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Liu Y, Wang W, Zhang J, Li Z. Characteristics and sources of chemical composition in precipitation on the Loess Plateau of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 935:173401. [PMID: 38782269 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Knowing the sources of precipitation chemical composition is essential to understand the biogeochemical cycle and control air pollution. Despite this issue has been directly investigated with precipitation ion contents, the effects of water vapor transport have not been fully considered. Taking the Loess Plateau of China (LPC) as an example study area, this study established nine precipitation monitoring sites considering the variability in topography and rainfall amounts, and collected 435 precipitation samples during 2020-2022 to measure the chemical composition. The correlation analysis, positive matrix factorization model and backward trajectory model were combined to analyze the characteristics, sources and vapor transport effects of precipitation chemical composition. Seasonally, except for NH4+, the concentration of other ions in the dry season was significantly higher than that in the rainy season. Spatially, the concentrations of Ca2+, Na+, K+, SO42- and NO3- peaked in the Mu Us Sandy Land and industrial areas, while the high level of NH4+ was concentrated in the agricultural areas. The source apportionment found that the primary source of precipitation ions was crust (33 %), followed by coal combustion/vehicle (30 %), aged sea salt (21 %) and agriculture (16 %). The trajectory analysis showed that water vapor paths significantly varied with the seasons, but were primarily dominated by the northwestern air mass with proportions of >40 %. The dust aerosols transported by the northwestern air mass were the main contributor to crust-source precipitation ions. The eastern and southeastern air masses transported anthropogenic pollutants to the LPC, and the southeastern air mass also carried sea-salt precipitation ions. This study provides a framework to incorporate hydrochemical method with vapor source identification method for precipitation chemical source identification, and the results can be a theoretical basis for the treatment of atmospheric environmental problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wanzhou Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jingpeng Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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Zeng J, Han G, Wu Q, Qu R, Ma Q, Chen J, Mao S, Ge X, Wang ZJ, Ma Z. Significant influence of urban human activities and marine input on rainwater chemistry in a coastal large city, China. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 257:121657. [PMID: 38663214 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The coastal urban region is generally considered an atmospheric receptor for terrestrial and marine input materials, and rainfall chemistry can trace the wet scavenging process of these materials. Fast urbanization in China's east coastal areas has greatly altered the rainwater chemistry. However, the chemical variations, determinants, and sources of rainfall are unclear. Therefore, the typical coastal city of Fuzhou was selected for 1-year rainwater sampling and inorganic ions were detected to explore above problems. The findings depicted that rainwater ions in Fuzhou were slightly different from those in other coastal cities. Although NO3-, SO42-, Ca2+ and NH4+ dominated the rainwater ions, the marine input Cl- (22 %) and Na+ (11 %) also contributed a considerable percentage to the rainwater ions. Large differences in ion concentrations (2∼28 times) were found in monthly scale due to the rainfall amount. Both natural and anthropogenic determinants influenced the rainwater ions in coastal cities, such as SO2 emission, air SO2 and PM10 content on rainwater SO42-, NO3-, and Ca2+, and soot & dust emission on rainwater SO42-, NO3-, indicating the vital contribution of human activities. Stoichiometry and positive matrix factorization-based sources identification indicated that atmospheric dust/particles were the primary contributor of Ca2+ (83.3 %) and F- (83.7 %), and considerable contributor of SO42- (39.5 %), NO3- (38.3 %) and K+ (41.5 %). Anthropogenic origins, such as urban waste volatilization and fuel combustion emission, contributed 95 % of NH4+, 54.5 % of NO3- and 41.9 % of SO42-, and the traffic sources contribution was relatively higher than fixed emission sources. The marine input represented the vital source of Cl- (77.7 %), Na+ (84.9 %), and Mg2+ (55.3 %). This work highlights the significant influence of urban human activities and marine input on rainwater chemicals and provides new insight into the material cycle between the atmosphere and earth-surface in coastal city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; North Alabama International College of Engineering and Technology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Guilin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Qixin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; North Alabama International College of Engineering and Technology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Rui Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Shijun Mao
- North Alabama International College of Engineering and Technology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xin Ge
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhong-Jun Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Zhiheng Ma
- School of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
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Zhang L, Wang J, Wang S, Wang C, Yang F, Li T. Chemical characteristics of long-term acid rain and its impact on lake water chemistry: A case study in Southwest China. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:121-131. [PMID: 38135381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of acid rain and its impact on lake water chemistry in Chongqing, China, from 2000 to 2020 were studied in this study. The regional acid rain intensity is affected jointly by the acid gas emissions and the neutralization of alkaline substances. The pH of precipitation experienced three stages of fluctuating decline, continuous improvement, and a slight correction. Precipitation pH showed inflection points in 2010, mainly due to the total control actions of SO2 and NOx implemented in 2011. The total ion concentrations in rural areas and urban areas were 489.08 µeq/L and 618.57 µeq/L, respectively. The top four ions were SO42-, Ca2+, NH4+ and NO3-, which accounted for more than 90% of the total ion concentration, indicating the anthropogenic effects. Before 2010, SO42- fluctuated greatly while NO3- continued to rise; however, after 2010, both SO42- and NO3- began to decline rapidly, with the rates of -12.03 µeq/(L·year) and -4.11 µeq/(L·year). Because the decline rate of SO42- was 2.91 times that of NO3-, the regional acid rain has changed from sulfuric acid rain to mixed sulfuric and nitric acid rain. The lake water is weakly acidic, with an average pH of 5.86, and the acidification frequency is 30.00%. Acidification of lake water is jointly affected by acid deposition and acid neutralization capacity of lake water. Acid deposition has a profound impact on water acidification, and nitrogen (N) deposition, especially reduced N deposition, should be the focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyi Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou 404000, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou 404000, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Chunbo Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou 404000, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou 404000, China; College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; National Engineering Research Center on Flue Gas Desulfurization, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Tingzhen Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou 404000, China.
