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Odali EW, Iwegbue CMA, Egobueze FE, Nwajei GE, Martincigh BS. Distribution, sources, and risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from rural communities around gas flaring points in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:721-733. [PMID: 38421246 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00067b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the concentrations, sources, and ecological and human health risks resulting from exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils of rural communities around gas flaring points in Delta State, Nigeria. PAHs were extracted from these soil samples with hexane/dichloromethane by ultra-sonication and the extracts were cleaned on a silica gel/alumina-packed column. The PAH concentrations in the extracts were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The Σ16 PAH concentrations in soils from these communities varied from 2370-134 000, 461-389 000, and 2130-34 900 μg kg-1 for Emu-Ebendo (EME), Otu-Jeremi (OTJ) and Ebedei (EBD), respectively. The estimated lifetime carcinogenic risk values recorded in this study were above the acceptable limit of 10-6, indicating a high potential carcinogenic risk resulting from human exposure to PAHs in these soils. The isomeric ratio and principal component analysis results suggest that emissions from high-temperature combustion, potentially gas flaring, vehicular emissions, burning of wood/biomass, and fossil fuel combustion are responsible for the high concentrations of PAHs in soils of these rural communities. This study recommends implementing remediation and source control measures to minimise the impact of PAHs in the affected soils on humans and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eze W Odali
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.
| | | | - Francis E Egobueze
- Department of Environment and Quality Control, Nigerian Agip Oil Company, Rumueme, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Godwin E Nwajei
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Vignesh ER, Gireeshkumar TR, Arya KS, Nair MM, Rakesh PS, Jayadev BS, Asma Shirin PP. Occurrence, sources and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the coral reef waters of the Lakshadweep Archipelago, Arabian Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 200:116123. [PMID: 38330814 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The compound effects of anthropogenic disturbances on global and local scales threaten coral reef ecosystems of the Arabian Sea. The impacts of organic pollutants on the coral reefs and associated organisms have received less attention and are consequently less understood. This study examines the background levels, sources, and ecological implications of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the coral reef ecosystems of Lakshadweep Archipelago. Water and particulate matter were collected from four coral Islands (Kavaratti, Agatti, Bangaram and Perumal Par) of Lakshadweep Archipelago during January and December 2022 and analysed for 15 PAHs priority pollutants. The 15 PAHs congeners generally ranged from 2.77 to 250.47 ng/L in the dissolved form and 0.44 to 6469.86 ng/g in the particulate form. A comparison of available data among the coral reef ecosystems worldwide revealed relatively lower PAHs concentrations in the Lakshadweep coral ecosystems. The isomeric ratios of individual PAH congeners and principal component analysis (PCA) indicate mixed sources of PAHs in the water column derived from pyrogenic, low-temperature combustion and petrogenic. The risk quotient (RQ) values in the dissolved form indicate moderate risk to the aquatic organisms, while they indicate moderate to severe risk in the particulate form.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Vignesh
- CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi 682 018, India; Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India
| | - T R Gireeshkumar
- CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi 682 018, India.
| | - K S Arya
- CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi 682 018, India; Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India
| | - Midhun M Nair
- CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Mumbai 400 053, India
| | - P S Rakesh
- CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Mumbai 400 053, India
| | - B S Jayadev
- CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi 682 018, India
| | - P P Asma Shirin
- CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi 682 018, India
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Zhou S, Wang X, Yang Y, Wang R, Liao J, Zhang P, Liu L, Zhao Y, Deng Y. Distribution and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with PCA-MLR and PMF methods in the topsoil of Chengdu at SW, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168263. [PMID: 37926248 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
In spite of extensive studies on the features of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as typical persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in cities, lack of understanding on the distribution and source characteristics of PAHs in big city with basin climate that can easily accelerate the pollution. Therefore, we sampled and analyzed PAHs from forty-five topsoil samples evenly distributed in Chengdu and the data shows that: (1) concentrations of ∑16PAHs in the study area ranged from 88.56 to 4448.34 ng/g, with a mean value of 739.07 ng/g, which is a lower level compared to similar cities, the distribution and proportion of LMW-PAHs show that the migration of pollution is blocked by the topography of the basin; (2) principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) indicated that combustion of fossil fuels and biomass is the most important source of PAHs in Chengdu; (3) the toxic equivalency factors of benzo[a]pyrene indicated a low risk of ∑16PAHs in all areas in Chengdu; (4) the inherited lifetime carcinogenic risk (ILCR) showed a relatively low level of potential risk in the region, while female inhabitants in several regions seem to suffer from higher health risks. Overall, our case study of PAHs in the topsoil at Chengdu city at SW China indicates that the PCA-MLR analysis is useful to identify the source of PAHs in the urban region with complicated pollution source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhuo Zhou
- Department of Geochemistry and Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Geochemistry and Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China; State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China.
