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McLarnan SM, Bramer LM, Dixon HM, Scott RP, Calero L, Holmes D, Gibson EA, Cavalier HM, Rohlman D, Miller RL, Kincl L, Waters KM, Anderson KA, Herbstman JB. Predicting personal PAH exposure using high dimensional questionnaire and wristband data. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024; 34:679-687. [PMID: 38177333 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00617-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of pervasive environmental pollutants with a variety of known health effects. While significant work has been completed to estimate personal exposure to PAHs, less has been done to identify sources of these exposures. Comprehensive characterization of reported sources of personal PAH exposure is a critical step to more easily identify individuals at risk of high levels of exposure and for developing targeted interventions based on source of exposure. OBJECTIVE In this study, we leverage data from a New York (NY)-based birth cohort to identify personal characteristics or behaviors associated with personal PAH exposure and develop models for the prediction of PAH exposure. METHODS We quantified 61 PAHs measured using silicone wristband samplers in association with 75 questionnaire variables from 177 pregnant individuals. We evaluated univariate associations between each compound and questionnaire variable, conducted regression tree analysis for each PAH compound and completed a principal component analysis of for each participant's entire PAH exposure profile to determine the predictors of PAH levels. RESULTS Regression tree analyses of individual compounds and exposure mixture identified income, time spent outdoors, maternal age, country of birth, transportation type, and season as the variables most frequently predictive of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M McLarnan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, NY, USA.
| | - Lisa M Bramer
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Holly M Dixon
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Richard P Scott
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lehyla Calero
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Darrell Holmes
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Gibson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Haleigh M Cavalier
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Diana Rohlman
- Oregon State University, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Rachel L Miller
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Laurel Kincl
- Oregon State University, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Katrina M Waters
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Julie B Herbstman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, NY, USA
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Hoang TT, Rathod RA, Rosales O, Castellanos MI, Schraw JM, Burgess E, Peckham-Gregory EC, Oluyomi AO, Scheurer ME, Hughes AE, Lupo PJ. Residential proximity to oil and gas developments and childhood cancer survival. Cancer 2024. [PMID: 38922855 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.35449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental toxicants may impact survival in children with cancer, but the literature investigating these associations remains limited. Because oil and gas developments emit several hazardous air pollutants, the authors evaluated the relationship between residential proximity to oil or gas development and survival across 21 different pediatric cancers. METHODS The Texas Cancer Registry had 29,730 children (≤19 years old) diagnosed with a primary cancer between 1995 to 2017. Geocoded data were available for 285,266 active oil or gas wells and 109,965 horizontal wells. The authors calculated whether each case lived within 1000 m (yes/no) from each type of oil or gas development. Survival analyses were conducted using Cox regression, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS A total of 14.2% of cases lived within 1000 m of an oil or gas well or horizontal well. Living within 1000 m of an oil or gas well was associated with risk of mortality in cases with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.84) and hepatoblastoma (aHR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.03-4.39). An inverse association was observed with Ewing sarcoma (aHR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.13-0.95). No associations were observed with horizontal well. There was evidence of a dose-response effect in children with AML or hepatoblastoma and residential proximity to oil or gas wells. In general, the magnitude of association increased with decreasing distance and with higher number of wells across the three distances. CONCLUSIONS Residential proximity to oil or gas wells at diagnosis is associated with the risk of mortality in children with AML or hepatoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh T Hoang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rutu A Rathod
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Omar Rosales
- Epidemiology and Population Sciences Section, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria I Castellanos
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeremy M Schraw
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Elyse Burgess
- Epidemiology and Population Sciences Section, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Erin C Peckham-Gregory
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Abiodun O Oluyomi
- Epidemiology and Population Sciences Section, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael E Scheurer
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Amy E Hughes
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Philip J Lupo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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Nogueira L, Florez N. The Impact of Climate Change on Global Oncology. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2024; 38:105-121. [PMID: 37580192 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is the greatest threat to human health of our time, with significant implications for global cancer control efforts. The changing frequency and behavior of climate-driven extreme weather events results in more frequent and increasingly unanticipated disruptions in access to cancer care. Given the significant threat that climate change poses to cancer control efforts, oncology professionals should champion initiatives that help protect the health and safety of patients with cancer, such as enhancing emergency preparedness and response efforts and reducing emissions from our own professional activities, which has health cobenefits for the entire population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Nogueira
- Surveillance and Health Equity Sciences, American Cancer Society, Palm Harbor, FL, USA.
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Nogueira LM, Yabroff KR. Climate change and cancer: the Environmental Justice perspective. J Natl Cancer Inst 2024; 116:15-25. [PMID: 37813679 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djad185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in cancer control-prevention, screening, diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship-racial disparities in cancer incidence and survival persist and, in some cases, are widening in the United States. Since 2020, there's been growing recognition of the role of structural racism, including structurally racist policies and practices, as the main factor contributing to historical and contemporary disparities. Structurally racist policies and practices have been present since the genesis of the United States and are also at the root of environmental injustices, which result in disproportionately high exposure to environmental hazards among communities targeted for marginalization, increased cancer risk, disruptions in access to care, and worsening health outcomes. In addition to widening cancer disparities, environmental injustices enable the development of polluting infrastructure, which contribute to detrimental health outcomes in the entire population, and to climate change, the most pressing public health challenge of our time. In this commentary, we describe the connections between climate change and cancer through an Environmental Justice perspective (defined as the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of people of all racialized groups, nationalities, or income, in all aspects, including development, implementation, and enforcement, of policies and practices that affect the environment and public health), highlighting how the expertise developed in communities targeted for marginalization is crucial for addressing health disparities, tackling climate change, and advancing cancer control efforts for the entire population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia M Nogueira
- Surveillance and Health Equity Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - K Robin Yabroff
- Surveillance and Health Equity Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Bramer LM, Dixon HM, Degnan DJ, Rohlman D, Herbstman JB, Anderson KA, Waters KM. Expanding the access of wearable silicone wristbands in community-engaged research through best practices in data analysis and integration. PACIFIC SYMPOSIUM ON BIOCOMPUTING. PACIFIC SYMPOSIUM ON BIOCOMPUTING 2024; 29:170-186. [PMID: 38160278 PMCID: PMC10766083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Wearable silicone wristbands are a rapidly growing exposure assessment technology that offer researchers the ability to study previously inaccessible cohorts and have the potential to provide a more comprehensive picture of chemical exposure within diverse communities. However, there are no established best practices for analyzing the data within a study or across multiple studies, thereby limiting impact and access of these data for larger meta-analyses. We utilize data from three studies, from over 600 wristbands worn by participants in New York City and Eugene, Oregon, to present a first-of-its-kind manuscript detailing wristband data properties. We further discuss and provide concrete examples of key areas and considerations in common statistical modeling methods where best practices must be established to enable meta-analyses and integration of data from multiple studies. Finally, we detail important and challenging aspects of machine learning, meta-analysis, and data integration that researchers will face in order to extend beyond the limited scope of individual studies focused on specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Bramer
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd Richland, WA 99354, United States,
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Arnold C. From Canaries to Cats: Domestic Animals as Sentinels for Human Exposure Effects. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:112001. [PMID: 37966804 PMCID: PMC10650500 DOI: 10.1289/ehp12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
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Bramer LM, Dixon HM, Degnan DJ, Rohlman D, Herbstman JB, Anderson KA, Waters KM. Expanding the access of wearable silicone wristbands in community-engaged research through best practices in data analysis and integration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.29.560217. [PMID: 37873084 PMCID: PMC10592864 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.29.560217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Wearable silicone wristbands are a rapidly growing exposure assessment technology that offer researchers the ability to study previously inaccessible cohorts and have the potential to provide a more comprehensive picture of chemical exposure within diverse communities. However, there are no established best practices for analyzing the data within a study or across multiple studies, thereby limiting impact and access of these data for larger meta-analyses. We utilize data from three studies, from over 600 wristbands worn by participants in New York City and Eugene, Oregon, to present a first-of-its-kind manuscript detailing wristband data properties. We further discuss and provide concrete examples of key areas and considerations in common statistical modeling methods where best practices must be established to enable meta-analyses and integration of data from multiple studies. Finally, we detail important and challenging aspects of machine learning, meta-analysis, and data integration that researchers will face in order to extend beyond the limited scope of individual studies focused on specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Bramer
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd Richland, WA 99354, United States
| | - Holly M Dixon
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1007 Agriculture & Life Sciences Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - David J Degnan
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd Richland, WA 99354, United States
| | - Diana Rohlman
- College of Health, Oregon State University, 103 SW Memorial Place, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Julie B Herbstman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York City, NY 10032, United States
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1007 Agriculture & Life Sciences Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Katrina M Waters
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd Richland, WA 99354, United States
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1007 Agriculture & Life Sciences Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
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8
