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Kung HC, Wu CH, Huang BW, Chang-Chien GP, Mutuku JK, Lin WC. Mercury abatement in the environment: Insights from industrial emissions and fates in the environment. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28253. [PMID: 38571637 PMCID: PMC10987932 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Mercury's neurotoxic effects have prompted the development of advanced control and remediation methods to meet stringent measures for industries with high-mercury feedstocks. Industries with significant Hg emissions, including artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM)-789.2 Mg year-1, coal combustion-564.1 Mg year-1, waste combustion-316.1 Mg year-1, cement production-224.5 Mg year-1, and non-ferrous metals smelting-204.1 Mg year-1, use oxidants and adsorbents capture Hg from waste streams. Oxidizing agents such as O3, Cl2, HCl, CaBr2, CaCl2, and NH4Cl oxidize Hg0 to Hg2+ for easier adsorption. To functionalize adsorbents, carbonaceous ones use S, SO2, and Na2S, metal-based adsorbents use dimercaprol, and polymer-based adsorbents are grafted with acrylonitrile and hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Adsorption capacities span 0.2-85.6 mg g-1 for carbonaceous, 0.5-14.8 mg g-1 for metal-based, and 168.1-1216 mg g-1 for polymer-based adsorbents. Assessing Hg contamination in soils and sediments uses bioindicators and stable isotopes. Remediation approaches include heat treatment, chemical stabilization and immobilization, and phytoremediation techniques when contamination exceeds thresholds. Achieving a substantially Hg-free ecosystem remains a formidable challenge, chiefly due to the ASGM industry, policy gaps, and Hg persistence. Nevertheless, improvements in adsorbent technologies hold potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chieh Kung
- Institute of Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, 833301, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsing Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan
- Center for General Education, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833301, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Wun Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Institute of Mechatronic Engineering, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung City, 833301, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Ping Chang-Chien
- Institute of Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, 833301, Taiwan
- Super micro mass research and technology center, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, 833301, Taiwan
- Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, 833301, Taiwan
| | - Justus Kavita Mutuku
- Institute of Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, 833301, Taiwan
- Super micro mass research and technology center, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, 833301, Taiwan
- Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, 833301, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ching Lin
- Department of Neuroradiology, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 84001, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 84001, Taiwan
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2
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Shen A, Liu X, Li H, Duan Y. DFT study of mercury adsorption on Al 2O 3 with presence of HCl. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 124:108548. [PMID: 37352722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
mercury emission control from flue gas is a crucial issue for environment protection. Alumina is an important alkali metal oxide for mercury adsorption in particulate, meanwhile is the potential adsorbent for mercury removal. The cognition on mercury heterogeneous reaction mechanism with alumina in presence of hydrogen chloride is inadequate. In this work, the DFT calculation was applied to detect mercury's chlorides adsorption on α-Al2O3 (001) surface, the Bader charge analysis was used to estimate electron transfer and the transition state theory was used to clarify reaction pathway and energy barrier, besides, the kinetic analysis based on Gibbs free energy was conducted to study the impact of temperature on chemical reaction. The results show that Hg can be captured by weak chemisorption on α-Al2O3 (001) surface with the adsorption energy of -56.37 kJ/mol, HgCl, HgCl2 are intensively bonded on surface with adsorption energies of -276.90 kJ/mol and -231.87 kJ/mol, the surface unsaturated Al and O atoms are the active sites. Charge transfer and PDOS analysis prove that the forming of covalent bonding is responsible for Hg species adsorption. Two possible reaction pathways of Hg oxidization to HgCl2 are discussed, in which a smaller energy barrier of 0.1 eV implies the dominant pathway 1 via Eley-Rideal mechanism: two adsorbed HCl molecules dissociate on surface and then react with one Hg atom. High temperature can promote the reaction rate constants of pathway 1 and 2, but is only favorable for reducing energy barrier of pathway 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoshuo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yufeng Duan
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu Province, China.
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3
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Li C, Wu J, Liu D. SnO2 coupled cobalt pyrite for Hg0 removal from simulated flue gas. Chem Phys 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2023.111861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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4
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Chen T, Li Y, Liu J, Wang Y, Wei S. The burden of mild intellectual disability attributed to prenatal exposure to methylmercury in China, 2017. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 254:114748. [PMID: 36921496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a neurodevelopmental toxicant that is widespread in the environment and food. Considering the presence of multiple sources of MeHg exposure in the environment, the burden attributable to different exposure sources needs to be determined. This study aimed to estimate the burden of mild intellectual disability (MID) caused by in-utero exposure to MeHg and identify the attributable burden related to MeHg exposure from different sources in China. We applied the hair mercury concentrations from studies to evaluate the burden of MID associated with maternal MeHg exposure and quantify it by disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The DALYs attributable to MeHg exposure sources were calculated by combining the total DALYs and the contribution rates of various sources of MeHg exposure. The maternal MeHg exposure resulted in 6504 MID cases and a loss of 63,354 DALYs in China in 2017. The contribution rates of aquatic products and rice were 52.2% and 27.1%, respectively, leading to health losses of 28,115 and 18,011 DALYs. The burden of MeHg-induced MID associated with aquatic products was high in coastal areas. Several sites such as Zhejiang, Hunan, and Guangxi had high DALYs caused by rice MeHg exposure. Regions with high DALYs of MID related to MeHg exposure require more attention. Local governments should establish targeted measures to reduce MeHg exposure, thus preventing health loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yiling Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jialin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yibaina Wang
- Risk Assessment Division I, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Building 2, 37 Guangqu Road, Beijing 100020, China.
