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Xia C, Capozzi SL, Romanak KA, Lehman DC, Dove A, Richardson V, Greenberg T, McGoldrick D, Venier M. The Ins and Outs of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Great Lakes: The Role of Atmospheric Deposition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:9303-9313. [PMID: 38752648 PMCID: PMC11137863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
As part of the Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network, precipitation (n = 207) and air (n = 60) from five sites and water samples (n = 87) from all five Great Lakes were collected in 2021-2023 and analyzed for 41 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). These measurements were combined with other available data to estimate the mass budget for four representative compounds, PFBA, PFBS, PFOS, and PFOA for the basin. The median Σ41PFAS concentrations in precipitation across the five sites ranged between 2.4 and 4.5 ng/L. The median Σ41PFAS concentration in lake water was highest in Lake Ontario (11 ng/L) and lowest in Lake Superior (1.3 ng/L). The median Σ41PFAS concentration in air samples was highest in Cleveland at 410 pg/m3 and lowest at Sleeping Bear Dunes at 146 pg/m3. The net mass transfer flows were generally negative for Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron and positive for Lakes Erie and Ontario, indicating that the three most northern lakes are accumulating PFAS and the other two are eliminating PFAS. Atmospheric deposition is an important source of PFAS, particularly for Lake Superior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjie Xia
- O’Neill
School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Staci L. Capozzi
- O’Neill
School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kevin A. Romanak
- O’Neill
School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Daniel C. Lehman
- O’Neill
School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Alice Dove
- Water
Quality Monitoring and Surveillance, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Violeta Richardson
- Water
Quality Monitoring and Surveillance, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Tracie Greenberg
- Water
Quality Monitoring and Surveillance, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Daryl McGoldrick
- Water
Quality Monitoring and Surveillance, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Marta Venier
- O’Neill
School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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2
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Soriano Y, Gimeno-García E, Campo J, Hernández-Crespo C, Andreu V, Picó Y. Exploring organic and inorganic contaminant histories in sediment cores across the anthropocene: Accounting for site/area dependent factors. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134168. [PMID: 38603905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Sedimentary records help chronologically identify anthropogenic contamination in environmental systems. This study analysed dated sediment cores from L'Albufera Lake (Valencia, Spain), to assess the occurrence of heavy metals (HMs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), pesticides and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). The results evidence the continuing vertical presence of all types of contaminants in this location. The sediment age was difficult to establish. However, the presence of shells together with an historical estimation and the knowledge of sedimentary rates could help. HMs contents are higher in the upper layer reflecting the most recent increase of the industrial and agricultural practices in the area since the middle 20th century. Higher availability index of these HMs in the upper sediment layers is associated with point and diffuse contamination sources in the area. PAHs and OPFRs were homogeneous distributed through the sediments with few exceptions such as phenanthrene in the North and fluoranthene in the South. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) were detected throughout the sediment core while short-chain PFASs (except perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA)) were detected only in the top layer. Pesticides and PPCPs showed appreciable down-core mobility. The vertical concentration profiles of organic contaminants did not exhibit a clear trend with depth, then, it is difficult to develop a direct relationship between sediment age and contaminant concentrations, and to elucidate the historical trend of contamination based on dated sediment core. Consequently, linking contaminant occurrence in sediments directly to their historical use is somewhat speculative at least in the conditions of L'Albufera Lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Soriano
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group of the University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE), CSIC-GV-UV, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Eugenia Gimeno-García
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group of the University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE), CSIC-GV-UV, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julián Campo
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group of the University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE), CSIC-GV-UV, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Hernández-Crespo
- Water and Environmental Engineering University Research Institute (IIAMA), Polytechnic Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Andreu
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group of the University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE), CSIC-GV-UV, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group of the University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE), CSIC-GV-UV, Valencia, Spain
