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Belova L, Musatadi M, Gys C, Roggeman M, den Ouden F, Olivares M, van Nuijs ALN, Poma G, Covaci A. In Vitro Metabolism of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds and Confirmation in Human Urine by Liquid Chromatography Ion-Mobility High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39264360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c06409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are high-production chemicals used as cleaning and disinfecting agents. Due to their ubiquitous presence in the environment and several toxic effects described, human exposure to these chemicals gained increasing attention in recent years. However, very limited data on the biotransformation of QACs is available, hampering exposure assessment. In this study, three QACs (dimethyl dodecyl ammonium, C10-DDAC; benzyldimethyl dodecylammonium, C12-BAC; cetyltrimethylammonium, C16-ATMAC) commonly detected in indoor microenvironments were incubated with human liver microsomes and cytosol (HLM/HLC) simulating Phase I and II metabolism. Thirty-one Phase I metabolites were annotated originating from 19 biotransformation reactions. Four metabolites of C10-DDAC were described for the first time. A detailed assessment of experimental fragmentation spectra allowed to characterize potential oxidation sites. For each annotated metabolite, drift-tube ion-mobility derived collision cross section (DTCCSN2) values were reported, serving as an additional identification parameter and allowing the characterization of changes in DTCCSN2 values following metabolism. Lastly, eight metabolites, including four metabolites of both C12-BAC and C10-DDAC, were confirmed in human urine samples showing high oxidation states through introduction of up to four oxygen atoms. This is the first report of higher oxidized C10-DDAC metabolites in human urine facilitating future biomonitoring studies on QACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Belova
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Mikel Musatadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (PiE-UPV/EHU), Plentzia 48620, Spain
| | - Celine Gys
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Maarten Roggeman
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Fatima den Ouden
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Maitane Olivares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (PiE-UPV/EHU), Plentzia 48620, Spain
| | | | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
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Wang Y, Wu H, Li K, Huang R, Liu J, Lu Z, Wang Y, Wang J, Du Y, Jin X, Xu Y, Li B. Environmental triggers of autoimmunity: The association between bisphenol analogues and systemic lupus erythematosus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 278:116452. [PMID: 38744066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to examine the correlation between the exposure to bisphenol analogues (BPs), such as bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol S (BPS), and the risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Ultra performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was utilized to measure the levels of BPA, BPF, and BPS in the urine of 168 female participants diagnosed with SLE and 175 female participants who were deemed healthy controls. Logistic regression models were utilized to assess the connections between levels of bisphenol and the risk of SLE. The findings indicated that levels of BPA and BPF in the urine of individuals with SLE were markedly elevated compared to those in the control group. Higher exposure to BPA and BPF exhibited positive dose-response relationships with increased SLE risk. No significant associations were identified between BPS and the risk of SLE. These findings suggest exposure to BPA and BPF may be implicated as novel environmental triggers in the development of autoimmunity such as SLE. The significantly increased levels of these bisphenol analogues detected in SLE patients versus healthy controls, along with the associations between higher exposures and elevated SLE risk, which offers crucial hints for comprehending how endocrine-disrupting substances contribute to the genesis of autoimmune illnesses. Further research using robust longitudinal assessments of bisphenol analogue exposures is warranted to corroborate these epidemiological findings. Overall, this study highlights potential environmental risk factors for SLE while calling for additional investigation into the impact of bisphenol exposures on autoimmunity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyu Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Kaidi Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ronggui Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiamin Liu
- Department of Health lnspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhangwei Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yiyuan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yujie Du
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xue Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ya Xu
- Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Baozhu Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China; Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Li N, Liu J, Ying G, Lee JCK, Leung TF, Covaci A, Deng WJ. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in children's and their parents' urine: Is the exposure related to the Chinese and Western lifestyle? Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 259:114383. [PMID: 38652942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Children are known to be more vulnerable to exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) compared to adults, but evaluating the exposure pathways can be challenging. This research employed target and non-target analysis (NTA) to examine the exposure characteristics of EDCs in spot urine samples collected from 46 children's (aged 3-12 years) and their parents in Hong Kong (Chinese/Western lifestyle) and Guangzhou (mainly Chinese lifestyle). The results revealed that the geometric mean concentrations of phthalate esters metabolites (mPAEs) and bisphenols (BPs) in children's urine were 127.3 μg/gcrea and 2.5 μg/gcrea in Guangzhou, and 93.7 μg/gcrea and 2.9 μg/gcrea in Hong Kong, respectively, which were consistent with global levels. NTA identified a total of 1069 compounds, including 106 EDCs, commonly detected in food, cosmetics, and drugs. Notable regional differences were observed between Guangzhou and Hong Kong with potential sources of EDCs including dietary and cosmetic additives, toys, flooring and dust, as well as differences in lifestyles, diet, and living environment. However, age was found to significantly impact EDC exposure. The quantified EDCs (mPAEs and BPs) posed possible health risks to 60% of the children. Moreover, the presence of caffeine in children's urine, which exhibited higher detection rates in children from Hong Kong (95.6%) and Guangzhou (44.4%), warrants further attention. The sources of EDCs exposure in these regions need to be fully confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jing Liu
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guangguo Ying
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - John Chi-Kin Lee
- Academy of Applied Policy Studies and Education Futures, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong China
| | - Ting Fan Leung
- Department of Paediatrics & Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong China
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Wen-Jing Deng
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong China.
