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Bai C, Ge X, Huang Z, Qi Z, Ren H, Yu Y, An T. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their alternatives in soil cores from a typical flame-retardant production park: Vertical distribution and potential influencing factors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 359:124597. [PMID: 39047890 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
With the prohibition on the production and use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have emerged as their alternatives. However, the vertical transport and associated influencing factors of these chemicals into soil are not clearly understood. To clarify the vertical distribution of the pollutants and related influencing factors, surface soil and soil core samples were collected at a depth in the range of 0.10-5.00 m in a typical 20-year-old flame-retardant production park and surrounding area. PBDEs and DBDPE show a clear point source distribution around the production park with their central concentrations up to 2.88 × 104 and 8.46 × 104 ng/g, respectively. OPFRs are mainly found in residential areas. The production conversion of PBDEs to DBDPE has obvious environmental characteristics. The vertical distribution revealed that most of the pollutants have penetrated into the soil 5.00 m or even deeper. The median concentrations of deca-BDE and DBDPE reached 50.9 and 9.85 × 103 ng/g, respectively, even at a depth of 5.00 m. Soil organic matter plays a crucial role in determining the vertical distribution, while soil clay particles have a greater impact on the high molecular weight and/or highly brominated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chifei Bai
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Xiang Ge
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zhaofa Huang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zenghua Qi
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Helong Ren
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
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Hu KQ, Luo XJ, Zeng YH, Liu Y, Mai BX. Species-specific metabolism of triphenyl phosphate and its mono-hydroxylated product by human and rat CYP2E1 and the carp ortholog. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 283:116748. [PMID: 39059342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) are a class of flame retardants and environmental pollutants with various biological effects. Recentstudies have evidenced activation of some PFRs by human CYP enzymes (including CYP2E1) for genotoxic effects. However, the activity of CYPs in fish species toward PFR metabolism remains unclear. This study was aimed on comparing the metabolism of triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and 4-OH-TPHP in human, rat, and common carp, and the involvement of human CYP2E1 and its orthologs in the metabolism, by using fomepizole (4-MP, CYP2E1 inhibitor) as a modulator, in silico molecular docking and dynamics analyses. The rate of TPHP metabolism was apparently faster with human and rat, microsomes than with fish microsomes, the major metabolites were phosphodiester and hydroxylated phosphate, with 30-80 % of TPHP forming unidentified metabolites in the system of each species. 4-OH-TPHP was readily metabolized by both human and rat microsomes, whereas it was hardly metabolized in carp assays. Meanwhile, with 4-MP the transformation of TPHP to 4-OH-TPHP was enhanced in the human/rat systems while suppressed in the carp system. Moreover, the formation of unidentified metabolites in human and rat systems was mostly inhibited by 4-MP. Through molecular dynamics analysis TPHP and its primary metabolites showed high affinity for human and rat CYP2E1, as well as the carp ortholog (CYP2G1-like enzyme), however, the 4-OH-TPHP bond to the latter was too far from the heme to permit a biochemical reaction. This study suggests that the metabolism/activation of TPHP might be favored in mammals rather than carp, a fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Qi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yan-Hong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yungang Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Southern Medical University, 1023 S. Shatai Road, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
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3
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Fan Q, Huang S, Guo J, Xie Y, Chen M, Chen Y, Qi W, Liu H, Jia Z, Hu H, Qu J. Spatiotemporal distribution and transport flux of organophosphate esters in the sediment of the Yangtze River. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135312. [PMID: 39068884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The Yangtze River Basin is an important area for organophosphate esters (OPEs) consumption and emission. Studies proved high OPE detection in Yangtze River water, but there is limited information about the spatiotemporal distribution and transport flux of OPEs in sediment. The present study investigated 16 OPEs in sediment from upstream to mid-downstream of the Yangtze River. The mean concentration of OPEs was 84.30 ng/g, and alkyl-OPEs was the primary component. Great specific surface area and high content of organic carbon significantly increased OPE concentration in Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) by physical adsorption and chemical bonds (p < 0.05), making TGR the most contaminated area in mainstream. No significant differences in OPE constituents were found in seasonal distribution. Four potential sources of OPEs were identified by principal component analysis and self-organizing maps, and traffic emissions were the dominant source for OPEs. The hazard quotient model results indicated that aryl-OPEs showed moderate risks in the mainstream of Yangtze River, alkyl-OPEs and Cl-OPEs showed low risks. TGR was a significant sink of OPEs in Yangtze River and buried 7.41 tons of OPEs in 2020, a total of 14.87 tons of OPE were transported into the sea by sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinya Fan
