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Kim H, Park EH. Effects of chemical composition of ambient PM 2.5 measured in Seoul on potential health risks and generation of reactive oxygen species. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 352:124139. [PMID: 38734055 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
This study assesses the health effects associated with the chemical species of ambient particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) in Seoul, focusing on identifying key chemical constituents and their sources. We employed two approaches to estimate health risks: (1) evaluating carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks using IRIS (Integrated Risk Information System) data from the US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), and (2) quantifying the generation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) following exposure to PM2.5 in surrogate lung fluid (SLF). Our results show a significant impact on human health from certain elements (Cr, Ni, As, and Cd) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (DaeP, DahA, and BaP for carcinogenic risks; BaP and BeP for noncarcinogenic risks). Notably, Cr and BaP, which are influential in both risk assessment and ·OH generation, highlight their significant roles in human health impacts. However, other components (e.g., CPP, BaP, BghiP, BaA, CHR, PYR, FLT, Ca, Mg, and Cu), though contributors to ·OH generation, were not included in the EPA's health risk assessment, suggesting a need for a broader PM2.5 compositional analysis to more accurately determine exposure concentrations and assess inhalation risks. These components predominantly originate from anthropogenic sources, such as combustion, vehicles, and industrial activities, underscoring the significant health implications of the pollutants emitted from these sources. The study concluded that focusing solely on the mass reduction of PM2.5 may not suffice; a dual approach that reduces both mass concentration and chemical-specific health risks is imperative for effective public health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwajin Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Ha Park
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Now at Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 67 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673, Republic of Korea
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2
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Lu S, Liu J, Hou G, Zhao J, Liu X, Xie T, Xiao K, Yonemochi S, Ebere EC, Wang W, Wang Q. Physicochemical Characterization and Oxidative Potential of Iron-Containing Particles Emitted from Xuanwei Coal Combustion. TOXICS 2023; 11:921. [PMID: 37999573 PMCID: PMC10675500 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11110921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases have been proven to be directly related to air pollutants. Xuanwei, located in South China, has been known to have the highest mortality rate for lung cancer in China because of the air pollutants emitted through local coal combustion. However, the mechanism of lung cancer induced by air pollutants is not clear. Based on the fact that a large number of iron-bearing mineral particles was found in Xuanwei coal combustion particles, the iron-containing particles were hypothesized to play important roles in the pathogenesis of the high incidence rate of lung cancer in this area. In this study, raw coal samples were collected from a coal mine in the Xuanwei area. Size-resolved particles emitted from the raw coal samples were collected using an Anderson high-volume sampler. Mineralogical characterization and an assessment of the oxidative potential of the iron-containing particles were conducted using cutting-edge technologies, and the biological activity of the particles were evaluated via DTT assay. Our data showed that the iron-containing minerals accounted for more than 10% of the measured particles emitted from Xuanwei coal combustion samples. The content analysis of ·OH generated from Xuanwei coal combustion particles showed that ·OH content was dependent on the size of particles in the surrogated lung fluid. The concentration of ·OH increased as the particle size decreased. The DTT assay data further demonstrated that when the mass concentration of dissolved irons increased, the oxidation potential of the particles increased. The highest proportion of divalent iron in the total dissolved iron was found in the submicron particles in low pH solution(pH = 1), which indicated that the oxidative potential induced by submicron particles was stronger than that induced by coarse particles and fine particles. Armed with the above data, the toxicological mechanism of the iron-containing mineral particles can be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senlin Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (J.L.); (G.H.); (J.Z.); (T.X.)
| | - Jin Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (J.L.); (G.H.); (J.Z.); (T.X.)
| | - Guoqing Hou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (J.L.); (G.H.); (J.Z.); (T.X.)
| | - Jiumei Zhao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (J.L.); (G.H.); (J.Z.); (T.X.)
| | - Xinchun Liu
- Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China
| | - Tingting Xie
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (J.L.); (G.H.); (J.Z.); (T.X.)
| | - Kai Xiao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Beijing University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | | | - Enyoh Christian Ebere
- School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; (E.C.E.); (W.W.); (Q.W.)
| | - Weiqian Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; (E.C.E.); (W.W.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qingyue Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; (E.C.E.); (W.W.); (Q.W.)
