exposure- and flux-response relationships in the North China Plain. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 324:116379. [PMID: 36202037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) has negative effects on agricultural crops. Maize is an important grain crop in China. The North China Plain (NCP) serves as the major crops' production area of China and experiences severe ozone pollution. Using the ground-level ozone simulated by an atmospheric chemistry transport model (WRF-Chem), we quantified the yield reduction and economic losses of maize during 2015-2018 over NCP based on exposure-response AOT40 (accumulation of hourly O3 concentration exceed 40 ppb) and flux-response POD6 (phytotoxic dose of ozone over 6 nmol m-2 s-1). Results showed that the ozone concentration, AOT40, and POD6 clearly increased from 2015 to 2018 in growing season of maize over NCP. The four-year annual mean ozone concentration, AOT40, and POD6 were 0.055 ppm, 18.02 ppm h, and 5.02 mmol m-2, respectively. At county level, the relative loss of maize yield (MRYL) based on AOT40 and POD6 had clearly spatio-temporal differences in NCP. The average MRYLs of AOT40 and of POD6 from 2015 to 2018 were 10.4% and 21.4%, respectively, and these reductions were associated with 2399 million and 5637 million US dollars, respectively. This study suggests that surface ozone increased the yield losses of maize, and indicates that further reductions in ozone concentrations can enhance the food security in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuanhui Wang
- Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Institute of Urban Big Data, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Hongquan Song
- Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Integrated Air Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China.
| | - Shenghui Zhou
- Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Xutong Ru
- Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Institute of Urban Big Data, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Haopeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China; Institute of Urban Big Data, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
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Tong L, Liu Y, Meng Y, Dai X, Huang L, Luo W, Yang M, Pan Y, Zheng J, Xiao H. Surface ozone changes during the COVID-19 outbreak in China: An insight into the pollution characteristics and formation regimes of ozone in the cold season. JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY 2022; 80:103-120. [PMID: 36248311 PMCID: PMC9540070 DOI: 10.1007/s10874-022-09443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The countrywide lockdown in China during the COVID-19 pandemic provided a natural experiment to study the characteristics of surface ozone (O3). Based on statistical analysis of air quality across China before and during the lockdown, the tempo-spatial variations and site-specific formation regimes of wintertime O3 were analyzed. The results showed that the O3 pollution with concentrations higher than air quality standards could occur widely in winter, which had been aggravated by the emission reduction during the lockdown. On the national scale of China, with the significant decrease (54.03%) in NO2 level from pre-lockdown to COVID-19 lockdown, the maximum daily 8-h average concentration of O3 (MDA8h O3) increased by 39.43% from 49.05 to 64.22 μg/m3. This increase was comprehensively contributed by attenuated NOx suppression and favorable meteorological changes on O3 formation during the lockdown. As to the pollution states of different monitoring stations, surface O3 responded oppositely to the consistent decreased NO2 across China. The O3 levels were found to increase in the northern and central regions, but decrease in the southern region, where the changes in both meteorology (e.g. temperature drops) and precursors (reduced emissions) during the lockdown had diminished local O3 production. The spatial differences in NOx levels generally dictate the site-specific O3 formation regimes in winter, with NOx-titration/VOCs-sensitive regimes being dominant in northern and central China, while VOCs-sensitive/transition regimes being dominant in southern China. These findings highlight the influence of NOx saturation levels on winter O3 formation and the necessity of VOCs emission reductions on O3 pollution controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment & Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021 China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo (Beilun) Zhongke Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center, Ningbo, 315800 China
| | - Yu Liu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment & Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021 China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo (Beilun) Zhongke Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center, Ningbo, 315800 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yang Meng
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment & Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021 China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo (Beilun) Zhongke Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center, Ningbo, 315800 China
| | - Xiaorong Dai
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment & Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021 China
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100 China
| | - Leijun Huang
- College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300 China
| | - Wenxian Luo
- College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300 China
| | - Mengrong Yang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment & Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021 China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo (Beilun) Zhongke Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center, Ningbo, 315800 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yong Pan
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment & Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021 China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo (Beilun) Zhongke Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center, Ningbo, 315800 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment & Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021 China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo (Beilun) Zhongke Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center, Ningbo, 315800 China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment & Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021 China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo (Beilun) Zhongke Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center, Ningbo, 315800 China
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Song P, Han H, Feng H, Hui Y, Zhou T, Meng W, Yan J, Li J, Fang Y, Liu P, Li X, Li X. High altitude Relieves transmission risks of COVID-19 through meteorological and environmental factors: Evidence from China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113214. [PMID: 35405128 PMCID: PMC8993487 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Existing studies reported higher altitudes reduce the COVID-19 infection rate in the United States, Colombia, and Peru. However, the underlying reasons for this phenomenon remain unclear. In this study, regression analysis and mediating effect model were used in a combination to explore the altitudes relation with the pattern of transmission under their correlation factors. The preliminary linear regression analysis indicated a negative correlation between altitudes and COVID-19 infection in China. In contrast to environmental factors from low-altitude regions (<1500 m), high-altitude regions (>1500 m) exhibited lower PM2.5, average temperature (AT), and mobility, accompanied by high SO2 and absolute humidity (AH). Non-linear regression analysis further revealed that COVID-19 confirmed cases had a positive correlation with mobility, AH, and AT, whereas negatively correlated with SO2, CO, and DTR. Subsequent mediating effect model with altitude-correlated factors, such as mobility, AT, AH, DTR and SO2, suffice to discriminate the COVID-19 infection rate between low- and high-altitude regions. The mentioned evidence advance our understanding of the altitude-mediated COVID-19 transmission mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhi Song
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road #222, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Huawen Han
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road #222, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Hanzhong Feng
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road #222, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Yun Hui
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road #222, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Tuoyu Zhou
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road #222, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Wenbo Meng
- Key Laboratory for Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Gansu Province, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Jun Yan
- Key Laboratory for Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Gansu Province, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Junfeng Li
- Key Laboratory for Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Gansu Province, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Yitian Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Pu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Gansu Province, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Xun Li
- Key Laboratory for Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Gansu Province, Lanzhou, PR China.