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Yangtze Eco-Environment Engineering Research Center, China Three Gorges Corporation, Wuhan 430010, China
| | - Shier Huang
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiaxun Guo
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Yu Xie
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Min Chen
- Yangtze Eco-Environment Engineering Research Center, China Three Gorges Corporation, Wuhan 430010, China
| | - Yufeng Chen
- Yangtze Eco-Environment Engineering Research Center, China Three Gorges Corporation, Wuhan 430010, China
| | - Weixiao Qi
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhuoyue Jia
- Yangtze Eco-Environment Engineering Research Center, China Three Gorges Corporation, Wuhan 430010, China
| | - Hongxiu Hu
- Yangtze Eco-Environment Engineering Research Center, China Three Gorges Corporation, Wuhan 430010, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Ma H, Wang C, Suo H, Huang Y, Huo Y, Yang G, Yan Y, Huang T, Gao H, Ma J, Xie Z. Global Gridded Emission Inventory of Organophosphate Flame Retardants from 2010 to 2020. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58. [PMID: 39251583 PMCID: PMC11428127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c06504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
As a substitute for brominated flame retardants, organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have become a global concern due to their high toxicity and bioaccumulation. To paint an overall picture of OPFRs in the global environment, the present study develops a gridded global emission inventory of OPFRs on a spatial resolution of 1 × 1° from 2010 to 2020. Revealing a 3.31% average annual increase in emissions, totaling 21,324.42 tons. The production process is the primary source, accounting for 55.43% of emissions, with consumption processes making up the rest. Major sources are in Asia, North America, and Europe. The inventory is verified by implementing emission data into a global atmospheric transport model to predict OPFR concentrations in the global environment and comparing modeled concentrations with field sampled data. The results indicate that the inventory is reliable except for the pristine polar region, where the emission inventory and modeled concentrations underestimate OPFR levels in the atmosphere, likely resulting from ignorance of chemical reactions and the secondary derivative of parent OPFRs during their global long-distance atmospheric transport in the model. This comprehensive data set aids in formulating OPFR emission control policies and assessing health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Ma
- Key
Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu
Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key
Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu
Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Huabing Suo
- Key
Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu
Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yandi Huang
- Key
Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu
Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yuanhui Huo
- Key
Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu
Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Gang Yang
- Key
Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu
Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yu Yan
- Key
Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu
Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Tao Huang
- Key
Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu
Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hong Gao
- Key
Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu
Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Laboratory
for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental
Chemistry, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
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5
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Tang Y, Zhou P, Wang X, Cao P, Li X, Chen J, Zhang L, Wu N, Li Q, Yao S, Zhang L, Shi Z. Organophosphate Esters in Raw Cow Milk and Cow's Drinking Water and Feed from China: Occurrence, Regional Distribution, and Dietary Exposure Assessment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:18434-18444. [PMID: 39105723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c05098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been widely produced and used, while little is known about their occurrence in the food chain and potential sources. In this study, raw cow milk, cow drinking water, and feed were collected from pastures across China, and OPEs were tested to explore the occurrence and transmission of OPEs in the food chain and to further assess daily OPE intakes for cows and humans via certain food consumption. The median level of ∑OPEs (sum of 15 OPEs) in raw milk was 2140 pg/mL, and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was the most abundant OPE. Levels of OPEs in water were lower than those in raw milk except for triethyl phosphate (TEP), while levels of most OPEs in feed were significantly higher than those in raw milk (adjusted by dry weight). The estimated dietary intake of OPEs via feed for cows was 2530 ng/kg bw/day, which was much higher than that via water (742 ng/kg bw/day), indicating that feed was a more critical exposure source. For liquid milk consumers, the high-exposure (95th) estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of ∑15OPE were 20 and 7.11 ng/kg bw/day for 3-17 years and adults, respectively, and it is obvious that cows had much heavier OPE intake. Finally, the calculated hazard indexes (HIs) suggested that the intake of OPEs via cow milk consumption would not pose significant health risks to the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Pingping Zhou