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Okeme JO, Koelmel JP, Johnson E, Lin EZ, Gao D, Pollitt KJG. Wearable Passive Samplers for Assessing Environmental Exposure to Organic Chemicals: Current Approaches and Future Directions. Curr Environ Health Rep 2023:10.1007/s40572-023-00392-w. [PMID: 36821032 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-023-00392-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We are continuously exposed to dynamic mixtures of airborne contaminants that vary by location. Understanding the compositional diversity of these complex mixtures and the levels to which we are each exposed requires comprehensive exposure assessment. This comprehensive analysis is often lacking in population-based studies due to logistic and analytical challenges associated with traditional measurement approaches involving active air sampling and chemical-by-chemical analysis. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of wearable passive samplers as alternative tools to active samplers in environmental health research. The review highlights the advances and challenges in using wearable passive samplers for assessing personal exposure to organic chemicals and further presents a framework to enable quantitative measurements of exposure and expanded use of this monitoring approach to the population scale. RECENT FINDINGS Overall, wearable passive samplers are promising tools for assessing personal exposure to environmental contaminants, evident by the increased adoption and use of silicone-based devices in recent years. When combined with high throughput chemical analysis, these exposure assessment tools present opportunities for advancing our ability to assess personal exposures to complex mixtures. Most designs of wearable passive samplers used for assessing exposure to semi-volatile organic chemicals are currently uncalibrated, thus, are mostly used for qualitative research. The challenge with using wearable samplers for quantitative exposure assessment mostly lies with the inherent complexity in calibrating these wearable devices. Questions remain regarding how they perform under various conditions and the uncertainty of exposure estimates. As popularity of these samplers grows, it is critical to understand the uptake kinetics of chemicals and the different environmental and meteorological conditions that can introduce variability. Wearable passive samplers enable evaluation of exposure to hundreds of chemicals. The review presents the state-of-the-art of technology for assessing personal exposure to environmental chemicals. As more studies calibrate wearable samplers, these tools present promise for quantitatively assessing exposure at both the individual and population levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O Okeme
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 523, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jeremy P Koelmel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 523, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Emily Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 523, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Elizabeth Z Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 523, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Dong Gao
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 523, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 523, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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DeLay K, Lin EZ, Koelmel JP, Bornman R, Obida M, Chevrier J, Godri Pollitt KJ. Personal air pollutant exposure monitoring in South African children in the VHEMBE birth cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107524. [PMID: 36260950 PMCID: PMC9982749 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The burden of disease associated with environmental exposures disproportionately impacts residents of low- and middle-income countries. Children living in rural regions of these countries may experience higher exposure to insecticides from indoor residual spraying used for malaria control and household air pollution. This study evaluated environmental exposures of children living in a rural region of South Africa. Quantifying exposure levels and identifying characteristics that are associated with exposure in this geographic region has been challenging due to limitations with available monitoring techniques. Wearable passive samplers have recently been shown to be a convenient and reliable tool for assessing personal exposures. In this study, a passive sampler wristband, known as Fresh Air wristband, was worn by 49 children (five-years of age) residing in the Limpopo province of South Africa. The study leveraged ongoing research within the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies, and their Environment (VHEMBE) birth cohort. A wide range of chemicals (35 in total) were detected using the wristbands, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides, phthalates, and organophosphate esters (OPEs) flame retardants. Higher concentrations of PAHs were observed among children from households that fell below the food poverty threshold, did not have access to electric cookstoves/burners, or reported longer times of cooking or burning materials during the sampling period. Concentrations of p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDT were also found to be elevated for children from households falling below the food poverty threshold as well as for children whose households were sprayed for malaria control within the previous 1.5 years. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using passive sampler wristbands as a non-invasive method for personal exposure assessment of children in rural regions of South Africa to complex mixtures environmental contaminants derived from a combination of sources. Future studies are needed to further identify and understand the effects of airborne environmental contaminants on childhood development and strategies to mitigate exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayley DeLay
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Elizabeth Z Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jeremy P Koelmel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Riana Bornman
- University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control and School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Muvhulawa Obida
- University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control and School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Chevrier
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Amolegbe SM, Lopez AR, Velasco ML, Carlin DJ, Heacock ML, Henry HF, Trottier BA, Suk WA. Adapting to Climate Change: Leveraging Systems-Focused Multidisciplinary Research to Promote Resilience. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14674. [PMID: 36429393 PMCID: PMC9690097 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 2000 official and potential Superfund sites are located within 25 miles of the East or Gulf coasts, many of which will be at risk of flooding as sea levels rise. More than 60 million people across the United States live within 3 miles of a Superfund site. Disentangling multifaceted environmental health problems compounded by climate change requires a multidisciplinary systems approach to inform better strategies to prevent or reduce exposures and protect human health. The purpose of this minireview is to present the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Superfund Research Program (SRP) as a useful model of how this systems approach can help overcome the challenges of climate change while providing flexibility to pivot to additional needs as they arise. It also highlights broad-ranging SRP-funded research and tools that can be used to promote health and resilience to climate change in diverse contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Amolegbe
- Superfund Research Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | | | | | - Danielle J. Carlin
- Superfund Research Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Michelle L. Heacock
- Superfund Research Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Heather F. Henry
- Superfund Research Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Brittany A. Trottier
- Superfund Research Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - William A. Suk
- Superfund Research Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Durham, NC 27709, USA
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Samon SM, Hammel SC, Stapleton HM, Anderson KA. Silicone wristbands as personal passive sampling devices: Current knowledge, recommendations for use, and future directions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 169:107339. [PMID: 36116363 PMCID: PMC9713950 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Personal chemical exposure assessment is necessary to determine the frequency and magnitude of individual chemical exposures, especially since chemicals present in everyday environments may lead to adverse health outcomes. In the last decade, silicone wristbands have emerged as a new chemical exposure assessment tool and have since been utilized for assessing personal exposure to a wide range of chemicals in a variety of populations. Silicone wristbands can be powerful tools for quantifying personal exposure to chemical mixtures in a single sample, associating exposure with health outcomes, and potentially overcoming some of the challenges associated with quantifying the chemical exposome. However, as their popularity grows, it is crucial that they are used in the appropriate context and within the limits of the technology. This review serves as a guide for researchers interested in utilizing silicone wristbands as a personal exposure assessment tool. Along with briefly discussing the passive sampling theory behind silicone wristbands, this review performs an in-depth comparison of wristbands to other common exposure assessment tools, including biomarkers of exposure measured in biospecimens, and evaluates their utility in exposure assessments and epidemiological studies. Finally, this review includes recommendations for utilizing silicone wristbands to evaluate personal chemical exposure and provides suggestions on what research is needed to recognize silicone wristbands as a premier chemical exposure assessment tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Samon
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Stephanie C Hammel
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.
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Deziel NC, Clark CJ, Casey JA, Bell ML, Plata DL, Saiers JE. Assessing Exposure to Unconventional Oil and Gas Development: Strengths, Challenges, and Implications for Epidemiologic Research. Curr Environ Health Rep 2022; 9:436-450. [PMID: 35522388 PMCID: PMC9363472 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-022-00358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Epidemiologic studies have observed elevated health risks in populations living near unconventional oil and gas development (UOGD). In this narrative review, we discuss strengths and limitations of UOG exposure assessment approaches used in or available for epidemiologic studies, emphasizing studies of children's health outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS Exposure assessment challenges include (1) numerous potential stressors with distinct spatiotemporal patterns, (2) critical exposure windows that cover long periods and occur in the past, and (3) limited existing monitoring data coupled with the resource-intensiveness of collecting new exposure measurements to capture spatiotemporal variation. All epidemiologic studies used proximity-based models for exposure assessment as opposed to surveys, biomonitoring, or environmental measurements. Nearly all studies used aggregate (rather than pathway-specific) models, which are useful surrogates for the complex mix of potential hazards. Simple and less-specific exposure assessment approaches have benefits in terms of scalability, interpretability, and relevance to specific policy initiatives such as set-back distances. More detailed and specific models and metrics, including dispersion methods and stressor-specific models, could reduce exposure misclassification, illuminate underlying exposure pathways, and inform emission control and exposure mitigation strategies. While less practical in a large population, collection of multi-media environmental and biological exposure measurements would be feasible in cohort subsets. Such assessments are well-suited to provide insights into the presence and magnitude of exposures to UOG-related stressors in relation to spatial surrogates and to better elucidate the plausibility of observed effects in both children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C. Deziel
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St., New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Cassandra J. Clark
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St., New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Joan A. Casey
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 630 West 168th Street, Room 16-416, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Michelle L. Bell
- Yale School of the Environment, 195 Prospect St., New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Desiree L. Plata
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Parsons Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 15 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - James E. Saiers
- Yale School of the Environment, 195 Prospect St., New Haven, CT 06511 USA
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13
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Ghetu C, Rohlman D, Smith BW, Scott RP, Adams KA, Hoffman PD, Anderson KA. Wildfire Impact on Indoor and Outdoor PAH Air Quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10042-10052. [PMID: 35803593 PMCID: PMC9301925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Air quality impacts from wildfires are poorly understood, particularly indoors. As frequencies increase, it is important to optimize methodologies to understand and reduce chemical exposures from wildfires. Public health recommendations use air quality estimates from outdoor stationary air monitors, discounting indoor air conditions, and do not consider chemicals in the vapor phase, known to elicit adverse effects. We investigated vapor-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor and outdoor air before, during, and after wildfires using a community-engaged research approach. Paired passive air samplers were deployed at 15 locations across four states. Twelve unique PAHs were detected only in outdoor air during wildfires, highlighting a PAH exposure mixture for future study. Heavy-molecular-weight (HMW) outdoor PAH concentrations and average Air Quality Index (AQI) values were positively correlated (p < 0.001). Indoor PAH concentrations were higher in 77% of samples across all sampling events. Even during wildfires, 58% of sampled locations still had higher indoor PAH air concentrations. When AQI values exceeded 140 (unhealthy for sensitive groups), outdoor PAH concentrations became similar to or higher than indoors. Cancer and noncancer inhalation risk estimates from vapor-phase PAHs were higher indoors than outdoors, regardless of the wildfire impact. Consideration of indoor air quality and vapor-phase PAHs could inform public health recommendations regarding wildfires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine
C. Ghetu
- Department
of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Diana Rohlman
- College
of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Brian W. Smith
- Department
of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Richard P. Scott
- Department
of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Kaley A. Adams
- Department
of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Peter D. Hoffman
- Department
of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Kim A. Anderson