| | - Sheng Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
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5
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Li J, Tian X, Zhao J, Cui L, Wei L, Gao Y, Li B, Li YF. Temporal changes of blood mercury concentrations in Chinese newborns and the general public from 1980s to 2020s. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 76:127126. [PMID: 36623421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant that threatens the environment and human health. As a major producer, emitter and consumer of Hg, China is currently taking different measures to curb mercury pollution in accordance with the requirements of the Minamata Convention on Mercury. Blood Hg can reflect the human body's recent exposure to Hg. This review summarized the temporal changes in blood Hg concentrations in newborns and the general public in China from 1980 s to 2020 s. It was shown that the blood Hg concentrations of newborns showed the downward trend, although it was not significant. The general public Hg concentrations showed a trend of first increase and then decrease trend. Most of the cord blood Hg and venous blood Hg concentrations in China were lower than the USEPA reference concentration of 5.8 µg/L. Since low-dose prenatal Hg exposure can affect fetal and neonatal development, continuous attention needs to be paid to reduce maternal and neonatal Hg exposure. The information provided in this review may lay a basis for the effectiveness evaluation on the implementation of Minamata Convention on Mercury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincheng Li
- College of Mechanical Engineering, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China; CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xue Tian
- CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiating Zhao
- CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liwei Cui
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lixia Wei
- College of Mechanical Engineering, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Yuxi Gao
- CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bai Li
- CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Feng Li
- CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Shen F, He S, Li J, Liu C, Xiang K, Liu H. Formation of sulfur oxide groups by SO 2 and their roles in mercury adsorption on carbon-based materials. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 119:44-49. [PMID: 35934464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The presence of SO2 display significant effect on the mercury (Hg) adsorption ability of carbon-based sorbent. Yet the adsorption and oxidation of SO2 on carbon with oxygen group, as well as the roles of different sulfur oxide groups in Hg adsorption have heretofore been unclear. The formation of sulfur oxide groups by SO2 and their effects on Hg adsorption on carbon was detailed examined by the density functional theory. The results show that SO2 can be oxidized into SO3 by oxygen group on carbon surface. Both C-SO2 and C-SO3 can improve Hg adsorption on carbon site, while the promotive effect of C-SO2 is stronger than C-SO3. Electron density difference analyses reveal that sulfur oxide groups enhance the charge transfer ability of surface unsaturated carbon atom, thereby improving Hg adsorption. The experimental results confirm that surface active groups formed by SO2 adsorption is more active for Hg adsorption than the groups generated by SO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Shen
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shudan He
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Junyuan Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Cao Liu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Kaisong Xiang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China.
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7
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Guan Y, Liu Y, Lv Q, Wu J. Bismuth-based photocatalyst for photocatalytic oxidation of flue gas mercury removal: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126280. [PMID: 34102357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic oxidation method is a promising technology for solving flue gas mercury (Hg) pollution from industrial plants. Semiconductor photocatalysts have been widely applied in energy conversion and environmental remediation. However, key issues such as low light absorption capacity, wide energy band gap, and poor physicochemical stability severely limit the application of photocatalysts in practical industrial plants. In recent years, bismuth-based (Bi-based) photocatalysts, including bismuth oxide halide BiOX (X = Cl, Br or I), bismuth salt oxymetal BiVO4, and BiOIO3 etc., have increasingly aroused scientists' attention due to their peculiar crystalline geometric structures, tunable electronic structure and high photocatalytic performance. In present review, we firstly review the photocatalytic reaction mechanism and main photocatalytic oxidation mechanism of mercury. Secondly, the synthetic methods of Bi-based photocatalysts are summarized. Then, according to the mechanism of mercury removal, the experimental modifying approaches including heterojunction making, external atoms doping, defect creating, and crystal face regulating to promote the photocatalytic oxidation of mercury removal are summarized, as well as the determination of the band gap and electronic density of states (DOS) of Bi-based photocatalysts to elucidate the photocatalytic oxidation mechanism via density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Furthermore, constructing electronic transmission channels is an efficient way to improve the photocatalytic activity. Finally, challenges and perspectives of Bi-based photocatalyst for photocatalytic oxidation of mercury removal are presented. In addition, the excellent performance photocatalysts and efficient pollution removal equipment for mercury removal in industrial plants are still required in-depth study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Yinhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Qiang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Shi G, Liu M, Li Y, Li T, Duan Y. Influence of Fe‐modified Mn–Ce–Fe–Co–O
x
/P84 catalytic filter materials for low‐temperature NO removal synergistic Hg
0