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Xia Z, Lv C, Zhang Y, Shi R, Lu Q, Tian Y, Lei X, Gao Y. Associations of exposure to bisphenol A and its substitutes with neurodevelopmental outcomes among infants at 12 months of age: A cross-sectional study. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:139973. [PMID: 37640215 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure has been linked to adverse childhood neurodevelopment, but little is known about whether BPA substitutes exposures are also related to childhood neurodevelopment. OBJECTIVES To investigate the associations of exposure to BPA and its substitutes with infant neurodevelopment at 12 months. METHODS A total of 420 infants at 12 months were included from the Laizhou Wan (Bay) Birth Cohort in Shandong, China. Urinary concentrations of BPA and its substitutes including bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol AF (BPAF), bisphenol AP (BPAP), bisphenol P (BPP) and bisphenol Z (BPZ) were measured. Developmental quotient (DQ) scores based on the Gesell Development Schedules (GDS) were used to evaluate infant neurodevelopment. The multivariable linear regression and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression were applied to estimate the associations of exposure to individual bisphenols and their mixtures with DQ scores, respectively. Sex-stratified analyses were also performed. RESULTS BPA was detected in most infants (89.05%) and had the highest median concentration (0.709 ng/mL) among all bisphenols. BPA substitutes except BPZ were ubiquitous in infants' urine samples (>70%), and BPS showed the highest median concentration (0.064 ng/mL) followed by BPAP (0.036 ng/mL), BPAF (0.028 ng/mL), BPP (0.015 ng/mL) and BPB (0.013 ng/mL). In multivariable linear regression, only BPAF exposure was inversely associated with social DQ scores among all infants (β = -0.334; 95% CI: -0.650, -0.019). After sex stratification, this inverse association was significant in girls (β = -0.605; 95% CI: -1.030, -0.180). Besides, BPA exposure was negatively related to gross motor DQ scores in boys (β = -1.061; 95% CI: -2.078, -0.045). WQS analyses confirmed these results. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that bisphenol exposure during infancy may be associated with poor infant neurodevelopment, and BPAF as a commonly used BPA substitute contributing the most to this adverse association deserves more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanning Xia
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Cheng Lv
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Rong Shi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Qi Lu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China; MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiaoning Lei
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Deng M, Gao T, Tao L, Tang W, Wang X, Jiang Y, Xu DX, Fang M, Huang Y. Are human exposure assessment the same for non-persistent organic chemicals? -from the lens of urinary variability and predictability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161542. [PMID: 36649764 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of human exposure to mixtures of non-persistent chemicals from food matrices and consumer products requires accurate characterization and estimation of their preceding exposure levels, and assessment sampling approaches for these varying chemicals remain disputable. Here, we used high-throughput targeted method to quantify urinary concentrations of 59 most common non-persistent chemicals (6 parabens, 14 bisphenols, 1 triclosan, 7 benzophenones, 2 dichlorophenols, 13 phthalate metabolites and 16 antioxidants) in 158 consecutive spot samples from 11 participants over three consecutive days, 33 samples of which were first morning voids (FMVs). We found 49 chemicals with detection frequencies over 70 % in all urine samples. Principal component analyses showed greater inter-person variations than each person's inter-day variations. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) to assess the reproducibility of targeted chemicals demonstrated that regardless of sampling approaches, dichlorophenols, most parabens, benzophenones and triclosan showed moderate to high reproducibility (0.445 < ICC < 0.969), with relatively high predictive power of FMVs for 24-h collections. Notably, most phthalates, bisphenols and antioxidants showed low ICC values. Together, our work demonstrates that FMV samples may be adequate for assessing human exposure to parabens, benzophenones, triclosan and dichlorophenols, whereas multiple consecutive urine collections may be advantageous for evaluating exposure to most phthalates, bisphenols and antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Deng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tianrui Gao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Lin Tao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Weitian Tang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xinying Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ye Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei 230032, China
| | - De-Xiang Xu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Mingliang Fang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yichao Huang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China.
