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Guttmann N, Wolinska J, Spahr S, Martínez-Ruiz EB. Cigarette butts enable toxigenic cyanobacteria growth by inhibiting their lethal fungal infections. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 286:117149. [PMID: 39383821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.117149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Revised: 10/01/2024] [Accepted: 10/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/11/2024]
Abstract
Cigarette butts (CBs), of which around 4.5 trillion are discarded annually, are one of the most common types of litter worldwide. CBs contain various chemicals, including metals, nicotine, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which can leach into water and pose a threat to aquatic organisms such as cyanobacteria and chytrid fungi. Chytrids, zoosporic fungi that parasitize cyanobacteria lethally, play a crucial role in regulating cyanobacteria blooms by delaying or suppressing bloom formation. Despite the prevalence of CBs in the environment, the impact of their leachates on cyanobacteria-chytrid interactions is not well understood. We assessed the effects of CB leachate on the interaction between the toxigenic cyanobacterium Planktothrix agardhii and its chytrid parasite Rhizophydium megarrhizum. CB leachate inhibited cyanobacterial growth in uninfected cultures. Infection prevalence decreased at 0.2, 2, and 10 CB L-1, with the two highest concentrations completely suppressing infection. Interestingly, at the highest CB concentration, cyanobacterial biomass in infected cultures was comparable to that of uninfected cultures not exposed to CB leachate, suggesting that the presence of chytrids mitigates the impact of the leachate. This study demonstrates that CB leachates are a potential environmental hazard that can enable cyanobacterial growth by inhibiting chytrid infections during epidemics. In addition, our research highlights the importance of assessing the effects of chemical mixtures, such as those leached from CBs, on multi-species interactions, such as host-parasite dynamics. These assessments are crucial to better understand the impact of pollutants on aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Guttmann
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Justyna Wolinska
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Spahr
- Department of Ecohydrology and Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Erika Berenice Martínez-Ruiz
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Dos Santos NP, Maciel MGR, Guimarães PS, Trindade CRT, Schneck F. Negative effects of cigarette butt leachate on freshwater phytoplankton communities. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 33:884-892. [PMID: 38992211 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-024-02787-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
We experimentally tested the effects of different concentrations of cigarette butt leachate on freshwater phytoplankton chlorophyll-a, species richness, cell density, and community composition. For this, we sampled the phytoplankton from a eutrophic lake and acclimated it for 24 h in microcosms. We then conducted the experiment in microcosms maintained for 96 h. The experiment consisted of four treatments: control and leachate from 1 butt L-1 (T1), 5 butts L-1 (T5), and 10 butts L-1 (T10), which were prepared by diluting a stock solution of leachate from 50 butts L-1. We found that algal chlorophyll-a content was not affected by different leachate concentrations. In contrast, phytoplankton cell density decreased in a dose-dependent manner as concentrations of the leachate increased. Similarly, the number of species was highest in the control group relative to all other treatments, with T1 and T5 showing higher species richness than T10. Additionally, the exposition to different concentrations of the leachate impacted community composition across all treatments in comparison to the control group. Our results suggest that cigarette butt leachate alters the number of cells and species, as well as the distribution of abundance, without necessarily reducing chlorophyll-a concentrations. Our findings indicate that to gain a comprehensive understanding of the effects of cigarette butt leachate on freshwater ecosystems, it is essential to evaluate more realistic scenarios that incorporate aquatic communities, rather than isolated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Popiorek Dos Santos
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - ICB, CEP 96303-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Gabrielle Rodrigues Maciel
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - ICB, CEP 96303-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquático Continentais - PPGBAC. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG. CEP 96303-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Pablo Santos Guimarães
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - ICB, CEP 96303-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Claudio Rossano Trindade Trindade
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - ICB, CEP 96303-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquático Continentais - PPGBAC. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG. CEP 96303-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Schneck
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - ICB, CEP 96303-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquático Continentais - PPGBAC. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG. CEP 96303-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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3