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Pei Cao
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- Zhumadian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhumadian 463000, Henan, China
| | - Jinyao Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lishi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Nan Wu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Qi Li
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Shunying Yao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Wang X, Dong S, Zhu Q, Wu X, Zhou W, Liao C, Jiang G. Nationwide Investigation on Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Tea from China: Migration from Packaging Materials and Implications for Global Risk Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:14786-14796. [PMID: 39106076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we measured 15 common organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in six categories of tea samples across China. OPFRs were found in all the tea samples, with the total concentrations of OPFRs (∑OPFRs) at 3.44-432 ng/g [geometric mean (GM): 17.6 ng/g]. Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) was the dominant OPFR, accounting for 39.0-76.2% of ∑OPFRs across all tea categories. The potential factors influencing the residual OPFRs in tea were thoroughly examined, including the agricultural environment, fermentation, and packaging of teas. Tea packaging materials (TPMs) were then identified as the primary sources of OPFRs in teas. The migration test revealed that OPFRs with lower molecular weights and log Kow values exhibited a higher propensity for facilitating the migration of OPFRs from TPMs to teas. The estimated daily intakes of OPFRs from teas were relatively higher for the general populations in Mauritania, Gambia, Togo, Morocco, and Senegal (3.18-9.79 ng/kg bw/day) than China (3.12 ng/kg bw/day). The health risks arising from OPFRs in Chinese teas were minor. This study established a baseline concentration and demonstrated the contamination sources of OPFRs in Chinese tea for the first time, with an emphasis on enhancing the hygiene standards for TPMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Sino-Danish College, and Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shujun Dong
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xingyi Wu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhou
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Luo W, Yao S, Huang J, Wu H, Zhou H, Du M, Jin L, Sun J. Distribution and Risk Assessment of Organophosphate Esters in Agricultural Soils and Plants in the Coastal Areas of South China. TOXICS 2024; 12:286. [PMID: 38668509 PMCID: PMC11054690 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are frequently used as flame retardants and plasticizers in various commercial products. While initially considered as substitutes for brominated flame retardants, they have faced restrictions in some countries due to their toxic effects on organisms. We collected 37 soil and crop samples in 20 cities along the coast of South China, and OPEs were detected in all of them. Meanwhile, we studied the contamination and potential human health risks of OPEs. In soil samples, the combined concentrations of eight OPEs varied between 74.7 and 410 ng/g, averaging at 255 ng/g. Meanwhile, in plant samples, the collective concentrations of eight OPEs ranged from 202 to 751 ng/g, with an average concentration of 381 ng/g. TDCIPP, TCPP, TCEP, and ToCP were the main OPE compounds in both plant and soil samples. Within the study area, the contaminants showed different spatial distributions. Notably, higher OPEs were found in coastal agricultural soils in Guangdong Province and crops in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The results of an ecological risk assessment show that the farmland soil along the southern coast of China is at high or medium ecological risk. The average non-carcinogenic risk and the carcinogenic risk of OPEs in soil through ingestion and dermal exposure routes are within acceptable levels. Meanwhile, this study found that the dietary intake of OPEs through food is relatively low, but twice as high as other studies, requiring serious attention. The research findings suggest that the human risk assessment indicates potential adverse effects on human health due to OPEs in the soil-plant system along the coast of South China. This study provides a crucial foundation for managing safety risks in agricultural operations involving OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangxing Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China; (W.L.); (H.Z.); (M.D.)
- Iron Man Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Foshan 528000, China
| | - Siyu Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong; (S.Y.); (L.J.)
| | - Jiahui Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China; (W.L.); (H.Z.); (M.D.)
| | - Haochuan Wu
- School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
| | - Haijun Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China; (W.L.); (H.Z.); (M.D.)
| | - Mingjiang Du
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China; (W.L.); (H.Z.); (M.D.)
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong; (S.Y.); (L.J.)
| | - Jianteng Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China; (W.L.); (H.Z.); (M.D.)