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Zhao X, Meng J, Li Q, Su G, Zhang Q, Shi B, Dai L, Yu Y. Source apportionment and suitability evaluation of seasonal VOCs contaminants in the soil around a typical refining-chemical integration park in China. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 137:651-663. [PMID: 37980048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Accurate source apportionment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in soil nearby petrochemical industries prevailing globally, is critical for preventing pollution. However, in the process, seasonal effect on contamination pathways and accumulation of soil VOCs is often neglected. Herein, Yanshan Refining-Chemical Integration Park, including a carpet, refining, synthetic rubber, and two synthetic resin zones, was selected for traceability. Season variations resulted in a gradual decrease of 31 VOCs in soil from winter to summer. A method of dry deposition resistance model coupling partitioning coefficient model was created, revealing that dry deposition by gas phase was the primary pathway for VOCs to enter soil in winter and spring, with 100 times higher flux than by particle phase. Source profiles for five zones were built by gas sampling with distinct substance indicators screened, which were used for positive matrix factorization factors determination. Contributions of the five zones were 14.9%, 20.8%, 13.6%, 22.1%, and 28.6% in winter and 33.4%, 12.5%, 10.7%, 24.9%, and 18.5% in spring, respectively. The variation in the soil sorption capacity of VOCs causes inter-seasonal differences in contribution. The better correlation between dry deposition capacity and soil storage of VOCs made root mean square and mean absolute errors decrease averagely by 8.8% and 5.5% in winter compared to spring. This study provides new perspectives and methods for the source apportionment of soil VOCs contamination in industrial sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guijin Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Qifan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingwen Dai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yong Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Environmental Monitoring, China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China.
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Li H, Zhu X, Zhang J, Wang Z, Li R. Characterizing the long-term occurrence and anthropogenic drivers of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in surface water of the Rhine River. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 245:120528. [PMID: 37742404 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) raise significant concerns due to their persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and toxicity to both ecosystems and human health. However, the long-term trends of PFAS in aquatic environments remain inadequately explored. In this study, we systematically assessed the spatiotemporal distribution, periodic fluctuations, source apportionment, and risk evaluation of 12 PFAS in the Rhine River based on the long-term measuring data collected from 2007 to 2019. The study revealed that the mean concentration and mass flux of total PFAS during this period were 32.83 ng L-1 and 6.36 × 104 μg s-1, declining at an annual rate of 3.70% and 3.82%, respectively. Wavelet analysis demonstrated that the most prominent periodic oscillation of PFAS was 40-60 months. Regarding the sources of PFAS, we employed the self-organizing map (SOM) and the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model for source apportionment. The results indicated that the primary sources of PFAS were agrochemical, pharmaceutical and textile industries, accounting for 38.1% of the total concentration. The contribution from household contamination, tannery industry, and coating materials has increased annually. In contrast, the share of electrochemical fluorination and chemical recycling has shown a continuous decline. The risk quotient (RQ) and hazard quotient (HQ) calculations for three age groups indicated that PFAS exposure did not pose a significant risk to ecological or human health. Implementing source-oriented mitigation strategies is crucial to effectively reduce the ecological and human health risks of PFAS in receiving waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Ruifei Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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5
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Ulhaq ZS, Tse WKF. Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) induces oxidative stress and causes developmental toxicities in zebrafish embryos. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131722. [PMID: 37263022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) is a short-chain perfluoroalkyl substance widely used to replace the banned perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) in different industrial and household products. It has currently been identified in the environment and human bodies; nonetheless, the possible toxicities are not well-known. Zebrafish have been used as a toxicant screening model due to their fast and transparent developmental processes. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to PFHxS for five days, and various experiments were performed to monitor the developmental and cellular processes. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis confirmed that PFHxS was absorbed and accumulated in the zebrafish embryos. We reported that 2.5 µM or higher PFHxS exposure induced phenotypic abnormalities, marked by developmental delay in the mid-hind brain boundary and yolk sac edema. Additionally, larvae exposed to PFHxS displayed facial malformation due to the reduction of neural crest cell expression. RNA sequencing analysis further identified 4643 differentiated expressed transcripts in 5 µM PFHxS-exposed 5-days post fertilization (5-dpf) larvae. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, as well as oxidative stress were enriched in the PFHxS-exposed larvae. To validate these findings, a series of biological experiments were conducted. PFHxS exposure led to a nearly 4-fold increase in reactive oxygen species, possibly due to hyperglycemia and impaired glutathione balance. The Oil Red O' staining and qPCR analysis strengthens the notions that lipid metabolism was disrupted, leading to lipid accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and malondialdehyde formation. All these alterations ultimately affected cell cycle events, resulting in S and G2/M cell cycle arrest. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that PFHxS could accumulate and induce various developmental toxicities in aquatic life, and such data might assist the government to accelerate the regulatory policy on PFHxS usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulvikar Syambani Ulhaq
- Laboratory of Developmental Disorders and Toxicology, Center for Promotion of International Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 8190395, Japan; Research Center for Pre-clinical and Clinical Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
| | - William Ka Fai Tse
- Laboratory of Developmental Disorders and Toxicology, Center for Promotion of International Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 8190395, Japan.