oxidation. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Meng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Yinsheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Yufeng Duan
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment Southeast University Nanjing China
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9
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Chou CP, Chiu CH, Chang TC, Hsi HC. Mercury speciation and mass distribution of coal-fired power plants in Taiwan using different air pollution control processes. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2021; 71:553-563. [PMID: 33284737 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1860158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the mercury (Hg) emission, speciation, and mass distribution of four coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) located at central, southern, and northern Taiwan with various types of air pollution control devices were investigated. Gaseous Hg in the coal-combustion flue gas was sampled by using the Ontario Hydro method, and the solid and liquid samples were collected for understanding the Hg mass balance. The experimental results showed that the total Hg concentrations in flue gases at the inlets of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) varied from 2.984 to 4.692 μg Nm-3, while the total Hg concentrations in the flue gases at the stacks ranged from 0.240 to 0.675 μg Nm-3. These four CFPPs showed similar Hg speciation results at the stacks. The average Hg removal efficiencies of Plants 1 (SCR + electrostatic precipitator [ESP] + wet flue gas desulfurization [WFGD]), 2 (SCR + ESP + WFGD), 3 (SCR + bag filter (BF) + seawater flue gas desulfurization [SWFGD]) and 4 (SCR + BF + SWFGD) were 92.4%, 90.1%, 85.9%, and 84.8%, respectively. Coal was the major raw material in Hg input of CFPPs with a mass flow rate ranging 5.87-12.05 g hr-1. Elemental Hg (Hg0), accounting for 66.4%-97.1% of the total Hg, was the dominant species emitted to the atmosphere. The Hg mass balances for the four CFPPs varied from 86.0% to 117% of the Hg input, suggesting that good mass balances were obtained from the tested CFPPs.Implications: Mercury emissions from coal-fired power plant (CFPPs) have been greatly concerned and should thus be better comprehended. The present study examined the mercury speciation and mass distribution of four CFPPs located at Taiwan. Overall, these CFPPs had similar Hg speciation results at stack and Hg0 was the dominant species emitted to the atmosphere. The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) + electrostatic precipitator (ESP) + wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) system had the highest Hg removal efficiency and the Hg mass balances for the four CFPPs varied from 86.0 to 117%. This study helps better understanding the Hg emission inventory of CFPPs and provides useful information for selecting adequate air pollution control devices (APCDs) for Hg control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ping Chou
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
- Green Energy and Environment Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsiang Chiu
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Chin Chang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Cheng Hsi
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chen J, Zhang B, Zhang S, Zeng J, Chen P, Liu W, Wang X. A complete atmospheric emission inventory of F, As, Se, Cd, Sb, Hg, Pb, and U from coal-fired power plants in Anhui Province, eastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:1817-1837. [PMID: 33125612 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anhui Province is the most important energy production base for eastern China. Many large pithead coal-fired power plants are being operated in the coal-rich Huainan and Huaibei coalfields in northern Anhui. To assess the environmental risks of local coal-fired power plants, a complete atmospheric emission inventory of F, As, Se, Cd, Sb, Hg, Pb, and U from coal-fired power plants in Anhui was compiled by a simple mass-balance-based method. The results indicated that the atmospheric emissions of F, As, Se, Cd, Sb, Hg, Pb, and U in 2017 from the Anhui coal-fired power plants were 578 t, 2.01 t, 15.3 t, 0.57 t, 0.18 t, 2.80 t, 23.7 t, and 0.099 t, respectively. The emission factor is the major contributor to the uncertainties in this inventory. With increasing energy demand by the more developed eastern China region, the atmospheric emissions of volatile hazardous elements will continue to increase in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, Anhui, China.
- Key Laboratory of Mine Geological Disaster Prevention and Environment Protection of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Huainan, 232001, China.
| | - Bofei Zhang
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Mine Geological Disaster Prevention and Environment Protection of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Suan Zhang
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Mine Geological Disaster Prevention and Environment Protection of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Mine Geological Disaster Prevention and Environment Protection of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Ping Chen
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Mine Geological Disaster Prevention and Environment Protection of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Wenzhong Liu
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Mine Geological Disaster Prevention and Environment Protection of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Xingming Wang
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, Anhui, China
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11
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Li Z, Chen B, Li Y, Le XC. Reduction of mercury emissions from anthropogenic sources including coal combustion. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 100:363-368. [PMID: 33279051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Li
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Baowei Chen
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China.
| | - Yanbin Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - X Chris Le
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada.