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Zeng J, Han G, Wu Q, Peng M, Ge X, Mao S, Wang ZJ, Ma Q. Chemical evolution of rainfall in China's first eco-civilization demonstration city: Implication for the provenance identification of pollutants and rainwater acid neutralization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 910:168567. [PMID: 37981127 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Rainfall chemistry is a vital indicator for reflecting anthropogenic/natural input on atmospheric quality, and the rainfall process is also the main sink of air contaminants, which has received widely concerns by all walks of life. However, the chemical compositions, sources of major solutes, historical evolution, and their determinants of rainwater in Chinese urban area, which is hotspot of atmospheric pollutant emission, are unclear under the dual background of fast economic development and eco-civilization construction. To decipher these issues, the latest year data of observation-based rainwater chemistry and the historical rainwater data, and air pollution data of China's first eco-civilization demonstration city were integrated and studied. The results presented that SO42- (53.4 %) and NO3- (28.8 %), Ca2+ (46.5 %) and NH4+ (37.9 %) dominated the present rainwater anions and cations. The historical changes in the relative proportion of rainwater ions (e.g., the holistic decreasing trend of SO42-) revealed the reduction and management achievement of atmospheric pollutant emission driven by different stages of eco-civilization city construction. The atmospheric components were well removed by rainfall scouring and all the rainwater ions showed obvious temporal variations. The concentrations of most of ions were higher in winter but lower in summer due to the key factors of meteorological factor (mainly rainfall amount) and the seasonal variations of source contribution. The stoichiometry-based source identification and relative contribution calculation reflected that anthropogenic input was the most primary contributor of NO3- (99.4 %) and SO42- (95.4 %), and the contribution of fixed emission source was relatively higher than that of traffic sources. The NH4+ was defined as the anthropogenic input ion (urban wastes and fuel combustion), while all Cl- and Na+ were from oceanic input. In contrast, terrigenous input represented the most important origin of Ca2+, K+, and Mg2+, with relative contribution of 99.5 %, 97.0 %, and 90.7 %, respectively. The high neutralization factor (NF, about 2.0) values and neutralizing to acidifying potential (NP/AP, about 1.7) ratios and their increasing trend in past few decades revealed the fact of rainwater acid being highly neutralized under the background of eco-civilization city construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Institute of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; North Alabama International College of Engineering and Technology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Guilin Han
- Institute of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Qixin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; North Alabama International College of Engineering and Technology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Meixue Peng
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xin Ge
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shijun Mao
- North Alabama International College of Engineering and Technology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhong-Jun Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Qing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Ma K, Chai N, Huang H, Xiao J. Influence of anthropogenic activities and loess dusts on the rainwater hydrochemistry in the Chinese Loess Plateau. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 347:119137. [PMID: 37778072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Rainwater hydrochemistry is an important indicator for tracing anthropogenic input on air quality. As the fastest economically developing city in the northwestern China and the Chinese Loess Plateau, rainwater chemistry, sources of dissolved solutes, and the influence of loess dust on rainwater chemistry in Xi'an city is unclear. Inorganic ions, δD and δ18O of two years' rainwater samples were measured to decipher the above issues. Rainwater samples were weakly alkaline (pH = 7.2) with the mean total dissolved solids (TDS) values of 43 mg/L. NH4+ and Ca2+ dominated in the cations and SO42- and NO3- dominated in the anions. The wet deposition of sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) was 70.9 ± 67 mg·(m2·month)-1 and 244.8 ± 270.9 mg·(m2·month)-1, respectively. The meteoric water line in Xi'an was δD = 7.29δ18O+3.72 (R2 = 0.99). δD, δ18O, and d-excess analysis indicated the influence of evaporation on the dissolved solutes in rainwater, especially in the dry season. Rainwater acidity in the Xi'an city was mainly neutralized by Ca2+ and NH4+, and the neutralization ability in Xi'an city is higher than the southern China cities. Correlation analysis (CA), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and the backward air masses trajectory model identified high NH4+ and Ca2+ in rainwater were mainly originated from local agricultural activities and loess dust, while NO3- and SO42- were associated with local coal combustion and vehicle exhaust sources. High inputs of dusts and coal combustion in spring and winter resulted in elevated values of pH and major ions in Xi'an. Due to the air pollution control policy, air quality in Xi'an is getting better in recent years. Our study highlights the influence of anthropogenic activities and loess dusts on the rainwater hydrochemistry in Xi'an and provides important dataset for air pollution control for other cities in semi-arid and arid regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Ningpan Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Huayu Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Huang Y, Tang Y, Liang Y, Xie Z, Wu J, Huang J, Wei S, Nie S, Jiang T. Transport and retention of n-hexadecane in cadmium-/naphthalene-contaminated calcareous soil sampled in a karst area. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:8881-8895. [PMID: 37358714 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01664-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Studying the transport of petroleum hydrocarbons in cadmium-/naphthalene-contaminated calcareous soils is crucial to comprehensive assessment of environmental risks and developing appropriate strategies to remediate petroleum hydrocarbons pollution in karst areas. In this study, n-hexadecane was selected as a model petroleum hydrocarbon. Batch experiments were conducted to explore the adsorption behavior of n-hexadecane on cadmium-/naphthalene-contaminated calcareous soils at various pH, and column experiments were performed to investigate the transport and retention of n-hexadecane under various flow velocity. The results showed that Freundlich model better described the adsorption behavior of n-hexadecane in all cases (R2 > 0.9). Under the condition of pH = 5, it was advantageous for soil samples to adsorb more n-hexadecane, and the maximum adsorption content followed the order of: cadmium/naphthalene-contaminated > uncontaminated soils. The transport of n-hexadecane in cadmium/naphthalene-contaminated soils at various flow velocity was well described by two kinetic sites model of Hydrus-1D with R2 > 0.9. Due to the increased electrostatic repulsion between n-hexadecane and soil particles, n-hexadecane was more easily able to breakthrough cadmium/naphthalene-contaminated soils. Compared to low flow velocity (1 mL/min), a higher concentration of n-hexadecane was determined at high flow velocity, with 67, 63, and 45% n-hexadecane in effluent from cadmium-contaminated soils, naphthalene-contaminated soils, and uncontaminated soils, respectively. These findings have important implications for the government of groundwater in calcareous soils from karst areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Huang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yankui Tang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Yi Liang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zhenze Xie
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jipeng Wu
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jiajie Huang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Shanxiong Wei
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Shaojiang Nie
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
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Liu Y, Zhang C, Yan F, Xu Y, Wang P, Li C. Significant spatial variations of the atmospheric environment at remote site of the Tibetan Plateau - a case study on major ions of precipitation around Nam Co station. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1540. [PMID: 38012471 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Remote region is normally considered a receptor of long-range transported pollutants. Monitoring stations are important platforms for investigating the atmospheric environment of remote regions. However, the potential contribution of very local sources around these stations may produce important influences on its atmospheric environment, which is still barely studied. In this study, major ions of precipitation were investigated simultaneously at a typical remote station (Nam Co station) and other sites nearby on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) - the so-called "The Third Pole" in the world. The results showed that despite low values compared to those of other remote regions, the concentrations of major ions in precipitation of Nam Co station (e.g., Ca2+: 32.71 μeq/L; [Formula: see text]: 1.73 μeq/L) were significantly higher than those at a site around 2.2 Km away (Ca2+: 11.47 μeq/L; [Formula: see text]: 0.64 μeq/L). This provides direct evidence that atmospheric environment at Nam Co station is significantly influenced by mineral dust and pollutants emitted from surface soil and anthropogenic pollutants of the station itself. Therefore, numbers of other related data reported on the station are influenced. For example, the aerosol concentration and some anthropogenic pollutants reported on Nam Co station should be overestimated. Meanwhile, it is suggested that it is cautious in selecting sites for monitoring the atmospheric environment at the remote station to reduce the potential influence from local sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Fangping Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yinbo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Pengling Wang
- National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chaoliu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Zeng J, Han G, Zhang S, Qu R. Nitrate dynamics and source identification of rainwater in Beijing during rainy season: Insight from dual isotopes and Bayesian model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159234. [PMID: 36208764 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic reactive nitrogen emissions have a significant impact on atmospheric chemical composition and earth surface ecosystem. As one of the most important sinks of atmospheric nitrogen, the wet deposition of nitrate (rainwater NO3-) has been widely concerned. Yet, the sources and transformation processes of wet deposited NO3- were not well revealed in megacity during rainy season in the context of global climate change. Here, we investigated the concentrations of nitrogen components and dual isotopes of rainwater nitrate collected in Beijing during July to August 2021 (rainy season). The main findings showed that