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Capozzi SL, Leang AL, Rodenburg LA, Chandramouli B, Delistraty DA, Carter CH. PFAS in municipal landfill leachate: Occurrence, transformation, and sources. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 334:138924. [PMID: 37209854 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To understand sources and processes affecting per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), 32 PFAS were measured in landfill leachate from 17 landfills across Washington State in both pre-and post-total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay samples, using an analytical method that was the precursor to EPA Draft Method 1633. As in other studies, 5:3FTCA was the dominant PFAS in the leachate, suggesting that carpets, textiles, and food packaging were the main sources of PFAS. Total PFAS concentrations (Σ32PFAS) ranged from 61 to 172,976 ng/L and 580-36,122 ng/L in pre-TOP and post-TOP samples, respectively, suggesting that little or no uncharacterized precursors remained in landfill leachate. Furthermore, due to chain-shortening reactions, the TOP assay often resulted in a loss of overall PFAS mass. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of the combined pre- and post-TOP samples produced five factors that represent sources and processes. Factor 1 consisted primarily of 5:3FTCA (intermediate of 6:2 fluorotelomer degradation and characteristic of landfill leachate), while factor 2 was dominated by PFBS (degradant of C-4 sulfonamide chemistry) and, to a lesser extent, by several PFCAs and 5:3FTCA. Factor 3 consisted primarily of both short-chain PFCAs (end-products of 6:2 fluorotelomer degradation) and PFHxS (derived from C-6 sulfonamide chemistry), while the main component of factor 4 was PFOS (dominant in many environmental media but minor in landfill leachate, perhaps reflecting a production shift from longer to shorter chain PFAS). Factor 5, highly loaded with PFCAs, was dominant in post-TOP samples and therefore represented the oxidation of precursors. Overall, PMF analysis suggests that the TOP assay approximates some redox processes which occur in landfills, including chain-shortening reactions which yield biodegradable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staci L Capozzi
- Paul H. O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Amy L Leang
- Washington State Department of Ecology, Shoreline, WA, USA; University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lisa A Rodenburg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | | | | | - Cole H Carter
- Washington State Department of Ecology, Spokane, WA, USA
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7
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Shimizu MS, Garcia RS, Avery GB, Kieber RJ, Skrabal SA, Mead RN. Distribution of legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in riverine and coastal sediments of Southeastern North Carolina, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:2119-2128. [PMID: 36200300 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00246a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The sediment distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) along a river to ocean transect was investigated. Samples were collected between September 2017 and October 2019 with targeted quantification of six legacy and replacement PFAS by LC-MS/MS. Total PFAS concentrations ranged from below the LOQ to 7.47 ng per g dry weight with PFOA, PFOS, HFPO-DA and PFMOAA the most frequently detected. Significant correlations (p < 0.05) were found between PFOS and HFPO-DA sedimentary concentration and percent organic carbon (% OC); however, PFOA and PFMOAA were not correlated with sediment % OC. This study highlights the occurrence of the replacement PFAS in sediments for the first time. Sediment extracts were screened for 18 additional PFAS compounds by high resolution mass spectrometry. A series of perfluorinated ether carboxylic acid and perfluorinated ether sulfonic acid with either one or two acidic functional groups were detected at various locations in the upper portion of the Cape Fear River. A series of chromatographically resolved isomers (C7F13O5S1; M-1) were detected and may be Nafion™ degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi S Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA.
