1
|
Ricker K, Cheng V, Hsieh CJ, Tsai FC, Osborne G, Li K, Yilmazer-Musa M, Sandy MS, Cogliano VJ, Schmitz R, Sun M. Application of the Key Characteristics of Carcinogens to Bisphenol A. Int J Toxicol 2024; 43:253-290. [PMID: 38204208 DOI: 10.1177/10915818231225161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The ten key characteristics (KCs) of carcinogens are based on characteristics of known human carcinogens and encompass many types of endpoints. We propose that an objective review of the large amount of cancer mechanistic evidence for the chemical bisphenol A (BPA) can be achieved through use of these KCs. A search on metabolic and mechanistic data relevant to the carcinogenicity of BPA was conducted and web-based software tools were used to screen and organize the results. We applied the KCs to systematically identify, organize, and summarize mechanistic information for BPA, and to bring relevant carcinogenic mechanisms into focus. For some KCs with very large data sets, we utilized reviews focused on specific endpoints. Over 3000 studies for BPA from various data streams (exposed humans, animals, in vitro and cell-free systems) were identified. Mechanistic data relevant to each of the ten KCs were identified, with receptor-mediated effects, epigenetic alterations, oxidative stress, and cell proliferation being especially data rich. Reactive and bioactive metabolites are also associated with a number of KCs. This review demonstrates how the KCs can be applied to evaluate mechanistic data, especially for data-rich chemicals. While individual entities may have different approaches for the incorporation of mechanistic data in cancer hazard identification, the KCs provide a practical framework for conducting an objective examination of the available mechanistic data without a priori assumptions on mode of action. This analysis of the mechanistic data available for BPA suggests multiple and inter-connected mechanisms through which this chemical can act.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Ricker
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Vanessa Cheng
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Chingyi Jennifer Hsieh
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Feng C Tsai
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Gwendolyn Osborne
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Kate Li
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Meltem Yilmazer-Musa
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Martha S Sandy
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Vincent J Cogliano
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Rose Schmitz
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Meng Sun
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
da Silva RC, Teixeira MP, de Paiva LS, Miranda-Alves L. Environmental Health and Toxicology: Immunomodulation Promoted by Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical Tributyltin. TOXICS 2023; 11:696. [PMID: 37624201 PMCID: PMC10458372 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT) is an environmental contaminant present on all continents, including Antarctica, with a potent biocidal action. Its use began to be intensified during the 1960s. It was effectively banned in 2003 but remains in the environment to this day due to several factors that increase its half-life and its misuse despite the bans. In addition to the endocrine-disrupting effect of TBT, which may lead to imposex induction in some invertebrate species, there are several studies that demonstrate that TBT also has an immunotoxic effect. The immunotoxic effects that have been observed experimentally in vertebrates using in vitro and in vivo models involve different mechanisms; mainly, there are alterations in the expression and/or secretion of cytokines. In this review, we summarize and update the literature on the impacts of TBT on the immune system, and we discuss issues that still need to be explored to fill the knowledge gaps regarding the impact of this endocrine-disrupting chemical on immune system homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Correia da Silva
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Experimental-LEEx, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (R.C.d.S.); (M.P.T.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pires Teixeira
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Experimental-LEEx, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (R.C.d.S.); (M.P.T.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Luciana Souza de Paiva
- Departamento de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-201, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-201, Brazil
| | - Leandro Miranda-Alves
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Experimental-LEEx, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (R.C.d.S.); (M.P.T.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kodila A, Franko N, Sollner Dolenc M. A review on immunomodulatory effects of BPA analogues. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1831-1846. [PMID: 37204436 PMCID: PMC10256647 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a known endocrine disruptor found in many consumer products that humans come into contact with on a daily basis. Due to increasing concerns about the safety of BPA and the introduction of new legislation restricting its use, industry has responded by adopting new, less studied BPA analogues that have similar polymer-forming properties. Some BPA analogues have already been shown to exhibit effects similar to BPA, for example, contributing to endocrine disruption through agonistic or antagonistic behaviour at various nuclear receptors such as estrogen (ER), androgen (AR), glucocorticoid (GR), aryl hydrocarbon (AhR), and pregnane X receptor (PXR). Since the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) issued a draft re-evaluation of BPA and drastically reduced the temporary tolerable daily intake (t-TDI) of BPA from 4 mg/kg body weight/day to 0.2 ng/kg body weight/day due to increasing concern about the toxic properties of BPA, including its potential to disrupt immune system processes, we conducted a comprehensive review of the immunomodulatory activity of environmentally abundant BPA analogues. The results of the review suggest that BPA analogues may affect both the innate and acquired immune systems and can contribute to various immune-mediated conditions such as hypersensitivity reactions, allergies, and disruption of the human microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kodila
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Franko
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marija Sollner Dolenc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khan MM, Bhatt P. Editorial: Environmental pollutants in agroecosystem: toxicity, mechanism, and remediation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1208405. [PMID: 37351214 PMCID: PMC10282987 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1208405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Musa Khan