| | - Ye Yang
- Department of Geochemistry and Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China.
| | - Jianghai Liao
- Department of Geochemistry and Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China
| | - Pu Zhang
- International Center for Planetary Science, College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Geochemistry and Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China
| | - Yongcai Zhao
- Department of Geochemistry and Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China
| | - Yintian Deng
- Department of Geochemistry and Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China
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Areguamen OI, Calvin NN, Gimba CE, Okunola OJ, Abdulkadir AT, Elebo A. Assessment of seasonal variation in distribution, source identification, and risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated sediment of Ikpoba River, South-South Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:302. [PMID: 36645518 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-10927-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to assess the seasonal variation in distribution, source identification, and risk of 20 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (20 PAHs) in the sediment of the Ikpoba River, south-south Nigeria. The PAHs were extracted in an ultrasonic bath with a mixture of n-hexane and dichloromethane (1:1 v/v). The extract was cleaned by silica-alumina gel mixed with anhydrous Na2SO4 in a chromatography column, eluted by n-hexane, and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The range of the average PAHs in mg.kg-dw was 0.15 (Nap)-0.54 (Acy) and 0.13 (D.al.P)-0.99 (Acy) in wet and dry periods correspondingly, indicating an increase in concentration from wet to dry period. However, the rings of the average concentration of the PAHs show 6 and 3 rings to be the highest values during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. Based on the human health risk analysis, the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk indices showed low non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk for both seasons. The ecological risk analysis showed the mean effect range median quotient (mERMQ) recorded a medium-low effect on the biota of the locations, except in AS3 during the wet season and also in WS8 and WS9 during the dry season. The minimum value of the toxic equivalent quotient (TEQ) was > 0.2 mg/kg, which indicated a recommendation for the clean-up of the Ikpoba River. The isomer ratio and the principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the sources of the PAHs to be majorly combustion, followed by pyrolytic and petrogenic sources for both seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Abuchi Elebo
- Chemistry Department, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria
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Lele CK, Oluba OM, Adeyemi OS. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown and health risk modeling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Onne, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:166. [PMID: 36446906 PMCID: PMC9708509 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10670-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The people living in Onne are highly vulnerable to PAH exposure due to constant exposure to black soot through oral, dermal, and inhalation routes. This work aims to determine the PAHs profile of selected soils in Onne, to determine the health risks associated with PAHs exposure through the soil, and to determine the impact of reduced industrial and other activities on the PAHs profile and associated public health risks. This study evaluated 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) pollutants in soil samples from the four (4) major clans in Onne using a gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID) during and after the COVID-19 lockdown. The results showed a differential presence of PAHs during and after the lockdown. Of the 16 priority PAHs, 10 and 8 PAHs were respectively detected during and after the COVID-19 lockdown. High molecular weight PAHs such as benzo(k)fluoranthene and benzo(a)anthracene were major contributors during the lockdown, while low molecular weight PAHs such as naphthalene, acenaphthylene, and fluorene were present at higher levels after the lockdown. An assessment of health risk by incremental lifetime cancer risks revealed that the entire population of Onne might be at risk of cancer development across periods, though a higher risk was presented during the lockdown. In addition, children under the age of 18 may be at greater risk. To the best of our knowledge, there is no previous report on the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on soil PAH profile and health risks, with particular attention to the Onne industrial host community. Earlier work considered the ecological risks of heavy metals on dumpsites in Onne. Taken together, the PAH-contaminated soil in Onne poses an immediate health concern. Therefore, reduced anthropological activities, as evident during the COVID-19 lockdown, may play a role in exposure and cancer risk reduction. While there may not be another lockdown due to the challenging impacts associated with a physical lockdown, firmly controlled economic activity can be a solution if embraced by stakeholders. The COVID-19-lockdown was encumbered with restricted movements and security checks, which limited the number of samples collected. However, the Local Government Council (Department of the Environment) granted permission for the researchers to work with a minimal threat to their lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charity Kelechi Lele
- Landmark University SDG 3 (Good Health & Well-Being Research Group), Landmark University, Omu-Aran, 251101, Kwara State, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria
| | - Olarewaju Michael Oluba
- Landmark University SDG 3 (Good Health & Well-Being Research Group), Landmark University, Omu-Aran, 251101, Kwara State, Nigeria.