| | - Rosa S Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA.
| | - G Brooks Avery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA.
| | - Robert J Kieber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA.
| | - Stephen A Skrabal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA.
| | - Ralph N Mead
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA.
- Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
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Sojka M, Jaskuła J. Heavy Metals in River Sediments: Contamination, Toxicity, and Source Identification-A Case Study from Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191710502. [PMID: 36078217 PMCID: PMC9518182 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the spatial distribution, contamination, potential ecological risks and quantities of pollutant sources of six heavy metals (HMs) in sediments of 47 rivers. The catchments of the investigated rivers are situated in Poland, but some of them are located in Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Germany. Cluster analysis was applied to analyze the spatial distribution of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in river sediments. Moran I and Getis-Ord Gi* statistics were calculated to reveal the distribution pattern and hotspot values. Principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) were used to identify pollution sources. Furthermore, geochemical indices and sediment quality guidelines allowed us to assess sediment contamination and potential toxic effects on aquatic biota. The results showed that in 1/3rd of the rivers, the HM pattern and concentrations indicate sediment contamination. The EF, PLI, and MPI indices indicate that concentrations were at a rather low level in 2/3rd of the analyzed rivers. Only in individual rivers may the HMs have toxic effects on aquatic biota. Spatial autocorrelation analysis using the Moran I statistic revealed a random and dispersed pattern of HMs in river sediments. PCA analysis identified two sources of HMs' delivery to the aquatic environment. Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn originate from point and non-point sources, while Cd concentrations have a dominant natural origin. The PMF identified three sources of pollution. Among them, urban pollution sources are responsible for Cu delivery, agricultural pollution for Zn, and industrial pollution for Ni and Cr. Moreover, the analysis showed no relationship between catchment land-use patterns and HM content in river sediments.
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Zhu Y, Ji H, He K, Blaney L, Xu T, Zhao D. Photocatalytic degradation of GenX in water using a new adsorptive photocatalyst. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 220:118650. [PMID: 35640506 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
GenX, the ammonium salt of hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid, has been used as a replacement for perfluorooctanoic acid. Due to its widespread uses, GenX has been detected in waters around the world amid growing concerns about its persistence and adverse health effects. As relevant regulations are rapidly evolving, new technologies are needed to cost-effectively remove and degrade GenX. In this study, we developed an adsorptive photocatalyst by depositing a small amount (3 wt.%) of bismuth (Bi) onto activated-carbon supported titanate nanotubes, Bi/TNTs@AC, and tested the material for adsorption and subsequent solid-phase photodegradation of GenX. Bi/TNTs@AC at 1 g/L was able to adsorb GenX (100 µg/L, pH 7.0) within 1 h, and then degrade 70.0% and mineralize 42.7% of pre-sorbed GenX under UV (254 nm) in 4 h. The efficient degradation also regenerated the material, allowing for repeated uses without chemical regeneration. Material characterizations revealed that the active components of Bi/TNTs@AC included activated carbon, anatase, and Bi nanoparticles with a metallic Bi core and an amorphous Bi2O3 shell. Electron paramagnetic resonance spin-trapping, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrometry, and photoluminescence analyses indicated the superior photoactivity of Bi/TNTs@AC was attributed to enhanced light harvesting and generation of charge carriers due to the UV-induced surface plasmon resonance effect, which was enabled by the metallic Bi nanoparticles. •OH radicals and photogenerated holes (h+) were responsible for degradation of GenX. Based on the analysis of degradation byproducts and density functional theory calculations, photocatalytic degradation of GenX started with cleavage of the carboxyl group and/or ether group by •OH, h+, and/or eaq-, and the resulting intermediates were transformed into shorter-chain fluorochemicals following the stepwise defluorination mechanism. Bi/TNTs@AC holds the potential for more cost-effective degradation of GenX and other per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangmo Zhu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Haodong Ji
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ke He
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, MD 21250, USA
| | - Lee Blaney
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, MD 21250, USA
| | - Tianyuan Xu
- School of Resource and Geosciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China.