- Plant Inspection, Quarantine and Crop Health Team, Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Park SJ, Jang JW, Moon EY. Bisphenol A-induced autophagy ameliorates human B cell death through Nrf2-mediated regulation of Atg7 and Beclin1 expression by Syk activation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 260:115061. [PMID: 37257343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The widely used plasticizer bisphenol A (BPA) is known as an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC). Many studies have shown that BPA contributes to diseases involving immune system alterations, but the underlying mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. We previously reported that BPA at concentration of 100 μM caused human B cell death in accordance with an increase in nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2(Nrf2) expression. Autophagy is a cellular process that degraded and recycles cytoplasmic constituents. Here, we investigated whether BPA induces autophagy through Nrf2, which is associated with regulation of B cell death using human WiL2-NS lymphoblast B cells. Then, cell viability was assessed by various assays using trypan blue, MTT or Celltiter glo luminescent substrate and DAPI. When WiL2-NS cells were treated with BPA, cell viability was decreased and LC3 autophagy cargo protein/puncta was increased. BPA-induced autophagy was confirmed by the modification of LC3 puncta formation or autophagy flux turnover with the treatment of hydroxychloroquine(HCQ), NH4Cl and PI3K inhibitors including 3-methyladenine(3-MA), LY294002 and wortmannin. BPA treatment increased the expression of autophagy-related gene(Atg)7 and Beclin1 as well as Nrf2 induced by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The inhibition of autophagy with siAtg7 or siBeclin1 and Nrf2 depletion aggravated BPA-induced cell death. BPA enhanced the bound of Nrf2 to the specific region on Beclin1 and Atg7 promoter. Spleen tyrosine kinase(Syk) activity was enhanced in response to BPA treatment. Bay61-3606, Syk inhibitor, decreased LC3 and the expression of Atg7 and Beclin1, leading to the increase of BPA-induced B cell death. The results suggest that BPA-induced autophagy ameliorates human B cell death through Nrf2-mediated regulation of Atg7 and Beclin1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So-Jeong Park
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, the Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Won Jang
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, the Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yi Moon
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, the Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pant A, Dasgupta D, Tripathi A, Pyaram K. Beyond Antioxidation: Keap1-Nrf2 in the Development and Effector Functions of Adaptive Immune Cells. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:288-298. [PMID: 37099275 PMCID: PMC10579846 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells, the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-NF erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) complex forms the evolutionarily conserved antioxidation system to tackle oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species, generated as byproducts of cellular metabolism, were identified as essential second messengers for T cell signaling, activation, and effector responses. Apart from its traditional role as an antioxidant, a growing body of evidence indicates that Nrf2, tightly regulated by Keap1, modulates immune responses and regulates cellular metabolism. Newer functions of Keap1 and Nrf2 in immune cell activation and function, as well as their role in inflammatory diseases such as sepsis, inflammatory bowel disease, and multiple sclerosis, are emerging. In this review, we highlight recent findings about the influence of Keap1 and Nrf2 in the development and effector functions of adaptive immune cells, that is, T cells and B cells, and discuss the knowledge gaps in our understanding. We also summarize the research potential and targetability of Nrf2 for treating immune pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Pant
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Debolina Dasgupta
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Aprajita Tripathi
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Kalyani Pyaram
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li M, Li T, Yin J, Xie C, Zhu J. Evaluation of toxicological effects of bisphenol S with an in vitro human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell: Implications for bone health. Toxicology 2023; 484:153408. [PMID: 36565802 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As the use of bisphenol A (BPA) has been restricted in consumer products, bisphenol S (BPS) is one major alternative to BPA for various materials, leading to growing concerns about its health risks in human beings. However, little is known about the toxic effects of BPS on bone health. We employed human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) for the in vitro assessment of BPS on cell proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal. Our study revealed that BPS at concentrations of 10-10-10-7 M increased cell viability but induced the morphological changes of hBMSCs. Moreover, BPS decreased ROS generation and increased Nrf2 expression. Furthermore, BPS not only activated ERα/β expression but also increased β-catenin expression and induced the replicative senescence of hBMSCs. Furthermore, we found that the upregulation of β-catenin induced by BPS was mediated, in part, by ER signaling. Overall, our results suggested BPS exposure caused the homeostatic imbalance of hBMSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- The Laboratory Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Tenglong Li
- The Laboratory Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Juan Yin
- Department of Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215008, China
| | - Chunfeng Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Jianyun Zhu
- Department of Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 counter-regulates thymosin beta-4 expression and primary cilium formation for HeLa cervical cancer cell survival. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20170. [PMID: 36424462 PMCID: PMC9691707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24596-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the function of thymosin beta-4 (TB4) expression and primary cilium (PC) formation via the underlying Nrf2-dependent mechanism for cervical cancer cell (CC) survival under conditions of serum deprivation (SD). TB4 silencing was achieved using RNA interference. The percentage of PC formation was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. Nrf2 expression was modified by the preparation of stable Nrf2-knockdown cells with shNrf2 and the overexpression of Nrf2 with pcDNA-Nrf2 plasmids. Gene expression was measured using reverse-transcription PCR, Gaussia luciferase assay, and western blotting. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay or CellTiter Glo assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected with flow cytometry. CCs incubated in SD without fetal bovine serum remained viable, and SD increased PC formation and TB4 transcription. CC viability was further decreased by treatment with ciliobrevin A to inhibit PC formation or TB4-siRNA. SD increased ROS, including H2O2. N-acetylcysteine inhibited ROS production following H2O2 treatment or SD, which also decreased PC formation and TB4 transcription. Meanwhile, H2O2 increased PC formation, which was attenuated in response to TB4 siRNA. Treatment with H2O2 increased Nrf2 expression, antioxidant responsive element (ARE) activity, and PC formation, which were inhibited by the Nrf2 inhibitor clobestasol propionate. Nrf2 knockdown via expression of Tet-On shNrf2 enhanced ROS production, leading to increased PC formation and decreased TB4 expression; these effects were counteracted by Nrf2 overexpression. Our data demonstrate that Nrf2 counter-regulates TB4 expression and PC formation for CC survival under conditions of SD, suggesting cervical CC survival could be upregulated by PC formation via Nrf2 activation and TB4 expression.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee JW, Cho JY, Thuy PX, Moon EY. HeLa Cervical Cancer Cells Are Maintained by Nephronophthisis 3-Associated Primary Cilium Formation via ROS-Induced ERK and HIF-1α Activation under Serum-Deprived Normoxic Condition. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314500. [PMID: 36498831 PMCID: PMC9739938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium (PC) is a microtubule-based antenna-like organelle projecting from the surface of the cell membrane. We previously reported that PC formation could be regulated by nephronophthisis 3 (NPHP3) expression followed by its interaction with thymosin β4. Here, we investigated whether cancer cell viability is regulated by NPHP3-mediated PC formation. The total and viable cell number were reduced by incubating cells under serum deprivation (SD) without fetal bovine serum (-FBS). PC frequency was increased by SD which enhanced NPHP3 expression and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α. The role of HIF-1α on NPHP3 expression and PC formation was confirmed by the binding of HIF-1α to the NPHP3 promoter and siRNA-based inhibition of HIF-1α (siHIF-1α), respectively. HIF-1α-stabilizing dimethyloxallyl glycine (DMOG) and hypoxic conditions increased NPHP3 expression and PC formation. In addition, as SD elevated the reactive oxygen species (ROS), PC frequency and NPHP3 expression were inhibited by a treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger. PC formation was increased by H2O2 treatment, which was inhibited by siHIF-1α. The inhibition of ERK with P98059 decreased the frequency of PC formation and NPHP3 expression. Cell viability was reduced by a treatment with ciliobrevin A (CilioA) to inhibit PC formation, which was re-affirmed by using PC-deficient IFT88-/- cells. Taken together, the results imply that PC formation in cancer cells could be controlled by NPHP3 expression through ROS-induced HIF-1α and ERK activation under SD conditions. It suggests that cancer cell viability under SD conditions could be maintained by NPHP3 expression to regulate PC formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eun-Yi Moon
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3408-3768; Fax: +82-2-3408-4334
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Molonia MS, Muscarà C, Speciale A, Salamone FL, Toscano G, Saija A, Cimino F. The p-Phthalates Terephthalic Acid and Dimethyl Terephthalate Used in the Manufacture of PET Induce In Vitro Adipocytes Dysfunction by Altering Adipogenesis and Thermogenesis Mechanisms. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217645. [PMID: 36364480 PMCID: PMC9656719 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Public health concerns associated with the potential leaching of substances from Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) packaging have been raised due to the role of phthalates as endocrine-disrupting chemicals or obesogens. In particular, changes in the environment such as pH, temperature, and irradiation can improve contaminant migration from PET food packaging. In this study, the in vitro effects of p-phthalates terephthalic acid (TPA) and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) on murine adipocytes (3T3-L1) were evaluated using concentrations that might be obtained in adult humans exposed to contaminated sources. TPA and, in particular, DMT exposure during 3T3-L1 differentiation increased the cellular lipid content and induced adipogenic markers PPAR-γ, C/EBPß, FABP4, and FASN, starting from low nanomolar concentrations. Interestingly, the adipogenic action of TPA- and DMT-induced PPAR-γ was reverted by ICI 182,780, a specific antagonist of the estrogen receptor. Furthermore, TPA and DMT affected adipocytes’ thermogenic program, reducing pAMPK and PGC-1α levels, and induced the NF-κB proinflammatory pathway. Given the observed effects of biologically relevant chronic concentrations of these p-phthalates and taking into account humans’ close and constant contact with plastics, it seems appropriate that ascertaining safe levels of TPA and DMT exposure is considered a high priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sofia Molonia
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Claudia Muscarà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Speciale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Lina Salamone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Toscano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Saija
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Cimino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Morris G, Gevezova M, Sarafian V, Maes M. Redox regulation of the immune response. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:1079-1101. [PMID: 36056148 PMCID: PMC9508259 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe immune-inflammatory response is associated with increased nitro-oxidative stress. The aim of this mechanistic review is to examine: (a) the role of redox-sensitive transcription factors and enzymes, ROS/RNS production, and the activity of cellular antioxidants in the activation and performance of macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, T-cells, B-cells, and natural killer cells; (b) the involvement of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), paraoxonase-1 (PON1), and oxidized phospholipids in regulating the immune response; and (c) the detrimental effects of hypernitrosylation and chronic nitro-oxidative stress on the immune response. The redox changes during immune-inflammatory responses are orchestrated by the actions of nuclear factor-κB, HIF1α, the mechanistic target of rapamycin, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinases, 5' AMP-activated protein kinase, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. The performance and survival of individual immune cells is under redox control and depends on intracellular and extracellular levels of ROS/RNS. They are heavily influenced by cellular antioxidants including the glutathione and thioredoxin systems, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and the HDL/ApoA1/PON1 complex. Chronic nitro-oxidative stress and hypernitrosylation inhibit the activity of those antioxidant systems, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, mitochondrial functions, and the metabolism of immune cells. In conclusion, redox-associated mechanisms modulate metabolic reprogramming of immune cells, macrophage and T helper cell polarization, phagocytosis, production of pro- versus anti-inflammatory cytokines, immune training and tolerance, chemotaxis, pathogen sensing, antiviral and antibacterial effects, Toll-like receptor activity, and endotoxin tolerance.