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
| | - Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi
- Landmark University SDG 3 (Good Health & Well-Being Research Group), Landmark University, Omu-Aran, 251101, Kwara State, Nigeria.
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
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Rykała W, Fabiańska MJ, Dąbrowska D. The Influence of a Fire at an Illegal Landfill in Southern Poland on the Formation of Toxic Compounds and Their Impact on the Natural Environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13613. [PMID: 36294191 PMCID: PMC9602863 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Landfill fires pose a real threat to the environment as they cause the migration of pollutants to the atmosphere and water sources. A greater risk is observed in the case of wild landfills, which do not have adequate isolation from the ground. The aim of this article is to present the results of studies on the toxicity of waste from a fire in a landfill in Trzebinia (southern Poland). Both soil and waste samples were investigated. The samples were analyzed using the GC-MS method and the leachates using ICP-OES. A total of 32 samples of incinerated waste and soil were collected. The organic compounds included naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo (c) phenanthrene, benzo (a) anthracene, chrysene, benzo (ghi) fluoranthene, benzo (b + k) fluoranthene, benzo (a) fluoranthene, benzo (c) fluoranthene, benzo (a) pyrene, benzo (e) pyrene, perylene, indeno[1,2,3-cd] pyrene, benzo (ghi) perylene, and dibenzo (a + h) anthracene. Among the inorganic parameters, sulfates, chlorides, arsenic, boron, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc were taken into account. Phenanthrene reached values exceeding 33 mg/L. Fluoranthene dominated in most of the samples. Sulfates and chlorides were present in the samples in concentrations exceeding 400 and 50 mg/L, respectively. Compounds contained in burnt waste may have a negative impact on soil and water health safety. Therefore, it is important to conduct research and counteract the negative effects of waste fires.
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Qian Y, Xu Z, Hong X, Luo Z, Gao X, Tie C, Liang H. Alkylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Are the Largest Contributor to Polycyclic Aromatic Compound Concentrations in the Topsoil of Huaibei Coalfield, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12733. [PMID: 36232034 PMCID: PMC9566202 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (APAHs) are more toxic and persistent than their parent compounds. Here, the concentrations, composition profiles, and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in 127 topsoil samples from Huaibei coalfield were analyzed. The PAC concentrations in different functional areas were significantly different: mining area > industrial area > residential area > agricultural area. APAHs were the major contributors to PACs, accounting for 71-83% of total PACs. Alkylnaphthalenes and alkylphenanthrenes were the primary APAH components, accounting for 83-87% of APAHs. Principal component analysis showed that petrogenic source, coal and biomass combustion, and vehicle emissions were the primary sources of PACs. By comparing the fingerprint information of soil, coal, and coal gangue, it was hypothesized that the petrogenic source of PAC pollution in typical mining areas and surrounding areas are coal particle scattering and coal gangue weathering. Some coal mining and industrial areas potentially pose risks to children, whereas others do not. There are limited evaluation criteria for alkyl PAHs; hence, the estimated risk is likely lower than the actual risk. In addition to the conventional 16 PAHs, it is critical to consider a broader range of PACs, especially APAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhenpeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiuping Hong
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Zhonggeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiulong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cai Tie
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Handong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
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Sharifi R, Keshavarzifard M, Sharifinia M, Zakaria MP, Mehr MR, Abbasi S, Yap CK, Yousefi MR, Masood N, Magam SM, Alkhadher SAA, Daliri M. Source apportionment and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the coastal ecosystem of the Brunei Bay, Brunei. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 181:113913. [PMID: 35810648 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pollution characteristics and associated ecological risks of PAHs in sediments from Brunei Bay, Brunei were investigated. The concentrations of ∑16 PAHs ranged from 826.7 to 2955.3 μg kg-1, indicating moderate to high level of pollution. Source apportionment of PAHs by molecular isomeric ratios and positive matrix factorization model indicated impact of potential anthropogenic PAH sources including combustion of biomass and fossil fuels. The data indicated relatively no significant ecotoxicological risk for most of PAH compounds. To estimate the individual c-PAH toxicity, the toxic equivalent quantity (c-TEQ) was calculated. Results of the TEQ analysis showed that BaP followed by DBA and BaA are the most carcinogenic of PAHs examined in the study area. The evaluation of human health risk of PAHs revealed that the cancer risk of PAHs for adults and children was higher than the USEPA threshold (<1E-06) and lower than 1E-3, implying low to moderate risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Sharifi
- University of Applied Science and Technology, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| | - Mehrzad Keshavarzifard
- Shrimp Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bushehr 75169-89177, Iran.