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Novotny TE, Hamzai L. Cellulose acetate cigarette filter is hazardous to human health. Tob Control 2024; 33:663-668. [PMID: 37072169 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-057925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The World No Tobacco Day 2022 theme emphasised tobacco's adverse environmental effects, including through agriculture, manufacturing, distribution, use and the disposal of tobacco product waste. A main concern regarding this toxic waste is the cigarette filter, which is attached to nearly all commercial cigarettes and is predominantly made from a plant-based plastic (cellulose acetate). Laboratory studies have demonstrated the chemical toxicity of discarded cigarette butts, and there is growing public concern regarding environmental plastic pollution resulting from single-use cellulose acetate filters. Important considerations are whether the filter has any protective role against the harms of smoking and whether it should be regulated as a plastic environmental pollutant. There is persistent misunderstanding among smokers and policy makers about the implied value of the cigarette filter. The cellulose acetate filter is simply a marketing tool that encourages smoking initiation and reduces intentions to quit smoking. This is because it makes smoking easier and implies added safety through the presumed filtration of inhaled smoke. The sale of filtered cigarettes should be prohibited to protect public health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Novotny
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Laila Hamzai
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
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Acarer Arat S. A review on cigarette butts: Environmental abundance, characterization, and toxic pollutants released into water from cigarette butts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172327. [PMID: 38626827 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Every year, trillions of cigarette butts (CBs) are discarded into the environment. CBs are frequently found on beaches and in urban areas worldwide due to their high resistance to physical and biological degradation. Components of CBs, such as heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), cellulose acetate fibers (microplastics), nicotine, aromatic amines, and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene), are released into aquatic environments. Harmful components released into water from CBs cause both water pollution and toxic effects on different aquatic organisms. In the first part of this review, studies investigating the density of CBs in different environments were reviewed. In the second part, the results of studies investigating the characteristics of cigarette filters using characterization techniques were reviewed. Then, studies on heavy metals, PAHs, microplastics (microfibers), nicotine, aromatic amines and BTEX released into water from CBs were reviewed, and factors affecting the types, amounts and release conditions of compounds (pollutants) released into water from CBs were discussed. In the last section, taking into account the studies carried out to date, deficiencies in the research on pollutants released into water from CBs were identified and recommendations were made for future studies. This review highlights the environmental abundance of CBs, the characterization results of CB filters, and the release into water of some substances in CBs that are pollutants for the aquatic environment. This review may serve as a guide to elucidate the environmental abundance of CBs, the characteristics of CBs/filters, and the concentration in water of some pollutants released into water from CBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seren Acarer Arat
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcılar 34320, Istanbul, Turkey.
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5
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Fojtíková P, Troup J, Merta D, Klementová Š. Cigarette butts as a source of phenolic compounds for the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:43138-43151. [PMID: 38890250 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33978-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Cigarette butts (CBs) are small residues with mixed composition. Produced in large amounts, their accumulation in the environment has become alarming. It is possible to classify more than 7000 chemical components generated either in the burning process or when distilled from the tobacco. The aim of this work was to describe the rate of release of phenolic compounds from CBs, to determine the content of these compounds in freshly smoked CBs and to monitor the release of phenols from CBs into fresh natural waters. The kinetics of release of selected phenolic compounds (hydroquinone, resorcinol, pyrocatechol, phenol, guaiacol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol) into water was monitored for 48 h. More than 90% of the content was extracted within 10 h for all analytes. The phenolic content was determined in the CBs of five different brands. The total content of phenols determined for each sample of freshly smoked CB was 215-861 µg/CB. For all CBs analysed, phenol, pyrocatechol and hydroquinone were the most abundant analytes, accounting for up to 75% of the content of all phenols determined. Phenol was the most abundant analyte (64.6-267.8 µg/CB) in all analysed samples. The content of pyrocatechol, the second most abundant analyte, was 45.6-221.2 µg/CB and the third most abundant analyte was hydroquinone (41.71-157.5 µg/CB). Monitoring the release of phenols from CBs into fresh natural waters (river, stream, pond) under steady and slight moving conditions showed that the kinetics of release is not influenced by the type of water. On the contrary, the process of decomposition of the released compounds is influenced by the type of water. The maximum concentrations of individual phenols in CBs extracts were comparable to those determined via laboratory extraction, thus indicating that within 72 h, most of the phenolic compounds are released from CBs into natural water. This research provides missing information on the phenolic content in CBs and the rate of release into water. It thus complements previously published information on CBs as a source of environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Fojtíková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Josef Troup
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Merta