| | - Xiangkai Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road #222, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
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19
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Wang C, An X, Zhao D, Sun Z, Jiang L, Li J, Hou Q. Development of GRAPES-CUACE adjoint model version 2.0 and its application in sensitivity analysis of ozone pollution in north China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:153879. [PMID: 35182623 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We presented the development of the gaseous chemistry adjoint module of the meteorological-chemical model system GRAPES-CUACE (Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System coupled with CMA Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environmental Forecasting System) on the basis of the previously constructed aerosol adjoint module. The latest version of the GRAPES-CUACE adjoint model mainly includes the adjoint of the physical and chemical processes, the adjoint of the transport processes, and the adjoint of interface programs, of both gas and aerosol. The adjoint implementation was validated for the full model, and adjoint results showed good agreement with brute force sensitivities. We also applied the newly developed adjoint model to the sensitivity analysis of an ozone episode occurred in Beijing on July 2, 2017, as well as the design of emission-reduction strategies for this episode. The relationships between the ozone concentration and precursor emissions were well captured by the adjoint model. It is indicated that for a case used here, the Beijing peak ozone concentration was influenced mostly by local emissions (6.2-24.3%), as well as by surrounding emissions, including Hebei (4.4-16.8%), Tianjin (1.8-6.6%), Shandong (1.8-2.6%), and Shanxi (<1%). In addition, reduction of NOx, VOCs, and CO emissions in these regions would effectively decrease the Beijing peak ozone concentration. This study highlights the capability of GRAPES-CUACE adjoint model in quantifying "emission-concentration" relationship and in providing guidance for environmental control policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xingqin An
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Defeng Zhao
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Zhaobin Sun
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Linsen Jiang
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiangtao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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20
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The Impact of Meteorology and Emissions on Surface Ozone in Shandong Province, China, during Summer 2014–2019. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116758. [PMID: 35682342 PMCID: PMC9180826 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
China has been experiencing severe ozone pollution problems in recent years. While a number of studies have focused on the ozone-pollution-prone regions such as the North China Plain, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta regions, few studies have investigated the mechanisms modulating the interannual variability of ozone concentrations in Shandong Province, where a large population is located and is often subject to ozone pollution. By utilizing both the reanalysis dataset and regional numerical model (WRF-CMAQ), we delve into the potential governing mechanisms of ozone pollution in Shandong Province—especially over the major port city of Qingdao—during summer 2014–2019. During this period, ozone pollution in Qingdao exceeded the tier II standard of the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality (GB 3095-2012) for 75 days. From the perspective of meteorology, the high-pressure ridge over Baikal Lake and to its northeast, which leads to a relatively low humidity and sufficient sunlight, is the most critical weather system inducing high-ozone events in Qingdao. In terms of emissions, biogenic emissions contribute to ozone enhancement close to 10 ppb in the west and north of Shandong Province. Numerical experiments show that the local impact of biogenic emissions on ozone production in Shandong Province is relatively small, whereas biogenic emissions on the southern flank of Shandong Province enhance ozone production and further transport northeastward, resulting in an increase in ozone concentrations over Shandong Province. For the port city of Qingdao, ship emissions increase ozone concentrations when sea breezes (easterlies) prevail over Qingdao, with the 95th percentile reaching 8.7 ppb. The findings in this study have important implications for future ozone pollution in Shandong Province, as well as the northern and coastal areas in China.
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21
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Wang Y, Xu S, Li B, Chen W, Li Y, He X, Wang N. Responses of spring leaf phenological and functional traits of two urban tree species to air warming and/or elevated ozone. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 179:158-167. [PMID: 35358866 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming and surface ozone (O3) pollution are important global environmental issues today. However, the combined impacts of air warming and O3 on phenology and its functional traits of urban trees are still poorly understood. Here, an experiment was performed to explore the variations of the spring phenological and functional traits in leaves of Populus alba 'Berolinensis' and Forsythia suspensa under ambient air (15.8 °C, 35.7 ppb), increased air temperature (IT, ambient air temperature + 2 °C, 17.9 °C), elevated O3 (EO, ambient air O3 concentrations + 40 ppb, 77.4 ppb), and their combined treatments (17.7 °C, 74.5 ppb). Our results showed that: IT advanced the beginning of leaf bud expansion phase of P. alba 'Berolinensis' and F. suspensa for 6 d and 5 d, respectively, increased leaf unfolding rate, leaf area and dry weight, and enhanced photosynthesis and antioxidative enzyme activities. EO delayed the beginning of leaf bud expansion phase of P. alba 'Berolinensis' for 5 d, decreased leaf area and biomass, and inhibited photosynthesis and caused oxidative damage of plant leaves. Compared to EO, the combined treatment advanced the spring phenophase, increased growth and induced the higher level of photosynthetic rate and antioxidative enzymes activities in plant leaves, which indicated that the positive effects of increased temperature (17.7 °C) alleviated the inhibition of growth and photosynthesis induced by ozone. Our findings can provide a theoretical reference for predicting the adaptation of functional traits of the two trees blossomed early under warming and O3 pollution at spring phenological stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Shenyang, 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Shenyang, 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Shenyang Arboretum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Bo Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Shenyang, 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Shenyang, 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Shenyang Arboretum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Shenyang, 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Shenyang Arboretum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xingyuan He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Shenyang, 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Shenyang Arboretum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Nan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Shenyang, 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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22
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Liu H, Han X, Tang G, Zhang J, Xia X, Zhang M, Meng L. Model analysis of vertical exchange of boundary layer ozone and its impact on surface air quality over the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 821:153436. [PMID: 35092781 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In addition to photochemical production and horizontal regional transport, surface O3 concentration can also likely be affected by vertical transport, which is not well known so far. The process analysis was conducted by using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System Community Multiscale Air Quality (RAMS-CMAQ) model to investigate photochemical production and the vertical transport mechanism of boundary-layer O3 during a typical O3 pollution episode in the North China Plain (NCP), and further quantify the contribution of vertical transport to surface O3. The diurnal variations of vertical budgets of O3 and NO2 in the boundary layer at multiple sites showed that there were substantial differences in the vertical distribution of O3 production and transport between urban and suburban/rural areas. In urban areas, surface O3 is consumed by titration reaction to generate NO2, which is then transported to the upper boundary layer and produces O3 by photochemical reaction. With the development of the boundary layer, the upper-layer O3 stored in the residual layer at nighttime can be transported vertically to the surface as the turbulent diffusion intensifies the next morning. While in suburban and rural areas, the vertical transport is relatively weaker because the photochemical formation of O3 occurs in the whole boundary layer, although it decreases slightly with the altitude. Model simulation showed that 20.6-27.9% of urban surface O3 changes in the morning (09:00-10:00 LST) was attributable to the downward transport from the residual layer, while it is 15.0-22.1% at suburban site. The vertical transport from above the boundary layer contributed 24.0-63.6% to daytime urban surface O3 changes, which was weak in suburban areas. Differences and similarities in O3 formation and transport mechanism in urban and suburban regions revealed here highlight the importance of earlier control and regional collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Meteorological Science, Tianjin 300074, China; State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiang'ao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Meigen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Lihong Meng
- Tianjin Institute of Meteorological Science, Tianjin 300074, China
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23
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Responses of Growth, Oxidative Injury and Chloroplast Ultrastructure in Leaves of Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinacea to Elevated O 3 Concentrations. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095153. [PMID: 35563542 PMCID: PMC9104282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of increasing atmospheric ozone (O3) concentrations on cool-season plant species have been well studied, but little is known about the physiological responses of cool-season turfgrass species such as Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinacea exposed to short-term acute pollution with elevated O3 concentrations (80 ppb and 160 ppb, 9 h d−1) for 14 days, which are widely planted in urban areas of Northern China. The current study aimed to investigate and compare O3 sensitivity and differential changes in growth, oxidative injury, antioxidative enzyme activities, and chloroplast ultrastructure between the two turf-type plant species. The results showed that O3 decreased significantly biomass regardless of plant species. Under 160 ppb O3, total biomass of L. perenne and F. arundinacea significantly decreased by 55.3% and 47.8% (p < 0.05), respectively. No significant changes were found in visible injury and photosynthetic pigment contents in leaves of the two grass species exposed to 80 ppb O3, except for 160 ppb O3. However, both 80 ppb and 160 ppb O3 exposure induced heavily oxidative stress by high accumulation of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species in leaves and damage in chloroplast ultrastructure regardless of plant species. Elevated O3 concentration (80 ppb) increased significantly the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidaseby 77.8%, 1.14-foil and 34.3% in L. perenne leaves, and 19.2%, 78.4% and 1.72-fold in F. arundinacea leaves, respectively. These results showed that F. arundinacea showed higher O3 tolerance than L. perenne. The damage extent by elevated O3 concentrations could be underestimated only by evaluating foliar injury or chlorophyll content without considering the internal physiological changes, especially in chloroplast ultrastructure and ROS accumulation.