the concentrations of NH4+-N, NO3--N, and NO2--N ranged 0.5- 6.7 mg L-1, 0.3- 4.5 mg L-1, and 0.05- 0.18 mg L-1, respectively, with the average relative percentages of 69 %, 29 %, and 2 %. The stoichiometry analysis of characteristic ion ratios indicated that the contribution of municipal wastes and agricultural sources to rainwater NH4+-N is relatively significant, while traffics were the major contributor of NO3--N instead of the fixed emission. Rainwater δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3- presented slightly 15N-depleted characteristic compared to previous studies with the average values of -3.9 ± 3.1 ‰ and 58.7 ± 12.6 ‰. These isotope compositions suggesting an origin of rainwater NO3- from the mixing of multi-sources and was mainly generated via the pathway of OH radical oxidization. Further source apportionment of rainwater NO3- by Bayesian mixing model evaluated that traffic (30.3 %) and soil (30.3 %) emissions contributed mostly to NO3-, while the contribution of biomass burning (18.8 %) and coal combustion (20.6 %) were relatively lower. This study highlighted the important role of dual isotopes in rainwater nitrate source identification and formation processes in megacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zeng
- Institute of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guilin Han
- Institute of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Shitong Zhang
- Institute of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Rui Qu
- Institute of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
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Xu H, Wu S, Diehl JA. Can artificial ecological corridors be used for ecological restoration of cultivated land in Chinese Mollisols? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:977297. [PMID: 36247606 PMCID: PMC9563157 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.977297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Artisficial ecological corridors (AECs) are internationally recognized as a standard method for restoring the regional ecological environment. However, the coupling relationship between AECs and soil quality has rarely been studied. Harbin, a typical mollisols region in the cold area of China, has severe soil problems and remediation is urgently needed, yet AEC research in this region is lacking. Based on the perspective of soil restoration, the construction factors of ecological corridors are quantitatively evaluated. It can predict the long-term impact of AECs already built along Harbin's Ashi River on soil chemical indices. This research studied the ecological restoration of secondary woodland, cultivated land within the ecological corridor, and cultivated land outside the influence range of the corridor under the influence of continuous recovery time and different locations in the corridor (distance from the Ashe River). Soil samples were taken from 5 plots, with a total of 161 samples, and 12 indices of soil ecological characteristics were monitored. The result are as follows: It is believed that the quality restoration of mollisols through ecological corridors has great application potential. Based on the low-cost natural restoration of ecological corridors, the highest values of total phosphorus (TP) and soil organic matter (SOM) in soil indices were detected in corridors (restored for more than 10 years). In addition, after ten years of recovery, pH and electrical conductivity (EC) in the ecological corridor returned to normal from high levels in cultivated land that far exceeded the reference values. The recovery process of mollisols mass begins to decrease, then increases, and finally reaches and exceeds the reference value of standard mollisols. The redundancy analysis of soil samples found the distance to be a key factor affecting soil total nitrogen (TN), SOM, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Recovery time is a crucial factor affecting soil total organic carbon (SOC), pH and EC. According to the TN, SOM, and CEC mollisols indices, the ecological corridor's unilateral width is 125-150m. According to the SOC, pH, and EC indices of mollisols, the AECs should complete a natural recovery cycle of a minimum of 13 years. This study reveals the change mechanism of soil quality in mollisols area corridors based on recovery time and location. This research offer ideas and a scientific basis for worldwide governments in mollisols to formulate mollisols restoration policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- HuiBo Xu
- School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cold Region Urban and Rural Human Settlement Environment Science and Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Architecture, Harbin, China
- School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - SongTao Wu
- School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cold Region Urban and Rural Human Settlement Environment Science and Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Architecture, Harbin, China
| | - Jessica Ann Diehl