- Department
of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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14
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Lin EZ, Nichols A, Zhou Y, Koelmel JP, Godri Pollitt KJ. Characterizing the external exposome using passive samplers-comparative assessment of chemical exposures using different wearable form factors. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022:10.1038/s41370-022-00456-3. [PMID: 35840784 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00456-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organic contaminants are released into the air from building materials/furnishings, personal care, and household products. Wearable passive samplers have emerged as tools to characterize personal chemical exposures. The optimal placement of these samplers on an individual to best capture airborne exposures has yet to be evaluated. OBJECTIVE To compare personal exposure to airborne contaminants detected using wearable passive air samplers placed at different positions on the body. METHODS Participants (n = 32) simultaneously wore four passive Fresh Air samplers, on their head, chest, wrist, and foot for 24 hours. Exposure to 56 airborne organic contaminants was evaluated using thermal desorption gas chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry with a targeted data analysis approach. RESULTS Distinct exposure patterns were detected by samplers positioned on different parts of the body. Chest and wrist samplers were the most similar with correlations identified for 20% of chemical exposures (Spearman's Rho > 0.8, p < 0.05). In contrast, the greatest differences were found for head and foot samplers with the weakest correlations across evaluated exposures (8% compounds, Spearman's Rho > 0.8, p < 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE The placement of wearable passive air samplers influences the exposures captured and should be considered in future exposure and epidemiological studies. IMPACT STATEMENT Traditional approaches for assessing personal exposure to airborne contaminants with active samplers presents challenges due to their cost, size, and weight. Wearable passive samplers have recently emerged as a non-invasive, lower cost tool for measuring environmental exposures. While these samplers can be worn on different parts of the body, their position can influence the type of exposure that is captured. This study comprehensively evaluates the exposure to airborne chemical contaminants measured at different passive sampler positions worn on the head, chest, wrist, and foot. Findings provide guidance on sampler placement based on chemicals and emission sources of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Z Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Amy Nichols
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yakun Zhou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeremy P Koelmel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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15
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Associating Increased Chemical Exposure to Hurricane Harvey in a Longitudinal Panel Using Silicone Wristbands. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116670. [PMID: 35682254 PMCID: PMC9180596 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Hurricane Harvey was associated with flood-related damage to chemical plants and oil refineries, and the flooding of hazardous waste sites, including 13 Superfund sites. As clean-up efforts began, concerns were raised regarding the human health impact of possible increased chemical exposure resulting from the hurricane and subsequent flooding. Personal sampling devices in the form of silicone wristbands were deployed to a longitudinal panel of individuals (n = 99) within 45 days of the hurricane and again one year later in the Houston metropolitan area. Using gas chromatography−mass spectroscopy, each wristband was screened for 1500 chemicals and analyzed for 63 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Chemical exposure levels found on the wristbands were generally higher post-Hurricane Harvey. In the 1500 screen, 188 chemicals were detected, 29 were detected in at least 30% of the study population, and of those, 79% (n = 23) were found in significantly higher concentrations (p < 0.05) post-Hurricane Harvey. Similarly, in PAH analysis, 51 chemicals were detected, 31 were detected in at least 30% of the study population, and 39% (n = 12) were found at statistically higher concentrations (p < 0.05) post-Hurricane Harvey. This study indicates that there were increased levels of chemical exposure after Hurricane Harvey in the Houston metropolitan area.
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16
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Calderon JL, Sorensen C, Lemery J, Workman CF, Linstadt H, Bazilian MD. Managing upstream oil and gas emissions: A public health oriented approach. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 310:114766. [PMID: 35228168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oil and natural gas are the largest primary global energy sources, and upstream gas emissions from these fuels can impact global climate change and local public health. This paper employs a public health-oriented perspective that reviews grey and academic literature, industry data, technical reports, and policy trends to highlight issues of emissions monitoring. We identify gaps in the existing landscape of emissions reduction strategies and highlight options for addressing them. Policy recommendations include the use of new digital monitoring technologies to better understand causes of emission events, to create data-driven oil and gas regulations, and to begin accurately measuring the volumes of gases released during oil and gas production. Areas for future research relating to emissions and public health impacts are outlined to further enable oil and gas policy discussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L Calderon
- The Payne Institute for Public Policy, Colorado School of Mines, 816 15th St, Golden, CO, USA.
| | - C Sorensen
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado, 13001 East 17th Place, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - J Lemery
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado, 13001 East 17th Place, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - C F Workman
- The Payne Institute for Public Policy, Colorado School of Mines, 816 15th St, Golden, CO, USA
| | - H Linstadt
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado, 13001 East 17th Place, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - M D Bazilian
- The Payne Institute for Public Policy, Colorado School of Mines, 816 15th St, Golden, CO, USA
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17
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Mendoza-Sanchez I, Uwak I, Myatt L, Van Cleve A, Pulczinski JC, Rychlik KA, Sweet S, Ramani T, Zietsman J, Zamora ML, Koehler K, Carrillo G, Johnson NM. Maternal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in South Texas, evaluation of silicone wristbands as personal passive samplers. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 32:280-288. [PMID: 34131287 PMCID: PMC8920889 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00348-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is associated with adverse health effects in children. Valid exposure assessment methods with accurate spatial and temporal resolution across pregnancy is a critical need for advancing environmental health studies. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to quantify maternal PAH exposure in pregnant women residing in McAllen, Texas where the prematurity rate and childhood asthma prevalence rates are high. A secondary objective was to compare PAH levels in silicone wristbands deployed as passive samplers with concentrations measured using standardized active air-sampling techniques. METHODS Participants carried a backpack that contained air-sampling equipment (i.e., filter and XAD sorbent) and a silicone wristband (i.e., passive sampler) for three nonconsecutive 24-h periods. Filters, XAD tubes, and wristbands were analyzed for PAHs. RESULTS The median level of exposure for the sum of 16 PAHs measured via active sampling over 24 h was 5.54 ng/m3 (filters) and 43.82 ng/m3 (XADs). The median level measured in wristbands (WB) was 586.82 ng/band. Concentrations of the PAH compounds varied across sampling matrix type. Phenanthrene and fluorene were consistently measured for all participants and in all matrix types. Eight additional volatile PAHs were measured in XADs and WBs; the median level of exposure for the sum of these eight PAHs was 342.98 ng/m3 (XADs) and 632.27 ng/band. The silicone wristbands (WB) and XAD sorbents bound 1-methynaphthalyne, 2-methylnaphthalene, biphenyl following similar patterns of detection. SIGNIFICANCE Since prior studies indicate linkages between PAH exposure and adverse health outcomes in children at the PAH levels detected in our study, further investigation on the associated health effects is needed. Data reflect the ability of silicone wristbands to bind smaller molecular weight, semivolatile PAHs similar to XAD resin. Application of wristbands as passive samplers may be useful in studies evaluating semivolatile PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itza Mendoza-Sanchez
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&M University School of Public Health, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Inyang Uwak
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&M University School of Public Health, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Louise Myatt
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&M University School of Public Health, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Allison Van Cleve
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&M University School of Public Health, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jairus C Pulczinski
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristal A Rychlik
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen Sweet
- Geochemical and Environmental Research Group, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Tara Ramani
- Environment and Air Quality Division, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Josias Zietsman
- Environment and Air Quality Division, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Misti Levy Zamora
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kirsten Koehler
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Genny Carrillo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&M University School of Public Health, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Natalie M Johnson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&M University School of Public Health, College Station, TX, USA.
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18
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Hamzai L, Lopez Galvez N, Hoh E, Dodder NG, Matt GE, Quintana PJ. A systematic review of the use of silicone wristbands for environmental exposure assessment, with a focus on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 32:244-258. [PMID: 34302044 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure assessment is critical for connecting environmental pollutants to health outcomes and evaluating impacts of interventions or environmental policies. Silicone wristbands (SWBs) show promise for multi-pollutant exposure assessment, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a ubiquitous class of toxic environmental pollutants. OBJECTIVE To review published studies where SWBs were worn on the wrist for human environmental exposure assessments and evaluate the ability of SWBs to capture personal exposures, identify gaps which need to be addressed to implement this tool, and make recommendations for future studies to advance the field of exposure science through utilization of SWBs. METHODS We performed a systematic search and a cited reference search in Scopus and extracted key study descriptions. RESULTS Thirty-nine unique studies were identified, with analytes including PAHs, pesticides, flame retardants, and tobacco products. SWBs were shipped under ambient conditions without apparent analyte loss, indicating utility for global exposure and health studies. Nineteen articles detected a total of 60 PAHs in at least one SWB. Correlations with other concurrent biological and air measurements indicate the SWB captures exposure to flame retardants, tobacco products, and PAHs. SIGNIFICANCE SWBs show promise as a simple-to-deploy tool to estimate environmental and occupational exposures to chemical mixtures, including PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Hamzai
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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19
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Wacławik M, Rodzaj W, Wielgomas B. Silicone Wristbands in Exposure Assessment: Analytical Considerations and Comparison with Other Approaches. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19041935. [PMID: 35206121 PMCID: PMC8872583 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19041935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to numerous potentially harmful chemicals throughout their lifetime. Although many studies have addressed this issue, the data on chronic exposure is still lacking. Hence, there is a growing interest in methods and tools allowing to longitudinally track personal exposure to multiple chemicals via different routes. Since the seminal work, silicone wristbands (WBs) have been increasingly used to facilitate human exposure assessment, as using WBs as a wearable sampler offers new insights into measuring chemical risks involved in many ambient and occupational scenarios. However, the literature lacks a detailed overview regarding methodologies being used; a comprehensive comparison with other approaches of personal exposure assessment is needed as well. Therefore, the aim of this review is fourfold. First, we summarize hitherto conducted research that employed silicone WBs as personal passive samplers. Second, all pre-analytical and analytical steps used to obtain exposure data are discussed. Third, we compare main characteristics of WBs with key features of selected matrices used in exposure assessment, namely urine, blood, hand wipes, active air sampling, and settled dust. Finally, we discuss future needs of research employing silicone WBs. Our work shows a variety of possibilities, advantages, and caveats associated with employment of silicone WBs as personal passive samplers. Although further research is necessary, silicone WBs have already been proven valuable as a tool for longitudinal assessment of personal exposure.