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Bao S, Zou Y, Firempong CK, Feng Y, Yu Y, Wang Y, Dai H, Mo W, Sun C, Liu H. Preparation and evaluation of sustained release pirfenidone-loaded microsphere dry powder inhalation for treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 188:106509. [PMID: 37356463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Pirfenidone (PFND) is a recommended oral drug used to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, but have low bioavailability and high hepatotoxicity. The study, therefore, seeks to improve the therapeutic activities of the drug via increased bioavailability and reduced associated side effects by developing a novel drug delivery system. The electrostatic spray technology was used to prepare a sustained release pirfenidone-loaded microsphere dry powder inhalation with PEG-modified chitosan (PFND-mPEG-CS-MS). The entrapment efficiency, drug loading, and in vitro cumulative drug release rate (at 24 h and with a sustained release effect) of PFND-mPEG-CS-MS were 77.35±3.01%, 11.45±0.64%, and 90.4%, respectively. The Carr's index of PFND-mPEG-CS-MS powder was 17.074±2.163% with a theoretical mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMADt) of 0.99±0.07 μm, and a moisture absorption weight gain rate (Rw) of 4.61±0.72%. The emptying rate, pulmonary deposition rate (fine particle fraction) and actual mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMADa) were 90%∼95%, 48.72±7.04% and 3.10±0.16 μm, respectively. MTT bioassay showed that mPEG-CS-MS (200 μg/mL) had good biocompatibility (RGR = 90.25%) and PFND-mPEG-CS-MS (200 μg/mL) had significant inhibitory activity (RGR = 49.82%) on fibroblast growth. The pharmacokinetic data revealed that the t1/2 (5.02 h) and MRT (10.66 h) of PFND-mPEG-CS-MS were prolonged compared with the free PFND (t1/2, 1.67 h; MRT, 2.71 h). The pharmacodynamic results also showed that the formulated-drug group had slight pathological changes, lower lung hydroxyproline content, and reduced hepatotoxicity compared with the free-drug group. The PFND-mPEG-CS-MS further significantly down-regulated TGF-β cytokines, Collagen I, and α-SMA protein expression levels compared with the free drug. The findings indicated that the PFND-mPEG-CS-MS had a good sustained release effect, enhanced bioavailability, decreased toxicity, and increased anti-fibrotic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixue Bao
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Yi Zou
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China; Suzhou Zelgen Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Kunshan, 215300, PR China
| | | | - Yingshu Feng
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of Functional Chemistry, Institute of Medicine & Chemical Engineering, Zhenjiang College, Zhenjiang, 212028, PR China; Postdoctoral Programme of JiangSu CTQJ Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Huaian, 223001, PR China
| | - Yang Yu
- Jiang Sunan Pharmaceutical Industrial CO., Ltd, Zhenjiang, 212400, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Huiying Dai
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Weiwei Mo
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Changshan Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
| | - Hongfei Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China; Jiang Sunan Pharmaceutical Industrial CO., Ltd, Zhenjiang, 212400, PR China; Jiangmen Hongxiao Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd, Jiangmen, 529040, PR China.