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24
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Characteristics and Weekend Effect of Air Pollution in Eastern Jilin Province. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Using the hourly monitoring data of pollutants from 16 automatic atmospheric monitoring stations in eastern Jilin Province from 2015 to 2020, this paper analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution laws of CO, SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, and O3 in eastern Jilin Province. At the same time, the regional transport pathways of pollutants were analyzed using the hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory (HYSPLIT) model; the potential source contribution function (PSCF) analyzed the potential source area of PM2.5. Finally, the “weekend effect” of CO, NO2, PM2.5, and O3 was analyzed. The results showed that the six pollutants showed a downward trend year by year. The concentrations of O3, PM10, and PM2.5 were higher in northwest Jilin, and the concentrations of SO2 and CO were higher in southwest Jilin. Except for CO, the seasonal variation of pollutants was pronounced. Except for O3, most pollutants had the highest concentration in winter. Hourly variation analysis described that SO2 and O3 had only one peak in a day, and the other four pollutants showed “double peak” hourly variation characteristics. The study area was mainly affected by the airflow pathway from northwest and southwest. The weight potential source contribution function (WPSCF) high-value area of PM2.5 was northwest and southwest. O3 showed a “negative weekend effect”, and NO2 and CO showed a “positive weekend effect”.
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25
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Zhao H, Wang L, Zhang Z, Qi Q, Zhang H. Quantifying ecological and health risks of ground-level O 3 across China during the implementation of the "Three-year Action Plan for Cleaner Air". THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:153011. [PMID: 35026272 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
After China implemented the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan (APPCAP), PM2.5 concentrations decreased but were still higher than national standards in major areas and ozone (O3) concentration increased unintentionally. To further decrease PM2.5 concentrations and reduce days with severe air pollution, the government promulgated the "Three-year (2018-2020) Action Plan for Cleaner Air" (the Three-year Action Plan) in 2018. During the three-year Action Plan, a few studies reported a continuous decline in PM2.5, but it is unclear whether O3 and its effects also increase with the decrease of PM2.5 like during APPCAP. In this study, for the first time, we systematically assessed changes in ground-level O3 concentrations and related ecological and health risks during the period of the Three-year Action Plan using nationwide O3 measurements. The national MDA8, Exceedance, and SOMO35 indicators were reduced by 3.8%, 28.5%, and 12.6%, respectively, ecological risk indicators of M12, M7, SUM06, AOT40, and W126 were reduced by 5.4%, 5.6%, 19.5%, 15.4%, and 18.6%, respectively, from 2018 to 2020. Spatially, the greatest reduction in all the indicators except MDA8 occurred in Pearl River Delta, followed by Fen Wei Plains, while Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Chengdu-Chongqing, and Yangtze River Delta presented relatively small reductions. Between 2018 and 2020, the production losses caused by O3 for wheat and rice decreased by 21.4% and 17.6%, respectively. Long-term exposure to O3 across China over 2020 was estimated to cause about 160,795 (95% CI: 81,515-312,983) for all-cause mortality, 107,128 (95% CI: 36,703-173,823) for cardiovascular mortality, and 34,444 (95% CI: 0-72,609) for respiratory mortality, indicating decreases of 9.93%, 9.86%, and 9.78%, respectively, compared to the year 2018. Taken together, our results provided the first direct evidence for China's efforts to control O3 pollution in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Shaanxi Meteorological Service Center of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Economic Crops, Xi'an 710014, China
| | - Qi Qi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 200062, China.
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26
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Chen B, Xu J, Liu D, Yang X. Response of Ginkgo biloba growth and physiological traits to ozone stress. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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27
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Chen Y, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Wang C, Wang X. Spatiotemporal variations of surface ozone and its influencing factors across Tibet: A Geodetector-based study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:152651. [PMID: 34954172 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reasons regarding surface ozone formation and distribution in remote regions is limited. Tibet is an important remote area on Earth, with various climates and extremely high elevation (average ~ 4000 m), which makes it a good place to study the spatiotemporal distribution of surface ozone and explore the causes. Based on ground monitoring data from 18 stations on Tibet between 2015 and 2019, the annual, seasonal, monthly, and diurnal variations of surface ozone were analyzed. The annual mean values (60.7-72.5 μg/m3) presented an increasing trend during the past five years, with seasonal concentrations of surface ozone higher in spring than in winter. Spatially, both the ground observations and high-resolution remote sensing data indicated that the surface ozone was relatively high in the southwest regions of Tibet, and low in the southeast and northeast areas. Geodetector analysis found that relative humidity (RH), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and solar radiation (SR) were the top three individual factors affecting surface ozone distribution, while NO2, PM10, and PM2.5 showed less influence. All influencing factors showed an improvement through the two-factor interaction. The associations of RH∩PM10 (q = 0.77), RH∩NDVI (q = 0.72), and NDVI∩SR (q = 0.73) exhibited a strong impact on surface ozone distribution, suggesting that places with sparse vegetation cover, dry climate and strong SR would usually cause high atmospheric ozone burden. This could also explain why concentrations of surface ozone continue to increase in some remote areas worldwide with ecological deterioration and desertification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunqiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Huifang Zhang
- Tibetan Ecology and Environment Monitoring Center, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- Tibetan Ecology and Environment Monitoring Center, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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28
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Song J, Stettler MEJ. A novel multi-pollutant space-time learning network for air pollution inference. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:152254. [PMID: 34902415 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Detailed information about air pollution in space and time is essential to manage risks to public health. In this paper we propose a multi-pollutant space-time learning network (Multi-AP learning network), which estimates pixel-wise (grid-level) concentrations of multiple air pollutant species based on fixed-station measurements and multi-source urban features, including land use information, traffic data, and meteorological conditions. We infer concentrations of multiple pollutants within one integrated learning network, which is applied to and evaluated on a case study in Chengdu (4900 km2, 26 April - 12 June 2019), where air pollutant (PM2.5, PM10 and O3) measurements from 40 monitoring sites are used to train the network to estimate pollutant concentrations in 4900 grid-cells (1 km2). The Multi-AP learning network allows us to estimate highly-resolved (1 km × 1 km, hourly) air pollution maps based on pollutant measurements which cover less than 1% of the grid-cells with better accuracy compared to other approaches, and with significant computational efficiency improvements. The time-cost is 1/3 of the time-cost of modelling each pollutant individually. Furthermore, we evaluate the relative importance of features and find that the meteorological feature set is the most important followed the land use features. The proposed Multi-AP method could be used to estimate air pollution exposure across a city using a limited set of air pollution monitoring sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Song
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marc E J Stettler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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29
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Li P, Yin R, Zhou H, Xu S, Feng Z. Functional traits of poplar leaves and fine roots responses to ozone pollution under soil nitrogen addition. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 113:118-131. [PMID: 34963521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Concurrent ground-level ozone (O3) pollution and anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition can markedly influence dynamics and productivity in forests. Most studies evaluating the functional traits responses of rapid-turnover organs to O3 have specifically examined leaves, despite fine roots are another major source of soil carbon and nutrient input in forest ecosystems. How elevated O3 levels impact fine root biomass and biochemistry remains to be resolved. This study was to assess poplar leaf and fine root biomass and biochemistry responses to five different levels of O3 pollution, while additionally examining whether four levels of soil N supplementation were sufficient to alter the impact of O3 on these two organs. Elevated O3 resulted in a more substantial reduction in fine root biomass than leaf biomass; relative to leaves, more biochemically-resistant components were present within fine root litter, which contained high concentrations of lignin, condensed tannins, and elevated C:N and lignin: N ratios that were associated with slower rates of litter decomposition. In contrast, leaves contained more labile components, including nonstructural carbohydrates and N, as well as a higher N:P ratio. Elevated O3 significantly reduced labile components and increased biochemically-resistant components in leaves, whereas they had minimal impact on fine root biochemistry. This suggests that O3 pollution has the potential to delay leaf litter decomposition and associated nutrient cycling. N addition largely failed to affect the impact of elevated O3 levels on leaves or fine root chemistry, suggesting that soil N supplementation is not a suitable approach to combating the impact of O3 pollution on key functional traits of poplars. These results indicate that the significant differences in the responses of leaves and fine roots to O3 pollution will result in marked changes in the relative belowground roles of these two litter sources within forest ecosystems, and such changes will independently of nitrogen load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Li