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20
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Fuentes ZC, Schwartz YL, Robuck AR, Walker DI. Operationalizing the Exposome Using Passive Silicone Samplers. CURRENT POLLUTION REPORTS 2022; 8:1-29. [PMID: 35004129 PMCID: PMC8724229 DOI: 10.1007/s40726-021-00211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The exposome, which is defined as the cumulative effect of environmental exposures and corresponding biological responses, aims to provide a comprehensive measure for evaluating non-genetic causes of disease. Operationalization of the exposome for environmental health and precision medicine has been limited by the lack of a universal approach for characterizing complex exposures, particularly as they vary temporally and geographically. To overcome these challenges, passive sampling devices (PSDs) provide a key measurement strategy for deep exposome phenotyping, which aims to provide comprehensive chemical assessment using untargeted high-resolution mass spectrometry for exposome-wide association studies. To highlight the advantages of silicone PSDs, we review their use in population studies and evaluate the broad range of applications and chemical classes characterized using these samplers. We assess key aspects of incorporating PSDs within observational studies, including the need to preclean samplers prior to use to remove impurities that interfere with compound detection, analytical considerations, and cost. We close with strategies on how to incorporate measures of the external exposome using PSDs, and their advantages for reducing variability in exposure measures and providing a more thorough accounting of the exposome. Continued development and application of silicone PSDs will facilitate greater understanding of how environmental exposures drive disease risk, while providing a feasible strategy for incorporating untargeted, high-resolution characterization of the external exposome in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Coates Fuentes
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY USA
| | - Yuri Levin Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY USA
| | - Anna R. Robuck
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY USA
| | - Douglas I. Walker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY USA
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21
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Poutasse CM, Haddock CK, Poston WSC, Jahnke SA, Tidwell LG, Bonner EM, Hoffman PD, Anderson KA. Firefighter exposures to potential endocrine disrupting chemicals measured by military-style silicone dog tags. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106914. [PMID: 34649051 PMCID: PMC8757287 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies suggest that exposure to potential endocrine disrupting chemicals (pEDCs) may contribute to adverse health outcomes, but pEDC exposures among firefighters have not been fully characterized. Previously, we demonstrated the military-style silicone dog tag as a personal passive sampling device for assessing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposures among structural firefighters. This follow-up analysis examined the pEDC exposures based on department call volume, duty shift, and questionnaire variables. Structural firefighters (n = 56) were from one high and one low fire call volume department (Kansas City, MO metropolitan area) and wore separate dog tags while on- and off-duty (ndogtags = 110). The targeted 1530 analyte semi-quantitative screening method was conducted using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (npEDCs = 433). A total of 47 pEDCs were detected, and several less-frequently-detected pEDCs (<75%) were more commonly detected in off- compared to on-duty dog tags (conditional logistic regression). Of the 11 phthalates and fragrances detected most frequently (>75%), off-duty pEDC concentrations were strongly correlated (r = 0.31-0.82, p < 0.05), suggesting co-applications of phthalates and fragrances in consumer products. Questionnaire variables of "regular use of conventional cleaning products" and "fireplace in the home" were associated with select elevated pEDC concentrations by duty shift (paired t-test). This suggested researchers should include detailed questions about consumer product use and home environment when examining personal pEDC exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Poutasse
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Christopher K Haddock
- Center for Fire, Rescue, and EMS Health Research, NDRI-USA, Leawood, KS 66224, United States
| | - Walker S C Poston
- Center for Fire, Rescue, and EMS Health Research, NDRI-USA, Leawood, KS 66224, United States
| | - Sara A Jahnke
- Center for Fire, Rescue, and EMS Health Research, NDRI-USA, Leawood, KS 66224, United States
| | - Lane G Tidwell
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Emily M Bonner
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Peter D Hoffman
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States.
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22
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Guerrero-Useda ME. Contaminación físico química en zonas de fracking. REVISTA POLITÉCNICA 2021. [DOI: 10.33571/rpolitec.v17n34a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A pesar del consenso científico hacia la necesidad de limitar el calentamiento global, la urgencia por la provisión autónoma de recursos energéticos ha llevado a muchos Estados a autorizar proyectos que aplican técnicas no convencionales de extracción de combustibles fósiles, como es el caso de la perforación horizontal y la fracturación hidráulica de esquisto de gran volumen. Aunque son pocos los estudios que presentan evidencias concluyentes, estas técnicas son acusadas de acarrear peligros al ambiente y la salud de las personas que trabajan y habitan zonas de fracking, de tal manera que los Estados están ante la disyuntiva de extender algunos años la autonomía energética exprimiendo hasta el final sus reversas de gas natural y petróleo, o buscar algún equilibrio con el planeta moviéndose hacia fuentes energéticas más sostenibles. A partir de la revisión de trabajos que presentan evidencias de contaminación física y química y otros impactos al ambiente en zonas donde se ha desarrollado la técnica del fracking, se presenta un panorama de riesgos para las personas que habitan cerca de plataformas de extracción y los peligros de desarrollar proyectos de fracking en zonas climáticas tropicales.
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23
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Bakali U, Baum JLR, Killawala C, Kobetz EN, Solle NS, Deo SK, Caban-Martinez AJ, Bachas LG, Daunert S. Mapping carcinogen exposure across urban fire incident response arenas using passive silicone-based samplers. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 228:112929. [PMID: 34768049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogens are emitted in significant quantities at fire scenes and are a major contributor in the increased cancer risk observed in firefighters when compared to the general population. A knowledge gap exists in the current understanding of the distribution of these toxic compounds within a localized fire incident response arena. Here, we employ stationary silicone-based passive samplers at controlled live fire trainings to evaluate the deposition behavior of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted by fires. Our findings indicate significantly greater total PAH exposure in fires fueled by biomass and wood compared to fires burning cleaner fuels, such as propane. A 22% increase in total PAH deposition and a 68% increase in high molecular weight PAH deposition was recorded for biomass fueled fires compared to propane fueled fires. Furthermore, we observe that heavier molecular weight PAHs exhibit a pronounced deposition front within a certain radius of the hot zone, whereas low molecular weight PAHs are more uniformly distributed throughout the area. These findings highlight that the warm zones and cold zones of fire situations yield elevated levels of carcinogen exposure to first responders within them. We anticipate that these findings will help inform decisions made by emergency personnel when evaluating risk for the hot zone, warm zone, and cold zone of urban fires helping ease the carcinogenic risk experienced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Bakali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jeramy L R Baum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Chitvan Killawala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Erin N Kobetz
- Public Health Sciences and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, USA; Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, USA
| | - Natasha Schaefer Solle
- Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, USA
| | - Sapna K Deo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, USA
| | - Alberto J Caban-Martinez
- Public Health Sciences and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, USA
| | | | - Sylvia Daunert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, USA.