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12
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Luo Q, Ren Y, Sun Z, Li Y, Li B, Yang S, Zhang W, Hu Y, Cheng H. Atmospheric mercury pollution caused by fluorescent lamp manufacturing and the associated human health risk in a large industrial and commercial city. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:116146. [PMID: 33316504 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although already eliminated in most industrial processes, mercury, as an essential ingredient in all energy-efficient lighting technologies, is still used in fluorescent lamp manufacturing. This study was conducted to investigate the atmospheric pollution caused by fluorescent lamp production and assess the associated public health risk in a large industrial and commercial city of south China, Zhongshan, which is a major production hub of lighting products. Concentrations of total gaseous mercury (TGM) in the atmosphere were measured over a total of 342 sites in the industrial, commercial, and residential areas. The average levels of TGM in the industrial, commercial, and residential areas prior to the landing of a typhoon were 12 ± 11, 3.6 ± 2.1, and 2.7 ± 1.3 ng⋅m-3, respectively. TGM concentrations in the industrial areas exhibited significant diurnal variation, with levels in the working hours being much higher than those in the non-working hours, which indicates that the high atmospheric mercury concentrations were contributed by local emissions, instead of regional transport. Most fluorescent lamp manufacturing activities in the city were shut down during a typhoon event, which resulted in a significant reduction in the average TGM level (down to 1.6 ± 1.8 ng⋅m-3) and rendered the difference in the average TGM levels in the industrial areas no longer significant between the working and non-working hours. Elevated TGM levels (up to 49 ng⋅m-3) were found near clusters of small-scale fluorescent lamp workshops in both industrial and commercial areas, which is indicative of significant emissions of mercury vapor resulting from obsolete equipment and production technologies. No significant non-carcinogenic risk was found for the general residents in the sampling area over the study period, while the risk for the workers in the fluorescent lamp manufacturing facilities and workshops could be higher. These findings indicate that fluorescent lamp manufacturing in the developing countries is a major source of atmospheric mercury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuxuan Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zehang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bing Li
- MOE Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Sen Yang
- MOE Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wanpeng Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuanan Hu
- MOE Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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13
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Mathebula MW, Panichev N, Mandiwana K. Determination of mercury thermospecies in South African coals in the enhancement of mercury removal by pre-combustion technologies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19282. [PMID: 33159166 PMCID: PMC7648097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Samples of South African bituminous coals were analysed for total mercury (Hg) and Hg thermospecies concentrations using an RA-915 + Zeeman Mercury Analyser. Total mercury concentrations in samples of coals (n = 57) ranged between 10 ng g−1 and 493 ng g−1 with a mean value of 150 ± 53 ng g−1. Thermospecies of Hg were determined by monitoring Hg response as a function of sample temperature, increasing at 0.8 °C/s from ambient to 720 °C. This approach provides important information on thermal release of Hg species, as indicated by their appearance over specific temperature intervals. This permits identification of the presence of Hg thermospecies in coal and their quantification in each time (temperature) interval. It was found that 76% of tested bituminous coal samples release Hg species within low temperature intervals (20–180 °C and180–360 °C). The information generated in this study will aid in the selection of suitable coals for pre-combustion treatment that can lead to significant reduction of atmospheric Hg emission during coal combustion at power stations. This analytical approach can also be used for the creation of a system of coal classification based on the temperature of release of various Hg thermospecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mpho Wendy Mathebula
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia, P.O. Box 56208, Pretoria, 0007, South Africa
| | - Nikolai Panichev
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia, P.O. Box 56208, Pretoria, 0007, South Africa
| | - Khakhathi Mandiwana
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia, P.O. Box 56208, Pretoria, 0007, South Africa.
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14
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Liu J, Bai L, Duan Y, Zhao S, Huang T, Luo Z, Hua M. Continuous Generation of HgCl 2 by Dielectric Barrier Discharge Nonthermal Plasma. Part II: Influences of the Cl Source. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Liyi Bai
- China Datang Corporation Science & Technology Research Institute Hydropower Branch, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Yufeng Duan
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Shilin Zhao
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Tianfang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zhengkang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Ming Hua
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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15
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Thepanondh S, Tunlathorntham V. Appropriate scenarios for mercury emission control from coal-fired power plant in Thailand: emissions and ambient concentrations analysis. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04197. [PMID: 32577570 PMCID: PMC7300093 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimum control of mercury released from the coal-fired power plant is evaluated by determining its efficiency and appropriateness in reducing emissions and ambient air concentrations. The 2400 MW power plant fueled by lignite located in Thailand is demonstrated in this study. Emissions of mercury from the coal-fired power plant are calculated under 3 major scenarios. The first scenario is the amount of mercury released under the existing operation of the power plant. Emission rate of mercury is calculated as 41 g/h which indicates a co-benefit of mercury removal from the installation of existing conventional air pollution treatment systems (electrostatic precipitator and wet flue gas desulfurization) as compare with the 2nd scenario of without equipping of air pollution control devices at the power plant (374 g/h of mercury emission). Adding controlling measures to existing operation of the power plant can lead to decreasing of mercury emissions at different levels. The relationship between changing of emissions affected to ambient air concentrations of mercury is evaluated using the CALPUFF air dispersion model. Results indicate small decreasing of predicted ambient concentrations after applying additional mercury control measures to the BAU of the power plant. This study reveals the co-benefit of existing air pollution treatment devices in controlling mercury emission. It also illustrates that the efficiency and appropriateness of current air pollution control system is in an optimal and acceptable levels in mercury control. Finding and methodology in this study can be used as a case study in quantitative evaluation of the effectiveness and appropriateness of environmental control mitigation measures added to the existing operations. It clearly illustrates the need to analyze the co-benefit of current air pollution control system towards the accomplishment on controlling emissions of other emerging air pollutants which will provide the best optimum air pollution control to the emission source.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Thepanondh
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - V. Tunlathorntham
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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16
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Nyashina GS, Kuznetsov GV, Strizhak PA. Effects of plant additives on the concentration of sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the combustion products of coal-water slurries containing petrochemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113682. [PMID: 31812529 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The active use of solid fossil fuels (coal) in the production of heat and electricity has led to significant pollution, climate change, environmental degradation, and an increase in morbidity and mortality. Many countries (in particular, European ones, China, Japan, the USA, Canada, etc.) have launched programs for using plant and agricultural raw materials to produce heat and electricity by burning them instead of or together with traditional fuels. It is a promising solution to produce slurry fuels, based on a mixture of coal processing, oil refining and agricultural waste. This paper presents the results of experimental research into the formation and assessment of the most hazardous emissions (sulfur and nitrogen oxides) from the combustion of promising coal slurry fuels with straw, sunflower and algae additives, i.e. the most common agricultural waste. A comparative analysis has been carried out to identify the differences in the concentrations of sulfur and nitrogen oxides from the combustion of typical coal, coal processing waste, as well as fuel slurries with and without plant additives. It has been shown that the concentration of sulfur and nitrogen oxides can be reduced by 62-87% and 12-57%, respectively, when using small masses of plant additives (no more than 10 wt%) and maintaining high combustion heat of the slurry fuel. However, the use of algae and straw in the slurry composition can increase the HCl emissions, which requires extra measures to fight corrosion. A generalizing criterion of slurry fuel vs. coal efficiency has been formulated to illustrate significant benefits of adding plant solid waste to coal-water slurries containing petrochemicals. Straw and sunflower waste (10 wt%) were found to be the best additives to reduce the air pollutant emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Nyashina
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Avenue, 634050, Tomsk, Russia.