- Research Center for Urban Forestry, Key Laboratory for Forest Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Forest Ecosystem Research in Arid- and Semi-arid Region of State Forestry Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Rongbin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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Liu X, Tang W, Chen H, Guo J, Tripathee L, Huang J. Observational Study of Ground-Level Ozone in the Desert Atmosphere. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 108:219-224. [PMID: 34993566 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arid lands such as deserts cover more than 35% of the Earth's land surface. Concerns regarding ground-level O3 pollution have been widely addressed in many regions in China, but the behavior of the O3 cycles in the desert atmosphere remains poorly understood. An 8-year observation was conducted to investigate the long-term temporal O3 variations in the atmosphere of the Taklimakan Desert, western China. The results showed that the diurnal and seasonal variations of O3 were mainly influenced by natural processes such as temperature, leading to a different temporal pattern compared with other Chinese regions under the intensive influence of anthropogenic activities. Moreover, the long-term pattern indicates that there exists decoupling trends of O3 variations between our study site (i.e., decreasing trend) and the developed regions in China (i.e., increasing trend). Knowledge of the temporal O3 patterns could therefore provide crucial insights for future effective O3 control strategies in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Liu
- Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi, 830002, China.
- Taklimakan National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Urumqi, 830002, China.
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Meteorology and Sandstorm, Urumqi, 830002, China.
| | - Wenjun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongna Chen
- Urumqi Environmental Monitoring Center, Urumqi, 830001, China
| | - Junming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northeast Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lekhendra Tripathee
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northeast Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Wang N, Huang X, Xu J, Wang T, Tan ZM, Ding A. Typhoon-boosted biogenic emission aggravates cross-regional ozone pollution in China. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl6166. [PMID: 35030017 PMCID: PMC8759753 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl6166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ozone pollution that threatens human health and the ecosystem is a global environmental challenge. In megacities, ozone pollution has long been mainly attributed to anthropogenic sources. However, the processes and mechanisms of cross-regional transport of ozone and its precursors under interactions between mixed sources remain unclear. Here, we show that Northwest Pacific typhoons could intensify the chemical interactions between anthropogenic and biogenic emissions, resulting in extreme ozone pollution in two main city clusters in China. By integrating field and satellite observations together with model simulations, we show that biogenic emission and cross-regional ozone transport are greatly enhanced by approaching typhoons, with the increments reaching up to 78.0 and 22.5%, respectively. Ozone formation efficiency has more than doubled because of abundant precursors and active photochemistry. This study highlights the importance of natural emissions in areas with intensive human activity, which needs to be considered in future air pollution control in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Numerical Weather Prediction, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xin Huang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210023, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiawei Xu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tong Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhe-min Tan
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210023, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Efficient ozone decomposition over bifunctional Co3Mn-layered double hydroxide with strong electronic interaction. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Wang Y, Liao H. 2015–2050年南亚与东南亚输送对中国大气臭氧浓度的影响 . CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2021. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2021-0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Li P, Feng Z, Shang B, Uddling J. Combining carbon and oxygen isotopic signatures to identify ozone-induced declines in tree water-use efficiency. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:2234-2244. [PMID: 33822226 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) pollution affects the plant carbon and water balance, but the relative contributions of impaired photosynthesis and the loss of stomatal functioning to the O3-induced reductions in water-use efficiency (WUE) remain unclear. We combined the leaf stable dual isotopic signatures of carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) with related instantaneous gas exchange performance to determine the effects of O3 dose on the net photosynthetic rate (An), stomatal conductance (gs) and intrinsic WUE (iWUE = An/gs) in four tree species (one being a hybrid) exposed to five O3 levels. The iWUE declined for each step increase in O3 level, reflecting progressive loss of the coupling between leaf carbon gain and water loss. In ambient compared with charcoal-filtered air, the decreased iWUE was associated with reductions in both An and gs (i.e., decreased δ13C and increased δ18O). In elevated O3 treatments, however, the iWUE declines were caused by reduced An at constant or increased gs. The results show that the dual isotope approach provides a robust way to gather time-integrated information on how O3 pollution affects leaf gas exchange. Our study highlights that O3-induced decoupling between photosynthesis and stomatal regulation causes large and progressive declines in the WUE of forest trees, demonstrating the need for incorporating this hitherto unaccounted for effect into vegetation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Li
- Research Center for Urban Forestry, Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Forest Ecosystem of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road 35, Haidian, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Ningliu Road 219, Pukou District, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Bo Shang
- Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Ningliu Road 219, Pukou District, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Johan Uddling
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Fang T, Zhu Y, Wang S, Xing J, Zhao B, Fan S, Li M, Yang W, Chen Y, Huang R. Source impact and contribution analysis of ambient ozone using multi-modeling approaches over the Pearl River Delta region, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117860. [PMID: 34332168 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of source impacts and contributions is a key element for the design of effective air pollution control policies. In this study, O3 source impacts and contributions were comprehensively assessed over the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of China using brute-force method (BFM), response surface modeling with BFM (RSM-BFM) and differential method (RSM-DM) respectively, high-order decoupled direct method (HDDM), and ozone source apportionment technology (OSAT). The multi-modeling comparison results indicated that under typical nonlinear atmospheric conditions during the O3 formation, BFM, RSM-BFM, and HDDM seemed to be appropriate for assessing the impact of single source emissions; however, the results of HDDM could deviate from those of BFM when the emission reduction ratio was higher than 50 %. Under multi-source control scenarios, the results of source contribution analyses obtained from RSM-DM and OSAT were reasonably well, but the performance of OSAT was limited by its capability in representing the nonlinearity of O3 response to emission reductions of its precursors, particularly NOx. The results of this pilot study in the PRD showed that the RSM-DM appeared to replicate the nonlinearity of O3 chemistry reasonably well (e.g., O3 disbenefits due to local NOx emission reductions in Guangzhou city). Based on the source contribution results, on-road mobile (including both NOx and VOC emissions) and industrial process (mainly VOC emissions) sources were identified as two major contribution sectors by both RSM-DM and OSAT, contributing an average of 31.5 % and 11.4 % (estimated by RSM-DM) and 29.2 % and 13.0 % (estimated by OSAT) respectively to O3 formation in 9 cities of the PRD. Therefore, the reinforced emission reductions on NOx and VOC from on-road mobile and industrial process sources in the central cities (i.e., Guangzhou, Foshan, Dongguan, Shenzhen, and Zhongshan) were suggested to effectively mitigate the ambient O3 levels in the PRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China.