Collapse
|
12
|
Salehabadi A, Farkhondeh T, Harifi-Mood MS, Aschner M, Samarghandian S. Role of Nrf2 in bisphenol effects: a review study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:55457-55472. [PMID: 35680748 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20996-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenols (BPs), the main endocrine-disrupting chemicals used in polycarbonate plastics, epoxy-phenol resins, and some other manufacturers, have been interestingly focused to find their toxic effects in recent years. Due to the strong relation between bisphenols and some crucial receptors such as ERs, AR, glucocorticoid receptor, THRs, ERRs, hPXR, AhR, and etcetera, the disrupting and oncogenic role of these chemicals on reproductive, respiratory, and circulatory systems and a broad group of body tissues have been investigated. BPs induce oxidant enzymes, exert antioxidant enzymes from body cells, and result in the expression of proinflammatory genes, leading to cell apoptosis and inflammation. To maintain the homeostasis of human body cells, Nrf2, the key regulator of oxidative stress (Ashrafizadeh et al., 2020a; Ashrafizadeh et al., 2020c; Boroumand et al., 2018), confronts BP-induced ROS and RNS through the activation of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD1/2, CAT, GSH, GPX, HO-1, and etcetera. Chemicals and drugs such as LUT, NAC, GEN, L-NMMA, Ph2Se2, and GE can regulate the interactions between BPs and Nrf2. Despite the vital role of controlled levels of Nrf2 as an anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic element, the uncontrolled activity of this transcription factor could lead to cell proliferation and tumorigenesis through NQO1, SLC7a11, Gclm, HMOX1, NQO1 gene activation, and some other genes. To avoid the excessive activity of Nrf2, some protein complexes like CUL3-RBX1-Keap1 (as the primary regulator), β-TrCP, and WDR23 regulate Nrf2's function. It is necessary to note that BPA, as the most famous member, is further reviewed due to its resemblance to the bisphenol family to each other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Salehabadi
- Student Research Committee, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Thuy PX, Bao TDD, Moon EY. Ursodeoxycholic acid ameliorates cell migration retarded by the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:113021. [PMID: 35658221 PMCID: PMC9035373 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute -respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2) through interaction of the spike protein (SP) with the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and its receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme 2(ACE2). Repair mechanisms induced following virus infection can restore the protective barrier through wound healing. Then, cells from the epithelial basal layer repopulate the damaged area, followed by cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as changes in gene expression. METHODS Using Beas-2B cells and SP, we investigated whether ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) contributes to restoration of the bronchial epithelial layer. ACE2 expression was measured by RT-PCR and Western blotting. SP-ACE2 interaction was analyzed by flow cytometry and visualized through immunostaining. Cell migration was assessed using single cell path tracking and wound healing assay. RESULTS Upon ACE2 overexpression in HeLa, HEK293T, and Beas-2B cells following the transfection of pCMV-ACE2 plasmid DNA, SP binding on each cell was increased in the ACE2 overexpression group compared to pCMV-transfected control cells. SP treatment delayed the migration of BEAS-2B cells compared to the control. SP also reduced cell migration, even under ACE2 overexpression; SP binding was greater in ACE2-overexpressed cells than control cells. UDCA interfered significantly with the binding of SP to ACE2 under our experimental conditions. UDCA also restored the inhibitory migration of Beas-2B cells induced by SP treatment. CONCLSION Our data demonstrate that UDCA can contribute to the inhibition of abnormal airway epithelial cell migration. These results suggest that UDCA can enhance the repair mechanism, to prevent damage caused by SP-ACE2 interaction and enhance restoration of the epithelial basal layer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pham Xuan Thuy
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Tran Duc Duy Bao
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yi Moon
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gweon B, Jang TK, Thuy PX, Moon EY. Primary Cilium by Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid Regulates the Regenerative Migration of Beas-2B Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2022; 30:170-178. [PMID: 35221299 PMCID: PMC8902458 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2022.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium is equipped with the ability to resist respiratory disease development and airway damage, including the migration of airway epithelial cells and the activation of TLR3, which recognizes double-stranded (ds) RNA. Primary cilia on airway epithelial cells are involved in the cell cycle and cell differentiation and repair. In this study, we used Beas-2B human bronchial epithelial cells to investigate the effects of the TLR3 agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [Poly(I:C)] on airway cell migration and primary cilia (PC) formation. PC formation increased in cells incubated under serum deprivation. Migration was faster in Beas-2B cells pretreated with Poly(I:C) than in control cells, as judged by a wound healing assay, single-cell path tracking, and a Transwell migration assay. No changes in cell migration were observed when the cells were incubated in conditioned medium from Poly(I:C)-treated cells. PC formation was enhanced by Poly(I:C) treatment, but was reduced when the cells were exposed to the ciliogenesis inhibitor ciliobrevin A (CilioA). The inhibition of Beas-2B cell migration by CilioA was also assessed and a slight decrease in ciliogenesis was detected in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP)-treated Beas-2B cells overexpressing ACE2 compared to control cells. Cell migration was decreased by SP but restored by Poly(I:C) treatment. Taken together, our results demonstrate that impaired migration by SP-treated cells can be attenuated by Poly(I:C) treatment, thus increasing airway cell migration through the regulation of ciliogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bomi Gweon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyu Jang
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Pham Xuan Thuy
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yi Moon
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cross-Sectional Association of Urinary Bisphenol A and Vaccine-Induced Immunity against Hepatitis B Virus: Data from the 2003–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031103. [PMID: 35162124 PMCID: PMC8834708 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection poses a serious health burden; bisphenol A (BPA), a commonly used plasticizer for consumer products, is a potential immune disruptor. However, epidemiologic studies revealing the association between BPA exposure and immunity are limited. This study investigates the association between environmental BPA exposure and immune response following HBV vaccination in a nationally representative sample population. Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from six cycles, we analyzed the data of 6134 participants, classified as susceptible to HBV infection (n = 3086) or as having vaccine-induced immunity (n = 3048). Associations between BPA level and HBV susceptibility were assessed using multivariable logistic regression and expressed as odds ratios (ORs) of the pooled data and data for each cycle. There was a significant association in the pooled data after adjusting for potential confounders (adjusted OR (aOR): 1.14, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05–1.23). However, the associations between BPA concentration and HBV susceptibility were inconsistent across the survey cycles and tended to decrease in more recent cycles. Although this study preliminarily suggests that BPA attenuates the immune response to hepatitis B vaccination, further prospective studies are warranted to elucidate the discrepancies observed.