- School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Kumar R, Kumar R, Singh A, Arif M, Kumar P, Kumari A. Chemometric approach to evaluate the chemical behavior of rainwater at high altitude in Shaune Garang catchment, Western Himalaya. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12774. [PMID: 35896609 PMCID: PMC9329433 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15422-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research has been performed to analyze the chemical behavior of rainwater of the Shaune Garang catchment (32.19° N, 78.20° E) in the Baspa basin, located at a high elevation (4221 m above mean sea level) in the Himachal Himalaya, India. During the study period, sixteen rainwater samples were collected from the Shaune Garang catchment at five different sites. The volume-weighted mean (VWM) pH value of rainwater ranged between 4.59 and 6.73, with an average value of 5.47 ± 0.69, indicating the alkaline nature of rainfall. The total ionic strength in the rainwater ranged from 113.4 to 263.3 µeq/l with an average value of 169.1 ± 40.4 µeq/l. The major dominant cations were Ca2+ (43.10%) and Na+ (31.97%) and anions were Cl− (37.68%), SO42− (28.71%) and NO3− (23.85%) in rainwater. The ionic ratios were calculated among all the ions. The fraction of (NO3− +Cl−) with SO42− was measured as 2.3, which specifies sour faces of rainwater due to HNO3, H2SO4, and HCl. A multivariate statistical assessment of rainwater chemistry through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) shows the significance of four factors controlling 78.37% of the total variance, including four-component (PC1 explained 27.89%, PC2 explained 24.98%, PC3 explained 14.64%, PC4 explained 10.85%). However, the individual contribution of Factor 1(PC1) explains 27.89% of the total variance (78.37%) and displays a strong optimistic loading for Ca2+ and Cl−. Further, high loading of Ca2+ and NO3− and moderate loading of SO42− signify the contribution of burning fossil fuel and soil dust. Anthropogenic and natural pollutants influence the composition of rainwater in the pristine Himalayas due to local and long-distance transportation. The study area receives precipitation from the West and North-West, transporting dust and fossil fuel emissions from the Thar Desert and Northwestern countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Atar Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mohammad Arif
- National Institute of Urban Affairs, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Delhi, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Integrated Regional Office, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Government of India, Saifabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Anupma Kumari
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna, Bihar, India
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Chang L, Ming X, Groves C, Ham B, Wei C, Yang P. Nitrate fate and decadal shift impacted by land use change in a rural karst basin as revealed by dual nitrate isotopes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 299:118822. [PMID: 35016981 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate pollution in oxygenated karst aquifers is common due to nitrification and anthropogenic inputs. However, the shift of nitrogen sources influenced by enhanced rural tourism activities and land use changes are not well understood. In this study, hydrochemistry and dual nitrate isotopes of water samples from a rural karst basin in Chongqing, southwestern China were employed to investigate the nitrate fate and its decadal change during the periods from 2007-2008 and 2017-2019. The results showed that δ15N-NO3 and δ18O-NO3 values at the groundwater basin resurgence averaged 9 ± 3.4‰ and 2.5 ± 3.4‰, respectively, with a mean NO3- concentration of 19.7 ± 5.4 mg/L in 2017-2019, clearly exceeding natural background levels. The dual isotope results suggested that nitrification occurred at the sampled sites. From 2007-2008 to 2017-2019, the mean δ15N-NO3 values from the primary sink point and the resurgence of the underground river water samples increased from -0.2 ± 2.1 to 11.2 ± 4.8‰, 4.2 ± 0.9 to 9.0 ± 3.4‰, respectively. A Bayesian mixing model in R (MixSIAR) based on the isotopes revealed that soil organic nitrogen, and manure and sewage proportions for the groundwater increased by 34% and 23%, respectively, while chemical fertilizer and atmospheric precipitation proportions decreased by 32% and 25%, respectively. These decadal changes resulted from reforestation practices and enhanced rural tourism activities in the basin, which were evidenced by the change of land use patterns. The elevated nitrogen load from the rapid development of rural tourism is likely to increase this contamination in the near future if the infrastructure cannot meet the demands. The results from this study could contribute to minimizing environmental health risks in drinking water when rural tourism activities are increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longran Chang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; National Base of International S&T Collaboration on Water Environmental Monitoring and Simulation in TGR Region, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Xiaoxing Ming
- State Cultivation Base of Eco-agriculture for Southwest Mountainous Land, Field Scientific Observation & Research Base of Karst Eco-environments at Nanchuan in Chongqing, Ministry of Nature Resources of the People's Republic of China, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Chris Groves
- Crawford Hydrology Laboratory, Department of Geography and Geology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA; UNESCO Mammoth Cave Area Biosphere Region, Mammoth Cave, KY, 42259, USA
| | - Brian Ham
- Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources, Nashville, TN, 37243, USA
| | - Chaofu Wei
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; National Base of International S&T Collaboration on Water Environmental Monitoring and Simulation in TGR Region, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Pingheng Yang
- State Cultivation Base of Eco-agriculture for Southwest Mountainous Land, Field Scientific Observation & Research Base of Karst Eco-environments at Nanchuan in Chongqing, Ministry of Nature Resources of the People's Republic of China, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Crawford Hydrology Laboratory, Department of Geography and Geology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA; Key Laboratory of Karst Ecosystem and Treatment of Rocky Desertification, Ministry of Natural Resources, IRCK by UNESCO, Guilin, 541004, China.