| | - Dongye Zhao
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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10
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Tang A, Zhang X, Li R, Tu W, Guo H, Zhang Y, Li Z, Liu Y, Mai B. Spatiotemporal distribution, partitioning behavior and flux of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in surface water and sediment from Poyang Lake, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133855. [PMID: 35124087 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-five legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were analyzed in surface water and sediments collected from Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China. The ƩPFAS concentrations ranged from 23 to 1000 ng/L in water dissolved phase, 1.3-9.8 ng/L in suspended particulate matters, and 0.26-2.9 ng/g dry weight in sediments. Short-chain and emerging PFAS were predominant in surface water and sediments, rather than legacy perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer/trimer acid (HFPO-DA/TA), 6:2 and 8:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acids (6:2 and 8:2 Cl-PFESAs), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS), and sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate (OBS) were detected in all samples, indicating that these emerging PFAS have been widely produced and used in this region. The high concentrations of HFPO-DA/TA, 6:2 FTS, 6:2, 8:2 Cl-PFESAs, and OBS in sediments and their higher water-sediment distribution coefficients than those of predecessors (PFOA or PFOS) suggest that lake sediments could be an important long-term sink for these emerging alternatives. The positive matrix factorization model demonstrated that food packaging and textile treatments (50%) and fluoropolymer manufacturing (26% for alternative sources and 8.2% for legacy sources) were the two major sources of PFAS in Poyang Lake. The influx and outflux of total PFAS in Poyang Lake were 9.0 and 12.8 ton/year, respectively, and the OBS flux was estimated for the first time. The results provide insights into the environmental behavior and fate of emerging PFAS in freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Tang
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Xinghui Zhang
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China; Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330096, China
| | - Rongfu Li
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330096, China
| | - Wenqing Tu
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330096, China
| | - Huiqin Guo
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Fisheries Research Institute, Nanchang, 330096, China
| | - Zongrui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330096, China.
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Xu M, Legradi J, Leonards P. Using comprehensive lipid profiling to study effects of PFHxS during different stages of early zebrafish development. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:151739. [PMID: 34848268 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PFHxS (Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid) is one of the short-chain perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) which are widely used in many industrial and consumer applications. However, limited information is available on the molecular mechanism of PFHxS toxicity (e.g. lipid metabolism). This study provides in-depth information on the lipid regulation of zebrafish embryos with and without PFHxS exposure. Lipid changes throughout zebrafish development (4 to 120 h post fertilization (hpf)) were closely associated with lipid species and lipid composition (fatty acyl chains). A comprehensive lipid analysis of four different PFHxS exposures (0, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 μM) at different zebrafish developmental stages (24, 48, 72, and 120 hpf) was performed. Data on exposure concentration, lipids, and developmental stage showed that all PFHxS concentrations dysregulated the lipid metabolism and these were developmental-dependent. The pattern of significantly changed lipids revealed that PFHxS caused effects related to oxidative stress, inflammation, and impaired fatty acid β-oxidation. Oxidative stress and inflammation caused the remodeling of glycerophospholipid (phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)), with increased incorporation of omega-3 PUFA and a decreased incorporation of omega-6 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Xu
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jessica Legradi
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pim Leonards
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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12