Collapse
|
16
|
Sabuz Vidal O, Deepika D, Schuhmacher M, Kumar V. EDC-induced mechanisms of immunotoxicity: a systematic review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 51:634-652. [PMID: 35015608 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.2009438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) refer to a group of chemicals that cause adverse effects in human health, impairing hormone production and regulation, resulting in alteration of homeostasis, reproductive, and developmental, and immune system impairments. The immunotoxicity of EDCs involves many mechanisms altering gene expression that depend on the activation of nuclear receptors such as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), the estrogen receptor (ER), and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), which also results in skin and intestinal disorders, microbiota alterations and inflammatory diseases. This systematic review aims to review different mechanisms of immunotoxicity and immunomodulation of T cells, focusing on T regulatory (Treg) and Th17 subsets, B cells, and dendritic cells (DCs) caused by specific EDCs such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), bisphenols (BPs) and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). To achieve this objective, a systematic study was conducted searching various databases including PubMed and Scopus to find in-vitro, in-vivo, and biomonitoring studies that examine EDC-dependent mechanisms of immunotoxicity. While doing the systematic review, we found species- and cell-specific outcomes and a translational gap between in-vitro and in-vivo experiments. Finally, an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework is proposed, which explains mechanistically toxicity endpoints emerging from different EDCs having similar key events and can help to improve our understanding of EDCs mechanisms of immunotoxicity. In conclusion, this review provides insights into the mechanisms of immunotoxicity mediated by EDCs and will help to improve human health risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Sabuz Vidal
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Deepika Deepika
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,IISPV, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bhagia S, Bornani K, Ozcan S, Ragauskas AJ. Terephthalic Acid Copolyesters Containing Tetramethylcyclobutanediol for High-Performance Plastics. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:830-841. [PMID: 34402603 PMCID: PMC8369847 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need for high-performance applications for terephthalic acid (TPA) polyesters with high heat resistance, impact toughness, and optical clarity. Bisphenol A (BPA) based polycarbonates and polyarylates have such properties, but BPA is an endocrine disruptor. Therefore, new TPA polyesters that are less hazardous to health and the environment are becoming popular. Tetramethylcyclobutanediol (TMCD) is a difunctional monomer that can be polymerized with TPA and other diols to yield copolyesters with superior properties to conventional TPA polyesters. It has a cyclobutyl ring that makes it more rigid than cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) and EG. Thus, TMCD containing TPA copolyesters can have high heat resistance and impact strength. TPA can be made from abundantly available upcycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Therefore, this review discusses the synthesis of monomers and copolyesters, the impact of diol composition on material properties, molecular weight, effects of photodegradation, health safety, and substitution of cyclobutane diols for future polyesters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samarthya Bhagia
- Biosciences DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee 37831USA
| | - Kamlesh Bornani
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermont 05405USA
| | - Soydan Ozcan
- Manufacturing Science DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee37831USA
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennessee 37996USA
- Joint Institute of Biological SciencesBiosciences DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee 37831USA
- Center for Renewable CarbonDepartment of ForestryWildlifeand FisheriesUniversity of Tennessee Institute of AgricultureKnoxvilleTennessee 37996USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
B Cell Adhesion to Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes Is Up-Regulated by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha via Expression of Human Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Mediated by B Cell-Activating Factor. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137166. [PMID: 34281218 PMCID: PMC8267633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) play a key role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by producing inflammatory cytokines and interacting with various immune cells, which contribute to cartilage destruction. RA-FLSs activated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), exacerbate joint damage by triggering the expression of various inflammatory molecules, including human vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (hVCAM1) and B cell-activating factor (hBAFF), with a role in maturation and maintenance of B cells. Here, we investigated whether B cell interaction with FLSs could be associated with hVCAM1 expression by TNF-α through hBAFF, using WiL2-NS B cells and MH7A synovial cells. TNF-α enhanced the expression of hVCAM1 and hBAFF. B cell adhesion to FLSs was increased by treatment with TNF-α or hBAFF protein. hVCAM expression was up-regulated by transcriptional activation of the hVCAM1 promoter(−1549 to −54) in MH7A cells treated with hBAFF protein or overexpressed with hBAFF gene. In contrast, hVCAM1 expression was down-regulated by treatment with hBAFF-siRNA. JNK was activated by TNF-α treatment. Then, hVCAM1 expression and B cell adhesion to FLSs were reduced by the treatment with JNK inhibitor SP600125. Transcriptional activity of hVCAM1 by the stimulation with TNF-α was inhibited by the deletion of −1549 to −229 from the hVCAM1 promoter. hVCAM1 expression and B cell adhesion to FLSs were reduced by treatment with hVCAM1-siRNA. Taken together, these results suggest that B cell adhesion to FLSs is associated with TNF-α-induced up-regulation of hVCAM1 expression via hBAFF expression. Thus, the pathological progression of RA may be associated with hVCAM1-mediated interaction of synovial cells with B lymphocytes.