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12
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Measuring the Critical Influence Factors for Predicting Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Expanding Megacities by XGBoost. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CO2 is the main greenhouse gas. Urban spatial development, land use, and so on may be affected by CO2 and climate change. The main questions studied in this paper are as follows: What are the drivers of CO2 emissions of expanding megacities? How can they be analyzed from different perspectives? Do the results differ for megacities at different stages of development? Based on the XGBoost model, this paper explored the complex factors affecting CO2 emissions by using data of four Chinese megacities, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing, from 2003 to 2017. The main findings are as follows: The XGBoost model has better applicability and accuracy in predicting carbon emissions of expanding megacities, with root mean square error (RMSE) as low as 0.036. Under the synergistic effect of multiple factors, population, land size, and gross domestic product are still the primary driving forces of CO2 emissions. Population density and population become more important in the single-factor analysis. The key drivers of CO2 emissions in megacities at respective developmental stages are different. This paper provides methods and tools for accurately predicting CO2 emissions and measuring the critical drivers. Furthermore, it could provide decision support for megacities to make targeted carbon-emission-reduction strategies based on their own developmental stages.
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Ahmed MS, Bhuyan P, Sarkar S, Hoque RR. Seven-year study of monsoonal rainwater chemistry over the mid-Brahmaputra plain, India: assessment of trends and source regions of soluble ions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:25276-25295. [PMID: 34839462 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work is a 7-year study of monsoonal rainwater chemistry (n = 302), over mid-Brahmaputra plain during 2012 to 2018. The samples were analyzed for major chemical parameters viz. pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and ions (SO42-, NO3-, Br-, Cl-, F-, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, NH4+, Na+, and Li+) to assess the chemistry. The mean pH of rainwater varied among the years, which was maximum in 2018 (6.18 ± 0.72) and minimum in the year 2014 (5.39 ± 0.54), and the variations were significant at p < 0.0001. Ridgeline plots were drawn to visualize interannual variations, which revealed that Ca2+ was the dominant cation in the early years, whereas NH4+ prevailed in the latter years. Mann-Kendall analysis and Sen's slope statistical tests were employed, and it was found that all the ions showed positive S values indicating increasing trends. Enrichment factors (EF) of K+, SO42-, and NO3- were found to be high with respect to both soil and seawater suggesting the influence of emissions from fossil fuel and biomass burning in the chemistry of rainwater. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to identify the sources of rain constituents, and five factors were obtained explaining crustal dust, biomass burning, fossil fuel combustion, agricultural emissions, and coal burning as possible sources. Airmass back trajectory clusters and Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) were computed by application of HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model to appreciate the terrestrial influence on the chemistry. The results indicated inputs from both local and regional dust and anthropogenic constituents that influenced the monsoonal rainwater chemistry over Brahmaputra Valley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahbaz Ahmed
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India
| | - Pranamika Bhuyan
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India
- Department of Environmental Studies, Assam Women's University, Jorhat, India
| | - Sayantan Sarkar
- School of Engineering, IIT Mandi, Suran, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Raza R Hoque
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India.
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Regional VOCs Gathering Situation Intelligent Sensing Method Based on Spatial-Temporal Feature Selection. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
As VOCs pose a threat to human health, it is important to accurately capture changes in VOCs concentrations and sense VOCs concentrations in relevant areas. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the accuracy of VOCs concentration prediction and realise the VOCs aggregation situation sensing. Firstly, on the basis of regional grid division, the inverse distance spatial interpolation method is used for spatial interpolation to collect regional VOCs data information. Secondly, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) is used for spatio-temporal feature selection, combined with graph convolutional neural network (GCN) to construct regional spatial relationships of VOCs, and multiple linear regression (MLR) to process VOCs time series data and predict the VOCs concentration in the grid. Finally, the aggregation potential values of VOCs are calculated based on the prediction results, and the potential perception results are visualised. A VOCs aggregation perception method based on concentration prediction is proposed, using the XGBoost-GCN-MLR method with a scenario-aware approach for VOCs to perceive the VOCs aggregation in the relevant region. VOCs concentration prediction and VOCs aggregation trend perception were carried out in Xi’an, Baoji, Tongchuan, Weinan and Xianyang. The results show that compared with the GCN model, XGBoost model, MLR model and GCN-MLR model, the XGBoost-GCN-MLR model reduces the input variables, achieves the optimisation of the input parameters of the VOCs concentration prediction model, reduces the complexity of the prediction model and improves the prediction accuracy. Intelligent sensing of VOCs aggregation can visualise the regional VOCs. The intelligent sensing of VOCs aggregation can visualise the development trend and status of regional VOCs aggregation and convey more information, which has practical value.