- Anaesthesiology and Resuscitation Department, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Klementová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Howlader M, Selim A, Shohan MH, Shuvo SNA, Al-Humaidi JY, Islam MM, Shaibur MR, Althomali RH, Akter N, Afrin S, Sultana T, Singha SK, Betto ZS, Rahman MM. Exploring cigarette butts pollution in Saint Martin Island: A marine protected area. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 203:116439. [PMID: 38718549 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Saint Martin Island (SMI), the only coral island in Bangladesh, is located in the Bay of Bengal and has been identified as a marine protected area (MPA). Littering cigarette butts (CBs) waste in an ecologically sensitive environment can have numerous adverse effects. The purpose of this research is to investigate the abundance and density of CBs in SMI and to assess the pollution status using the Cigarette Butt Pollution Index (CBPI). This study is conducted based on the visual survey method in the three types of land use zones of SMI. During the peak season, the investigation was carried out from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. in December 2023. A total of 4481 CBs item were counted, and the density ranged from 0.37 to 1.76 m-2 with an average value of 0.99 m-2 across 12 sampling campaigns. The highest density was observed at service zones, and the fishing zones had the lowest density. The calculated CBPI values revealed that 75 % of the sampling stations were in the "severe pollution" while 25 % were classified as "high pollution" status, underscoring the prevalence of hazardous CBs across most areas of SMI. To tackle these issues requires regulatory measures, public awareness initiatives, and community involvement. Effective waste management and eco-friendly product promotion can help reduce CBs pollution risks in marine protected islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masum Howlader
- Environment and Resource Analysis Center Ltd., Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - Abu Selim
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu 3226, Nepal
| | - Mobin Hossain Shohan
- Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | | | - Jehan Y Al-Humaidi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Molla Rahman Shaibur
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Raed H Althomali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Art and Science, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi Al-Dawasir 11991, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nurunnahar Akter
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh
| | | | - Tania Sultana
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata 411008, India
| | - Santush Kumar Singha
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, American International University Bangladesh, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Zaren Subah Betto
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed M Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Banaee M, Beitsayah A, Zeidi A, Haghi BN, Piccione G, Faggio C, Multisanti CR, Impellitteri F. Toxicity of cigarette butts (CBs) leachate on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Blood biochemical parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, and metabolic profile. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 279:116514. [PMID: 38810286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the toxic effects of different concentrations of cigarette butt leachate (CBL) (0.0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2.0 µL L-1) on blood biochemistry, oxidative stress biomarkers, and the biochemical profile of the liver and muscle of Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) after 21 days. Increased activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in plasma, and decreased activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in fish exposed to CBL, indicated cytotoxicity. Elevated cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose levels, coupled with reduced total protein, albumin, and globulin levels in the plasma, indicated impaired liver function in the fish. An increase in creatinine showed kidney damage. Increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) activities, along with the decrease in liver glutathione (GSH) content and total antioxidant capacity in the hepatocytes of fish exposed to CBL, indicated the occurrence of oxidative stress. Malondialdehyde (MDA) elevation indicated heightened lipid peroxidation in CBL-exposed fish hepatocytes. Raman spectroscopy revealed altered biochemical profiles in fish liver and muscle post-CBL exposure. The results demonstrated that exposure to CBL led to a decrease in phospholipid levels, collagen destruction, changes in phenylalanine levels, and a decrease in the levels of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in fish liver and muscle tissue. Furthermore, the metabolites and compounds of cigarette butt juice were detectable in the liver and muscle tissue of fishes. In conclusion, this study showed that exposure to CBL can have adverse effects on fish health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Banaee
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and the Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran.
| | - Amal Beitsayah
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Amir Zeidi
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and the Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran.
| | - Behzad Nematdoost Haghi
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and the Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran.
| | - Giuseppe Piccione
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci snc, Messina 98168, Italy.
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Eco-sustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Federica Impellitteri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci snc, Messina 98168, Italy.
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Turner A, Cundell AL. Cigarette filter fibres as a source and sink of trace metals in coastal waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140845. [PMID: 38043613 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose acetate fibres from cigarette filters represent a form of microplastic that has received little attention in the environment. In this study, a ground composite of spent, smoked filter material (FM) has been used to investigate the role of cellulose acetate fibres as a source and a sink of trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in coastal waters. FM suspended in river water and seawater and mixtures thereof representative of an estuarine gradient resulted in the leaching of pre-existent metals derived from the combustion of tobacco, with mean percentages of release ranging from about 40 for Pb to nearly 90 for Cd, Co and Zn. Addition of 40 μg L-1 of each metal to FM suspensions incubated for 48 h yielded mean partition coefficients (KDs) ranging from <10 L kg-1 for Co to > 100 L kg-1 for Cu, Pb and Zn, with Cu and Ni displaying a net increase in KD with increasing salinity. Adsorption is interpreted in terms of hydrophobic interactions between metal-organic complexes and the cellulose acetate surface, and in support of this assertion KDs exhibited a significant, positive relationship with published metal-humic acid binding constants. The findings of this study improve our understanding of the role of cellulosic microfibres more generally in transporting trace metals in aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Turner