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8
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Gong Z, Deng Y, Zheng B, Zhu H, Huang X. Efficient Discrimination of Hazardous Organophosphate Flame Retardants via Cataluminescence-Based Multidimensional Ratiometric Sensing. Anal Chem 2024; 96:4544-4552. [PMID: 38362708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants have recently evolved into a severe worldwide environmental issue. Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) with neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, and reproductive and developmental toxicity are a class of notorious emerging contaminants that cause great concern. The development of high-efficiency and portable sensors for rapid online monitoring of OPFRs has become the primary demand for the exploration of the environmental migration and transformation of OPFRs. In this work, interestingly, the cataluminescence (CTL) phenomenon of OPFRs is first observed, and an ingenious multidimensional ratiometric CTL sensing strategy is developed for the recognition of multiple OPFRs. Three characteristic ratios are extracted from the multipeak CTL spectral curves based on energy transfer of single Tb/Eu-modified MgO sensing material, and thus a novel three-dimensional (3D) code recognition could be mapped out. This obtained 3D coordinate is found to be a unique characteristic for a given OPFR, just like an exclusive person's ID number, which can successfully discriminate and detect 10 kinds of OPFR vapors, including homologous series and isomers. More importantly, CTL mechanism investigations for OPFRs demonstrate that OPFRs undergo a series of chemical reaction processes, e.g., oxidative pyrolysis and hydroxylation, and different high-energy excited intermediates are generated, which trigger discrepant energy-transfer efficiency toward rare earth ions, leading to multipeak spectral profiles. Briefly, this proposed CTL analytical platform for OPFRs recognition initiates a new sensing principle for the efficient identification of emerging contaminants and shows significant prospects on rapid on-site detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjun Gong
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Spatial Information Technology of High-Speed Rail Safety, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Yi Deng
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Binbin Zheng
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Huanhuan Zhu
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
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9
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Ma H, He J, Fan H, Zhang N, Wu Q, Zhang S, Zhang C, Huang T, Gao H, Ma J, Xie Z. The influence of emerging atmospheric organophosphorus flame retardants from land source emissions on the East China Sea. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133404. [PMID: 38218037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) pose a new challenge to the marine environment due to their toxicity and persistence. This study explores the contributions of OPFR emissions from different land sources and sectors to its contamination of the East China Sea (ECS) using a novel atmospheric transport model(ChnMETOP)for POPs and a marine food web model. The results show that the major land sources causing OPFR pollution in the ECS were situated in Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and middle reach areas of China's Yangtze River, confirming that source proximity made most significant contributions to OPFR pollution in the ECS. Among those OPFR emission sectors, industrial emissions accounted for the highest modeled OPFR levels in the seawaters, followed by the OPFR usage process in textile, plastic, and rubber products. Assessment of bioaccumulation of OPFR in the marine food web of the ECS and the potential risk in commercial fish consumers reveals lower exposure risk via dietary fish ingestion. However, the risk might increase if OPFRs are continuously bioaccumulated in the biotic and released into the abiotic marine environment. This study simultaneously identified both the source locations and emission sectors, thereby providing important policy implications in mitigating OPFR pollution in the ECS marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Ma
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Jian He
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Haoyue Fan
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Qingyi Wu
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Shulian Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Chengsi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hong Gao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Geesthacht 21502, Germany.
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10
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Chen R, Xing C, Shen G, Jones KC, Zhu Y. Indirect Emissions from Organophosphite Antioxidants Result in Significant Organophosphate Ester Contamination in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20304-20314. [PMID: 37978933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs) have been seriously neglected as potential sources of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in environments. This study utilizes a modeling approach to quantify for the first time national emissions and multimedia distributions of triphenyl phosphate (TPHP)─a well-known flame retardant─and three novel OPEs: tris(2,4-ditert-butylphenyl) phosphate (AO168═O), bis(2,4-ditert-butylphenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphate (AO626═O2), and trisnonylphenol phosphate (TNPP). Emphasis is on the quantitative assessment of OPA source in China. TPHP has 1.1-9.7 times higher emission (300 Mg/year in 2019 with half from OPA sources) than AO168═O (278 Mg/year), AO626═O2 (53 Mg/year), and TNPP (32 Mg/year), but AO168═O is predominant in environments (63-79%) except freshwaters. About 72-99% of the studied OPEs are emitted via air, with 88-99% ultimately distributed into soils as the major sink. OPA-source emissions contribute 9.5-57% and 4.7-56% of TPHP masses and concentrations (except in sediments) in different media, respectively. Both AO168═O and AO626═O2 exhibit high overall persistence ranging between 2 and 11 years. Source emissions and environmental concentrations are elevated in economically developed areas, while persistence is higher in northern areas, where precipitation and temperature are lower. This study shows the significance of the sources of OPA to OPE contamination, which supports chemical management of these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongcan Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Changyue Xing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, U.K
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- SJTU-UNIDO Joint Institute of Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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11