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Hua L, Liu W, Liu Y, Yang M, Wang B, Zhu H, Zhu L, Yao Y, Zhang Y, Zhao H. Occurrence and profile characteristics of environmental phenols in human urine from a rural area in Northwestern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120405. [PMID: 36228842 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Many environmental phenols, such as bisphenols, benzophenones and parabens, are known as endocrine disruptors and can adversely affect human health. However, the knowledge of human exposure to common environmental phenols in Chinese rural areas is insufficient. In this context, 181 urine samples were collected from participants in a rural area in Northwest China and were analyzed for nine bisphenols, three benzophenones and four parabens. Bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S, benzophenone-1 (BP-1), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 4-hydroxybenzophenone, methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben and propylparaben (PrP) were detected in more than 50% of the urine samples, with median concentrations of 0.938 ng/mL, 0.0111 ng/mL, 0.191 ng/mL, 1.30 ng/mL, 0.0320 ng/mL, 25.9 ng/mL, 4.31 ng/mL and 1.94 ng/mL, respectively. A significant positive correlation was observed between BP-1 and BP-3, as well as between MeP and PrP, indicating metabolic transformation and combined use, respectively. The concentrations of MeP and PrP in females were significantly higher than those in males, suggesting that females were exposed to more MeP and PrP than males. Urinary concentrations of BPA, BP-3, MeP and PrP could be influenced by age. Other demographic information, such as annual household income, education and occupation was not associated with the exposure level of the targeted phenols in adults. The estimated daily intakes of the analytes except BPA were all below their respective tolerable/acceptable daily intake levels. This study profiles the demographic differences in the exposure to environmental phenols in general populations from rural areas and provides information on risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Hua
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Wu Liu
- Jingyuan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Baiyin, Gansu, 730699, China
| | - Yarui Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hongzhi Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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Roggeman M, Gys C, Klimowska A, Bastiaensen M, Wielgomas B, Ait Bamai Y, Covaci A. Reviewing the variability in urinary concentrations of non-persistent organic chemicals: evaluation across classes, sampling strategies and dilution corrections. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114332. [PMID: 36116496 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Various biomonitoring studies have been carried out to investigate the exposure of populations by measuring non-persistent organic chemicals in urine. To accurately assess the exposure, study designs should be carefully developed to maximise reproducibility and achieve good characterization of the temporal variability. To test these parameters, the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) are calculated from repeated measurements and range from poor (<0.4) to excellent (≥0.75). Several studies have reported ICCs based on diverse study designs, but an overview, including recommendations for future studies, was lacking. Therefore, this review aimed to collect studies describing ICCs of non-persistent organic chemicals, discuss variations due to study design and formulate recommendations for future studies. More than 60 studies were selected, considering various chemical classes: bisphenols, pyrethroids, parabens, phthalates, alternative plasticizers and phosphate flame retardants. The variation in ICCs for an individual chemical was high (e.g. ICC of propyl paraben = 0.28-0.91), showing the large impact of the study design and of the specific exposure sources. The highest ICCs were reported for parabens (median = 0.52), while lowest ICCs were for 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (median = 0.08) and bisphenol A (median = 0.20). Overall, chemicals that had an exposure source with high variation, such as the diet, showed lower ICCs than those with more stable exposure sources, such as indoor materials. Urine correction by specific gravity had an overall positive effect on reducing the variability of ICCs. However, this effect was mostly seen in the adult population, while specific compounds showed less variation with creatinine correction. Single samples might not accurately capture the exposure to most non-persistent organic chemicals, especially when small populations are sampled. Future studies that examine compounds with low ICCs should take adequate measures to improve accuracy, such as correcting dilution with specific gravity or collecting multiple samples for one participant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Roggeman
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Celine Gys
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Anna Klimowska
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium; Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, Gdańsk, 80-416, Poland
| | - Michiel Bastiaensen
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Bartosz Wielgomas
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, Gdańsk, 80-416, Poland
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium; Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium.