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Abigail Louise Cundell
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
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Kim L, Kim SA, An YJ. Microfibers from cigarette butts can induce exoskeletal alteration in whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 197:115734. [PMID: 37922758 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette butts (CB) are a source of microfibers (MFs) in aquatic environments, posing a risk to the health of aquatic organisms. Research has been focused on examining the toxicity of CBs on ecological receptors, including invertebrates. More focus has been on death, growth, or movement inhibition of but less on exoskeletal effects in malacostracans. We evaluated the alteration in the carapace structure of whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei Boone, 1931) caused by MFs derived from CBs (CB-MF). Exposure to CB-MF damaged the gills, the main organs adsorbing calcium in shrimps to generate a hard carapace, disturbing calcium uptake via respiration. Rapid ecdysis caused on CB-MF exposure reduced the environmental adaptation capacity of crustaceans in the absence of normal pigments in the chromatophore of the carapace. These findings indicate that MFs released from CBs released into the aquatic environment can adversely affect exoskeletal alteration within the overall ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang A Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Joo An
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Xi Y, Diao L, Wang Z, Jin Z, Wang Y, Liu W, Wen D, Li H, Sun C, Lu J. Toxicity of leachate from smoked cigarette butts to terrestrial animals: A case study on the earthworm Eisenia fetida. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:165531. [PMID: 37454855 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette butts, as easily overlooked littered wastes, have been evaluated for toxicity in various researches. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of smoked cigarette butt leachate (SCBL) on the earthworm Eisenia fetida. The results showed the following: 1) E. fetida avoided SCBL in artificial soil, and the avoidance rate was positively correlated with the concentration of SCBL but negatively correlated with the exposure time; 2) the LD50 of SCBL on earthworms at 36 and 48 h of exposure were 3.71 × 10-4 and 2.67 × 10-4 butts/cm2, respectively. Moreover, both the body surface and intestinal tissues of E. fetida were damaged after exposure to SCBL; 3) the survival rates of E. fetida exposed to artificial soil with an SCBL of 3.6 butts/kg for 7 and 14 days were 80.00 ± 7.07 % and 68.00 ± 4.47 %, respectively; and 4) the mean biomass of the surviving E. fetida in all treated groups decreased with increasing SCBL concentration and exposure time. We concluded that SCBL exerted significant negative effects on soil animals, and suggested that SCBs should be collected, detoxified, and reused before entering the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Leiyu Diao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zi Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Dongsheng Wen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hongxin Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Cong Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jiqi Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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11
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Mghili B, Lamine I, Bouzekry A, Gunasekaran K, Aksissou M. Cigarette butt pollution in popular beaches of Morocco: Abundance, distribution, and mitigation measures. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 195:115530. [PMID: 37717497 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette butts pose a significant challenge in managing solid litter, with an estimated 4.5 trillion of them being discarded into the environment annually. This study investigated the pollution of eleven beaches along the Moroccan Mediterranean by cigarette butts compared to other types of marine litter between 2018 and 2023. Sampling was conducted using the visual survey technique according to a standardized protocol. A total of 50, 575 items were collected with cigarette butts (14.62 %) and plastic caps/lids drinks (10.93 %) being the most common. Our survey of eleven beaches revealed 7395 cigarette butts, giving an average density of 0.06/m2 comparable to other countries in the Mediterranean. The analysis of the results shows significant differences in the abundance cigarette butts according to the beach typology, seasonality, sediment type, and number of beach users. Moreover, the study discovered a decrease in beach pollution during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, resulting in less litter collected compared to pre- and post-pandemic periods. The Cigarette Butt Pollution Index was categorized as very low pollution in M'diq and Kaa Asrass, low pollution in Ksar Sghir, Fnideq, Amsa, Oued Laou, significant pollution in Martil and Nador and sever pollution in Saidia and Sababia. The CBPI was higher during summer and winter, significantly associated with the density levels of beach users. The study recommends immediate action by the local administration to prevent the potential pollution of groundwater and sand by toxic substances leached from cigarette butts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Mghili
- LESCB, URL-CNRST N° 18, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Faculty of Sciences, Tetouan, Morocco.