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Li H, Wang Z, He J, Zhang N, Mao X, Ma J, Gao H, Yang Z, Ma H. Deca-BDE emissions, validation, and environmental fate in China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132223. [PMID: 37586240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ether (Deca-BDE) was officially listed in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention for persistent organic pollutants (POPs). It is necessary to establish its emission inventory to help reduce Deca-BDE contamination in the environment. We established a comprehensive Deca-BDE emission inventory in China. The results reveal that, from 2015 to 2017, the Deca-BDE emissions in its production source (source I) were less altered but increased annually in flame retarded plastics processing (source II), Deca-BDE-containing products usage (source III), and electronic waste (e-waste) treatment (source IV). We show that Deca-BDE emissions declined significantly in sources I and II but grew in source III and source IV from 2017 to 2018. We set up the provincial emission inventory to a gridded map on a spatial resolution of 0.25°× 0.25° latitude/longitude. The gridded inventory was incorporated into ChnMETOP model to simulate Deca-BDE concentrations in air and soil, and the modeled concentrations were compared to field-sampling data. The results show that the Deca-BDE emission inventory developed in this study agreed well with observed data, demonstrating that the Deca-BDE inventory in China developed in the present study is reliable. The inventory provides a support for quantifying human exposure risk to Deca-BDE and developing effective mitigation measures to mitigate Deca-BDE emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Li
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Zhanxiang Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
| | - Jian He
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Xiaoxuan Mao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Hong Gao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Zhaoli Yang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Haibo Ma
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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12
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Wang X, Leung CW, Cai Z, Hu D. PM 2.5-Bound Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Hong Kong: Occurrence, Origins, and Source-Specific Health Risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14289-14298. [PMID: 37695108 PMCID: PMC10537441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are emerging organic pollutants in PM2.5, which have caused significant public health concerns in recent years, given their potential carcinogenic and neurotoxic effects. However, studies on the sources, occurrence, and health risk assessment of PM2.5-bound OPFRs in Hong Kong are lacking. To address this knowledge gap, we characterized 13 OPFRs in one-year PM2.5 samples using gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Our findings showed that OPFRs were present at a median concentration of 4978 pg m-3 (ranging from 1924 to 8481 pg m-3), with chlorinated OPFRs dominating and accounting for 82.7% of the total OPFRs. Using characteristic source markers and positive matrix factorization, we identified one secondary formation and five primary sources of OPFRs. Over 94.0% of PM2.5-bound OPFRs in Hong Kong were primarily emitted, with plastic processing and waste disposal being the leading source (61.0%), followed by marine vessels (14.1%). The contributions of these two sources to OPFRs were more pronounced on days influenced by local pollution emissions (91.9%) than on days affected by regional pollution (44.2%). Our assessment of health risks associated with human exposure to PM2.5-bound OPFRs indicated a low-risk level. However, further source-specific health risk assessment revealed relatively high noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from chlorinated OPFRs emitted from plastic processing and waste disposal, suggesting a need for more stringent emission control of OPFRs from these sources in Hong Kong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong
Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Chin Wai Leung
- Department
of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong
Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Department
of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong
Kong 999077, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Di Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong
Kong 999077, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
- HKBU
Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
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13
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Tian YX, Chen HY, Ma J, Liu QY, Qu YJ, Zhao WH. A critical review on sources and environmental behavior of organophosphorus flame retardants in the soil: Current knowledge and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131161. [PMID: 37030217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have been widely used in industrial and commercial applications. Unfortunately, the chemical constituents of OPFRs, organophosphate esters (OPEs), which have been proven to be carcinogenic and biotoxic, can release into the environment and pose potential risks to human health. This paper reviews the research progress of OPEs in the soil through bibliometric analysis and comprehensively elaborates on their pollution status, potential sources, and environmental behaviors. The OPE pollution is widely distributed in the soil at concentrations ranging from several to tens of thousands of ng/g dw. Some novel OPEs, newly discovered OPEs in the environment in recent years, are also detected. OPE concentrations vary substantially among landuses, and waste processing areas are important point sources of OPE pollution in the soil. Emission source intensity, physicochemical properties of compounds, and soil properties play important roles in the transfer process of OPEs in the soil. Biodegradation, especially microbial degradation, has potential application prospects in the remediation of OPE-contaminated soil. Brevibacillus brevis, Sphingomonas, Sphingopyxis, Rhodococcus, and other microorganisms can degrade some OPEs. This review helps clarify the pollution status of OPEs in the soil and highlights perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y X Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - H Y Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - J Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Q Y Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Y J Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - W H Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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14