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Lin Y, Capozzi SL, Lin L, Rodenburg LA. Source apportionment of perfluoroalkyl substances in Great Lakes fish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118047. [PMID: 34467881 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the complex sources and fate of perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS), their source apportionment in the environment remains a challenge. A data set of 11 straight-chain PFAS in 139 samples of fish in the Great Lakes was analyzed using positive matrix factorization (PMF) to investigate their primary sources, whose spatial variations were examined against the surrounding environmental factors. PMF analysis produced five fingerprints. Factor 1 (72% of Σ11PFAS, dominated by PFOS) probably represented emissions from primary sources (such as consumer products) and secondary sources (precursors), and increased in average abundance from west to east across the Great Lakes. Factor 2 (13% of Σ11PFAS) and factor 3 (7% of Σ11PFAS), highly loaded with long-chain PFAS and PFNA, respectively, were thought to represent PVDF manufacture or processing in metal plating. They showed higher contributions in sparsely populated Lakes Superior and Huron. Factor 4 (5% of Σ11PFAS, highly loaded with PFOS and PFHxS) presented hot spots near current and former air force bases, suggesting it was related to aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs). Factor 5 (4% of Σ11PFAS) contained primarily PFOS and PFOSA, which may imply metabolism of precursors (PFOSA) to PFOS in vivo. Unexpectedly, the spatial trends of the five sources all showed abnormally low values near the more urbanized Chicago and Milwaukee in Lake Michigan, which may be due to their unique wastewater and stormwater infrastructure or may arise from atmospheric transport of precursors. Our study indicated that PMF was an effective tool to identify sources of PFAS in fish despite absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) processes which might alter fingerprints in fish relative to their surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, 600, Ligong Road, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Staci L Capozzi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Fujian Jingwei Surveying and Mapping Information Co., Ltd, 68 Shanyuan Hong Road, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Lisa A Rodenburg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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13
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Liu T, Qian X, Wang S, Wang H, Wei S, Chen H. Occurrence and transport of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in a Yangtze River water diversion project during water diversion and flooding. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 205:117662. [PMID: 34562805 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water diversion is increasingly utilized for water supply, flood control, irrigation, and water quality improvement in many water bodies globally. Our findings indicate that micropollutants such as perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) can be transported via dual-source water diversion projects during water diversion and flood discharge, which may negatively impact both receiving water bodies. However, the sources, spatiotemporal variations, and fluxes of PFAAs under water diversion projects remain unclear. Here we report patterns of 18 PFAA compounds in the surface water at 14 sites of a dual-source water diversion project (Wangyu River) connecting the Yangtze River and Taihu Lake in China. We found multiple contamination hotspots with PFHxA and PFOA dominantly originating from industrial and domestic sources during water diversion from the Yangtze River to Taihu Lake. During the severe flooding in summer 2020, PFAA concentrations ranged from 82.0 to 114.0 ng L-1, while the concentrations and relative contributions of individual perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) increased along the mainstream due to the tributaries' contribution and high contamination level in the lake. Based on the spatiotemporal patterns of PFAA pollution, the flux of total PFAAs including both dissolved-phase and SS-phase into Taihu Lake was estimated as 26.6 kg in January 2020 as a reference value for water diversion. To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the sources, occurrences, and transport of PFAAs in a dual-source water diversion project during water diversion and flooding. The results provide a novel perspective regarding the ecological safety of dual-source water diversion projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Si Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Soil and Environment Analysis Center, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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14
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Fan X, Bao Y, Mumtaz M, Huang J, Yu G. Determination of total oxidizable precursors in foam surfactants and foam contaminated water based on UV-activated persulfate oxidation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:142943. [PMID: 33268255 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, ultraviolet (UV)-activated persulfate under alkaline condition was developed as an alternative Total Oxidizable Precursor (TOP) assay to convert per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) precursors into detectable perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). The conventional heat-based TOP assay takes 6 h at 85 °C, which is time consuming and may lose the volatile PFASs. Shorter time treatment would be beneficial to promote the analysis efficiency of the samples. We here report the UV-based TOP method as faster replacement of conventional heat-based TOP assay. The 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (FTS), 8:2 FTS, and perfluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSA) achieved nearly complete conversion (with the molar yield of PFAAs of 97.2%-109.9%) at 60 min. This new UV-based TOP assay was then applied to 23 industry samples, and the results are comparable with the heat-based TOP assay. The perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) concentrations of 23 samples before and after