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Jia LL, Luan YL, Shen HM, Guo Y. Long-term stability of several endocrine disruptors in the first morning urine samples and their associations with lifestyle characteristics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:157873. [PMID: 35940260 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Parabens, triclosan (TCS), bisphenols, benzophenones, and phthalates are typical endocrine disruptors (EDs) with short half-lives in the human body. The concentration levels of those EDs in a spot urine sample are frequently used in exposure assessment studies, and the reproducibility of urinary levels of these nonpersistent EDs should be considered. In the present study, we consecutively collected 45-day first morning void (FMV) urine samples, as well as daily questionnaires, in six recruited participants and measured the urinary concentrations of six parabens, TCS, nine bisphenols, five benzophenones, and ten phthalate metabolites by using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. MeP, EtP, PrP, TCS, BPA, BPS, BPF, and most phthalate metabolites were frequently detected (over 62 % of samples). The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for ED concentrations in FMV urine samples ranged from fair to excellent for MeP (0.683), EtP (0.702), BPA (0.505), BPS (0.908), BPF (0.887), BP-3 (0.712), mMP (0.661), mEP (0.523), mBP (0.500), miBP (0.724), mBzP (0.961) and all metabolites of DEHP (0.867-0.957), whereas they were low for PrP (0.321) and TCS (0.306). After creatinine adjustment, the values of ICCs for most target EDs were increased with mild to significant improvement. The stability of ED concentrations was affected by daily diet (MeP, TCS, BPA, mMP, miBP, mBP and mBzP), food containers (PrP and mECPP), use of personal care products (HMWP metabolites), pharmaceuticals (EtP) and recorded activities (BPS, mEHP, mBzP, mEHHP and mEOHP), as confirmed by a general linear mixed model. Furthermore, extending the FMV sampling period improved the probability of acceptable reproducibility (ICCs > 0.40) of MeP, EtP, BP-3 and mEP concentrations. For BPS, BPF and HMWP metabolite concentrations showed high probabilities (>80 %) of acceptable reproducibility in the last three days, and the increasing sample size slowly improved the ability to discriminate the subjects. The results were exactly the opposite for BPA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Jia
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yu-Ling Luan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui-Min Shen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Christia C, da Silva KM, Poma G, Covaci A. Identification and semi-quantification of metabolites of new plasticizers in urine collected from flemish adults and children. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135781. [PMID: 35872062 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A suspect screening workflow combined with a semi-quantification method was applied for the investigation of metabolites of the plasticizers di-propylene glycol dibenzoate (DiPGDB) and tri-n-butyl trimellitate (TBTM) in human urine collected from adults and children during winter (W) and summer (S) seasons. Liquid chromatography - quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) was applied for the analyses. Two direct and one indirect metabolites of DiPGDB were identified: 3-(3-hydroxypropoxy) propyl benzoate (DiPGDB-M194), 3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[3-(3-hydroxypropoxy) propoxy] oxane-2-carboxylic acid (DiPGDB-M310), hippuric acid (DiPGDB-M179) and one metabolite of TBTM: bis(butoxycarbonyl) benzoyloxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid (TBTM-M498). The identified metabolites were reported with levels of confidence (LoC) 2 and 3 and their concentrations were assessed using a semi-quantification approach. The respective concentration ranges for W and S samples were 0.20-42 ng/mL and 0.07-29 ng/mL for DiPGDB-M194, 2.5-1420 ng/mL and 5.0-2320 ng/mL for DiPGDB-M310, 230-10840 ng/mL and 320-8420 ng/mL for DiPGDB-M179, and 0.40-30 ng/mL and 0.65-30 ng/mL for TBTM-M498. The detection frequency order in urine samples was DiPGDB-M310 = DiPGDB-M179 (100%) >TBTM-M498 (44%) > DiPGDB-M194 (28%) for W and DiPGDB-M179 (99%)> DiPGDB-M310 (98%) > TBTM-M498 (57%) > DiPGDB-M194 (30%) for S. The identified metabolites DiPGDB-M310, DiPGDB-M194 and TBTM-M498 are potential biomarkers for the evaluation of human exposure to DiPGDB and TBTM. DiPGDB-M179 cannot be used for the same purpose due to its formation from compounds with multi-source origin. The application of the semi-quantification method could be useful for further studies where analytical standards are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Christia