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Wang Y, Liu L, Qiao X, Sun M, Guo J, Zhang J, Zhao B. Projections of National-Gridded Emissions of Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:8650-8659. [PMID: 37235871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) are being used as substitutes for potent greenhouse gas hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). However, the use and environmental impacts of HFOs are of great concern due to the rapid degradation of HFOs to produce persistent and phytotoxic trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Here, we provide a comprehensive projection of HFO emissions in China during 2024-2060 for the first time. Under the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, China's HFO emissions are estimated to increase from 1.7 (1.3-2.3) to 148.8 (111.4-185.4) kt in 2024-2060 with cumulative emissions of 2.8 (2.0-3.5) Gt, and cumulative reduced HFCs emissions are evaluated to be 5.4 Gt CO2-equivalent. High HFO emissions would be distributed mainly in the North China Plain and the eastern and coastal areas. HFO-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) contributes most of HFO emissions with a cumulative emission of 1.7 Gt in 2024-2060, while the cumulative increment of TFA deposition from HFO-1234yf emissions would reach 0.4-1.0 Gt. The long-term national-gridded HFO emission inventories can provide scientific support for evaluating the environmental risks of HFOs and developing HFC phase-out pathways for addressing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xueqi Qiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mei Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junyu Guo
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bu Zhao
- School for Environment and Sustainability and Michigan Institute for Computational Discovery and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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15
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Deng D, Wang J, Xu S, Sun Y, Shi G, Wang H, Wang X. The physiological effect of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed germination and seedling growth under the presence of copper. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27312-7. [PMID: 37147540 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27312-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the physiological and biochemical impacts of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germination and growth performance in the presence and absence of copper. The study evaluated seed germination, growth, OPFRs concentrations, chlorophyll fluorescence index (Fv/Fm and Fv/F0), and antioxidant enzyme activity. It also calculated the root accumulation of OPFRs and their root-stem translocation. At the germination stage, at a concentration of 20 μg·L-1 OPFR exposure, wheat germination vigor, root, and shoot lengths were significantly decreased compared to the control. However, the addition of a high concentration of copper (60 mg·L-1) decreased by 80%, 82%, and 87% in the seed germination vitality index and root and shoot elongation, respectively, compared to 20 μg·L-1 of OPFR treatment. At the seedling stage, a concentration of 50 μg·L-1 of OPFRs significantly decreased by 42% and 5.4% in wheat growth weight and the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) compared to the control. However, the addition of a low concentration of copper (15 mg·L-1) slightly enhanced the growth weight compared to the other two co-exposure treatments, but the results were not significant (p > 0.05). After 7 days of exposure, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (indicates lipid peroxidation) content in wheat roots significantly increased compared to the control and was higher than in leaves. MDA contents in wheat roots and shoots were decreased by 18% and 6.5% when OPFRs were combined with low Cu treatment compared with single OPFRs treatment, but SOD activity was slightly improved. These results suggest that the co-exposure of copper and OPFRs enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress tolerance. Seven OPFRs were detected in wheat roots and stems, with root concentration factors (RCFs) and translocation factors (TFs) ranging from 67 to 337 and 0.05 to 0.33, respectively, for the seven OPFRs in a single OPFR treatment. The addition of copper significantly increased OPFR accumulation in the root and aerial parts. In general, the addition of a low concentration of copper promoted wheat seedling elongation and biomass and did not significantly inhibit the germination process. OPFRs could mitigate the toxicity of low-concentration copper on wheat but had a weak detoxification effect on high-concentration copper. These results indicated that the combined toxicity of OPFRs and Cu had antagonistic effects on the early development and growth of wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengxian Deng
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Junxia Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou, 215009, China.
| | - Sijie Xu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Yueying Sun
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Guangyu Shi
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Huili Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Xuedong Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou, 215009, China
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16
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Emissions and fate of organophosphate esters in outdoor urban environments. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1175. [PMID: 36859357 PMCID: PMC9977944 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36455-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cities are drivers of the global economy, containing products and industries that emit many chemicals. Here, we use the Multimedia Urban Model (MUM) to estimate atmospheric emissions and fate of organophosphate esters (OPEs) from 19 global mega or major cities, finding that they collectively emitted ~81,000 kg yr-1 of ∑10OPEs in 2018. Typically, polar "mobile" compounds tend to partition to and be advected by water, while non-polar "bioaccumulative" chemicals do not. Depending on the built environment and climate of the city considered, the same compound behaves like either a mobile or a bioaccumulative chemical. Cities with large impervious surface areas, such as Kolkata, mobilize even bioaccumulative contaminants to aquatic ecosystems. By contrast, cities with large areas of vegetation fix and transform contaminants, reducing loadings to aquatic ecosystems. Our results therefore suggest that urban design choices could support policies aimed at reducing chemical releases to the broader environment without increasing exposure for urban residents.