| | - Moslem Sharifinia
- Shrimp Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bushehr 75169-89177, Iran
| | - Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria
- Environmental Forensics Research Center, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra, Malaysia
| | - Meisam Rastegari Mehr
- Department of Applied Geology, Faculty of Earth Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15614, Iran
| | - Sajjad Abbasi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran; Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin 20-031, Poland
| | - Chee Kong Yap
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Reza Yousefi
- School of Chemical Engineering University of Zanjan, University Blvd, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Najat Masood
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55471, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami Muhsen Magam
- Basic Science Department, Preparatory Year, University of Ha'il, 1560 Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Moslem Daliri
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Okedere O, Elehinafe F. Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Nigeria's environment: A review. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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Zhang Y, Cheng D, Lei Y, Song J, Xia J. Spatiotemporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of a typical river located in the Loess Plateau, China: Influence of human activities and land-use changes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127744. [PMID: 34839980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Loess Plateau, as the key energy base of China, has sensitive responses to the global changes, and receives polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from anthropogenic activities. However, understanding how anthropogenic and climate factors affect synergistically the PAHs distribution in this vulnerable ecological environment is deficient. Here the spatiotemporal distribution of PAHs in sediments from a typical river of the Loess Plateau were investigated. The PAHs were mainly from coal combustion in the range of 194-514 ng g-1, and their concentrations were generally higher in normal season than wet season as the dilution effect of high river discharge and strong precipitation. The interactive effects of land-use and precipitation showed PAHs enriched in forest-grass land were transferred into rivers through surface and subsurface runoff during light rainfall, resulting in the increase of the PAHs concentrations in river sediments. In contrast, large precipitation in wet season would obscure any spatial variations. In addition, human activities, especially energy production, directly enhanced PAHs accumulation in river sediments due to the emission from the production processing of oil and coal, and indirectly influenced the PAHs by impacting the per capita GDP. These findings had important implications for the management and prediction of PAH accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.
| | - Dandong Cheng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.
| | - Yali Lei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China; SINOMA International Engineering CO., LTD., Nanjing 211100, China.
| | - Jinxi Song
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.
| | - Jun Xia
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China; Key Laboratory of Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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11
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Iwegbue CMA, Kekeke EF, Tesi GO, Olisah C, Egobueze FE, Chukwu-Madu E, Martincigh BS. Impact of Land-Use Types on the Distribution and Exposure Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Dusts from Benin City, Nigeria. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 81:210-226. [PMID: 34254149 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00861-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of the sixteen United States Environmental Protection Agency polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in dusts from different land-use types in Benin City by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results obtained were used to assess the ecological and human health risk and to determine the source apportionment. The Ʃ16 PAH concentrations in dusts from Benin City ranged from 230 to 2300 µg kg-1 for industrial areas, 211-1330 µg kg-1 for commercial areas, 153-1170 µg kg-1 for residential areas, and from 216 to 1970 µg kg-1 for school playgrounds/parks. The ecological risk assessment suggested that the levels of PAHs in dusts from these land-use types are of low-to-moderate risk to organisms. The benzo(a)pyrene carcinogenic potency [BaPTEQ] (70.5-131 µg kg-1) and benzo(a)pyrene mutagenic potency [BaPMEQ] (62.9-122 µg kg-1) concentrations were below the Canadian soil quality guideline value of 600 µg kg-1. The incremental lifetime carcinogenic risk (ILCR) arising from exposure of adults and children to PAHs in dusts from Benin City were in the magnitude of 10-4-10-2, which exceeded the safe target levels of 10-6, implying a considerable cancer risk for residents of this city. The PAH source apportionment derived from isomeric ratios and multivariate statistics indicated that burning of biomass, wood, and charcoal, and vehicular traffic were the predominant sources of PAHs in dusts from Benin City.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ejiroghene F Kekeke