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4
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Wu N, Lyu Y, Lu B, Cai D, Meng X, Li X. Oxidative potential induced by metal-organic interaction from PM 2.5 in simulated biological fluids. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157768. [PMID: 35931153 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative potential (OP) of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has recently been proposed as a metric that may prove more indicative of human health effects than the routinely measured PM2.5 concentration. Observations of exposure to PM2.5 show most OP are originated from the contribution of transition metals and organics, but the pertinent coupling mechanisms are unclear. Here, we report laboratory observations in four simulated biological fluids (i.e., simulated saliva, surrogate lung fluid, artificial lysosomal fluid, and synthetic serum) that reveal OP of PM2.5 are significantly induced by prevalent metal complexes formed with nitrogen- and oxygen-containing compounds in low acid environments. Analyses of mass spectra and interaction factors indicate that organic-metal mixture effect in PM2.5, leading to synergistic, additive to antagonistic effects, which may serve as the dominant mechanism for this OP formation. A metal-organic mixtures origin for OP could explain why PM2.5 emission controls should emphasize the reduction of key toxic components, rather than just PM2.5 mass concentration control. SYNOPSIS: This study has investigated the oxidative potential of inhaled atmospheric particulate matter (PM) in four simulated biological fluids, which highlight the importance of metal-organic complexes to the formation of oxidative potential (OP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Yan Lyu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Bingqing Lu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Dongmei Cai
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Xue Meng
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
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Luan M, Zhang T, Li X, Yan C, Sun J, Zhi G, Shen G, Liu X, Zheng M. Investigating the relationship between mass concentration of particulate matter and reactive oxygen species based on residential coal combustion source tests. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113499. [PMID: 35618007 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) has been considered to be closely related to human health, especially fine particulate matter. However, whether PM mass concentration alone is a good indicator for health impact remains a challenging question. In this study, emissions from residential coal combustion (RCC), one of the important PM sources in northern China, were tested to examine the relationship between the emission factors of particle-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) (EFROS) and PM (EFPM). A total of 24 combinations of source tests were conducted, including eight types of coal with different geological maturities (two anthracites and six bituminous) burned in three types of stoves (one honeycomb coal stove, one old chunk stove, and one new chunk stove). Here, ROS was defined as generated hydroxyl radical (·OH) by PM, and results showed EFROS from 24 residential coal combustion varied greatly by nearly 20 times. EFROS ranged 0.78-14.85 and 2.99-12.91 mg kg-1 for the emissions from honeycomb and chunk coals, respectively. Moreover, the correlation between EFROS and EFPM was significantly positive in honeycomb coal emissions (r = 0.82, p < 0.05), but it was insignificant in chunk coal emissions (r = 0.07, p > 0.05). For honeycomb coal emissions, organic carbon (OC) was quite abundant in PM and it might be the predominant contributor to both EFPM and EFROS, resulting in a strong and positive correlation. For chunk coal emissions, high EFROS was mainly related to relatively high metal emissions in AN and LVB, while the metals were not major components in PM, leading to a poor correlation between EFPM and EFROS. Therefore, this study revealed that PM was not always positively correlated with ROS from residential coal burning, and the relationship was mainly determined by the compositions of PM, suggesting PM mass concentration alone may not be the best indicator for assessing health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiao Luan
- SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Tianle Zhang
- SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Caiqing Yan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jianzhong Sun
- School of Physical Education, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221018, China
| | - Guorui Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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6
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Shi W, Cao Y, Chai X, Zhao Q, Geng Y, Liu D, Tian S. Potential health risks of the interaction of microplastics and lung surfactant. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128109. [PMID: 35236033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs), as pollutants of environmental concern, are correlated with increased risk of various respiratory diseases. Nevertheless, whether or not MPs have adverse influences on the interfacial properties of lung surfactant (LS), and its effect on the generation of reactive oxygen species are poorly understood. In the present study, natural LS extracted from porcine lungs was used to investigate the interaction with polystyrene as a representative MPs. The results showed that the phase behavior, surface tension, and membrane structure of the LS were altered in the presence of polystyrene. Adsorption experiments demonstrated that in the mixed system of polystyrene and LS (the main active ingredients are phospholipids and proteins), adsorption of phospholipid components by polystyrene was notably higher than that of proteins. Moreover, polystyrene can accelerate the conversion between ascorbic acid and deoxyascorbic acid, thereby producing hydrogen peroxide (HOOH) in simulated lung fluid (containing LS) and further giving rise to an increase in the content of hydroxyl radicals (•OH). This work provides new insight into the potential hazard of MPs in human respiratory system, which is helpful for deeply understanding the unfavorable physicochemical effects of MPs exposure and the role of inhaled MPs on lung health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimeng Shi