Collapse
|
19
|
Jang JW, Park S, Moon EY. Spleen tyrosine kinase regulates crosstalk of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived2)-like 2 for B cell survival. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 95:107509. [PMID: 33761438 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
B cells play a major role in regulating disease incidence through various factors, including spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), which transmits signals to all hematopoietic lineage cells. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α accumulates under hypoxic conditions, which is also oxidative stress to induce nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) responsible for gene expression of antioxidant enzymes. In the present study, we investigated whether B cells are regulated by crosstalk of HIF-1α and Nrf2 via reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated Syk activation. When B cells were incubated under hypoxic conditions, Syk phosphorylation, HIF-1α, and Nrf2 levels were increased. Hypoxia-inducible results were consistent with CoCl2 treatment, which mimics hypoxic conditions. Cell viability was reduced by the Syk inhibitor BAY 61-3606. Increased Nrf2 levels due to hypoxia or CoCl2 were inhibited by treatment with a HIF inhibitor. Hypoxia- or CoCl2-induced ROS increased HIF-1α and Nrf2 levels, which were attenuated by treatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger. HIF-1α levels were reduced in doxycycline-treated shNrf2 cells. Clobetasol propionate, a Nrf2 inhibitor, also inhibited HIF-1α levels induced by hypoxia or CoCl2. ROS-mediated Syk phosphorylation at tyrosine 525/526 was confirmed by treatment with H2O2, hypoxia, and CoCl2, and attenuated with NAC treatment. Inhibition of Syk phosphorylation by BAY 61-3606 is consistent with a decrease in protein HIF-1α and Nrf2 levels. Taken together, HIF-1α levels might control Nrf2 levels and vice versa, and could be associated with Syk phosphorylation in B cells. The results indicate that B cells could be regulated by crosstalk of HIF-1α and Nrf2 through ROS-mediated Syk activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Won Jang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sojin Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yi Moon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Peillex C, Kerever A, Lachhab A, Pelletier M. Bisphenol A, bisphenol S and their glucuronidated metabolites modulate glycolysis and functional responses of human neutrophils. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 196:110336. [PMID: 33091430 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) and its main substitute, bisphenol S (BPS), are synthetic organic compounds found in various consumer products, in particular food and beverage containers. Numerous reports have shown a link between bisphenol exposure, human contamination and increased health problems. BPA, BPS and their metabolites are detectable in bodily fluids (blood, urine) and were reported to affect immune cells and their responses. Though, the impact of those chemicals on neutrophils, the most abundant leukocytes in the circulation, remains poorly described. Therefore, we examined the effects of BPA, BPS and their monoglucuronide conjugates on neutrophil energy metabolism and anti-microbial functions, mainly phagocytosis, superoxide anion generation and CXCL8/IL-8 chemokine production. We observed that short and prolonged exposures of neutrophils to these chemicals modulate the basal and the bacterium-derived peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-induced glycolysis, with BPS causing the most alterations. The variation in energy metabolism was not associated with dysfunctions in cell cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, nor superoxide anion production upon exposure to bisphenols. In contrast, bisphenols significantly reduced the production of CXCL8/IL-8 by neutrophils, an effect found to be greater with the glucuronidated metabolites. Our study highlights that BPA, BPS and their glucuronidated metabolites alter the energy metabolism and certain anti-microbial responses of neutrophils, with possible health implications. Importantly, we found that BPS and the glucuronidated metabolites of BPA and BPS showed higher endocrine-disrupting potential than BPA. More studies on bisphenols, especially the less-documented BPS and bisphenol metabolites, are needed to fully determine their risks, allow better regulation of these compounds, and restrict their extensive usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Peillex
- Infectious and Immune Disease Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Canada; Master de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; ARThrite Research Center, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Anthony Kerever
- Infectious and Immune Disease Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Canada
| | - Asmaa Lachhab
- Infectious and Immune Disease Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Canada; ARThrite Research Center, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin Pelletier
- Infectious and Immune Disease Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Canada; ARThrite Research Center, Laval University, Québec, Canada; Department of Microbiology-Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ahmed Zaki MS, Haidara MA, Abdallaa AM, Mohammed H, Sideeg AM, Eid RA. Role of dietary selenium in alleviating bisphenol A toxicity of liver albino rats: Histological, ultrastructural, and biomarker assessments. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13725. [PMID: 33847390 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is used as a plasticizer in polycarbonate plastics. It has been used in consumer products and epoxy resins for decades as protective coatings and linings for food and beverage bottles. This can trigger human reactions to BPA which interferes with estrogen receptors. Our study explored the ameliorative effects of selenium (Se) in male rats on liver damage caused by BPA. Rats were divided into four groups at random: The first one obtained olive oil and acted as a control. Se (0.5 mg/kg diet) was given for the second group. The third one was treated with BPA (10 mg/kg body weight/day) orally. Concomitantly Se (0.5 mg/kg diet) and BPA (10 mg/kg body weight/day) were given orally in the fourth one. Liver specimens were prepared for light, electron microscopes and the serum samples were screened for biochemical markers. In the BPA received group, histological findings indicated apoptotic hepatic histological changes such as sinusoidal congestion, cytoplasmic vacuolation and leukocyte infiltration. Ultrastructurally, the same group had mitochondrial degeneration, rough endoplasmic reticulum swelling, and nuclear pyknosis, as well as fat droplet deposition and lysosome enhancement. Liver enzymes: In the BPA group, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) have been substantially increased. Moreover, histological and ultrastructural improvements were seen in the rat population treated with BPA and Se, whereas ALT and AST levels were lowered and malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), human C reactive protein (hCRP), and the serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) were significantly modulated. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Bisphenol A (BPA) is used in the manufacturing of polycarbonate plastic (e.g., water bottles, baby bottles) and epoxy resins (e.g., inner coating in metallic food cans). It is a non-polymer preservative for other plastics, one of the contaminants of the atmosphere and a common endocrine estrogenic disruptor. Our study explored the ameliorative effects of selenium (Se) in male rats on liver damage caused by BPA. Rats were divided into four groups at random: The first one obtained olive oil and acted as a control. Se (0.5 mg/kg diet) was given for the second group. The third one was treated with BPA (10 mg/kg body weight/day) orally. Concomitant Se (0.5 mg/kg diet) and BPA (10 mg/kg body weight/day) were given in the fourth one. Liver specimens were prepared for light, electron microscopes and the serum samples were screened for biochemical markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Samir Ahmed Zaki