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24
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Clark CJ, Warren JL, Kadan-Lottick N, Ma X, Bell ML, Saiers JE, Deziel NC. Community concern and government response: Identifying socio-economic and demographic predictors of oil and gas complaints and drinking water impairments in Pennsylvania. ENERGY RESEARCH & SOCIAL SCIENCE 2021; 76:102070. [PMID: 34123731 PMCID: PMC8192069 DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2021.102070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Oil and gas development has led to environmental hazards and community concerns, particularly in relation to water supply issues. Filing complaints with state agencies enables citizens to register concerns and seek investigations. We evaluated associations between county-level socio-economic and demographic factors, oil and gas drilling, and three outcomes in Pennsylvania between 2004-2016: number of oil and gas complaints filed, and both the number and proportion of state investigations of water supply complaints yielding a confirmed water supply impairment (i.e., "positive determination"). We used hierarchical Bayesian Poisson and binomial regression analyses. From 2004-2016, 9,404 oil and gas-related complaints were filed, of which 4,099 were water supply complaints. Of those, 3,906 received investigations, and 215 yielded positive determinations. We observed a 47% increase in complaints filed per $10,000 increase in annual median household income (MHI) (Rate Ratio [RR]: 1.47, 95% credible interval [CI]: 1.09-1.96) and an 18% increase per 1% increase in educational attainment (RR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.11-1.26). While the number of complaints filed did not vary by race/ethnicity, the odds of a complaint yielding a positive determination were 0.81 times lower in counties with a higher proportion of marginalized populations (Odds Ratio [OR]: 0.81 per 1% increase in percent Black, Asian, and Native American populations combined, 95% CI: 0.64-0.99). The odds of positive determinations were also lower in areas with higher income (OR per $10,000 increase in MHI: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.09-0.96). Our results suggest these relationships are complex and may indicate potential environmental and procedural inequities, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra J. Clark
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven CT, 06510, United States
| | - Joshua L. Warren
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven CT, 06510, United States
| | - Nina Kadan-Lottick
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States
| | - Xiaomei Ma
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven CT, 06510, United States
| | - Michelle L. Bell
- Yale School of the Environment, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven CT, 06511, United States
| | - James E. Saiers
- Yale School of the Environment, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven CT, 06511, United States
| | - Nicole C. Deziel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven CT, 06510, United States
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Travis SC, Kordas K, Aga DS. Optimized workflow for unknown screening using gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry expands identification of contaminants in silicone personal passive samplers. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9048. [PMID: 33444483 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Silicone wristbands have emerged as valuable passive samplers for monitoring of personal exposure to environmental contaminants in the rapidly developing field of exposomics. Once deployed, silicone wristbands collect and hold a wealth of chemical information that can be interrogated using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to provide a broad coverage of chemical mixtures. METHODS Gas chromatography coupled to Orbitrap™ mass spectrometry (GC/Orbitrap™ MS) was used to simultaneously perform suspect screening (using in-house database) and unknown screening (using vendor databases) of extracts from wristbands worn by volunteers. The goal of this study was to optimize a workflow that allows detection of low levels of priority pollutants, with high reliability. In this regard, a data processing workflow for GC/Orbitrap™ MS was developed using a mixture of 123 environmentally relevant standards consisting of pesticides, flame retardants, organophosphate esters, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as test compounds. RESULTS The optimized unknown screening workflow using a search index threshold of 750 resulted in positive identification of 70 analytes in validation samples, and a reduction in the number of false positives by over 50%. An average of 26 compounds with high confidence identification, 7 level 1 compounds and 19 level 2 compounds, were observed in worn wristbands. The data were further analyzed via suspect screening and retrospective suspect screening to identify an additional 36 compounds. CONCLUSIONS This study provides three important findings: (1) a clear evidence of the importance of sample cleanup in addressing complex sample matrices for unknown analysis, (2) a valuable workflow for the identification of unknown contaminants in silicone wristband samplers using electron ionization HRMS data, and (3) a novel application of GC/Orbitrap™ MS for the unknown analysis of organic contaminants that can be used in exposomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Travis
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY) Buffalo, New York, 14260, USA
| | - Katarzyna Kordas
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY) Buffalo, New York, 14214, USA
| | - Diana S Aga
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY) Buffalo, New York, 14260, USA
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Quintana PJE, Lopez-Galvez N, Dodder NG, Hoh E, Matt GE, Zakarian JM, Vyas M, Chu L, Akins B, Padilla S, Anderson KA, Hovell MF. Nicotine, Cotinine, and Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines Measured in Children's Silicone Wristbands in Relation to Secondhand Smoke and E-cigarette Vapor Exposure. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:592-599. [PMID: 33009807 PMCID: PMC8248526 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Simple silicone wristbands (WB) hold promise for exposure assessment in children. We previously reported strong correlations between nicotine in WB worn by children and urinary cotinine (UC). Here, we investigated differences in WB chemical concentrations among children exposed to secondhand smoke from conventional cigarettes (CC) or secondhand vapor from electronic cigarettes (EC), and children living with nonusers of either product (NS). METHODS Children (n = 53) wore three WB and a passive nicotine air sampler for 7 days and one WB for 2 days, and gave a urine sample on day 7. Caregivers reported daily exposures during the 7-day period. We determined nicotine, cotinine, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) concentrations in WB, nicotine in air samplers, and UC through isotope-dilution liquid chromatography with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. RESULTS Nicotine and cotinine levels in WB in children differentiated between groups of children recruited into NS, EC exposed, and CC exposed groups in a similar manner to UC. WB levels were significantly higher in the CC group (WB nicotine median 233.8 ng/g silicone, UC median 3.6 ng/mL, n = 15) than the EC group (WB nicotine median: 28.9 ng/g, UC 0.5 ng/mL, n = 19), and both CC and EC group levels were higher than the NS group (WB nicotine median: 3.7 ng/g, UC 0.1 ng/mL, n = 19). TSNAs, including the known carcinogen NNK, were detected in 39% of WB. CONCLUSIONS Silicone WB show promise for sensitive detection of exposure to tobacco-related contaminants from traditional and electronic cigarettes and have potential for tobacco control efforts. IMPLICATIONS Silicone WB worn by children can absorb nicotine, cotinine, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines, and amounts of these compounds are closely related to the child's urinary cotinine. Levels of tobacco-specific compounds in the silicone WB can distinguish patterns of children's exposure to secondhand smoke and e-cigarette vapor. Silicone WB are simple to use and acceptable to children and, therefore, may be useful for tobacco control activities such as parental awareness and behavior change, and effects of smoke-free policy implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Lopez-Galvez
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego State
University, San Diego, CA
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego State
University, San Diego, CA
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego,
CA
| | - Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego,
CA
| | - Joy M Zakarian
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego State
University, San Diego, CA
| | - Mansi Vyas
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego,
CA
| | - Linda Chu
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego,
CA
| | - Brittany Akins
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego,
CA
| | - Samuel Padilla
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego State
University, San Diego, CA
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University College of
Agricultural Sciences, Corvallis, OR
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Use of Exposomic Methods Incorporating Sensors in Environmental Epidemiology. Curr Environ Health Rep 2021; 8:34-41. [PMID: 33569731 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-021-00306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The exposome is a recently coined concept that comprises the totality of nongenetic factors that affect human health. It is recognized as a major conceptual advancement in environmental epidemiology, and there is increased demand for technologies that capture the spatial, temporal, and chemical variability of exposures across individuals (i.e., "exposomic sensors"). We review a selection of these tools, highlighting their strengths and limitations with regard to epidemiological research. RECENT FINDINGS Wearable passive samplers are emerging as promising exposomic sensors for individuals. In conjunction with targeted and untargeted assays, these sensors enable the measurement of complex multipollutant mixtures, which can include both known and previously unknown environmental contaminants. Because of their minimally burdensome and noninvasive nature, they are deployable among sensitive populations, such as seniors, pregnant women, and children. The integration of exposomic data captured by these sensors with other omic data (e.g., transcriptomic and metabolomic) presents exciting opportunities for investigating disease risk factors. For example, the linkage of exposomic sensor data with other omic data may indicate perturbation by multipollutant mixtures at multiple physiological levels, which would strengthen evidence of their effects and potentially indicate targets for interventions. However, there remain considerable theoretical and methodological challenges that must be overcome to realize the potential promise of omic integration. Through continued investment and improvement in exposomic sensor technologies, it may be possible to refine their application and reduce their outstanding limitations to advance the fields of exposure science and epidemiology.
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Lin Y, Gao X, Qiu X, Liu J, Tseng CH, Zhang JJ, Araujo JA, Zhu Y. Urinary carboxylic acid metabolites as possible novel biomarkers of exposures to alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 147:106325. [PMID: 33340988 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have found that alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (alkyl-PAHs) were more abundant in petrogenic sources (e.g., crude oil and its refined products) than pyrogenic sources of incomplete combustion. While urinary hydroxylated metabolites of unsubstituted PAHs have been widely used as biomarkers of PAHs exposures, little information is available as to the occurrence of alkyl-PAH metabolites. In this study, we have detected carboxylic acid metabolites of alkyl-naphthalene (2-NAPCA) and alkyl-phenanthrene (2-PHECA) in 314 urine samples repeatedly collected from 45 Los Angeles residents before, during, and after they spent ten weeks in Beijing in summers of 2014-2017. We found that traveling from Los Angeles to Beijing led to 348% (95% CI: 243 to 485%) and 209% (95% CI: 149 to 282%) increases in 2-NAPCA and 2-PHECA concentrations, respectively, which returned to baseline levels after participants came back to Los Angeles. The concentration ratio between 2-PHECA and hydroxy-phenanthrenes was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in Beijing (median: 0.40, IQR: 0.27-0.53) than in Los Angeles (median: 0.51, IQR: 0.32-0.77), where more than 5,000 active gas and oil wells were located. From 2014 to 2017, the concentration ratio of 2-PHECA to hydroxy-phenanthrenes increased by 28.7 (95%CI: 12.3 to 47.6) %/yr in Los Angeles and 18.6 (95%CI: 7.9 to 30.3) %/yr in Beijing, likely resulted from both cities' efforts to reduce pyrogenic emissions (e.g. vehicle exhaust). These results provided indirect evidence supporting the use of 2-PHECA to hydroxy-phenanthrene ratio as an index to reflect the relative exposure contributions from petrogenic and pyrogenic sources. While our study suggested that urinary PAHCAs may be novel biomarkers of exposure to alkyl-PAHs, future studies with external exposure characterization are warranted to further validate these biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Xueyao Gao
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
| | - Jinming Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Chi-Hong Tseng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Junfeng Jim Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China; Nicholas School of the Environment and Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jesus A Araujo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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Raez-Villanueva S, Perono GA, Jamshed L, Thomas PJ, Holloway AC. Effects of dibenzothiophene, a sulfur-containing heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and its alkylated congener, 2,4,7-trimethyldibenzothiophene, on placental trophoblast cell function. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:1367-1379. [PMID: 33314207 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide demand for petroleum products has resulted in increased oil and gas activities in many countries. Conventional and unconventional oil and gas extraction, production, and transport lead to increased levels of petroleum-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment. PAH exposure has profound effects on reproduction by affecting pathways involved in placental trophoblast cell function and impairing normal placental development and function-key contributors to reproductive success. However, other components found in petroleum and wastewaters from oil and gas extraction, including the sulfur-containing heterocyclic aromatic compounds such as dibenzothiophene (DBT) and its alkylated derivatives, may also impact reproductive success. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of exposure to DBT, a compound commonly detected in the environment, and one of its alkylated analogues, 2,4,7-trimethyldibenzothiophene (2,4,7-DBT), on steroidogenic and angiogenic pathways critical for mammalian development in placental trophoblast cells (HTR-8/SVneo cells). 2,4,7-DBT but not DBT increased estradiol output in association with increased tube-like formation (surrogate for angiogenesis). These changes in angiogenesis did not appear to be related to altered expression of the key placental angiogenic gene targets (ANGPTL4, VEGFA, and PGF). Neither compound showed a concentration related effect on progesterone synthesis or its receptor expression. Our results suggest that 2,4,7-DBT can disrupt key pathways important for placental trophoblast function and highlight the importance of determining the impact of exposure to both parent and alkylated compounds. Further, these data suggest that exposure to sulfur-containing heterocyclic aromatic compounds may lead to placental dysfunction and impact reproductive success at environmentally relevant levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Genevieve A Perono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laiba Jamshed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philippe J Thomas
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alison C Holloway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Baum JLR, Bakali U, Killawala C, Santiago KM, Dikici E, Kobetz EN, Solle NS, Deo S, Bachas L, Daunert S. Evaluation of silicone-based wristbands as passive sampling systems using PAHs as an exposure proxy for carcinogen monitoring in firefighters: Evidence from the firefighter cancer initiative. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 205:111100. [PMID: 32911453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Compared to the general population, firefighters are known to sustain greater levels of exposure to hazardous compounds, despite their personal protective equipment, also known as turnout gear. Among the most significant toxins that firefighters are chronically exposed to are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Additionally, firefighters have also been noted to exhibit an increased incidence of certain types of cancer. Considering a probable link between exposure to PAHs and increased rates of cancer in the fire service, we aim to document ambient chemical concentrations in the firefighter work environment. Our strategy involves the use of silicone-based wristbands that have the capacity to passively sorb PAHs. To determine if wristbands can serve as an effective chemical monitoring device for the fire service, silicone wristbands were pilot-tested as personal sampling devices for work environment risk monitoring in active-duty firefighters. Recovered wristbands underwent multiple extraction steps, followed by GC-MS analysis to demonstrate their efficacy in monitoring PAHs in the firefighter environment. Initial findings from all wristband samples taken from firefighters showed multiple exposures to various PAHs of concern for the health of the firefighters when in a fire environment. In addition to PAH monitoring, we examined known and potential sources of PAH contamination in their work environment. To that end, profiles of elevated PAH concentrations were documented at various fire stations throughout South Florida, for individual firefighters both during station duties and active fire response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeramy L R Baum
- Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Umer Bakali
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Chitvan Killawala
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Katerina M Santiago
- Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Emre Dikici
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Erin N Kobetz
- Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Natasha Schaefer Solle
- Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sapna Deo
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Sylvia Daunert
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA.