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Xiaolong Chai
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Qun Zhao
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Yingxue Geng
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Senlin Tian
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
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Li N, Li X, Cheng P, Yang P, Shi P, Kong L, Liu H. Preparation of Curcumin Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Loaded with Flower-Shaped Lactose for Lung Inhalation and Preliminary Evaluation of Cytotoxicity In Vitro. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:4828169. [PMID: 34745284 PMCID: PMC8568537 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4828169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to design a flower-shaped lactose loaded curcumin solid lipid nanoparticles dry powder inhaler and characterize it to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of curcumin in lung. Curcumin solid lipid nanoparticles (Cur-SLNs) were prepared by solvent evaporation method, and then they were micronized by freeze-drying technology. Finally, Cur-SLN micropowder obtained by freeze-drying was mixed with flower-shaped lactose (FL) at a ratio of 2 : 1 and then passed through a 200-mesh sieve to obtain Cur-SLN-FL powder. Tween-80 was selected as the surfactant to inhibit the aggregation of drug solid lipid nanoparticles. Under the optimum conditions, the solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were relatively spherical, with an average particle size of 14.7 nm, narrow distribution, Zeta potential of -22.5 mV, encapsulation efficiency of 90.21%, and drug loading of 8.56%. According to the particle size, PI, Zeta potential, drug loading (LC%), encapsulation efficiency (EE%), morphology, and in vitro release characteristics, the prescription of solid lipid nanoparticles was screened. Dry powder inhaler (DPI) was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, particle size, density, and in vitro release performance. Its cytotoxicity to mouse fibroblasts (L929) and human normal lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) in vitro was investigated, and its safety for pulmonary inhalation was preliminarily determined. FTIR analysis shows that the micronized Cur-SLN-FL has the same chemical structure as FL. FTIR and DSC analysis confirmed that the characteristic absorption peak of curcumin was not found in Cur-SLN-FL, showing similar structure to SLN and FL. In addition, curcumin was coated in solid lipid nanoparticles to make powder mist, which increased its drug loading, kept its aerodynamic particle size (4.03 ± 0.40) μm, and significantly improved its drug release performance in artificial lung fluid. In vitro cytotoxicity test results confirmed that Cur-SLN-FL was less toxic to BEAS-2B cells than L929 cells. Therefore, curcumin was prepared into solid lipid nanoparticles by emulsion evaporation-low temperature solidification method and then micronized and mixed with FL to prepare curcumin solid lipid nanoparticle powder mist loaded with flower-shaped lactose. The process is simple and feasible, and it has better safety performance for lung cells, which is expected to become a safe and effective delivery system for pulmonary inhalation drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Center of Tianjin Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 79 Duolun Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Xu Li
- Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drugs Research and Development Center of Tianjin Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 79 Duolun Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Tianjin Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 79 Duolun Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Center of Tianjin Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 79 Duolun Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Pengcheng Shi
- Oncology Drug R&D Center of Tianjin Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 79 Duolun Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Lingyu Kong
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Center of Tianjin Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 79 Duolun Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 79 Duolun Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300020, China
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Rossi S, Buccarello A, Caffarra Malvezzi C, Pinelli S, Alinovi R, Guerrero Gerboles A, Rozzi G, Leonardi F, Bollati V, De Palma G, Lagonegro P, Rossi F, Lottici PP, Poli D, Statello R, Macchi E, Miragoli M. Exposure to nanoparticles derived from diesel particulate filter equipped engine increases vulnerability to arrhythmia in rat hearts. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 284:117163. [PMID: 33910133 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is well recognized as a central player in cardiovascular disease. Exhaust particulate from diesel engines (DEP) is rich in nanoparticles and may contribute to the health effects of particulate matter in the environment. Moreover, diesel soot emitted by modern engines denotes defective surfaces alongside chemically-reactive sites increasing soot cytotoxicity. We recently demonstrated that engineered nanoparticles can cross the air/blood barrier and are capable to reach the heart. We hypothesize that DEP nanoparticles are pro-arrhythmogenic by direct interaction with cardiac cells. We evaluated the internalization kinetics and the effects of DEP, collected from Euro III (DEPe3, in the absence of Diesel Particulate Filter, DPF) and Euro IV (DEPe4, in the presence of DPF) engines, on alveolar and cardiac cell lines and on in situ rat hearts following DEP tracheal instillation. We observed significant differences in DEP size, metal and organic compositions derived from both engines. DEPe4 comprised ultrafine