normal TOP assay were 0-4290 mg L-1 and 438-77,420 mg L-1, respectively. The PFCAs after 60 min UV-based TOP assay was 310-81,881 mg L-1. The QuotientMol of 21 samples were 0.71-1.28, the QuotientMol of other two samples were 1.45 and 1.68, this probably due to the loss of volatile precursors during heat-based TOP assay. The UV-based TOP assay is an efficient, reliable and faster alternative to the conventional heat-based TOP assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Fan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOC), Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies (BLEFT), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yixiang Bao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOC), Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies (BLEFT), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mehvish Mumtaz
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOC), Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies (BLEFT), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Gang Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOC), Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies (BLEFT), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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15
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Zhu X, Song X, Schwarzbauer J. First insights into the formation and long-term dynamic behaviors of nonextractable perfluorooctanesulfonate and its alternative 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate residues in a silty clay soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 761:143230. [PMID: 33158517 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent and toxic contaminants that are ubiquitous in the environment. They can incorporate into soil as nonextractable residues (NER) which are not detectable with conventional analytical protocols but are still possible to remobilize with changes of surrounding conditions, and thus will be bioavailable again. Therefore, there is a need to investigate thoroughly the long-term fate of NER-PFAS. In this study, a 240-day incubation of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and its alternative 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B) in a silty clay topsoil was carried out. Solvent extraction, alkaline hydrolysis and sequential chemical degradation were applied on periodically sampled soil to obtain extractable, moderately bound and deeply bound PFAS, respectively. The results confirmed the formation of NER of both compounds but with different preferences of incorporating mechanisms. NER-PFOS was formed predominantly by covalent binding (via head group) and strong adsorption (via tail group). The formation of NER-F-53B was mainly driven by physical entrapment. Both bound compounds within the incubation period showed three-stage behaviors including an initial period with slight release followed by a (re) incorporating stage and a subsequent remobilizing stage. This work provides some first insights on the long-term dynamic behaviors of nonextractable PFAS and will be conducive to their risk assessment and remediation (e.g. estimating potential NER-PFAS level based on their free extractable level, and selecting remediation methods according to their prevailing binding mechanisms).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Zhu
- Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal, RWTH Aachen University, Lochnerstr, 4-20, 52064 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008 Nanjing, China.
| | - Jan Schwarzbauer
- Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal, RWTH Aachen University, Lochnerstr, 4-20, 52064 Aachen, Germany.
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16
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Lin Y, Jiang JJ, Rodenburg LA, Cai M, Wu Z, Ke H, Chitsaz M. Perfluoroalkyl substances in sediments from the Bering Sea to the western Arctic: Source and pathway analysis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105699. [PMID: 32305742 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Although perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are ubiquitous in the Arctic, their dominant pathways to the Arctic remain unclear. Most modeling studies support major oceanic transport for PFASs in the Arctic seawater, but this conclusion contradicts the rapid response of PFASs to global emissions in some biota species. Sediments, which act as important PFAS sinks for seawater and potential PFAS source to the benthic food web, are important for interpreting the fate of PFASs in the Arctic. Here we investigate the occurrence of 9 PFASs in one core (1945-2014) and 29 surface sediments from the Bering Sea to the western Arctic. Total PFAS concentrations (0.06-1.73 ng/g dw) in surface sediments were dominated by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorobutyl sulfonate (PFBS), with higher levels in the Bering Sea slope and the northeast Chukchi Sea. Historical trends in PFASs varied among individuals, with PFOS declining in the early 2000s while PFNA showing an increasing up-core trend. Analysis of positive matrix factorization model identified that the major PFAS sources in the sediment core were dominated by the atmospheric oxidation of consumer use of PFOS precursor-based products (45.0%), while the oceanic transport of fluoropolymer manufacture of polyvinylidene fluoride (mainly PFNA) exhibited an increasing trend over time, becoming dominant in surface sediments (42.8%). Besides, local input of possible aqueous fire-fighting foams (mainly PFOS and PFBS) also acted as an important source currently (30.1%) and historically (34.9%). Our study revealed that the pathways of PFASs in Arctic sediments varied greatly for individuals and the conclusion of PFOS originating from mainly atmospheric oxidation was different from seawater modeling results. This, together with the high possibility of sediments as direct source to Arctic food web (supported by similar PFAS compositions and temporal variations), help provide additional evidence regarding PFAS pathways to the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jheng-Jie Jiang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, China