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Travis SC, Aga DS, Queirolo EI, Olson JR, Daleiro M, Kordas K. Catching flame retardants and pesticides in silicone wristbands: Evidence of exposure to current and legacy pollutants in Uruguayan children. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140136. [PMID: 32927574 PMCID: PMC10989841 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Children are exposed to many potentially toxic compounds in their daily lives and are vulnerable to the harmful effects. To date, very few non-invasive methods are available to quantify children's exposure to environmental chemicals. Due to their ease of implementation, silicone wristbands have emerged as passive samplers to study personal environmental exposures and have the potential to greatly increase our knowledge of chemical exposures in vulnerable population groups. Nevertheless, there is a limited number of studies monitoring children's exposures via silicone wristbands. In this study, we implemented this sampling technique in ongoing research activities in Montevideo, Uruguay which aim to monitor chemical exposures in a cohort of elementary school children. The silicone wristbands were worn by 24 children for 7 days; they were quantitatively analyzed using gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for 45 chemical pollutants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), and novel halogenated flame-retardant chemicals (NHFRs). All classes of chemicals, except NHFRs, were identified in the passive samplers. The average number of analytes detected in each wristband was 13 ±3. OPFRs were consistently the most abundant class of analytes detected. Median concentrations of ΣOPFRs, ΣPBDEs, ΣPCBs, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD)) were 1020, 3.00, 0.52 and 3.79 ng/g wristband, respectively. Two major findings result from this research; differences in trends of two OPFRs (TCPP and TDCPP) are observed between studies in Uruguay and the United States, and the detection of DDT, a chemical banned in several countries, suggests that children's exposure profiles in these settings may differ from other parts of the world. This was the first study to examine children's exposome in South America using silicone wristbands and clearly points to a need for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Travis
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY) Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Diana S Aga
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY) Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Elena I Queirolo
- Center for Research, Catholic University of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - James R Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY) Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Mónica Daleiro
- Center for Research, Catholic University of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Katarzyna Kordas
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY) Buffalo, New York, United States.
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Poutasse CM, Poston WSC, Jahnke SA, Haddock CK, Tidwell LG, Hoffman PD, Anderson KA. Discovery of firefighter chemical exposures using military-style silicone dog tags. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 142:105818. [PMID: 32521346 PMCID: PMC9985454 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Occupational chemical hazards in the fire service are hypothesized to play a role in increased cancer risk, and reliable sampling technologies are necessary for conducting firefighter chemical exposure assessments. This study presents the military-style dog tag as a new configuration of silicone passive sampling device to sample individual firefighters' exposures at one high and one low fire call volume department in the Kansas City, Missouri metropolitan area. The recruited firefighters (n = 56) wore separate dog tags to assess on- and off-duty exposures (ndogtags = 110), for a total of 30 24 h shifts. Using a 63 PAH method (GC-MS/MS), the tags detected 45 unique PAHs, of which 18 have not been previously reported as firefighting exposures. PAH concentrations were higher for on- compared to off-duty tags (0.25 < Cohen's d ≤ 0.80) and for the high compared to the low fire call volume department (0.25 ≤ d < 0.70). Using a 1530 analyte screening method (GC-MS), di-n-butyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, guaiacol, and DEET were commonly detected analytes. The number of fire attacks a firefighter participated in was more strongly correlated with PAH concentrations than firefighter rank or years in the fire service. This suggested that quantitative data should be employed for firefighter exposure assessments, rather than surrogate measures. Because several detected analytes are listed as possible carcinogens, future firefighter exposure studies should consider evaluating complex mixtures to assess individual health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Poutasse
- Department of Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Walker S C Poston
- Center for Fire, Rescue, and EMS Health Research, NDRI-USA, Leawood, KS 66224, USA
| | - Sara A Jahnke
- Center for Fire, Rescue, and EMS Health Research, NDRI-USA, Leawood, KS 66224, USA
| | | | - Lane G Tidwell
- Department of Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Peter D Hoffman
- Department of Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Department of Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Mullen KR, Rivera BN, Tidwell LG, Ivanek R, Anderson KA, Ainsworth DM. Environmental surveillance and adverse neonatal health outcomes in foals born near unconventional natural gas development activity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:138497. [PMID: 32434096 PMCID: PMC7430053 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies of neonatal health risks of unconventional natural gas development (UNGD) have not included comprehensive assessments of environmental chemical exposures. We investigated a clustering of dysphagic cases in neonatal foals born between 2014 and 2016 in an area of active UNGD in Pennsylvania (PA),USA. We evaluated equine biological data and environmental exposures on the affected PA farm and an unaffected New York (NY) farm owned by the same proprietor. Dams either spent their entire gestation on one farm or moved to the other farm in late gestation. Over the 21-month study period, physical examinations and blood/tissue samples were obtained from mares and foals on each farm. Grab samples of water, pasture soil and feed were collected; continuous passive sampling of air and water for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was performed. Dysphagia was evaluated as a binary variable; logistic regression was used to identify risk factors. Sixty-five foals were born, 17 (all from PA farm) were dysphagic. Odds of dysphagia increased with the dam residing on the PA farm for each additional month of gestation (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.2, 1.7, p = 6.0E-04). Males were more likely to be born dysphagic (OR = 5.5, 95% CI 1.2, 24.5, p = 0.03) than females. Prior to installation of a water filtration/treatment system, PA water concentrations of 3,6-dimethylphenanthrene (p = 6.0E-03), fluoranthene (p = 0.03), pyrene (p = 0.02) and triphenylene (p = 0.01) exceeded those in NY water. Compared to NY farm water, no concentrations of PAHs were higher in PA following installation of the water filtration/treatment system. We provide evidence of an uncommon adverse health outcome (dysphagia) in foals born near UNGD that was eliminated in subsequent years (2017-2019) following environmental management changes. Notably, this study demonstrates that domestic large animals such as horses can serve as important sentinels for human health risks associated with UNGD activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R Mullen
- Littleton Equine Medical Center, 8025 S. Santa Fe Dr., Littleton, CO 80120, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, Tower Rd., College of Veterinary Medicine-Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Brianna N Rivera
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Agricultural Life Sciences, Room 1007, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Lane G Tidwell
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Agricultural Life Sciences, Room 1007, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Renata Ivanek
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Tower Rd., College of Veterinary Medicine-Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Agricultural Life Sciences, Room 1007, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Dorothy M Ainsworth
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tower Rd., College of Veterinary Medicine-Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Wise CF, Hammel SC, Herkert N, Ma J, Motsinger-Reif A, Stapleton HM, Breen M. Comparative Exposure Assessment Using Silicone Passive Samplers Indicates That Domestic Dogs Are Sentinels To Support Human Health Research. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7409-7419. [PMID: 32401030 PMCID: PMC7655112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Silicone wristbands are promising passive samplers to support epidemiological studies in characterizing exposure to organic contaminants; however, investigating associated health risks remains challenging because of the latency period for many chronic diseases that take years to manifest. Dogs provide valuable insights as sentinels for exposure-related human disease because they share similar exposures in the home, have shorter life spans, share many clinical/biological features, and have closely related genomes. Here, we evaluated exposures among pet dogs and their owners using silicone dog tags and wristbands to determine if contaminant levels were correlated with validated exposure biomarkers. Significant correlations between measures on dog tags and wristbands were observed (rs = 0.38-0.90; p < 0.05). Correlations with their respective urinary biomarkers were stronger in dog tags compared to that in human wristbands (rs = 0.50-0.71; p < 0.01) for several organophosphate esters. This supports the value of using silicone bands with dogs to investigate health impacts on humans from shared exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F. Wise
- Department of Biological Sciences, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Program, North Carolina State University, 850 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Stephanie C. Hammel
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Nicholas Herkert
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Alison Motsinger-Reif
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Heather M. Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Matthew Breen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Program, North Carolina State University, 850 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