- Anatomy Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Histology Department, College of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Haidara
- Physiology Department, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asim M Abdallaa
- Anatomy Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heitham Mohammed
- Anatomy Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abulqasim M Sideeg
- Anatomy Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Refaat A Eid
- Pathology Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jang JW, Thuy PX, Lee JW, Moon EY. CXCR4 promotes B cell viability by the cooperation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α under hypoxic conditions. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:330. [PMID: 33771976 PMCID: PMC7998033 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03615-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
B cells that interact with T cells play a role in regulating the defense function by producing antibodies and inflammatory cytokines. C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is a specific receptor for stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) that controls various B cell functions. Here, we investigated whether CXCR4 regulates B cell viability by inducing hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) under a hypoxic condition in WiL2-NS human B cells. Nrf2 and CXCR4 expressions increased significantly when WiL2-NS cells were incubated under a hypoxic condition. Interfering with CXCR4 expression using CXCR4-siRNA inhibited cell viability. CXCR4 expression also decreased after treatment with a HIF inhibitor under the hypoxic condition, leading to inhibited cell viability. Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and the expression of HIF-1α and Nrf2 decreased under the hypoxic condition following incubation with N-acetylcysteine, a ROS scavenger, which was associated with a decrease in CXCR4 expression. CXCR4 expression was augmented by overexpressing Nrf2 after transfecting the pcDNA3.1-Nrf2 plasmid. CXCR4 expression decreased and HIF-1α accumulation decreased when Nrf2 was inhibited by doxycycline in tet-shNrf2-expressed stable cells. Nrf2 or HIF-1α bound from -718 to -561 of the CXCR4 gene promoter as judged by a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Taken together, these data show that B cell viability under a hypoxic condition could be regulated by CXCR4 expression through binding of HIF-1α and Nrf2 to the CXCR4 gene promoter cooperatively. These results suggest that CXCR4 could be an additional therapeutic target to control B cells with roles at disease sites under hypoxic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Won Jang
- grid.263333.40000 0001 0727 6358Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006 Republic of Korea
| | - Pham Xuan Thuy
- grid.263333.40000 0001 0727 6358Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Lee
- grid.263333.40000 0001 0727 6358Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yi Moon
- grid.263333.40000 0001 0727 6358Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Popescu M, Feldman TB, Chitnis T. Interplay Between Endocrine Disruptors and Immunity: Implications for Diseases of Autoreactive Etiology. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:626107. [PMID: 33833678 PMCID: PMC8021784 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.626107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sex-bias of disease susceptibility has remained a puzzling aspect of several autoimmune conditions, including post-infection viral autoimmunity. In the last half of the twentieth century, the incidence rate of female-biased autoimmunity has steadily increased independent of medical advances. This has suggested a role for environmental factors, such as endocrine disrupting chemicals, which have been described to interfere with endocrine signaling. Endocrine involvement in the proper function of innate and adaptive immunity has also been defined, however, these two areas have rarely been reviewed in correlation. In addition, studies addressing the effects of endocrine disruptors have reported findings resulting from a broad range of exposure doses, schedules and models. This experimental heterogeneity adds confusion and may mislead the translation of findings to human health. Our work will normalize results across experiments and provide a necessary summary relevant to human exposure. Through a novel approach, we describe how different categories of ubiquitously used environmental endocrine disruptors interfere with immune relevant endocrine signaling and contribute to autoimmunity. We hope this review will guide identification of mechanisms and concentration-dependent EDC effects important not only for the sex-bias of autoimmunity, but also for other conditions of immune dysfunction, including post-infection autoreactivity such as may arise following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Epstein-Barr virus, Herpes Simplex virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Popescu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Talia B Feldman
- Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tanuja Chitnis
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lee JW, Thuy PX, Han HK, Moon EY. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced tumor growth is regulated by primary cilium formation via the axis of H 2O 2 production-thymosin beta-4 gene expression. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:1247-1258. [PMID: 33526986 PMCID: PMC7847613 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.53595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) that is one of the most commonly used phthalates in manufacturing plastic wares regulates tumorigenesis. Thymosin beta-4 (TB4), an actin-sequestering protein, has been reported as a novel regulator to form primary cilia that are antenna-like organelles playing a role in various physiological homeostasis and pathological development including tumorigenesis. Here, we investigated whether DEHP affects tumor growth via primary cilium (PC) formation via the axis of TB4 gene expression and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Tumor growth was increased by DEHP treatment that enhanced TB4 expression, PC formation and ROS production. The number of cells with primary cilia was enhanced time-dependently higher in HeLa cells incubated in the culture medium with 0.1% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The number of cells with primary cilia was decreased by the inhibition of TB4 expression. The incubation of cells with 0.1% FBS enhanced ROS production and the transcriptional activity of TB4 that was reduced by ciliobrevin A (CilioA), the inhibitor of ciliogenesis. ROS production was decreased by catalase treatment but not by mito-TEMPO, which affected to PC formation with the same trend. H2O2 production was reduced by siRNA-based inhibition of TB4 expression. H2O2 also increased the number of ciliated cells, which was reduced by siRNA-TB4 or the co-incubation with CilioA. Tumor cell viability was maintained by ciliogenesis, which was correlated with the changes of intracellular ATP amount rather than a simple mitochondrial enzyme activity. TB4 overexpression enhanced PC formation and DEHP-induced tumor growth. Taken together, data demonstrate that DEHP-induced tumor growth might be controlled by PC formation via TB4-H2O2 axis. Therefore, it suggests that TB4 could be a novel bio-marker to expect the risk of DEHP on tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Wook Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Pham Xuan Thuy