particles (<100 nm) and denoted a more pronounced toxicological outcome compared to DEPe3. In cardiomyocytes, particle internalization is fastened for DEPe4 compared to DEPe3. The in-vivo epicardial recording shows significant alteration of EGs parameters in both groups. However, the DEPe4-instilled group showed, compared to DEPe3, a significant increment of the effective refractory period, cardiac conduction velocity, and likelihood of arrhythmic events, with a significant increment of membrane lipid peroxidation but no increment in inflammation biomarkers. Our data suggest that DEPe4, possibly due to ultrafine nanoparticles, is rapidly internalized by cardiomyocytes resulting in an acute susceptibility to cardiac electrical disorder and arrhythmias that could accrue from cellular toxicity. Since the postulated transfer of nanoparticles from the lung to myocardial cells has not been investigated it remains open whether the effects on the cardiovascular function are the result of lung inflammatory reactions or due to particles that have reached the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Rossi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; CERT, Center of Excellence for Toxicological Research, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Buccarello
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Silvana Pinelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Rossella Alinovi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Rozzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center -IRCCS, 20090, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Leonardi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Bollati
- EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Palma
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Lagonegro
- National Research Council (CNR), Istituto Dei Materiali per L'Elettronica Ed Il Magnetismo (IMEM), Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Rossi
- National Research Council (CNR), Istituto Dei Materiali per L'Elettronica Ed Il Magnetismo (IMEM), Parma, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Lottici
- Department of Mathematical, Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Diana Poli
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosario Statello
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Emilio Macchi
- CERT, Center of Excellence for Toxicological Research, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Michele Miragoli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; CERT, Center of Excellence for Toxicological Research, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center -IRCCS, 20090, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; National Research Council (CNR), Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Milan, Italy.
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Predictive and Preventive Mucosal Communications in Particulate Matter Exposure-Linked Renal Distress. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11020118. [PMID: 33670188 PMCID: PMC7916923 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite research into the epidemiological link between exposure to particulate matter (PM) and renal disorder, there is limited information available on the etiological complexity and molecular mechanisms. Among the early responsive tissues to PM exposure, the mucosal barrier of the airway and alimentary tract may be a crucial source of pathologic mediators leading to inflammatory renal diseases, including chronic kidney disease (CKD). Given that harmful responses and products in mucosa exposed to PM may enter the circulation and cause adverse outcomes in the kidney, the aim of the present review was to address the impact of PM exposure on the mucosal barrier and the vicious feedback cycle in the mucosal environment. In addition to the PM-induced alteration of mucosal barrier integrity, the microbial community has a pivotal role in the xenobiotic metabolism and individual susceptibility to PM toxicity. The dysbiosis-induced deleterious metabolites of PM and nutrients are introduced systemically via a disrupted mucosal barrier, contributing to renal injuries and pathologic severity. In contrast, the progress of mucosa-associated renal disease is counteracted by endogenous protective responses in the mucosa. Along with direct elimination of the toxic mediators, modulators of the mucosal microbial community should provide a promising platform for mucosa-based personalized interventions against renal disorders caused by air pollution.
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Mechanistic Implications of Biomass-Derived Particulate Matter for Immunity and Immune Disorders. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9020018. [PMID: 33498426 PMCID: PMC7909393 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a major and the most harmful component of urban air pollution, which may adversely affect human health. PM exposure has been associated with several human diseases, notably respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. In particular, recent evidence suggests that exposure to biomass-derived PM associates with airway inflammation and can aggravate asthma and other allergic diseases. Defective or excess responsiveness in the immune system regulates distinct pathologies, such as infections, hypersensitivity, and malignancies. Therefore, PM-induced modulation of the immune system is crucial for understanding how it causes these diseases and highlighting key molecular mechanisms that can mitigate the underlying pathologies. Emerging evidence has revealed that immune responses to biomass-derived PM exposure are closely associated with the risk of diverse hypersensitivity disorders, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and allergen sensitization. Moreover, immunological alteration by PM accounts for increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Evidence-based understanding of the immunological effects of PM and the molecular machinery would provide novel insights into clinical interventions or prevention against acute and chronic environmental disorders induced by biomass-derived PM.
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