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Johnston J, Cushing L. Chemical Exposures, Health, and Environmental Justice in Communities Living on the Fenceline of Industry. Curr Environ Health Rep 2020; 7:48-57. [PMID: 31970715 PMCID: PMC7035204 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-020-00263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Polluting industries are more likely to be located in low-income communities of color who also experience greater social stressors that may make them more vulnerable than others to the health impacts of toxic chemical exposures. We describe recent developments in assessing pollutant exposures and health threats posed by industrial facilities using or releasing synthetic chemicals to nearby communities in the U.S. RECENT FINDINGS More people are living near oil and gas development due to the expansion of unconventional extraction techniques as well as near industrial animal operations, both with suggestive evidence of increased exposure to hazardous pollutants and adverse health effects. Legacy contamination continues to adversely impact a new generation of residents in fenceline communities, with recent studies documenting exposures to toxic metals and poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Researchers are also giving consideration to acute exposures resulting from inadvertent industrial chemical releases, including those resulting from extreme weather events linked to climate change. Natural experiments of industrial closures or cleanups provide compelling evidence that exposures from industry harm the health of nearby residents. New and legacy industries, coupled with climate change, present unique health risks to communities living near industry due to the release of toxic chemicals. Cumulative impacts from multiple stressors faced by environmental justice communities may amplify these adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Johnston
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Lara Cushing
- Department of Health Education, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Hendryx M, Wang S, Romanak KA, Salamova A, Venier M. Personal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Appalachian mining communities. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113501. [PMID: 31706774 PMCID: PMC6981027 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Coal mining activities may increase residential exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), but personal PAH exposures have not been studied in mining areas. We used silicone wristbands as passive personal samplers to estimate PAH exposures in coal mining communities in Central Appalachia in the United States. Adults (N = 101) wore wristbands for one week; 51 resided in communities within approximately three miles of surface mining sites, and 50 resided 10 or more miles from mining sites. Passive indoor polyurethane foam (PUF) sampling was conducted in residents' homes, and a sample of 16 outdoor PUF samples were also collected. Nine PAH congeners were commonly detected in wristbands (mean ± standard deviation), including phenanthrene (50.2 ± 68.7 ng/g), benz[a]anthracene (20.2 ± 58.2 ng/g), fluoranthene (19.4 ± 24.1 ng/g) and pyrene (15.2 ± 18.2 ng/g). Controlling for participant characteristics and season, participants living closer to mining sites had significantly higher levels of phenanthrene, fluorene, fluoranthene, pyrene and ∑PAHs in wristbands compared to participants living farther from mining. Indoor air showed no significant group differences except for pyrene, but outdoor air showed significant or marginally significant differences for phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene and ∑PAHs. The results suggest that mining community residents face exposure to outdoor mining-related pollutants, and demonstrate that personal silicone wristbands can be deployed as effective passive sampling devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hendryx
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, 1025 E, 7th St., Bloomington, USA.
| | - Shaorui Wang
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Kevin A Romanak
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Amina Salamova
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Marta Venier
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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Messier K, Tidwell L, Ghetu C, Rohlman D, Scott R, Bramer L, Dixon H, Waters K, Anderson K. Indoor versus Outdoor Air Quality during Wildfires. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2019; 6:696-701. [PMID: 32095488 PMCID: PMC7039657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The human behavioral modification recommendations during wildfire events are based on particulate matter and may be confounded by the potential risks of gas-phase pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Moreover, the majority of adults spend over 90 percent of their time indoors where there is an increased concern of indoor air quality during wildfire events. We address these timely concerns by evaluating paired indoor and outdoor PAH concentrations in residential locations and their relationship with satellite model-based categorization of wildfire smoke intensity. Low-density polyethylene passive air samplers were deployed at six urban sites for 1 week in Eugene, Oregon with matched indoor and outdoor samples and 24 h time resolution. Samples were then quantitatively analyzed for 63 PAH concentrations using gas-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A probabilistic principal components analysis was used to reduce all 63 PAHs into an aggregate measure. Linear regression of the first principal component against indoor versus outdoor shows that indoor gas-phase PAH concentrations are consistently equal to or greater than outdoor concentrations. Regression against a satellite-based model for wildfire smoke shows that outdoor, but not indoor gas-phase PAH concentrations are likely associated with wildfire events. These results point toward the need to include gas-phase pollutants such as PAHs in air pollution risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.P. Messier
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, United States of America
| | - L.G. Tidwell
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, United States of America
| | - C.C. Ghetu
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, United States of America
| | - D. Rohlman
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, United States of America
| | - R.P. Scott
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, United States of America
| | - L.M. Bramer
- Computational Analytics Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, 99352, Washington, United States of America
| | - H.M. Dixon
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, United States of America
| | - K.M. Waters
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, United States of America
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, United States of America
| | - K.A. Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, United States of America
- Corresponding author: Kim A. Anderson, Oregon State University, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, 1007 Agricultural and Life Sciences Building, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA, Telephone: (541) 737-8501, Fax: (541) 737-0497,
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Gholami F, Shavandi M, Dastgheib SMM, Amoozegar MA. The impact of calcium peroxide on groundwater bacterial diversity during naphthalene removal by permeable reactive barrier (PRB). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:35218-35226. [PMID: 31691896 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen-releasing compounds (ORCs) have recently gained much attention in contaminated groundwater remediation. We investigated the impact of calcium peroxide nanoparticles on the groundwater indigenous bacteria in a bioremediation process by permeable reactive barrier (PRB). Three sand-packed columns were applied, including (1) control column (fresh groundwater), (2) natural remediation column (contaminated groundwater), and (3) biostimulation column (contaminated groundwater amended with CaO2). Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria constituted the main phyla among the identified isolates. According to the results of next-generation sequencing, Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum (81% relative abundance) in the natural remediation condition. But, it was declined to 38.1% in the biostimulation column. Meanwhile, the abundance of Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes were increased to 25.9% and 15.4%, respectively, by exposing the groundwater microbial structure to CaO2 nanoparticles. Furthermore, orders Chlamydiales, Nitrospirales, and Oceanospirillales existing in the control column were detected in the presence of naphthalene. Shannon index was 4.32 for the control column samples, while it was reduced to 2.73 and 2.00 in the natural and biostimulation columns, respectively. Therefore, the present study provides a considerable insight into the impact of ORCs on the groundwater microbial community during the bioremediation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Gholami
- Extremophiles Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Shavandi
- Ecology and Environmental Pollution Control Research Group, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, P.O. Box: 14665-137, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammad Ali Amoozegar
- Extremophiles Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Quintana PJE, Hoh E, Dodder NG, Matt GE, Zakarian JM, Anderson KA, Akins B, Chu L, Hovell MF. Nicotine levels in silicone wristband samplers worn by children exposed to secondhand smoke and electronic cigarette vapor are highly correlated with child's urinary cotinine. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2019; 29:733-741. [PMID: 30728487 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure assessment in children, especially young children, presents difficulties not found with adults. Simple silicone wristbands are passive samplers that have potential applicability in exposure studies of children. We investigated the performance of silicone wristbands as personal nicotine samplers in two wristbands worn by a child (n = 31) for 7 days and for 2 days (worn day 5 to day 7). We compared levels of nicotine in wristbands with urinary cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, measured in the child's urine obtained on day 7. Children were recruited who were exposed to contaminants in tobacco smoke and/or vapor from electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS; commonly known as electronic cigarettes or EC) as well as children who lived in nonsmoking homes. Caregivers were interviewed to obtain reported measures of the child's exposure. Analysis was by liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry and isotope dilution (LC-MS/MS). The nicotine detected in the wristbands worn for 2 days was highly correlated with urinary cotinine concentration (df = 29, r2 = 0.741, p < 0.001), as was nicotine in wristbands worn for 7 days (df = 28, r2 = 0.804, p < 0.001). The 2- and 7-day wristband nicotine amounts were also significantly correlated (df = 28, r2 = 0.852, p < 0.001). Silicone wristbands may be a useful tool for epidemiological and intervention studies of tobacco product exposure in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J E Quintana
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA.