| | - Imane Lamine
- Laboratory of Aquatic Systems: Marine and Continental Ecosystems, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, BP 8106, Agadir, Morocco; Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Technical Health, Errachidia
| | - Assia Bouzekry
- LESCB, URL-CNRST N° 18, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Faculty of Sciences, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Kannan Gunasekaran
- Centre for Aquaculture, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600019, India
| | - Mustapha Aksissou
- LESCB, URL-CNRST N° 18, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Faculty of Sciences, Tetouan, Morocco
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12
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Fadili HE, Ali MB, Mahi ME, Khatib N, Lotfi EM, Labjar N, Ibn-ElHaj S, Khabbazi A. Determination of properties and environmental impact due to the inclusion of cigarette fibers in mortar: a new solution to mitigate the CB pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:58346-58361. [PMID: 36977883 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26491-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette butts generated are one of the major sources of total solid waste production and lead to environmental issues. This article has the objective of evaluating the effects of cellulose acetate microfibers (CAFs) sourced from discarded cigarette filters (CFs) as fiber reinforcement on the physico-mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of cementitious materials. To do so, mortar samples were prepared using different incorporated quantities of fibers (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 5% compared to the quantity of sand added to the mixture) and subjected to different tests to characterize the influence of CAFs on the microstructure of elaborated materials, considering the changes in workability time, compressive strength, flexural strength, density, water absorption, and microstructural analysis. Furthermore, the life cycle assessment (LCA) of mortar mixes in terms of CO2 emissions is made. The results revealed that the increasing percentages of CAFs reduced the dry density and compressive strength, by approximately 1.62-51% and 37-69.64%, respectively, and a notable enhancement of insulation characteristics by about 5-47.5% was achieved. Microstructure analysis confirmed the experimental investigation and revealed that adding more than 1% of fibers resulted in a significantly low unit weight with greater entrapped air content. The studies prove the possibility of recycling cigarette butts for insulating cementitious matrix. In addition, applying mortar containing acetate cellulose fibers is recognized as a more environmentally friendly mixture in terms of reducing CO2 emissions and could participate significantly in the achievement of SDGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza El Fadili
- Laboratory of Spectroscopy, Molecular Modeling, Materials, Nanomaterials, Water and Environment, Materials for Environment Team, ENSAM, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Mohammed Ben Ali
- Laboratory of Spectroscopy, Molecular Modeling, Materials, Nanomaterials, Water and Environment, Materials for Environment Team, ENSAM, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammed El Mahi
- Laboratory of Spectroscopy, Molecular Modeling, Materials, Nanomaterials, Water and Environment, Materials for Environment Team, ENSAM, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nabil Khatib
- Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Metrology and Information Processing, Ibn Zohr University, B.P. 8106, Agadir, Morocco
| | - El Mostapha Lotfi
- Laboratory of Spectroscopy, Molecular Modeling, Materials, Nanomaterials, Water and Environment, Materials for Environment Team, ENSAM, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Najoua Labjar
- Laboratory of Spectroscopy, Molecular Modeling, Materials, Nanomaterials, Water and Environment, Materials for Environment Team, ENSAM, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Sara Ibn-ElHaj
- EMDD_CERNE2D, Mohammed V University in Rabat, EST Salé, 227 Avenue Prince Héritier, Salé, Morocco
| | - Abdelhamid Khabbazi
- EMDD_CERNE2D, Mohammed V University in Rabat, EST Salé, 227 Avenue Prince Héritier, Salé, Morocco
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13
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Sandgaard MH, Syberg K, Grønlund SN, Riisgaard EK, Rishøj C, Palmqvist A. Small Butt Harmful: Individual- and Population-Level Impacts of Cigarette Filter Particles on the Deposit-Feeding Polychaete Capitella teleta. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:3218-3227. [PMID: 36791268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the marine environment, discarded cigarette filters (CFs) deteriorate and leach filter-associated chemicals. The study aim was to assess the effects of smoked CFs (SCFs) and non-smoked CFs (NCFs) particles on individual life-history traits in the deposit-feeding polychaete Capitella teleta and extrapolate these to possible population-level effects. C. teleta was exposed to sediment-spiked particles of NCFs and SCFs at an environmentally realistic concentration (0.1 mg particles g-1 dw sed) and a 100-fold higher (10 mg particles g-1 dw sed) concentration. Experimental setup incorporated 11 individual endpoints and lasted approximately 6 months. There were significant effects on all endpoints, except from adult body volume and egestion rate, in worms exposed to 10 mg SCF particles g-1 dw sed. Although not statistically significant, there was ≥50% impact on time between reproductive events and number of eggs per female at 0.1 mg SCF particles g-1 dw sed. None of the endpoints was significantly affected by NCFs. Results suggest that SCFs are likely to affect individual life-history traits of C. teleta, whereas the population model suggests that these effects might not transform into population-level effects. The results further indicate that chemicals associated with CFs are the main driver causing the effects rather than the CF particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica H Sandgaard
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kristian Syberg
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Sara N Grønlund
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd 5, SE-901 83Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eva K Riisgaard
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Christian Rishøj
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Annemette Palmqvist
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000Roskilde, Denmark
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14
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Soleimani F, Dobaradaran S, Vazirizadeh A, Mohebbi G, Ramavandi B, De-la-Torre GE, Nabipour I, Schmidt TC, Novotny TE, Maryamabadi A, Kordrostami Z. Chemical contents and toxicity of cigarette butts leachates in aquatic environment: A case study from the Persian Gulf region. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137049. [PMID: 36336020 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette butts (CBs) are one of the most commonly found types of litter contaminating the aquatic environment. However, the environmental risks posed by CBs need further investigation. In this study, the in-vivo toxic effects of various concentrations of CB leachates on juvenile (5.45 ± 1.36 gr and 7.08 ± 1.12 cm) fish (Periophthalmus waltoni) were evaluated. The LC50 values of CB leachate from smoked cigarette butts with tobacco (SCB) were 3.75, 3.0, 1.94, and 1.37 CBs/L in 24, 48, 72, and 96 h exposure times, respectively. The LC50 values for leachate of smoked CBs without tobacco (SF) were 7.58, 6.22, 4.73, and 2.9 CBs/L at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h exposure times, respectively. In the case of leachate from unsmoked filters (USF), LC50 values were 14.68, 12.44, 10.19, and 7.46 CBs/L in 24, 48, 72, and 96 h exposure time, respectively. The mean concentrations of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in SCBs leachates were higher than in SF and USF leachates. Our findings report that even low concentrations of CBs leachates can led to lethality of P. waltoni and may pose a threat to their population density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Soleimani
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, Germany.