| | - Lisa A Rodenburg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick 08901, USA
| | - Minggang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Zhai Wu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hongwei Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mahdi Chitsaz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick 08901, USA
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17
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Guo J, Li Z, Ranasinghe P, Rockne KJ, Sturchio NC, Giesy JP, Li A. Halogenated flame retardants in sediments from the Upper Laurentian Great Lakes: Implications to long-range transport and evidence of long-term transformation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121346. [PMID: 31628060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Most hydrophobic halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) are highly accumulative and persistent in aquatic sediments. The objective of this study was to reveal spatial distributions, temporal trends, and transformation of selected legacy and emerging HFRs in sediments of Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron. We collected Ponar grab samples at 112 locations and sediment cores at 28 sites in the three lakes, and measured concentrations of 19 brominated FRs and 12 chlorinated FRs. Based on grab samples, concentrations were higher at southeastern and sites near Sleeping Bear Dunes of Lake Michigan, and Saginaw Bay and the North Channel of Lake Huron. The annual loadings of polybrominated diphenyl either (PBDEs) and Dechlorane Plus (DPs) to sediment have leveled off or been declining since 2000, while loadings of DBDPE and Dec604 have increased since the 1960s in most cores. The concentration ratio of BB101 to BB153 increased with sediment depth, suggesting the occurrence of in situ debromination of BB153. The ratio of dechlorinated anti-Cl11DP over anti-DP increases with the increasing latitude of sampling locations, suggesting the occurrence of dechlorination of anti-DP to anti-Cl11DP during transport. This ratio also increases with increasing sediment age in most cores, implying in situ dechlorination over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehong Guo
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhuona Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Prabha Ranasinghe
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Karl J Rockne
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Neil C Sturchio
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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18
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Kim S, Hong S, Lee J, Kim T, Yoon SJ, Lee J, Choi K, Kwon BO, Giesy JP, Khim JS. Long-term trends of persistent toxic substances and potential toxicities in sediments along the west coast of South Korea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 151:110821. [PMID: 32056614 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
For decades, in response to industrialization and urbanization, environmental qualities of estuarine and coastal areas of the west coast of Korea have been deteriorating. Long-term changes in concentrations of persistent toxic substances (PTSs) in sediments, including PAHs, styrene oligomers, nonylphenols, and metals and their potential toxicities via AhR- and ER-mediated potencies, and bioluminescent bacterial inhibition, were investigated. Long-term monitoring in five estuarine and coastal areas (2010-2018; 10 sites) showed that concentrations of PAHs and nonylphenols in sediments have declined while concentrations of some metals, Cd, Cr, and Hg have increased. Similarly, AhR-mediated potencies in sediments have declined, but inhibitions of bioluminescent bacteria have increased. Concentrations of sedimentary PAHs and AhR-mediated potencies were significantly (p < 0.01) and positively correlated. Sources of PAHs from combustion have been gradually declining while inputs from vehicle exhaust by-products have been increasing. Overall, this study brought our attention a balanced regulation in chemical-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonju Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Ocean Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junghyun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewoo Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Joon Yoon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongmin Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsik Choi
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Oh Kwon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences & Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5B3, Canada; Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, United States; Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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