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Kyoung Han
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yi Moon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhu K, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Bai Y, Zhao T. Icariin Alleviates Bisphenol A Induced Disruption of Intestinal Epithelial Barrier by Maintaining Redox Homeostasis In Vivo and In Vitro. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:20399-20408. [PMID: 32832793 PMCID: PMC7439398 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a globally prevalent environmental contaminant, has been shown to have the potential to disrupt intestinal barrier function. This study explored the mechanisms of BPA-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction. In addition, the protective effect of the natural product icariin (ICA) on BPA-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction was evaluated. BPA relieved oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)), suppressed antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC)) activity, and increased gene expression and protein content of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), giving rise to the dysfunctional gut in mice. ICA therapy effectively eased intestinal barrier dysfunction caused by BPA in vivo and in vitro. Treatment with p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB203580) significantly rescued the MODE-K cell barrier function disrupted by BPA challenge. However, treatment with p38 MAPK activator (anisomycin) did not attenuate the MODE-K cell barrier function impaired by BPA challenge. Overall, our data suggested that BPA disrupted intestinal barrier function in a p38 MAPK-dependent manner. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ICA regulated the redox equilibrium of intestinal epithelial cells by inhibiting the expression of p38 MAPK, thereby alleviating BPA-induced disruption of intestinal barrier function. These findings contributed to a better understanding of the mechanisms of BPA-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and provided new insights into the prevention and treatment of BPA-induced intestinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhu
- Department
of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Jilin
University, Xiantai Street
No. 126, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Department
of Oncology and Hematology, The Third Hospital
of Jilin University, Xiantai Street No. 126, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department
of Oncology and Hematology, The Third Hospital
of Jilin University, Xiantai Street No. 126, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yuansong Bai
- Department
of Oncology and Hematology, The Third Hospital
of Jilin University, Xiantai Street No. 126, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Tianyu Zhao
- College
of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Xinmin Street No. 126, Changchun 130021, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Park S, Jang JW, Moon EY. BAFF attenuates oxidative stress-induced cell death by the regulation of mitochondria membrane potential via Syk activation in WiL2-NS B lymphoblasts. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11784. [PMID: 32678160 PMCID: PMC7366908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell survival is facilitated by the maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). B cell activating factor (BAFF) plays a role in survival, differentiation, and maturation of B cells. In the present study, we examined whether BAFF could attenuate oxidative stress-induced B cell death by the regulation of MMP collapse via spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) activation using WiL2-NS human B lymphoblast cells. BAFF binds to receptors on WiL2-NS cells. When the cells were incubated in serum-deprived conditions with 1% fetal bovine serum (FBS), BAFF reduced the percentage of dead cells as determined through trypan blue staining and caspase 3 activity. BAFF also inhibited MMP collapse with 1% FBS, as indicated by a decrease in the number of cells with high-red fluorescence of MitoProbe™ JC-1 reagent or a decrease in the percentage of DiOC6-stained cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was reduced by incubation with BAFF in the presence of 10% or 1% FBS. BAFF inhibited MMP collapse, cell growth retardation, dead cell formation, and caspase 3 activation caused by treatment with H2O2. Syk phosphorylation on tyrosine (Y) 525/526 was increased in cells incubated with 1% FBS in the presence of BAFF than cells incubated with 1% FBS or BAFF alone. BAY61-3606, a Syk inhibitor reduced the effect of BAFF on MMP collapse, caspase 3 activation, cell growth retardation, and dead cell formation. Together, these data demonstrate that BAFF might attenuate oxidative stress-induced B cell death and growth retardation by the maintenance of MMP through Syk activation by Y525/526 phosphorylation. Therefore, BAFF and Syk might be therapeutic targets in the pathogenesis of B cell-associated diseases such as autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sojin Park
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Won Jang
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yi Moon
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Meli R, Monnolo A, Annunziata C, Pirozzi C, Ferrante MC. Oxidative Stress and BPA Toxicity: An Antioxidant Approach for Male and Female Reproductive Dysfunction. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E405. [PMID: 32397641 PMCID: PMC7278868 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a non-persistent anthropic and environmentally ubiquitous compound widely employed and detected in many consumer products and food items; thus, human exposure is prolonged. Over the last ten years, many studies have examined the underlying molecular mechanisms of BPA toxicity and revealed links among BPA-induced oxidative stress, male and female reproductive defects, and human disease. Because of its hormone-like feature, BPA shows tissue effects on specific hormone receptors in target cells, triggering noxious cellular responses associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. As a metabolic and endocrine disruptor, BPA impairs redox homeostasis via the increase of oxidative mediators and the reduction of antioxidant enzymes, causing mitochondrial dysfunction, alteration in cell signaling pathways, and induction of apoptosis. This review aims to examine the scenery of the current BPA literature on understanding how the induction of oxidative stress can be considered the "fil rouge" of BPA's toxic mechanisms of action with pleiotropic outcomes on reproduction. Here, we focus on the protective effects of five classes of antioxidants-vitamins and co-factors, natural products (herbals and phytochemicals), melatonin, selenium, and methyl donors (used alone or in combination)-that have been found useful to counteract BPA toxicity in male and female reproductive functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Meli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Anna Monnolo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy;
| | - Chiara Annunziata
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Claudio Pirozzi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Maria Carmela Ferrante
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|