| | - Amir Vazirizadeh
- Persian Gulf Research Institute, Marine Biology and Fishery Sciences Department, Persian Gulf University, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Mohebbi
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | | | - Iraj Nabipour
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, 45141, Germany
| | - Thomas E Novotny
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, United States
| | - Ammar Maryamabadi
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; R &D Department, Shakheh Zeytoon Lian Co., Bushehr, Iran
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15
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Conradi M, Sánchez-Moyano JE. Toward a sustainable circular economy for cigarette butts, the most common waste worldwide on the coast. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157634. [PMID: 35905959 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The circular economy is based on the maximum use of resources by reducing, reusing, and recycling the elements used. Currently, the items littered most frequently in the world are cigarettes butts (CB) as these debris are freely disseminated in the marine habitat, they are generally difficult to collect and very complex to recycle. Litter CB is a great social problem that generates excessive economic costs and serious environmental problems. CB is also not biodegradable and highly toxic to marine organisms and presents a distinctive mixture of physical and chemical contamination. However, little research has been done on the management and recycling of this dangerous waste. Several proposals have been made to incorporate this waste into high-volume articles of direct production or recycling, but collection logistics are lacking since the current system is inefficient, in addition to the poor environmental behaviour of citizens. This work presents a current synthesis of the CB problem from all its possible aspects in order to have a global vision of the life cycle of the CB, indicating both the known and the gaps in the knowledge of each of them, and intends to give a general outline of the steps to follow to try to end such a worrying problem at the global level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Conradi
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Sevilla, Av. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - J Emilio Sánchez-Moyano
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Sevilla, Av. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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16
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Seuront L, Zardi GI, Uguen M, Bouchet VMP, Delaeter C, Henry S, Spilmont N, Nicastro KR. A whale of a plastic tale: A plea for interdisciplinary studies to tackle micro- and nanoplastic pollution in the marine realm. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157187. [PMID: 35868387 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plastic is one of the most ubiquitous sources of both contamination and pollution of the Anthropocene, and accumulates virtually everywhere on the planet. As such, plastic threatens the environment, the economy and human well-being globally. The related potential threats have been identified as a major global conservation issue and a key research priority. As a consequence, plastic pollution has become one of the most prolific fields of research in research areas including chemistry, physics, oceanography, biology, ecology, ecotoxicology, molecular biology, sociology, economy, conservation, management, and even politics. In this context, one may legitimately expect plastic pollution research to be highly interdisciplinary. However, using the emerging topic of microplastic and nanoplastic leachate (i.e., the desorption of molecules that are adsorbed onto the surface of a polymer and/or absorbed into the polymer matrix in the absence of plastic ingestion) in the ocean as a case study, we argue that this is still far from being the case. Instead, we highlight that plastic pollution research rather seems to remain structured in mostly isolated monodisciplinary studies. A plethora of analytical methods are now available to qualify and quantify plastic monomers, polymers and the related additives. We nevertheless show though a survey of the literature that most studies addressing the effects of leachates on marine organisms essentially still lack of a quantitative assessment of the chemical nature and content of both plastic items and their leachates. In the context of the ever-increasing research effort devoted to assess the biological and ecological effects of plastic waste, we subsequently argue that the lack of a true interdisciplinary approach is likely to hamper the development of this research field. We finally introduce a roadmap for future research which has to evolve through the development of a sound and systematic ability to chemically define what we biologically compare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Seuront
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, IRD, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, 62930 Wimereux, France; Department of Marine Energy and Resource, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
| | - Gerardo I Zardi
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Marine Uguen
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, IRD, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, 62930 Wimereux, France
| | - Vincent M P Bouchet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, IRD, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, 62930 Wimereux, France
| | - Camille Delaeter
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, IRD, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, 62930 Wimereux, France
| | - Solène Henry
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, IRD, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, 62930 Wimereux, France
| | - Nicolas Spilmont
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, IRD, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, 62930 Wimereux, France
| | - Katy R Nicastro
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, IRD, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, 62930 Wimereux, France; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; CCMAR-Centro de Ciencias do Mar, CIMAR Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
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17
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Oliva M, De Marchi L, Cuccaro A, Pretti C. Bioassay-based ecotoxicological investigation on marine and freshwater impact of cigarette butt littering. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117787. [PMID: 34274644 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite representing an extremely relevant portion (20-40%) of worldwide coastal litter, cigarette butts are still an underestimate environmental issue of limited scientific interest. Public authorities of different countries promote active removal of cigarette butts, but the issue remains problematic in terms of aesthetic, environmental and health-related impacts. There are few studies on the environmental side-effects of smoked cigarette butt litter despite being a worldwide issue. In this work, two ecotoxicological bioassay batteries were adopted to evaluate the environmental consequences of cigarette butt water-soluble ingredient release in both marine water and freshwater. Marine assays were generally more affected compared to freshwater. Interesting outcomes were observed with crustacean tests, showing a lower effect of smoked cigarette butt leachate when tested at maximum concentration. This finding were supported by heartbeat measures of Daphnia magna, which were accelerated at 100% of smoked cigarette butt leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oliva
- Consorzio per il Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina Ed Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci" (CIBM), 57128, Livorno, Italy.