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Godswill O Tesi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Chijioke Olisah
- Department of Botany & Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Francis E Egobueze
- Environment and Quality Control Department, Nigerian Agip Oil Company, Rumueme, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Etanuro Chukwu-Madu
- Department of Chemistry, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X5400l, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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12
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Cavalcanti JVFL, Fraga TJM, de Lima VF, Dos Santos e Silva DF, Loureiro Leite MDA, do Nascimento CWA, Schuler ARP, da Motta Sobrinho MA. Advanced Oxidation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils Contaminated with Diesel Oil at Pilot‐Scale. Chem Eng Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiago José Marques Fraga
- Federal University of Pernambuco Department of Chemical Engineering 1235 Prof. Moraes Rego Avenue, Cidade Universitária 50670-901 Recife Brazil
| | - Valmir Félix de Lima
- Federal University of Pernambuco Department of Chemical Engineering 1235 Prof. Moraes Rego Avenue, Cidade Universitária 50670-901 Recife Brazil
| | - Daniella Fartes Dos Santos e Silva
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Group of Studies in Bioeconomy School of Chemistry 149 Athos da Silveira Ramos Avenue, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Mirella De Andrade Loureiro Leite
- Federal University of Pernambuco Department of Chemical Engineering 1235 Prof. Moraes Rego Avenue, Cidade Universitária 50670-901 Recife Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Ricardo Pereira Schuler
- Federal University of Pernambuco Department of Chemical Engineering 1235 Prof. Moraes Rego Avenue, Cidade Universitária 50670-901 Recife Brazil
| | - Maurício Alves da Motta Sobrinho
- Federal University of Pernambuco Department of Chemical Engineering 1235 Prof. Moraes Rego Avenue, Cidade Universitária 50670-901 Recife Brazil
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Enuneku A, Ogbeide O, Okpara B, Kubeyinje BF, Job O, Asemota CO, Imoobe T, Ezemonye LI. Ingestion and Dermal Cancer Risk via Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soils in an Oil-Producing Community, Niger Delta, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:261-271. [PMID: 33074553 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is an intrinsic link between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) accumulated in soils and increased health risk to humans after exposure to contaminated soil via ingestion, inhalation of particulates carrying PAHs, and direct contact with polluted soils. However, the assessment of PAH contamination in most developing countries fails to consider health risk assessment. Therefore, a comprehensive study was conducted to determine the concentration, source, toxicity, and human health risks of 16 PAHs in an urban area in Warri, Delta State, in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The results showed varying contamination levels for PAH in soil samples from all sampling points, with benzo[a]anthracene (BaP; at 338.81 μg/kg) being the most abundant at all 9 sampling stations. The highest total concentration of PAH was observed at station 5 (1230.98 μg/kg), which was closest to a flow station. Further comparison with PAH contamination standards showed that soils from stations 1 and 2 were weakly contaminated (<600 μg/kg), and soil samples from stations 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9 were moderately contaminated (<1000 μg/kg). Soil samples from stations 5 and 8 were observed to be heavily contaminated (>1000 μg/kg). The BaP estimates for soil samples obtained for stations 3 to 9 were higher than the BaP soil screening value (15 μg/kg), indicating a carcinogenic potential of soil samples. The results also showed that the incremental lifetime cancer risk estimates for PAH in the soil for adults and children were above the recommended threshold (10-4 ) for ingestion and dermal contact, implying that exposure to contaminated soil could lead to cancers in adults and children. Currently, there are no regional or national standards for PAHs in soil that would indicate an increased likelihood for human exposure and subsequent health issues. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:261-271. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Enuneku
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology and Environmental Forensics, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Ozekeke Ogbeide
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontain, South Africa
| | - Benjamin Okpara
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Bawo Frank Kubeyinje
- National Centre for Energy and Environment, Energy Commission of Nigeria, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Oluwafunke Job
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Charming Osaro Asemota
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology and Environmental Forensics, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Tunde Imoobe
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Lawrence Ikechukwu Ezemonye
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology and Environmental Forensics, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