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shaojia Fan
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Minhui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenwei Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ruolin Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Zhou Z, Tan Q, Deng Y, Lu C, Song D, Zhou X, Zhang X, Jiang X. Source profiles and reactivity of volatile organic compounds from anthropogenic sources of a megacity in southwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:148149. [PMID: 34380266 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from anthropogenic sources are deleterious to air quality, climate, human health and vegetation. However, research on VOCs source profiles of the non-solvent use in some industries and the emission characteristics of motor vehicles under actual road conditions is limited in China. In this research, VOCs source profiles of industries (wood-based panel manufacturing and pharmacy) based on all product processes were constructed, and those of light and medium duty vehicles exhaust based on actual road conditions at different speeds were acquired in Chengdu, a megacity in southwest China. The results show that VOCs groups of various sources were dominated by oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), which accounted for 27-84% of the total VOCs emission. Due to the great contribution of OVOCs to industrial source reactivity (SR), attention should be paid to the control over the emissions of the species with high reactivity, such as aromatics and alkenes, but also to the production processes with relatively large proportions of OVOCs species emission. VOCs emissions from gasoline and diesel vehicles running at a speed ranging from 0 to 40 km/h have approximately the same ozone formation potential (OFP), while the contribution of VOCs emission from diesel vehicles to the formation of urban ozone pollution deserves further attention. It is found that VOCs emission characteristics of some industries in China have changed as the upgrading of production processes in automobile manufacturing and other industries, such as the extensive use of water-based coatings instead of outdated solvent-based coatings, which increased the uncertainty of judgment parameters (B/T ratio, etc.) in source apportionment research. The ranges of B/T ratio of industrial process sources, solvent use sources and motor vehicles are 0.00-0.23, 0.01-0.75 and 0.35-0.92, respectively. Therefore, updating existing source profiles and further understanding the emission constitutions of characteristic species in these source profiles (such as BTEX ratio) will be conducive to further research on emission inventory, source apportionment for O3 pollution control effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihang Zhou
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Qinwen Tan
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Ye Deng
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Chengwei Lu
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Danlin Song
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhou
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Xia Jiang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; National Engineering Research Center for Flue Gas Desulfurization, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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Zhang X, Li H, Wang X, Zhang Y, Bi F, Wu Z, Liu Y, Zhang H, Gao R, Xue L, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Chai F, Wang W. Heavy ozone pollution episodes in urban Beijing during the early summertime from 2014 to 2017: Implications for control strategy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117162. [PMID: 33965854 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) has become the principal air pollutant in Beijing during recent summers. In this context, an investigation of ambient concentrations and variation characteristics of O3 and its precursors in May and June from 2014 to 2017 in a typical urban area of Beijing was carried out, and the formation sensitivity and different causes of heavy O3 pollution (HOP, daily maximum 8-h O3 (MDA8h O3)>124 ppbv) were analyzed. The results showed that the monthly assessment values of the O3 concentrations (the 90th percentile MDA8h O3 within one month) were highest in May or June from 2014 to 2017, and the values presented an overall increasing trend. During this period, the number of O3 pollution days (MDA8h O3 > 75 ppbv) also showed an increasing trend. During the HOP episodes, the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NOX), and carbon monoxide (CO) were higher than their respective mean values in May and June, and the meteorological conditions were more conducive to atmospheric photochemical reactions. The HOP episodes were mainly caused by local photochemical formation. From 2014 to 2017, O3 formation during the HOP episodes shifted from VOC and NOX mixed-limited to VOC-limited conditions, and O3 formation was most sensitive to anthropogenic VOCs. Six categories of VOC sources were identified, among which vehicular exhaust contributed the most to anthropogenic VOCs. The VOC concentrations and OFPs of anthropogenic sources have decreased significantly in recent years, indicating that VOC control measures have been effective in Beijing. Nevertheless, NOX concentrations did not show an evident decreasing trend in the same period. Therefore, more attention should be devoted to O3 pollution control in May and June; control measure adjustments are needed according to the changes in O3 precursors, and coordinated control of VOCs and NOX should be strengthened in long-term planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Xuezhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Fang Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhenhai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yuhong Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Rui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yizhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Fahe Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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Yang W, Cao J, Wu Y, Kong F, Li L. Review on plant terpenoid emissions worldwide and in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 787:147454. [PMID: 34000546 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), particularly terpenoids, can significantly drive the formation of ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the atmosphere, as well as directly or indirectly affect global climate change. Understanding their emission mechanisms and the current progress in emission measurements and estimations are essential for the accurate determination of emission characteristics, as well as for evaluating their roles in atmospheric chemistry and climate change. This review summarizes the mechanisms of terpenoid synthesis and release, biotic and abiotic factors affecting their emissions, development of emission observation techniques, and emission estimations from hundreds of published papers. We provide a review of the main observations and estimations in China, which contributes a significant proportion to the total global BVOC emissions. The review suggests the need for further research on the comprehensive effects of environmental factors on terpenoid emissions, especially soil moisture and nitrogen content, which should be quantified in emission models to improve the accuracy of estimation. In China, it is necessary to conduct more accurate measurements for local plants in different regions using the dynamic enclosure technique to establish an accurate local emission rate database for dominant tree species. This will help improve the accuracy of both national and global emission inventories. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of terpenoid emissions as well as prospects for detailed research to accurately describe terpenoid emission characteristics worldwide and in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Yang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Fanlong Kong
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Lingyu Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Xu M, Yao Q, Chen D, Li M, Li R, Gao B, Zhao B, Chen Z. Estimating the impact of ground ozone concentrations on crop yields across China from 2014 to 2018: A multi-model comparison. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 283:117099. [PMID: 33857877 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ground level ozone exerts a strong impact on crop yields, yet how to properly quantify ozone induced yield losses in China remains challenging. To this end, we employed a series of O3-crop models to estimate ozone induced yield losses in China from 2014 to 2018. The outputs from all models suggested that the total Relative Yield Losses (RYL) of wheat in China from 2014 to 2018 was 18.4%-49.3% and the total RYL of rice was 6.2%-52.9%. Consequently, the total Crop Production Losses (CPL) of wheat and rice could reach 63.9-130.4 and 28.3-35.4 million tons, and the corresponding Total Economic Losses (TEL) could reach 20.5-44.7 and 11.0-15.3 billion dollars, stressing the great importance and urgency of national ozone management. Meanwhile, the estimation outputs highlighted the large variations between different regional O3-crop models when applying to large scales. Instead of applying one unified O3-crop models to all regions across China, we also explored the strategy of employing specific O3-crop models in corresponding (and neighboring) regions to estimate ozone induced yield loss in China. The comparison of two strategies suggested that the mean value from multiple models may still present an inconsistent over/underestimation trend for different crops. Therefore, it is a preferable strategy to employ corresponding O3-crop models in different regions for estimating the national crop losses caused by ozone pollution. However, the severe lack of regional O3-crop models in most regions across China makes a robust estimation of national yield losses highly challenging. Given the large variations between O3-crop interactions across regions, a systematic framework with massive regional O3-crop models should be properly designed and implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Qi Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Danlu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Manchun Li
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Ruiyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Bingbo Gao
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Geography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Ziyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing, 100875, China.