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, 5250 Campanile Way, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Way, San Diego, CA, 92182-4611, USA
| | - Joy M Zakarian
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, 5250 Campanile Way, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 2750 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Brittany Akins
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
| | - Linda Chu
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
| | - Melbourne F Hovell
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
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Poutasse CM, Herbstman JB, Peterson ME, Gordon J, Soboroff PH, Holmes D, Gonzalez D, Tidwell LG, Anderson KA. Silicone Pet Tags Associate Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-isopropyl) Phosphate Exposures with Feline Hyperthyroidism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9203-9213. [PMID: 31290326 PMCID: PMC7330886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Feline hyperthyroidism is the most commonly diagnosed endocrine-related disease among senior and geriatric housecats, but the causes remain unknown. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds with thyroid targets, such as flame retardants (FRs), may contribute to disease development. Silicone passive sampling devices, or pet tags, quantitatively assessed the bioavailable FR exposures of 78 cats (≥7 y) in New York and Oregon using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Pet tags were analyzed for 36 polybrominated diphenyl ethers, six organophosphate esters (OPEs), and two alternative brominated FRs. In nonhyperthyroid cats, serum free thyroxine (fT4), total T4 (TT4), total triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations were compared with FR concentrations. Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-isopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) concentrations were higher in hyperthyroid pet tags in comparison to nonhyperthyroid pet tags (adjusted odds ratio, p < 0.07; Mantel-Cox, p < 0.02). Higher TDCIPP concentrations were associated with air freshener use in comparison to no use (p < 0.01), residences built since 2005 compared to those pre-1989 (p < 0.002), and cats preferring to spend time on upholstered furniture in comparison to no preference (p < 0.05). Higher TDCIPP concentrations were associated with higher fT4 and TT4 concentrations (p < 0.05). This study provides proof-of-concept data for the use of silicone pet tags with companion animals and further indicates that bioavailable TDCIPP exposures are associated with feline hyperthyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie B. Herbstman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | | | - Jana Gordon
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | | | - Darrell Holmes
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Dezere Gonzalez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Lane G. Tidwell
- Department of Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Kim A. Anderson
- Department of Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
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Rohlman D, Dixon HM, Kincl L, Larkin A, Evoy R, Barton M, Phillips A, Peterson E, Scaffidi C, Herbstman JB, Waters KM, Anderson KA. Development of an environmental health tool linking chemical exposures, physical location and lung function. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:854. [PMID: 31262274 PMCID: PMC6604385 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A challenge in environmental health research is collecting robust data sets to facilitate comparisons between personal chemical exposures, the environment and health outcomes. To address this challenge, the Exposure, Location and lung Function (ELF) tool was designed in collaboration with communities that share environmental health concerns. These concerns centered on respiratory health and ambient air quality. The ELF collects exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), given their association with diminished lung function. Here, we describe the ELF as a novel environmental health assessment tool. METHODS The ELF tool collects chemical exposure for 62 PAHs using passive sampling silicone wristbands, geospatial location data and respiratory lung function measures using a paired hand-held spirometer. The ELF was tested by 10 individuals with mild to moderate asthma for 7 days. Participants wore a wristband each day to collect PAH exposure, carried a cell phone, and performed spirometry daily to collect respiratory health measures. Location data was gathered using the geospatial positioning system technology in an Android cell-phone. RESULTS We detected and quantified 31 PAHs across the study population. PAH exposure data showed spatial and temporal sensitivity within and between participants. Location data was used with existing datasets such as the Toxics Release Inventory and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Hazard Mapping System. Respiratory health outcomes were validated using criteria from the American Thoracic Society with 94% of participant data meeting standards. Finally, the ELF was used with a high degree of compliance (> 90%) by community members. CONCLUSIONS The ELF is a novel environmental health assessment tool that allows for personal data collection spanning chemical exposures, location and lung function measures as well as self-reported information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rohlman
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences; Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, 101 Milam Hall, Corvallis, Oregon USA
| | - Holly M. Dixon
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon USA
| | - Laurel Kincl
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon USA
| | - Andrew Larkin
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon USA
| | - Richard Evoy
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon USA
| | - Michael Barton
- Superfund Research Program, Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon USA
| | - Aaron Phillips
- Computing & Analytics Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington USA
| | - Elena Peterson
- Computing & Analytics Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington USA
| | | | - Julie B. Herbstman
- Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA
| | - Katrina M. Waters
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA USA
| | - Kim A. Anderson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon USA
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Dixon HM, Armstrong G, Barton M, Bergmann AJ, Bondy M, Halbleib ML, Hamilton W, Haynes E, Herbstman J, Hoffman P, Jepson P, Kile ML, Kincl L, Laurienti PJ, North P, Paulik LB, Petrosino J, Points GL, Poutasse CM, Rohlman D, Scott RP, Smith B, Tidwell LG, Walker C, Waters KM, Anderson KA. Discovery of common chemical exposures across three continents using silicone wristbands. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181836. [PMID: 30891293 PMCID: PMC6408398 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To assess differences and trends in personal chemical exposure, volunteers from 14 communities in Africa (Senegal, South Africa), North America (United States (U.S.)) and South America (Peru) wore 262 silicone wristbands. We analysed wristband extracts for 1530 unique chemicals, resulting in 400 860 chemical data points. The number of chemical detections ranged from 4 to 43 per wristband, with 191 different chemicals detected, and 1339 chemicals were not detected in any wristband. No two wristbands had identical chemical detections. We detected 13 potential endocrine disrupting chemicals in over 50% of all wristbands and found 36 chemicals in common between chemicals detected in three geographical wristband groups (Africa, North America and South America). U.S. children (less than or equal to 11 years) had the highest percentage of flame retardant detections compared with all other participants. Wristbands worn in Texas post-Hurricane Harvey had the highest mean number of chemical detections (28) compared with other study locations (10-25). Consumer product-related chemicals and phthalates were a high percentage of chemical detections across all study locations (36-53% and 18-42%, respectively). Chemical exposures varied among individuals; however, many individuals were exposed to similar chemical mixtures. Our exploratory investigation uncovered personal chemical exposure trends that can help prioritize certain mixtures and chemical classes for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M. Dixon
- Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Georgina Armstrong
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Barton
- Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Alan J. Bergmann
- Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Melissa Bondy
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary L. Halbleib
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Winifred Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Environmental Health Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Erin Haynes
- College of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Julie Herbstman
- Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Hoffman
- Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Paul Jepson
- Integrated Plant Protection Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Molly L. Kile
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Laurel Kincl
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Paul J. Laurienti
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Paula North
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - L. Blair Paulik
- Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Joe Petrosino
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gary L. Points
- Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Carolyn M. Poutasse
- Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Diana Rohlman
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Richard P. Scott
- Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Brian Smith
- Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lane G. Tidwell
- Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Cheryl Walker
- Department of Medicine, Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katrina M. Waters
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Kim A. Anderson
- Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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A Case Study Describing a Community-Engaged Approach for Evaluating Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure in a Native American Community. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16030327. [PMID: 30682857 PMCID: PMC6388274 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, the Swinomish Indian Tribal Community (SITC) was impacted by an air toxic release from one of two nearby oil refineries. This experience motivated SITC members to learn more about their exposure to air toxics. On the invitation of SITC, this community-based study measured personal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and conducted interviews with the volunteers to evaluate perceptions of the data and experience of participating. Non-smoking SITC members were recruited in March 2016 (N = 10) and January 2017 (N = 22) with seven volunteers participating both times. Volunteers wore a wristband passive sampler for 7 days and completed daily activity diaries. Wristbands were analyzed for 62 PAHs using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Wilcoxon exact tests determined if the sum total PAHs (ΣPAH) differed by activity, proximity to the refineries, and time. Aggregated results were shared during community meetings, and volunteers received individual reports. Volunteers (N = 9) participated in individual interviews. All volunteers were exposed to different amounts and types of PAHs. Burning candles or using a wood stove and/or propane heating were associated with higher ΣPAH exposures. While ΣPAH was similar in both sampling periods, the composition of PAHs differed. More priority listed PAHs were detected in January (N = 17) versus March (N = 10). Among volunteers who participated in both sampling events, exposure to four PAHs significantly differed between seasons. Overall, volunteers reported that the study made them more aware of air pollution sources in their community. They also commented that the chemical nomenclature was difficult to understand, but appreciated the individual reports that allowed them to visually compare their data to the distribution of data collected in their community. For volunteers with lower exposures, these comparisons gave them relief. However, volunteers with higher exposures reported concern and several changed their behaviors to reduce their exposure to known PAH sources. This study provided an opportunity for SITC members to learn about their personal exposure to a class of air toxics within the context of their community. While the limitations of the study hindered the ability to identify sources of air toxics in the community, this activity appeared to raise awareness about ambient and indoor air pollution among the volunteers.
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Manzano CA, Dodder NG, Hoh E, Morales R. Patterns of Personal Exposure to Urban Pollutants Using Personal Passive Samplers and GC × GC/ToF-MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:614-624. [PMID: 30575390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The performance of silicon wristband passive samplers (WB), combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas-chromatography/time-of-flight mass-spectrometry (GC × GC/ToF-MS), for the analysis of urban derived pollutants in the personal environment was evaluated. Cumulative 5-day exposure samples from 27 individuals in areas with different geographical/socioeconomic characteristics within the Santiago Metropolitan Region (Chile) were collected during winter and summer (2016-2017). Samples were extracted without cleanup/fractionation and analyzed using targeted and nontargeted methods. The quantified semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs, n = 33) (targeted analysis), and tentatively identified features ( n = 595-1011) (nontargeted analysis) were classified according to their use/source. Seasonal differences were observed in the targeted analysis, while seasonal and spatial differences were observed in the nontargeted analysis. Higher concentrations of combustion products were observed in winter, while higher concentrations of consumer products were found in summer. Spatial differences were observed in hierarchical clustering analysis of the nontargeted data, with distinct clusters corresponding to specific subregions of the urban area. Results from this study provide spatial and seasonal distributions of urban pollutants within an urban area and establish the utility of linking WB with nontargeted analysis as a tool to identify and prioritize new exposures to urban contaminants at the local/community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Manzano
- Center for Environmental Science, Faculty of Science , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
- School of Public Health , San Diego State University , San Diego , California United States
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- School of Public Health , San Diego State University , San Diego , California United States
- San Diego State University Research Foundation , San Diego , California United States
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health , San Diego State University , San Diego , California United States
| | - Raul Morales
- Center for Environmental Science, Faculty of Science , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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