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Cavalcanti JVFL, Fraga TJM, Loureiro Leite MDA, Dos Santos E Silva DF, de Lima VF, Schuler ARP, do Nascimento CWA, da Motta Sobrinho MA. In-depth investigation of Sodium percarbonate as oxidant of PAHs from soil contaminated with diesel oil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115832. [PMID: 33120152 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sodium percarbonate (SPC, 2Na2CO3∙3H2O2), is a compound that can be used under multiple environmental applications. In this work, SPC was employed as oxidant in the treatment of soil contaminated with diesel oil. The soil samples were collected during the earthmoving stage of RNEST Oil Refinery (Petrobras), Brazil. Then, the samples were air-dried, mixed and characterized. Subsequently, raw soil was contaminated with diesel and treated by photo-Fenton reaction (H2O2/Fe2+/UV). SPC played a significant role in the generation of hydroxyl radicals under the catalytic effect of ferrous ions (Fe2+), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and radiation. These radicals provoked the photodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in the soil remediation. A factorial design 33 was carried out to assess the variables which most influenced the decrease in total organic carbon (TOC). The study was performed with the following variables: initial concentration of [H2O2] and [Fe2+], between 190.0 and 950.0 mmol L-1 and 0.0-14.4 mmol L-1, respectively. UV radiation was supplied from sunlight, blacklight lamps, and system without radiation. All experiments were performed with 5.0 g of contaminated soil in 50.0 mL of solution. The initial concentration of Fe2+ showed the statistically most significant effect. The oxidation efficiency evaluated in the best condition showed a decrease from 34,765 mg kg-1 to 15,801 mg kg-1 in TOC and from 85.750 mg kg-1 to 20.770 mg kg-1 in PAHs content. Moreover, the sums of low and high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (LMW-PAHs and HMW-PAHs) were 19.537 mg kg-1 and 1.233 mg kg-1, respectively. Both values are within the limits recommended by the United Sates Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and evidenced the satisfactory removal of PAHs from contaminated soil, being an alternative to classic oxidation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiago José Marques Fraga
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco, 1235 Prof. Moraes Rego Avenue, Cidade Universitária, ZIP code, 50670-901, Recife, Brazil.
| | - Mirella de Andrade Loureiro Leite
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco, 1235 Prof. Moraes Rego Avenue, Cidade Universitária, ZIP code, 50670-901, Recife, Brazil
| | - Daniella Fartes Dos Santos E Silva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco, 1235 Prof. Moraes Rego Avenue, Cidade Universitária, ZIP code, 50670-901, Recife, Brazil
| | - Valmir Félix de Lima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco, 1235 Prof. Moraes Rego Avenue, Cidade Universitária, ZIP code, 50670-901, Recife, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Ricardo Pereira Schuler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco, 1235 Prof. Moraes Rego Avenue, Cidade Universitária, ZIP code, 50670-901, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Maurício Alves da Motta Sobrinho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco, 1235 Prof. Moraes Rego Avenue, Cidade Universitária, ZIP code, 50670-901, Recife, Brazil.
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Ihunwo OC, Ibezim-Ezeani MU, DelValls TA. Human health and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment of Woji creek in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 162:111903. [PMID: 33321306 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human health risk was determined by assessing risk due to dermal contact with the sediment and Benzo [a] pyrene -equivalent concentrations (BaP-TEQ- carcinogenic equivalents and BaP-MEQ- mutagenic equivalents). Ecological risk of PAHs in the sediment was determined by comparing PAHs concentrations to effect range low (ERL) and effect range median (ERM); to estimate the risk associated with the combined effects of PAHs, mean ERM quotient (mERMq) was calculated. Results revealed that hazard index (HI) due to dermal contact of the sediment for adults are 596 and 73.84 for children. Similarly, cancer risk for adults was all >10-1 and was within 10-3 ≤ 10-1 for children, for every compound; the sum of cancer risk for adults and children were 8.26 and 1.022 respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owhonda Chikeru Ihunwo
- Niger Delta Aqua Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry Technology, School of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt P. M. B. 5323, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Millicent Uzoamaka Ibezim-Ezeani
- Niger Delta Aqua Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry Technology, School of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt P. M. B. 5323, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria; Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, P. M. B. 5323, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria.
| | - Tomás Angel DelValls
- Niger Delta Aqua Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry Technology, School of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt P. M. B. 5323, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria; Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University (UNISANTA), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
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