| | - G V Kuznetsov
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Avenue, 634050, Tomsk, Russia.
| | - P A Strizhak
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Avenue, 634050, Tomsk, Russia.
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17
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Zhang X, Wang D, Man X, Wu J, Liu Q, Qi Y, Liu Z, Zhao X, Wu J, Hao C. Influence of BiOIO3 morphology on the photocatalytic efficiency of Z-scheme BiOIO3/g-C3N4 heterojunctioned composite for Hg0 removal. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 558:123-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Panichev N, Mokgalaka N, Panicheva S. Assessment of air pollution by mercury in South African provinces using lichens Parmelia caperata as bioindicators. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:2239-2250. [PMID: 30915596 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00283-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale assessment of atmospheric air pollution by mercury (Hg) using lichen Parmelia caperata as biological indicator was undertaken using samples from five provinces of South Africa collected between 2013 and 2017. Analysis of lichens provides time-integrated data, which correspond to the mean Hg concentration in air at a specific location over a long time period. Determination of Hg in lichens was carried out by direct thermal decomposition of samples using a Zeeman-effect atomic absorption spectrometer, thereby requiring no chemical pretreatment. The lowest mercury concentration of 60 ± 8.0 ng g-1 (n = 45) was measured in lichens from Limpopo province. This value was accepted as a background Hg concentration in SA lichens. The Hg in lichens from northern parts of Mpumalanga province varied from 72 ± 9.0 to 100 ± 17 ng g-1 (n = 45), while in southern parts of the province, where 11 coal-fired electrical power stations are located, values ranged from 139 ± 7.0 to 183 ± 10 ng g-1 (n = 28). The highest Hg concentration, 218 ± 21 ng g-1 (n = 10), was found in lichens from Secunda, Mpumalanga province. It could be traced to the possible Hg emission during thermal treatment of coal at the largest SA industrial plant that transforms coal into liquid fuels. In Pretoria and Johannesburg, cities in Gauteng province, Hg in lichens was between 110 and 162 ng g-1 (n = 48). Based on the results of measurements, the equation connecting Hg concentration in lichens with Hg concentration in air has been derived. It was used for the calculation of atmospheric Hg concentration in South African provinces. Calculated values (0.8-1.45 ng m-3) were found to be within statistical summary of mean atmospheric Hg in remote places (1.70 ± 0.17 ng m-3), and in other locations (1.5-3.0 ng m-3) lower than in impacted areas of the world (5.20 ± 3.47 ng m-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Panichev
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, P.O. Box 56208, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007, South Africa.
| | - Ntebogeng Mokgalaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, P.O. Box 56208, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007, South Africa
| | - Svetlana Panicheva
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, P.O. Box 56208, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007, South Africa
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19
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Ruszkiewicz JA, Tinkov AA, Skalny AV, Siokas V, Dardiotis E, Tsatsakis A, Bowman AB, da Rocha JBT, Aschner M. Brain diseases in changing climate. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 177:108637. [PMID: 31416010 PMCID: PMC6717544 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is one of the biggest and most urgent challenges for the 21st century. Rising average temperatures and ocean levels, altered precipitation patterns and increased occurrence of extreme weather events affect not only the global landscape and ecosystem, but also human health. Multiple environmental factors influence the onset and severity of human diseases and changing climate may have a great impact on these factors. Climate shifts disrupt the quantity and quality of water, increase environmental pollution, change the distribution of pathogens and severely impacts food production - all of which are important regarding public health. This paper focuses on brain health and provides an overview of climate change impacts on risk factors specific to brain diseases and disorders. We also discuss emerging hazards in brain health due to mitigation and adaptation strategies in response to climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Ruszkiewicz
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia; IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia; IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Trace Element Institute for UNESCO, Lyon, France
| | - Vasileios Siokas
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - João B T da Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
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20
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Raj D, Maiti SK. Sources, toxicity, and remediation of mercury: an essence review. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:566. [PMID: 31418123 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7743-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a pollutant that poses a global threat, and it was listed as one of the ten leading 'chemicals of concern' by the World Health Organization in 2017. The review aims to summarize the sources of Hg, its combined effects on the ecosystem, and its remediation in the environment. The flow of Hg from coal to fly ash (FA), soil, and plants has become a serious concern. Hg chemically binds to sulphur-containing components in coal during coal formation. Coal combustion in thermal power plants is the major anthropogenic source of Hg in the environment. Hg is taken up by plant roots from contaminated soil and transferred to the stem and aerial parts. Through bioaccumulation in the plant system, Hg moves into the food chain, resulting in potential health and ecological risks. The world average Hg concentrations reported in coal and FA are 0.01-1 and 0.62 mg/kg, respectively. The mass of Hg accumulated globally in the soil is estimated to be 250-1000 Gg. Several techniques have been applied to remove or minimize elevated levels of Hg from FA, soil, and water (soil washing, selective catalytic reduction, wet flue gas desulphurization, stabilization, adsorption, thermal treatment, electro-remediation, and phytoremediation). Adsorbents such as activated carbon and carbon nanotubes have been used for Hg removal. The application of phytoremediation techniques has been proven as a promising approach in the removal of Hg from contaminated soil. Plant species such as Brassica juncea are potential candidates for Hg removal from soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep Raj
- Ecological Restoration Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826 004, India
| | - Subodh Kumar Maiti
- Ecological Restoration Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826 004, India.