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Petracca B, Nădăban A, Eeman M, Gooris GS, Bouwstra JA. Effects of ozone on stratum corneum lipid integrity and assembly. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 240:105121. [PMID: 34352254 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The stratum corneum (SC) acts as the main barrier of the skin against exogenous substances (e.g. air pollutants) and against the loss of endogenous substances such as water. The SC consists of keratin-rich dead cells surrounded by crystalline lamellar lipid regions. The main lipid classes are ceramides (CERs), free fatty acids (FFAs), and cholesterol (CHOL). Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a potent oxidant compound that reacts instantly with biological molecules such as lipids and proteins. Although it has been reported that O3 induces biological responses at the cellular level, to the best of our knowledge, there is no information related to the damages O3 can cause at the level of the SC extracellular lipid matrix. The aim of our work was to investigate which SC lipid subclasses are prone to oxidation when exposed to O3 and how the changes in chemical structures affect the lipid organization in a stratum corneum substitute (SCS) membrane. Ultimately the barrier properties of the SCS were examined. Our studies reveal that O3 induces chemical modifications of the unsaturated bonds in CERs and CHOL. The appearance of carbonyl groups at the headgroup level and the removal of the linoleate moiety of omega acylceramides (CER EOS) impact the lamellar organization of the lipid assembly and to a lesser extent the lateral packing of the lipids. Unexpectedly, the modifications improved the barrier function of the SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Petracca
- Dow Silicones Belgium SRL, Rue Jules Bordet, Parc Industriel Zone C, B-7180 Seneffe, Belgium; Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreea Nădăban
- Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Eeman
- Dow Silicones Belgium SRL, Rue Jules Bordet, Parc Industriel Zone C, B-7180 Seneffe, Belgium.
| | - Gert S Gooris
- Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
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Chen X, Ying N, Chen D, Zhang Y, Lu B, Fan J, Chen X. Eigen microstates and their evolution of global ozone at different geopotential heights. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2021; 31:071102. [PMID: 34340317 DOI: 10.1063/5.0058599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Studies on stratospheric ozone have attracted much attention due to its serious impacts on climate changes and its important role as a tracer of Earth's global circulation. Tropospheric ozone as a main atmospheric pollutant damages human health as well as the growth of vegetation. Yet, there is still a lack of a theoretical framework to fully describe the variation of ozone. To understand ozone's spatiotemporal variance, we introduce the eigen microstate method to analyze the global ozone mass mixing ratio between January 1, 1979 and June 30, 2020 at 37 pressure layers. We find that eigen microstates at different geopotential heights can capture different climate phenomena and modes. Without deseasonalization, the first eigen microstates capture the seasonal effect and reveal that the phase of the intra-annual cycle moves with the geopotential heights. After deseasonalization, by contrast, the collective patterns from the overall trend, El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), quasi-biennial oscillation, and tropopause pressure are identified by the first few significant eigen microstates. The theoretical framework proposed here can also be applied to other complex Earth systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Chen
- School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Na Ying
- China State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Dean Chen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 68, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yongwen Zhang
- Data Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Bo Lu
- Laboratory for Climate Studies and CMA-NJU Joint Laboratory for Climate Prediction Studies, National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jingfang Fan
- School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaosong Chen
- School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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42
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Wolffe MC, Wild O, Long SP, Ashworth K. Temporal variability in the impacts of particulate matter on crop yields on the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 776:145135. [PMID: 33652318 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The North China Plain (NCP) is a major agricultural region, producing 45% of China's maize. It is also vital to the Chinese economy, encompassing the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei megacity region. Anthropogenic factors increasingly impact crop yields on the NCP, and globally. Particulate matter (PM) pollution is a significant problem in this region, where annual average PM concentrations over three times the Chinese national air quality standard were recorded for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei megacity region between 2013 and 18. PM absorbs light, reducing total shortwave radiation (SW), thereby limiting plant productivity. However, PM also scatters incoming SW, increasing the diffuse fraction, which has been shown to increase growth and biomass assimilation. The Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) crop model was used to assess the net impact of these competing changes in light on NCP maize yields. In contrast to some previous analyses, we find that PM-associated decreases in SW outweigh any positive impact on yield from an increasing proportion of diffuse radiation. Furthermore, carbon allocation to different portions of the growing cropchanges during the development cycle. We find significant differences between the effect on final yield of identical changes to diffuse fraction and total SW occurring during different development stages. The greatest simulated yield gains from increased SW and reduced diffuse fraction, consistent with reductions in PM, are observed during the early reproductive stage of development (July-August), when the simulated gain of yield is as much as 12.9% more than in other periods. To further assess the impact of PM-linked changes in SW and diffuse fraction on NCP crop yields, radiation profiles from different city regions were then applied across the NCP. The changes in SW associated with these city regions could increase maize yields across China by ~8 Mt. This would completely offset China's annual maize imports, increasing both national and global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Wolffe
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom.