| | - L De Marchi
- Consorzio per il Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina Ed Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci" (CIBM), 57128, Livorno, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia - Unità di Ecologia e Biologia Marina, Università di Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Cuccaro
- Consorzio per il Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina Ed Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci" (CIBM), 57128, Livorno, Italy; Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - C Pretti
- Consorzio per il Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina Ed Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci" (CIBM), 57128, Livorno, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, Pisa, Italy
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18
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Green DS, Tongue ADW, Boots B. The ecological impacts of discarded cigarette butts. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 37:183-192. [PMID: 34690005 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette butts, one of the most littered items globally, present a unique challenge to ecosystems due to their ubiquity, persistence, and potential for harm. Over 35 studies have examined the toxicity of cigarette butts in biota from aquatic and terrestrial habitats from microbes to mice, but many organisms and habitats have not been tested. Two-thirds of studies are on aquatic organisms, and lethal effects were common. Research on the impacts on terrestrial life is lagging behind. Cigarette butts can affect the growth, behaviour, and reproductive output of individual organisms in all three habitats, but research on wider effects on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning is lacking. Here, we summarise the ecotoxicological concerns and identify important knowledge gaps for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannielle S Green
- Applied Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK.
| | - Andrew D W Tongue
- Applied Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Bas Boots
- Applied Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
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19
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Qamar W, Altamimi MA, Rehman MU, Ali N, Imam F, Alanazi FE. Toxicological interaction between tobacco smoke toxicants cadmium and nicotine: An in-vitro investigation. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:4201-4209. [PMID: 34354400 PMCID: PMC8324994 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarettes and other tobacco products are used to obtain nicotine that is responsible for their stimulating effects. However, a lot of other organic and inorganic chemicals are also released along with nicotine. Cadmium (Cd) is one of the several heavy metals that are health hazards and is one of the inorganic elements released in tobacco smoke. The in-vitro investigation focused on exploring the effects of nicotine hydrogen tartrate (NHT) and cadmium (Cd) and their toxic interactions in the A549 cell line. In cell viability assay NHT exhibited its IC50 at 11.71 mM concentration, and the IC50 of Cd was found to be 83 µM after a 24 h exposure. Toxic effects of NHT (5 mM and 10 mM), Cd (50 µM and 100 µM), and their combination were also investigated by flowcytometry. The investigation included apoptotic and necrotic events, the effect on different cell cycle phases, and generation of reactive oxygen species by NHT, Cd, and their combination of different concentrations. Data reveal evident toxic effects of NHT, Cd, and NHT + Cd. It also indicates that the toxic interaction of NHT and Cd is not additive and appears to be minimal when compared with NHT or Cd exposures alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajhul Qamar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Central Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A. Altamimi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muneeb U. Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nemat Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Imam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawaz Essa Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Yousefi M, Kermani M, Farzadkia M, Godini K, Torkashvand J. Challenges on the recycling of cigarette butts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:30452-30458. [PMID: 33890223 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette butt (CB) is a crucial litter in urban communities because it may contain various toxicants. Due to serious limitations on incinerating or landfilling CB, recycling of this hazardous waste is essential. The objective of this study was to investigate the most important challenges in CB collection and recycling. To this end, a search was done on Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science by defining a search protocol and identifying appropriate keywords. At the end of the screening process, 52 appropriate papers were selected. In this review, all methods for the CB recycling were considered. This review showed that nine categorizations of different products have been produced from the recycling of CBs, but three important challenges were identified for the recycling of this hazardous waste. It should be noted that finding solutions to these challenges may be helpful in better management of CB as a toxic litter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Yousefi
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Farzadkia
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Godini
- Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdestan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Javad Torkashvand
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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21
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Green DS, Kregting L, Boots B. Effects of cigarette butts on marine keystone species (Ulva lactuca L. and Mytilus edulis L.) and sediment microphytobenthos. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 165:112152. [PMID: 33601278 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Outdoor mesocosms with constantly flowing natural seawater were used to test the effects of littered cigarette butts on the filter feeder Mytilus edulis (blue mussel), the macroalga, Ulva lactuca (sea lettuce) and sediment microphytobenthos in a semi-natural marine setting. Either conventional, cellulose acetate, or biodegradable, cellulose, smoked cigarette butts were added at densities of 0.25 or 1 butt L-1. The clearance rates of mussels exposed to 1 butt L-1 of cellulose acetate butts were three times less than the controls. The growth of U. lactuca was not measurably affected by cigarette butts, however the sediment chlorophyll content was significantly less in mesocosms exposed to 0.25 and 1 butt L-1 of cellulose acetate butts. These effects occurred despite constant replacement of seawater indicating how hazardous conventional cigarette butts are to marine life. Biodegradable cellulose cigarette butts had minimal effects on the measured variables but should still not be discarded as litter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannielle Senga Green
- Applied Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, United Kingdom.