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Li RF, Dong XY, Xie C, Zhao LJ. Long-term observations of the chemical composition, fluxes and sources of atmospheric wet deposition at an urban site in Xi'an, Northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:68. [PMID: 34994857 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09737-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric wet deposition (AWD) is closely related to air quality, and excessive deposition poses risks to ecological systems and human health. Seasonal and interannual variations in acidity, electric conductivity (EC), ionic composition, fluxes, sources, and atmospheric transport of AWD were analyzed at an urban site in Xi'an from 2016 to 2019. The annual volume-weighted mean (VWM) pH and EC values were 6.8 and 40.6 μS cm-1, respectively. NO3- (47%) was the most dominant anion, while Ca2+ (34%) was the most dominant cation. The analysis of fractional acidity (FA) and neutralization factors (NFs) showed that 96% of the acidity was neutralized by alkaline constituents, especially Ca2+ and NH4+. The annual AWD flux of total ions was 125.9 kg ha-1 year-1, and NO3-, NO2-, SO42- and NH4+ fluxes accounted for approximately 70%, indicating considerable sulfur (9.1 kg ha-1 year-1) and nitrogen (22.0 kg ha-1 year-1) deposition. Under dilution by precipitation, the EC and major ion concentrations were lower, while the pH and fluxes were higher, in summer and autumn, and the opposite results were observed in spring and winter. The source apportionment via by positive matrix factorization (PMF) revealed that the six sources of major ions were confirmed as follows: vehicular emissions (38.1%), agriculture (22.3%), fossil fuel combustion (13.8%), crust (12.9%), marine (9.6%), and biomass burning (3.3%). And on the basis of back trajectory analysis, the air masses of precipitation were primarily from the northwest in spring and winter, from the southeast in summer, and from various directions in autumn, and they transported different natural and anthropogenic pollutants along their paths, thereby affecting the chemical composition and fluxes of AWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Feng Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Xi-Ying Dong
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.
| | - Cong Xie
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Liang-Ju Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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Three-Year Variations in Criteria Atmospheric Pollutants and Their Relationship with Rainwater Chemistry in Karst Urban Region, Southwest China. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12081073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Air pollutants have been investigated in many studies, but the variations of atmospheric pollutants and their relationship with rainwater chemistry are not well studied. In the present study, the criteria atmospheric pollutants in nine monitoring stations and rainwater chemistry were analyzed in karst Guiyang city, since the time when the Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS, third revision) were published. Based on the three-year daily concentration dataset of SO2, NO2, CO, PM10 and PM2.5, although most of air pollutant concentrations were within the limit of CAAQS III-Grade II standard, the significant spatial variations and relatively heavy pollution were found in downtown Guiyang. Temporally, the average concentrations of almost all air pollutants (except for CO) decreased during three years at all stations. Ratios of PM2.5/PM10 in non- and episode days reflected the different contributions of fine and coarse particles on particulate matter in Guiyang, which was influenced by the potential meteorological factors and source variations. According to the individual air quality index (IAQI), the seasonal variations of air quality level were observed, that is, IAQI values of air pollutants were higher in winter (worst air quality) and lower in summer (best air quality) due to seasonal variations in emission sources. The unique IAQI variations were found during the Chinese Spring Festival. Air pollutant concentrations are also influenced by meteorological parameters, in particular, the rainfall amount. The air pollutants are well scoured by the rainfall process and can significantly affect rainwater chemistry, such as SO42−, NO3−, Mg2+, and Ca2+, which further alters the acidification/alkalization trend of rainwater. The equivalent ratios of rainwater SO42−/NO3− and Mg2+/Ca2+ indicated the significant contribution of fixed emission sources (e.g., coal combustion) and carbonate weathering-influenced particulate matter on rainwater chemistry. These findings provide scientific support for air pollution management and rainwater chemistry-related environmental issues.