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | | | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Mok S, Lim JE, Lee A, Kim S, Kim S, Lee I, Kho Y, Park J, Kim S, Choi K, Moon HB. Within- and between-person variability of urinary phthalate metabolites and bisphenol analogues over seven days: Considerations of biomonitoring study design. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112885. [PMID: 35131323 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Urine was used as a part of a human biomonitoring study based on the excretion kinetics of less-persistent contaminants, such as phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA). Despite the advantages of being non-invasive and easy to collect, urine can show a large variability of concentrations of phthalate metabolites and BPA within a person depending on sampling time. Therefore, it is essential to assess the variability of urinary concentrations for comprehensive sampling design in the context of exposure and risk assessments. In this study, 18 phthalate metabolites and eight BPs were measured in all spot urine (n = 401) collected from 12 participants for seven consecutive days to evaluate within- and between-person variabilities. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for all spot urines were poor for monomethyl phthalate (ICC: 0.002) and BPA (0.121) but were moderate for monoethyl phthalate (0.514) and monobenzyl phthalate (0.462). Based on the results of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites, the half-life and differences in metabolic capability seem to affect the ICCs. Urinary mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), a primary metabolite of DEHP, was suggested as a short-term exposure marker of DEHP in our study. Creatinine- and specific gravity-adjusted concentrations of phthalate metabolites and BPs resulted in increased ICCs, implying requirements for randomly collected spot urine. Most analytes in the first morning voids (FMVs) were correlated significantly with those in the daily composites, suggesting the feasibility of FMVs to estimate the daily exposure dose. This study facilitates a more comprehensive sampling design and data interpretation strategy for human biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sori Mok
- Department of Marine Science and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Eun Lim
- Department of Marine Science and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Kim
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Kim
- Chemical Safety Research Center, Chemical Platform Technology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Inae Lee
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongim Park
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkyoon Kim
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Yudhana A, Mukhopadhyay S, Prima ODA, Akbar SA, Nuraisyah F, Mufandi I, Fauzi KH, Nasyah NA. Multi sensor application-based for measuring the quality of human urine on first-void urine. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2021.100461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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12
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Shamhari A‘A, Abd Hamid Z, Budin SB, Shamsudin NJ, Taib IS. Bisphenol A and Its Analogues Deteriorate the Hormones Physiological Function of the Male Reproductive System: A Mini-Review. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1744. [PMID: 34829973 PMCID: PMC8615890 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BPA is identified as an endocrine-disrupting chemical that deteriorates the physiological function of the hormones of the male reproductive system. Bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S (BPS), and bisphenol AF (BPAF) are actively explored as substitutes for BPA and are known as BPA analogues in most manufacturing industries. These analogues may demonstrate the same adverse effects as BPA on the male reproductive system; however, toxicological data explaining the male reproductive hormones' physiological functions are still limited. Hence, this mini-review discusses the effects of BPA and its analogues on the physiological functions of hormones in the male reproductive system, focusing on the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis, steroidogenesis, and spermatogenesis outcomes. The BPA analogues mainly show a similar negative effect on the hormones' physiological functions, proven by alterations in the HPG axis and steroidogenesis via activation of the aromatase activity and reduction of spermatogenesis outcomes when compared to BPA in in vitro and in vivo studies. Human biomonitoring studies also provide significant adverse effects on the physiological functions of hormones in the male reproductive system. In conclusion, BPA and its analogues deteriorate the physiological functions of hormones in the male reproductive system as per in vitro, in vivo, and human biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma’ ‘Afifah Shamhari
- Centre for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (A.‘A.S.); (Z.A.H.); (S.B.B.)