| | - Louise Kregting
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Queen's Marine Laboratory, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Bas Boots
- Applied Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, United Kingdom
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22
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Moroz I, Scapolio LGB, Cesarino I, Leão AL, Bonanomi G. Toxicity of cigarette butts and possible recycling solutions-a literature review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10450-10473. [PMID: 33411271 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11856-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco is a worldwide-consumed product, which in addition to causing public health-related issues is responsible for the most common form of litter in the world-smoked cigarette butts (CBs). A large attention has been drawn to this question, since this specific waste type tends to end up in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, posing serious threat to a range of life forms. Decomposition may take several years to occur because cellulose acetate is hardly accessible, before deacetylation, by bacteria and fungi. This review concerns the toxicity derived from smoked cigarette butts, as well as innovative ecological solutions for solving the CB litter problem. Toxicity studies have demonstrated the critical influence of chemicals present in smoked CBs to the environment as a whole, but also the physical contaminating potential considering micro- and nanoparticles derived from CB material. Nevertheless, several technological approaches were aimed at unveiling hidden value within used CBs, as well as propositions for incorporation of this residue in large volume production items or direct recycling. In summary, several methods are available to alleviate CB pollution, while appropriate and efficient collection logistics by consumers appears as the main bottleneck for an effective recycling. It is also clear that while considerable progress has been made recently in light of CB recycling solutions, there is still a vast research capacity in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Moroz
- Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Avenida Universitária, 3780, Botucatu, Brazil.
| | - Luiz G B Scapolio
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz km 235, Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ivana Cesarino
- Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Avenida Universitária, 3780, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Alcides L Leão
- Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Avenida Universitária, 3780, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Giuliano Bonanomi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
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23
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Abundance and Distribution of Cigarette Butts on Coastal Environments: Examples from Southern Spain. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse9020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Litter on beaches is one of the most difficult problems in coastal management and every year, much efforts and public money are invested to try to alleviate and solve the problem. Cigarette butts (CB) are among the most widespread abandoned personal items in the world. In Spain, they are found on all types of beaches, where they are discarded by beach users; however, rivers and streams can also deposit CB on shores. This paper analyses the abundance of CB on different beaches in Southern Spain in order to address and better understand this relevant environmental problem and propose sound solutions to decrease or eliminate their presence. The main factors favouring CB accumulation were identified, namely the seasonality and number of beach users, beach typology (remote, rural, village or urban sites), type of beach sediment and methods and frequency of cleaning operations. Mean and median CB abundance values per 100 m of beach length, calculated from all the data used in this study, were 159 and 68 items, respectively. The largest number of CB were observed at urban sites, followed by village, rural and remote beaches. Further, sand beaches registered higher values of CB than cobble or pebble beaches.
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24
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Abstract
Objectives Toxic pollutants leaching from littered cigarette butts (CB) raise environmental impact concerns. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is required to assess the environmental impacts of its tobacco regulatory actions per the US National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Methods We determined the chemical constituents in CB leachate through analyses of 109 field-collected CB and literature compilation and characterized their ecotoxicity to aquatic organisms. Results One-third of the 98 identified CB leachate chemicals were very toxic and 10% were toxic to aquatic organisms due to acute and chronic toxicity. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, metals, phthalates, nicotine and volatile organic compounds were the most hazardous CB leachate chemicals for aquatic organisms. Of the 98 CB leachate chemicals, 25 are included in FDA's list of harmful or potentially harmful constituents in tobacco products and tobacco smoke. Conclusions Our study quantifies CB leachate constituents, characterizes their ecological hazard and identifies chemicals of concern. Thus, it aids in evaluating the environmental impacts of tobacco products per NEPA requirements. These results provide important information for strategies to prevent and reduce CB litter (eg, awareness programs, litter laws enforcement), thereby reducing environmental hazards from CB toxicants.
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