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21
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Bin H, Yang Y, Cai L, Yang L, Roszak S. Enhancing mercury removal across air pollution control devices for coal-fired power plants by desulfurization wastewater evaporation. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:154-162. [PMID: 28914183 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1380716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Desulfurization wastewater evaporation technology is used to enhance the removal of gaseous mercury (Hg) in conventional air pollution control devices (APCDs) for coal-fired power plants. Studies have affirmed that gaseous Hg is oxidized and removed by selective catalytic reduction (SCR), an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) in a coal-fired thermal experiment platform with WFGD wastewater evaporation. Effects of desulfurization wastewater evaporation position, evaporation temperature and chlorine ion concentration on Hg oxidation were studied as well. The Hg0 oxidation efficiency was increased ranging from 30% to 60%, and the gaseous Hg removal efficiency was 62.16% in APCDs when wastewater evaporated before SCR. However, the Hg0 oxidation efficiency was 18.99% and the gaseous Hg removal efficiency was 40.19% in APCDs when wastewater evaporated before ESP. The results show that WFGD wastewater evaporation before SCR is beneficial to improve the efficiency of Hg oxidized and removed in APCDs. Because Hg2+ can be easily removed in ACPDs and WFGD wastewater in power plants is enriched with chlorine ions, this method realizes WFGD wastewater zero discharge and simultaneously enhances Hg removal in APCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Bin
- a Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment , Southeast University , Nanjing , People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- b Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry , Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Liang Cai
- a Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment , Southeast University , Nanjing , People's Republic of China
| | - Linjun Yang
- a Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment , Southeast University , Nanjing , People's Republic of China
| | - Szczepan Roszak
- b Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry , Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , Wroclaw , Poland
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22
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Cho HK, Park CG, Shin HJ, Park K, Lim HB. In vitro toxicological activity of particulate matter generated by coal combustion. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 64:187-195. [PMID: 30448727 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the toxicity of particles generated from the complete combustion of 1 g coal at 500, 700, and 900 °C were compared, and combustion at 700 °C generated the most toxins. Chemical analyses revealed that all components except catechol, resorcinol, and aromatic amines were most abundant at 700 °C. Toxicity results confirmed that the relative mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, redox cycling, and production of reactive oxygen species was highest for particles generated at 700 °C. Particles generated during combustion at 700 °C exhibited higher toxicity toward biological systems due to a higher content of toxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ki Cho
- College of Agriculture, Life & Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Gyun Park
- College of Agriculture, Life & Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Jae Shin
- KT&G Research Institute, Daejeon 305-805, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihong Park
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Bin Lim
- College of Agriculture, Life & Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Spatial Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Street Dust of Coal Railway Transportation Hubs: A Case Study in Yuanping, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122662. [PMID: 30486387 PMCID: PMC6313379 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Coal is a vital basic energy source in China, and rail serving is its major mode of transportation. Heavy metals in street dust surrounding the coal railway do harm to the environment and pose a potential risk to human health. This paper aims to identify the effects of coal transportation hubs on heavy metals in street dust. The geoaccumulation index and ecological risk index were used to assess the contamination levels of the following elements in Yuanping, Shanxi: arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn). The levels of contamination of these heavy metals in soils were compared to those in street dust, and the difference between the railway’s and mining’s impacts on dust’s heavy-metal concentrations was explored. The results indicated that Cr and Pb in street dust were mainly affected by coal railway transportation, and the interaction effect of coal railway transportation and mining was greater than either of them alone. A potential control and prevention zone for Cr and Pb extending 1 km to both sides of the railway was identified. This work proves that coal railway transportation has certain effect on heavy metals in street dust and provides a scientific approach for future environmental impact assessments of coal transportation via railway.