| | - Oliver Wild
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P Long
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom; Crop Sciences and Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Gregory Dr, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Kirsti Ashworth
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
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Global air quality change during the COVID-19 pandemic: Regionally different ozone pollution responses COVID-19. ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC SCIENCE LETTERS 2021. [PMCID: PMC9748732 DOI: 10.1016/j.aosl.2020.100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The explosive spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) provides a unique chance to rethink the relationship between human activity and air pollution. Though related studies have revealed substantial reductions in primary emissions, obvious differences do exist in the responses of secondary pollutants, like ozone (O3) pollution. However, the regional disparities of O3 responses and their causes have still not been fully investigated. To better elucidate the interrelationship between anthropogenic emissions, chemical production, and meteorological conditions, O3 responses caused by lockdowns over different regions were comprehensively explored at a global scale. Observational signals of air-quality change were derived from multi-year surface measurements and satellite retrievals. With similar substantial drops in nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone shows rising signals in most areas of both East Asia and Europe, even up to ∼14 ppb, while a non-negligible declining signal exists in North America, by about 2–4 ppb. Furthermore, the drivers behind the different O3 responses are discussed based on meteorological analysis and O3 sensitivity diagnosis. On the one hand, O3 responses to NO2 declines can be affected by the primary dependence on its precursors. On the other hand, it is also highly dependent on meteorological factors, especially temperature. Our study further highlights the great importance of taking into consideration both the regional disparities and synergistic effects of precursor reductions and meteorological influence for scientific mitigation of O3 pollution. 摘要 疫情期间全球各地一次排放大幅削减, 而臭氧等二次污染的响应则存在着区域间差异.结合地面和卫星观测发现, 同在氮氧化物大幅下降的情况下,臭氧在东亚和欧洲呈现出可达14ppb的上升信号, 而北美则下降为主 (约2–4ppb) .我们结合气象分析和臭氧敏感性进一步讨论了臭氧响应差异性的原因, 一方面受臭氧与前体物间关系的影响;另一方面来自于气象, 尤其是温度.研究明晰了人为排放,化学和气象三者的内在关联, 强调了在臭氧控制过程中考虑前体物削减和气象条件协同的重要性.
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Zhao H, Chen K, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Shao T, Zhang H. Coordinated control of PM 2.5 and O 3 is urgently needed in China after implementation of the "Air pollution prevention and control action plan". CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 270:129441. [PMID: 33388503 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
To improve air quality, China formulated the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan (APPCAP) in 2013. In the present study, the changes in the concentration of air pollutants after the implementation of APPCAP were investigated based on nationwide monitoring data. From the results, it is evident that the annual mean concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and CO show a significant downward trend over 2015-2018, with decreasing rates of 3.4, 4.1, 3.8, and 70 μg m-3/year, respectively. However, no significant change was found in NO2 while maximum daily 8 h average O3 concentration (MDA8 O3) was increased by 3.4 μg m-3/year during the four years. Spatially, the highest decrease in PM2.5 was found in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), followed by central China and northeast China, while the Pearl River Delta (PRD), Yungui Plateau, and northwest China showed less decreases. MDA8 O3 had a higher increase in BTH, central China, Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and PRD. With the decrease in PM2.5 in recent years, cumulative population exposure to PM2.5 gradually decreased, whereas there was still more than 65% of the population exposing to annual PM2.5 higher than the standard of 35 μg m-3 in 2018. In contrast, the health effects of O3 gradually increased with 13.1%, 14.3%, 20.4%, and 21.7% of the population exposed to unhealthy O3 levels in summer from 2015 to 2018. O3 pollution is causing severe health risks with estimated nationwide mortality of 70,024 (95% CI: 55,510-84,501), 79,159 (95% CI: 62,750-95,525), 105,150 (95% CI: 83,378-126,852), and 104,404 (95% CI: 82,784-125,956) in the four years, respectively. This clearly shows that the target of air pollution control in China shifts and coordinated control of PM2.5 and O3 is urgently needed after the successful implementation of APPCAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Kaiyu Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803, Louisiana, USA
| | - Zhen Liu
- Qinhuangdao Meteorological Bureau, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- School of Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Tian Shao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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45
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Wu R, Agathokleous E, Feng Z. Novel ozone flux metrics incorporating the detoxification process in the apoplast: An application to Chinese winter wheat. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 767:144588. [PMID: 33429267 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A modified Ball-Berry-Leuning model of stomatal conductance was applied to data from fully open-air ozone (O3)-enrichment experiments with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The O3 fluxes reaching both surface of cell wall (Fcw) and plasmalemma (Fpl) were estimated considering apoplastic ascorbate, a major scavenger of O3. The difference (D) between Fcw and Fpl was defined as detoxification capacity of O3 by reaction with ascorbate in the leaf apoplast (ASCapo). The accumulated stomatal O3 flux above D nmol O3 m-2 s-1 (AFstD) and the accumulated Fpl (AFpl) were calculated over the optimal integration period covering the whole reproductive development of wheat, and used to derive O3AFstD yield-response relationships in comparison with PODY (phytotoxic O3 dose above a threshold of Y nmol m-2 s-1) and AOT40 (accumulated O3 dose over a threshold of 40 ppb). There was a good agreement between the observed and modeled values of ASCapo and stomatal conductance. AFstD and AFpl performed better than PODY and AOT40 in terms of R2 and intercept. However, the AFstD metric was more suitable for assessing grain yield loss due to lower sensitivity of the regression slope to variations in the input parameters, compared with AFpl. The average critical level (CL) of four cultivars for 5% grain-yield reduction was 1.53 mmol m-2 using POD6 and 2.81 mmol m-2 using AFstD, with the latter being well above the POD6-derived value for European cultivars (1.3 mmol m-2). The minimum hourly averaged O3 concentration contributed to CLs was below 20 ppb according to AFstD, a value that is lower than that suggested by POD6 (≈27 ppb). O3 flux-response relationships and CLs on the basis of quantified detoxification capacity shall facilitate the understanding of the different degrees of susceptibility to O3 among species or cultivars, and improve the assessments of O3 impacts on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China.
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China.
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China.
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46
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Shao X, Li X, Ma J, Zhang R, He H. Terminal Hydroxyl Groups on Al 2O 3 Supports Influence the Valence State and Dispersity of Ag Nanoparticles: Implications for Ozone Decomposition. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:10715-10722. [PMID: 34056225 PMCID: PMC8153745 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ozone is a poisonous gas, so it is necessary to remove excessive ozone in the environment. Catalytic decomposition is an effective way to remove ozone at room temperature. In this work, 10%Ag/nano-Al2O3 and 10%Ag/AlOOH-900 catalysts were synthesized by the impregnation method. The 10%Ag/nano-Al2O3 catalyst showed 89% ozone conversion for 40 ppm O3 for 6 h under a space velocity of 840 000 h-1 and a relative humidity of 65%, which is superior to 10%Ag/AlOOH-900 (45% conversion). The characterization results showed Ag nanoparticles to be the active sites for ozone decomposition, which were more highly dispersed on nano-Al2O3 as a result of the greater density of terminal hydroxyl groups. The understanding of the dispersion and valence of silver species gained in this study will be beneficial to the design of more efficient supported silver catalysts for ozone decomposition in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufei Shao
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory
of Energy Environmental Catalysis, Beijing
University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center
for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Runduo Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory
of Energy Environmental Catalysis, Beijing
University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hong He
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center
for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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47
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Ozone Response of Leaf Physiological and Stomatal Characteristics in Brassica juncea L. at Supraoptimal Temperatures. LAND 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/land10040357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Plants are affected by the features of their surrounding environment, such as climate change and air pollution caused by anthropogenic activities. In particular, agricultural production is highly sensitive to environmental characteristics. Since no environmental factor is independent, the interactive effects of these factors on plants are essential for agricultural production. In this context, the interactive effects of ozone (O3) and supraoptimal temperatures remain unclear. Here, we investigated the physiological and stomatal characteristics of leaf mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in the presence of charcoal-filtered (target concentration, 10 ppb) and elevated (target concentration, 120 ppb) O3 concentrations and/or optimal (22/20 °C day/night) and supraoptimal temperatures (27/25 °C). Regarding physiological characteristics, the maximum rate of electron transport and triose phosphate use significantly decreased in the presence of elevated O3 at a supraoptimal temperature (OT conditions) compared with those in the presence of elevated O3 at an optimal temperature (O conditions). Total chlorophyll content was also significantly affected by supraoptimal temperature and elevated O3. The chlorophyll a/b ratio significantly reduced under OT conditions compared to C condition at 7 days after the beginning of exposure (DAE). Regarding stomatal characteristics, there was no significant difference in stomatal pore area between O and OT conditions, but stomatal density under OT conditions was significantly increased compared with that under O conditions. At 14 DAE, the levels of superoxide (O2-), which is a reactive oxygen species, were significantly increased under OT conditions compared with those under O conditions. Furthermore, leaf weight was significantly reduced under OT conditions compared with that under O conditions. Collectively, these results indicate that temperature is a key driver of the O3 response of B. juncea via changes in leaf physiological and stomatal characteristics.