| | - Zariyantey Abd Hamid
- Centre for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (A.‘A.S.); (Z.A.H.); (S.B.B.)
| | - Siti Balkis Budin
- Centre for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (A.‘A.S.); (Z.A.H.); (S.B.B.)
| | - Nurul Jehan Shamsudin
- Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
| | - Izatus Shima Taib
- Centre for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (A.‘A.S.); (Z.A.H.); (S.B.B.)
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13
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Vandenberg LN, Pelch KE. Systematic Review Methodologies and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: Improving Evaluations of the Plastic Monomer Bisphenol A. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 22:748-764. [PMID: 34610783 DOI: 10.2174/1871530321666211005163614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are found in plastics, personal care products, household items, and other consumer goods. Risk assessments are intended to characterize a chemical's hazards, identify the doses at which adverse outcomes are observed, quantify exposure levels, and then compare these doses to determine the likelihood of risk in a given population. There are many problems with risk assessments for EDCs, allowing people to be exposed to levels that are later associated with serious health outcomes in epidemiology studies. OBJECTIVE In this review, we examine issues that affect the evaluation of EDCs in risk assessments (e.g., use of insensitive rodent strains and absence of disease-oriented outcomes in hazard assessments; inadequate exposure assessments). We then review one well-studied chemical, Bisphenol A (BPA; CAS #80-05-7) an EDC found in plastics, food packaging, and other consumer products. More than one hundred epidemiology studies suggest associations between BPA exposures and adverse health outcomes in environmentally exposed human populations. FINDINGS We present support for the use of systematic review methodologies in the evaluation of BPA and other EDCs. Systematic reviews would allow studies to be evaluated for their reliability and risk of bias. They would also allow all data to be used in risk assessments, which is a requirement for some regulatory agencies. CONCLUSION Systematic review methodologies can be used to improve evaluations of BPA and other EDCs. Their use could help to restore faith in risk assessments and ensure that all data are utilized in decision-making. Regulatory agencies are urged to conduct transparent, well-documented and proper systematic reviews for BPA and other EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, United States
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14
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Almeida TFA, Oliveira SR, Mayra da Silva J, Fernandes de Oliveira AL, de Lourdes Cardeal Z, Menezes HC, Gomes JM, Campolina-Silva GH, Oliveira CA, Macari S, Garlet GP, Alves Diniz IM, Leopoldino AM, Aparecida Silva T. Effects of high-dose bisphenol A on the mouse oral mucosa: A possible link with oral cancers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117296. [PMID: 33971473 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disrupting chemical able to promote hormone-responsive tumors. The major route of BPA contamination being oral, the aim of the present study was to investigate BPA effects on oral cells. Here, we evaluated the impact of sub-chronic in vivo exposure to BPA and its in vitro effects on neoplastic and non-neoplastic oral cells. We evaluated the oral mucosa of mice chronically exposed to BPA (200 mg/L). The response of keratinocytes (NOK-SI) and Head and Neck (HN) Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), HN12 and HN13 cell lines to BPA was examined. In vivo, BPA accumulated in oral tissues and caused an increase in epithelial proliferative activity. BPA disrupted the function of keratinocytes by altering pro-survival and proliferative pathways and the secretion of cytokines and growth factors. In tumor cells, BPA induced proliferative, invasive, pro-angiogenic, and epigenetic paths. Our data highlight the harmful effects of BPA on oral mucosa and, tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic cells. Additionally, BPA may be a modifier of oral cancer cell behavior by prompting a functional shift to a more aggressive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sicília Rezende Oliveira
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Janine Mayra da Silva
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Zenilda de Lourdes Cardeal
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Helvécio Costa Menezes
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - José Messias Gomes
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Cleida Aparecida Oliveira
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Soraia Macari
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Ivana Márcia Alves Diniz
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Andréia Machado Leopoldino
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Tarcília Aparecida Silva
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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