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24
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Zhang D, Hou L, Chen G, Zhang A, Wang F, Wang R, Li C. Cr Doping MnOx Adsorbent Significantly Improving Hg0 Removal and SO2 Resistance from Coal-Fired Flue Gas and the Mechanism Investigation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b04857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- School of Civil Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Li’an Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Rocket Force University
of Engineering, Xi’an 710025, China
| | - Guanyi Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Anchao Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Fahui Wang
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Ruirui Wang
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Chengwei Li
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
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25
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Nyashina GS, Strizhak PA. The influence of liquid plant additives on the anthropogenic gas emissions from the combustion of coal-water slurries. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:31-41. [PMID: 30373034 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
At present, coal is considered one of the main components for the production of cheap, high-energy and environmentally attractive slurry fuels. The latter can be produced on the basis of low-grade coal dust or coal processing wastes. Thus, coal-water slurries and coal-water slurries containing petrochemicals are produced. The involvement of coal and oil processing wastes expands the scope of raw materials, reduces the fuel costs from traditional energy sources and modifies the main economic characteristics of power plant performance. However, it also increases the impact of coal-fired thermal power stations on the environment. In the last 30-50 years, many efforts have been made to decrease the negative impact of human industrial activity on climate. Involving plant-based components in the process of energy generation to save energy and material resources looks very promising nowadays. This research studies the influence of adding typical bioliquids (bioethanol, turpentine, glycerol) on the concentration of anthropogenic emissions from coal-water slurry combustion. Relative mass concentrations of bioliquids varied in a small range below 20%. We focused on the concentration of the most hazardous sulfur and nitrogen oxides from the combustion of typical filter cakes, as well as plant-containing slurries. It was established that the concentration of sulfur oxides can be decreased (as compared to coal) by 75%, whereas that of nitrogen oxides by almost 30%. Using a generalizing criteria expression, we illustrated the main benefits of adding bioliquids to slurry fuels in comparison with coal. Adding 20% of glycerol was found to provide maximum advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Nyashina
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - P A Strizhak
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia.
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26
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Li H, Zhang M, Zhu L, Yang J. Stability of mercury on a novel mineral sulfide sorbent used for efficient mercury removal from coal combustion flue gas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:28583-28593. [PMID: 30091078 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2896-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nano-structured zinc sulfide (Nano-ZnS) has been demonstrated to be a promising alternative to activated carbon (AC) for controlling mercury emission from coal combustion flue gas. The ultimate fate of the mercury-laden Nano-ZnS after mercury capture is mostly disposed in landfill with fly ashes. Thus, the stability of mercury adsorbed on the Nano-ZnS is of considerable significance in the secured disposal of fly ash after mercury removal and in the commercial application of the Nano-ZnS sorbent for removal of mercury from coal combustion flue gas. In this work, a modified toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) was conducted to evaluate the leachability of mercury on the Nano-ZnS. The effects of leachate pH value, leaching time, liquid-to-solid ratio, and acid rain types on mercury leaching from the mercury-laden Nano-ZnS were systematically investigated. The TCLP results show that the concentration of mercury in leachate was far below the safe limit (200 μg/L) as imposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for classifying a material as a hazardous waste. All the key parameters that generally affected metal leaching rate exhibited slight effect on mercury leaching from the mercury-laden Nano-ZnS. Leaching tests at various highly severe conditions resulted in less than 0.01% mercury leaching from the mercury-laden Nano-ZnS. Sequential selective extraction tests demonstrated that mercury sulfide (HgS) was the dominant adsorption product on the Nano-ZnS, which guaranteed the excellent stability of mercury adsorbed on the Nano-ZnS. Graphic abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Li
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Mingguang Zhang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Jianping Yang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
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Sung JH, Oh JS, Mojammal AHM, Back SK, Lee ES, Kim SH, Seo YC. Estimation and Future Prediction of Mercury Emissions from Anthropogenic Sources in South Korea. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.17we129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ho Sung
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University
| | - Joo-Sung Oh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University
| | - A H M Mojammal
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University
| | - Seung-Ki Back
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University
| | - Eun-Song Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University
| | - Seong-Heon Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University
| | - Yong-Chil Seo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University
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28
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Review on the latest developments in modified vanadium-titanium-based SCR catalysts. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(18)63090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Selin H, Keane SE, Wang S, Selin NE, Davis K, Bally D. Linking science and policy to support the implementation of the Minamata Convention on Mercury. AMBIO 2018; 47:198-215. [PMID: 29388129 PMCID: PMC5794682 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-017-1003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The Minamata Convention on Mercury, with its objective to protect human health and the environment from the dangers of mercury (Hg), entered into force in 2017. The Convention outlines a life-cycle approach to the production, use, emissions, releases, handling, and disposal of Hg. As it moves into the implementation phase, scientific work and information are critically needed to support decision-making and management. This paper synthesizes existing knowledge and examines three areas in which researchers across the natural sciences, engineering, and social sciences can mobilize and disseminate knowledge in support of Hg abatement and the realization of the Convention's objective: (1) uses, emissions, and releases; (2) support, awareness raising, and education; and (3) impacts and effectiveness. The paper ends with a discussion of the future of Hg science and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Selin