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48
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Tai APK, Sadiq M, Pang JYS, Yung DHY, Feng Z. Impacts of Surface Ozone Pollution on Global Crop Yields: Comparing Different Ozone Exposure Metrics and Incorporating Co-effects of CO2. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.534616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface ozone (O3) pollution poses significant threats to crop production and food security worldwide, but an assessment of present-day and future crop yield losses due to exposure to O3 still abides with great uncertainties, mostly due: (1) to the large spatiotemporal variability and uncertain future projections of O3 concentration itself; (2) different methodological approaches to quantify O3 exposure and impacts; (3) difficulty in accounting for co-varying factors such as CO2 concentration and climatic conditions. In this paper, we explore these issues using a common framework: a consistent set of simulated present-day O3 fields from one chemical transport model, coupled with a terrestrial ecosystem-crop model to derive various O3 exposure metrics and impacts on relative crop yields worldwide, and examine the potential effects of elevated CO2 on O3-induced crop yield losses. Throughout, we review and explain the differences in formulation and parameterization in the various approaches, including the concentration-based metrics, flux-based metrics, and mechanistic biophysical crop modeling. We find that while the spatial pattern of yield losses for a given crop is generally consistent across metrics, the magnitudes can differ substantially. Pooling the concentration-based and flux-based metrics together, we estimate the present-day globally aggregated yield losses to be: 3.6 ± 1.1% for maize, 2.6 ± 0.8% for rice, 6.7 ± 4.1% for soybean, and 7.2 ± 7.3% for wheat; these estimates are generally consistent with previous studies but on the lower end of the uncertainty range covered. We attribute the large combined uncertainty mostly to the differences among methodological approaches, and secondarily to differences in O3 and meteorological inputs. Based on a biophysical crop model that mechanistically simulates photosynthetic and yield responses of crops to stomatal O3 uptake, we further estimate that increasing CO2 concentration from 390 to 600 ppm reduces the globally aggregated O3-induced yield loss by 21–52% for maize and by 27–38% for soybean, reflecting a CO2-induced reduction in stomatal conductance that in turn alleviates stomatal O3 uptake and thus crop damage. Rising CO2 may therefore render the currently used exposure-yield relationships less applicable in a future atmosphere, and we suggest approaches to address such issues.
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49
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Li K, Jacob DJ, Liao H, Qiu Y, Shen L, Zhai S, Bates KH, Sulprizio MP, Song S, Lu X, Zhang Q, Zheng B, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Lee HC, Kuk SK. Ozone pollution in the North China Plain spreading into the late-winter haze season. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2015797118. [PMID: 33649215 PMCID: PMC7958175 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015797118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface ozone is a severe air pollution problem in the North China Plain, which is home to 300 million people. Ozone concentrations are highest in summer, driven by fast photochemical production of hydrogen oxide radicals (HOx) that can overcome the radical titration caused by high emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from fuel combustion. Ozone has been very low during winter haze (particulate) pollution episodes. However, the abrupt decrease of NOx emissions following the COVID-19 lockdown in January 2020 reveals a switch to fast ozone production during winter haze episodes with maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) ozone concentrations of 60 to 70 parts per billion. We reproduce this switch with the GEOS-Chem model, where the fast production of ozone is driven by HOx radicals from photolysis of formaldehyde, overcoming radical titration from the decreased NOx emissions. Formaldehyde is produced by oxidation of reactive volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which have very high emissions in the North China Plain. This remarkable switch to an ozone-producing regime in January-February following the lockdown illustrates a more general tendency from 2013 to 2019 of increasing winter-spring ozone in the North China Plain and increasing association of high ozone with winter haze events, as pollution control efforts have targeted NOx emissions (30% decrease) while VOC emissions have remained constant. Decreasing VOC emissions would avoid further spreading of severe ozone pollution events into the winter-spring season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Harvard-NUIST Joint Laboratory for Air Quality and Climate, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 210044 Nanjing, China
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Daniel J Jacob
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 210044 Nanjing, China;
| | - Yulu Qiu
- Environmental Meteorology Forecast Center of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Lu Shen
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Shixian Zhai
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Kelvin H Bates
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Melissa P Sulprizio
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Shaojie Song
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Xiao Lu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hyun Chul Lee
- Samsung Advance Institute of Technology, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Keun Kuk
- Samsung Advance Institute of Technology, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea
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50
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Shang B, Xu Y, Peng J, Agathokleous E, Feng Z. High nitrogen addition decreases the ozone flux by reducing the maximum stomatal conductance in poplar saplings. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:115979. [PMID: 33168377 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) and nitrogen (N) deposition are major environmental pollutants, often occurring concurrently. Ozone exposure- and flux-response relationships for tree biomass are used for regional O3 risk assessment. In order to investigate whether soil N addition affects stomatal O3 uptake of poplar, poplar saplings were exposed to treatment combinations of five O3 levels and four N addition levels. High N addition treatment reduced the accumulated stomatal O3 uptake in the leaf due to reduced maximum stomatal conductance (gs). Nitrogen addition also significantly reduced the steady-state light-saturated gs in August and September. Elevated O3 significantly reduced and N addition increased total plant biomass; however, there were no significant O3 × N interactions. The slopes of biomass-based O3 exposure- and flux-response relationships did not differ significantly among N treatments. The critical levels for a 5% biomass reduction were estimated at 15.4 ppm h and 17.1 mmol O3 m-2 projected leaf area (PLA) for Accumulated O3 exposure Over an hourly Threshold of 40 ppb (AOT40) and Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above a threshold 1 nmol O3 m-2 PLA s-1 (POD1). These results can facilitate the evaluations of O3 effect on the carbon-sink capacity and productivity of forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Shang
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yansen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jinlong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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