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Zeng J, Han G. Rainwater chemistry observation in a karst city: variations, influence factors, sources and potential environmental effects. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11167. [PMID: 33976970 PMCID: PMC8065247 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The rainwater chemistry and related air contaminants are used to investigate the rainwater ions sources, variations, and influence factors from 2012 to 2014 in Guiyang city (the typical karst urban area of Southwest China). According to temporal rainwater ion concentrations, the obvious variations were presented in the study period, such as Ca2+ (125∼6,652 μeq L−1) and SO42− (11∼4,127 μeq L−1). Consequently, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42− and Cl− are considered as the leading ions. Three critical influencing factors of rainwater ions concentrations, including sources variations, rainfall amount and long-distance migration (rainfall amount > 100 mm) are identified. Based on the typical ionic ratios, source identification suggested that anthropogenic inputs mainly contributed to F−, NO3− and SO42−, while the dusts (crustal sources) are the primary sources of Mg2+, Ca2+ and K+. Cl− Enrichment in long-distance transport is the main contributor of Cl−. According to the observation of high level of total wet acid deposition, the more detailed spatio-temporal monitoring of rainfall-related acid deposition (particularly sulfur deposition) is required to understand its potential environmental effects in the aquatic ecosystem of the earth surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zeng
- Institute of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Guilin Han
- Institute of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China
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Sulfur Isotope and Stoichiometry–Based Source Identification of Major Ions and Risk Assessment in Chishui River Basin, Southwest China. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13091231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hydrochemistry and sulfur isotope (δ34S–SO42−) of Chishui River watershed in Southwest China were measured to identify the sources of riverine solutes, the potential impact of human activities, water quality, and health risk. The main findings indicated that the HCO3− (2.22 mmol/L) and Ca2+ (1.54 mmol/L) were the major ions, with the cation order of Ca2+ (71 ± 6%) > Mg2+ (21 ± 6%) > Na+ + K+ (8 ± 3%) and the anion sequence of HCO3− (55 ± 9%) > SO42− (41 ± 9%) > Cl− (4 ± 3%). The riverine δ34S–SO42− values fluctuated from −7.79‰ to +22.13‰ (average +4.68‰). Overall, the water samples from Chishui River presented a hydrochemical type of Calcium–Bicarbonate. The stoichiometry and PCA analysis extracted three PCs that explained 79.67% of the total variances. PC 1 with significantly positive loadings of K+, Mg2+, F−, HCO3− and relatively strong loading of Ca2+ revealed the natural sources of rock weathering inputs (mainly carbonate). PC 2 (Na+ and Cl−) was primarily explained as atmospheric contribution, while the human inputs were assuaged by landscape setting and river water mixing processes. The strongest loadings of SO42− and NO3− were found in PC 3, which could be defined as the anthropogenic inputs. The H2SO4–involved weathering processes significantly impacted (facilitated weathering) the concentrations of riverine total ions. Sulfur isotope compositions further indicated that riverine SO42− were mainly controlled by anthropogenic inputs SO42− compared to the sulfide oxidation derived SO42−, and the atmospheric contribution was very limited. The results of risk and water quality assessment demonstrated that Chishui River water was desirable for irrigation and drinking purposes due to low hazard quotient values (<1, ignorable risk), but long–term monitoring is still worthy under the circumstances of global environmental change.
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Rainwater Chemistry Reveals Air Pollution in a Karst Forest: Temporal Variations, Source Apportionment, and Implications for the Forest. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11121315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Temporal rainwater chemistry was used to reveal air pollution in the Maolan National Karst Forest Park (MNKFP), which is representative of the typical karst forest region of southwest China (SW China). The rainwater ions’ sources, variations, trends, and potential environmental effects were investigated from 2007 to 2010 and from 2013 to 2014. Based on the analysis of the temporal ionic concentrations of rainwater in the MNKFP, significant variations of ions were observed, including in NH4+ (9.7~266.6 μeq L−1) and SO42− (14.5~1396.4 μeq L−1), which were mainly controlled by variations in the source and rainfall amount; a decreased trend of rainwater pH was also observed. Accordingly, NH4+, Ca2+, SO42−, and Cl− were regarded as the most dominant ions. Typical ionic ratios and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model-based source apportionment suggested that anthropogenic inputs (coal combustion, industrial, traffic, and agricultural emissions) contributed 51% of F−, 93% of NO3−, 62% of SO42−, and 87% of NH4+, while the natural sources (crustal dust and sea salt) were the main sources of Cl− (74%), Na+ (82%), K+ (79%), Mg2+ (94%), and Ca2+ (93%). In combination with the reducing neutralization trend of temporal rainwater observed in the MNKFP and the potential effect of rainwater ion deposition on karst forests, more detailed monitoring of the rainfall-related deposition process is required for a better understanding of its potential environmental effects on the Earth’s surface.
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