- Frederick S Pardee School of Global Studies, Boston University, 154 Bay State Road, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Susan Egan Keane
- Natural Resources Defense Council, 1152 15th St, NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20005 USA
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Noelle E. Selin
- Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, and Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Kenneth Davis
- United Nations Environment Programme, Chemicals and Health Branch, International Environment House I, 11-13 chemin des Anemones, 1219 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Bally
- African Center for Environmental Health, BP 826, Cidex 03 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
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Dmitrienko MA, Legros JC, Strizhak PA. Experimental evaluation of main emissions during coal processing waste combustion. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 233:299-305. [PMID: 29096302 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The total volume of the coal processing wastes (filter cakes) produced by Russia, China, and India is as high as dozens of millions of tons per year. The concentrations of CO and CO2 in the emissions from the combustion of filter cakes have been measured directly for the first time. They are the biggest volume of coal processing wastes. There have been many discussions about using these wastes as primary or secondary components of coal-water slurries (CWS) and coal-water slurries containing petrochemicals (CWSP). Boilers have already been operationally tested in Russia for the combustion of CWSP based on filter cakes. In this work, the concentrations of hazardous emissions have been measured at temperatures ranging from 500 to 1000°С. The produced CO and CO2 concentrations are shown to be practically constant at high temperatures (over 900°С) for all the coal processing wastes under study. Experiments have shown the feasibility to lowering the combustion temperatures of coal processing wastes down to 750-850°С. This provides sustainable combustion and reduces the CO and CO2 emissions 1.2-1.7 times. These relatively low temperatures ensure satisfactory environmental and energy performance of combustion. Using CWS and CWSP instead of conventional solid fuels significantly reduces NOx and SOx emissions but leaves CO and CO2 emissions practically at the same level as coal powder combustion. Therefore, the environmentally friendly future (in terms of all the main atmospheric emissions: CO, CO2, NOx, and SOx) of both CWS and CWSP technologies relies on low-temperature combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean C Legros
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia; Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium.
| | - Pavel A Strizhak
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
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Ren MY, Yang LY, Wang LF, Han XM, Dai JR, Pang XG. Spatial trends and pollution assessment for mercury in the surface soils of the Nansi Lake catchment, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:2417-2424. [PMID: 29124644 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0554-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface soil samples collected from Nansi Lake catchment were analyzed for mercury (Hg) to determine its spatial trends and environmental impacts. Results showed that the average soil Hg contents were 0.043 mg kg-1. A positive correlation was shown between TOC and soil Hg contents. The main type of soil with higher TOC contents and lower pH values showed higher soil Hg contents. Soil TOC contents and CV values were both higher in the eastern catchment. The eastern part of the catchment, where the industry is developed, had relatively high soil Hg contents and a banding distribution of high Hg contents was corresponded with the southwest-northeast economic belt. Urban soils had higher Hg contents than rural soils. The urbanization pattern that soil Hg contents presented a decreasing trend from city center to suburb was shown clearly especially in the three cities. Soil Hg contents in Jining City showed a good consistency with the urban land expansion. The spatial trends of soil Hg contents in the catchment indicated that the type and the intensity of human activities have a strong influence on the distribution of Hg in soils. Calculated risk indices showed that the western part of the catchment presented moderately polluted condition and the eastern part of the catchment showed moderate to strong pollution level. The area with high ecological risk appeared mainly along the economic belt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yi Ren
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Li-Yuan Yang
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China.
| | - Long-Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xue-Mei Han
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Jie-Rui Dai
- Shandong Institute of Geological Survey, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Xu-Gui Pang
- Shandong Institute of Geological Survey, Jinan, 250013, China
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Liu J, Wang L, Zhu Y, Lin CJ, Jang C, Wang S, Xing J, Yu B, Xu H, Pan Y. Source Attribution for Mercury Deposition with an Updated Atmospheric Mercury Emission Inventory in the Pearl River Delta Region, China. FRONTIERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2018; 13:10.1007/s11783-019-1087-6. [PMID: 33747605 PMCID: PMC7970520 DOI: 10.1007/s11783-019-1087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We used CMAQ-Hg to simulate mercury pollution and identify main sources in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) with updated local emission inventory and latest regional and global emissions. The total anthropogenic mercury emissions in the PRD for 2014 were 11,939.6 kg. Power plants and industrial boilers were dominant sectors, responsible for 29.4 and 22.7%. We first compared model predictions and observations and the results showed a good performance. Then five scenarios with power plants (PP), municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI), industrial point sources (IP), natural sources (NAT), and boundary conditions (BCs) zeroed out separately were simulated and compared with the base case. BCs was responsible for over 30% of annual average mercury concentration and total deposition while NAT contributed around 15%. Among the anthropogenic sources, IP (22.9%) was dominant with a contribution over 20.0% and PP (18.9%) and MSWI (11.2%) ranked second and third. Results also showed that power plants were the most important emission sources in the central PRD, where the ultra-low emission for thermal power units need to be strengthened. In the northern and western PRD, cement and metal productions were priorities for mercury control. The fast growth of municipal solid waste incineration were also a key factor in the core areas. In addition, a coordinated regional mercury emission control was important for effectively controlling pollution. In the future, mercury emissions will decrease as control measures are strengthened, more attention should be paid to mercury deposition around the large point sources as high levels of pollution are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Long Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Che-Jen Lin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas 77710, USA
| | - Carey Jang
- US EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards, Res Triangle Park, NC 27711 USA
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Guangzhou Environmental Monitoring Centre, Guangzhou, 51000, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuzhou Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
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