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17
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Song S, Chen K, Huang T, Ma J, Wang J, Mao X, Gao H, Zhao Y, Zhou Z. New emission inventory reveals termination of global dioxin declining trend. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130357. [PMID: 36444062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Accurate estimates of spatiotemporally resolved Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD/Fs, or dioxins) emissions are critical for understanding their environmental fate and associated health risks. In this study, by utilizing an empirical regression model for PCDD/Fs emissions, we developed a global emission inventory for 17 toxic PCDD/Fs congeners from 8 source sectors with a spatial resolution of 1° × 1° from 2002 to 2018. The results show that PCDD/Fs emissions decreased by 25.7 % (12.5 kg TEQ) between 2002 and 2018, mostly occurring in upper- and lower-middle income countries. Globally, open-burning processes, waste incineration, ferrous and nonferrous metal production sectors and heat and power generation were the major source sectors of PCDD/Fs. Spatially, high PCDD/Fs emissions were mainly identified in East and South Asia, Southeast Asia, and part of Sub-Saharan Africa. We find that the declining trend of dioxin emissions over the past decades terminated from the early 2010s due to increasing significance of wildfire induced emissions in the total emission. The PCDD/Fs emission inventory developed in the present study was verified by inputting the inventory as initial conditions into an atmospheric transport model, the Canadian Model for Environmental Transport of Organochlorine Pesticides (CanMETOP), to simulate PCDD/Fs concentrations in air and soil. The predicted concentrations were compared to field sampling data. The good agreement between the modeled and measured concentrations demonstrates the reliability of the inventory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Song
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Kaijie Chen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Xiaoxuan Mao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hong Gao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Zhifang Zhou
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
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18
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Xie J, Tu H, Chen Y, Chen Z, Yang Z, Liu Y. Triphenyl phosphate induces clastogenic effects potently in mammalian cells, human CYP1A2 and 2E1 being major activating enzymes. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 369:110259. [PMID: 36372259 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As a new-type flame retardant and toxic substance, triphenyl phosphate (TPP) is a ubiquitous pollutant present even in human blood. TPP is transformed by human CYP enzymes to oxidized/dealkylated metabolites. The impact of TPP metabolism on its toxicity, however, remains unclear. In this study, the genotoxicity of TPP in several mammalian cell lines and its relevance to CYP/sulfortransferase (SULT) activities were investigated. The results indicated that TPP induced micronucleus formation at ≥1 μM concentrations in a human hepatoma (C3A, endogenous CYPs being substantial) cell line, which was abolished by 1-aminobenzotriazole (CYPs inhibitor). In cell line HepG2 (parental to C3A with lower CYP expression) TPP was inactive up to 10 μM, while pretreatment with ethanol (CYP2E1 inducer), PCB 126 (CYP1A inducer), or rifampicin (CYP3A inducer) led to micronucleus formation by TPP. In V79-Mz and V79-derived cells expressing human CYP1A1 TPP was inactive (up to 32 μM), and in cells expressing human CYP1B1, 2B6 and 3A4 it induced micronucleus weakly (positive only at 32 μM). However, TPP induced micronucleus potently in V79-derived cells expressing human CYP1A2, while this effect was drastically reduced by human SULT1A1 co-expression; likewise, TPP was inactive in cells expressing both human CYP2E1 and SULT1A1, but became positive with pentachlorophenol (inhibitor of SULT1) co-exposure. Moreover, in C3A cells TPP selectively induced centromere-free micronucleus (immunofluorescent assay), and TPP increased γ-H2AX (by Western blot, indicating double-strand DNA breaks). In conclusion, this study suggests that TPP is potently clastogenic, human CYP1A2 and 2E1 being major activating enzymes while SULT1A1 involved in detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Xie
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Southern Medical University, 1023 S. Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hongwei Tu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qunxian Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Yijing Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Southern Medical University, 1023 S. Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhihong Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Southern Medical University, 1023 S. Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zongying Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Southern Medical University, 1023 S. Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yungang Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Southern Medical University, 1023 S. Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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19
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van der Schyff V, Kalina J, Govarts E, Gilles L, Schoeters G, Castaño A, Esteban-López M, Kohoutek J, Kukučka P, Covaci A, Koppen G, Andrýsková L, Piler P, Klánová J, Jensen TK, Rambaud L, Riou M, Lamoree M, Kolossa-Gehring M, Vogel N, Weber T, Göen T, Gabriel C, Sarigiannis DA, Sakhi AK, Haug LS, Murinova LP, Fabelova L, Tratnik JS, Mazej D, Melymuk L. Exposure to flame retardants in European children - Results from the HBM4EU aligned studies. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 247:114070. [PMID: 36442457 PMCID: PMC9758617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Many legacy and emerging flame retardants (FRs) have adverse human and environmental health effects. This study reports legacy and emerging FRs in children from nine European countries from the HBM4EU aligned studies. Studies from Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, France, Greece, Slovenia, Slovakia, and Norway conducted between 2014 and 2021 provided data on FRs in blood and urine from 2136 children. All samples were collected and analyzed in alignment with the HBM4EU protocols. Ten halogenated FRs were quantified in blood, and four organophosphate flame retardants (OPFR) metabolites quantified in urine. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were infrequently detected (<16% of samples). BDE-47 was quantified in blood from Greece, France, and Norway, with France (0.36 ng/g lipid) having the highest concentrations. BDE-153 and -209 were detected in <40% of samples. Dechlorane Plus (DP) was quantified in blood from four countries, with notably high median concentrations of 16 ng/g lipid in Slovenian children. OPFR metabolites had a higher detection frequency than other halogenated FRs. Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) was quantified in 99% of samples across 8 countries at levels ∼5 times higher than other OPFR metabolites (highest median in Slovenia of 2.43 ng/g lipid). FR concentrations were associated with lifestyle factors such as cleaning frequency, employment status of the father of the household, and renovation status of the house, among others. The concentrations of BDE-47 in children from this study were similar to or lower than FRs found in adult matrices in previous studies, suggesting lower recent exposure and effectiveness of PBDE restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiři Kalina
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Govarts
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, 2400, Belgium
| | - Liese Gilles
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, 2400, Belgium
| | - Greet Schoeters
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, 2400, Belgium,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Argelia Castaño
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Esteban-López
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jiři Kohoutek
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kukučka
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Gudrun Koppen
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, 2400, Belgium
| | - Lenka Andrýsková
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Piler
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tina Kold Jensen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5000, Denmark
| | - Loic Rambaud
- Santé Publique France, French Public Health Agency (ANSP), Saint-Maurice, 94415, France
| | - Margaux Riou
- Santé Publique France, French Public Health Agency (ANSP), Saint-Maurice, 94415, France
| | - Marja Lamoree
- Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Section Chemistry for Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Nina Vogel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Till Weber
- German Environment Agency (UBA), 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- IPASUM - Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Henkestrasse 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Catherine Gabriel
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece,HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis A. Sarigiannis
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece,HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Greece,Environmental Health Engineering, Institute of Advanced Study, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza Della Vittoria 15, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Amrit Kaur Sakhi
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Line Småstuen Haug
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Lucia Fabelova
- Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, 833 03, Slovakia
| | - Janja Snoj Tratnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Darja Mazej
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic,Corresponding author.
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20
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He J, Ma H, Wang Z, Li H, Fan H, Lian L, Wu M, Song S, Zhang J, Huang T, Gao H, Ma J. Atmospheric deposition contributed mostly to organophosphorus flame retardant entering into the Bohai Sea, China. iScience 2022; 26:105706. [PMID: 36619969 PMCID: PMC9813716 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric emission sources of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in China's eastern seaboard regions cause heavy POP contamination in the Bohai Sea (BS), China. Because many rivers are emptying into the BS, terrestrial runoff has been considered a dominant pathway of POPs onto the BS. Here, we explored the contribution of atmospheric transport and terrestrial runoff to organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) to the BS by using an atmospheric transport model and a terrestrial runoff model. We examined the sensitivity and response of OPFR in the BS seawater to its atmospheric transport, deposition, and riverine discharge via terrestrial runoff. Both terrestrial runoff and atmospheric transport model simulations reveal that the atmospheric transport and deposition, including dry, wet, and diffusive gaseous deposition, dominate OPFR input into the BS. The total OPFR fluxes entering the BS via the atmospheric pathway and riverine input were 70.4 and 2.8 t/yr in 2013, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian He
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Ma
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zhanxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Haoyue Fan
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Lulu Lian
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Min Wu
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Shijie Song
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jiabao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hong Gao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China,Corresponding author
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China,Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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21
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Kou J, Li X, Zhang M, Wang L, Hu L, Liu X, Mei S, Xu G. Accumulative levels, temporal and spatial distribution of common chemical pollutants in the blood of Chinese adults. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119980. [PMID: 35985432 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
China has been in a rapid development period in recent decades, the mass production and use of chemical industrial products and pesticides have resulted in a large amount of pollutants in the environment. These pollutants enter the human body through environmental exposure and dietary intake, causing adverse health effects. Although many of them have been banned and restricted in the production and use in China, these pollutants still remain in the human body due to their high persistence and strong bioaccumulation. In this review, we aim to reveal the accumulation levels and profiles, as well as the temporal and spatial distribution of common chemical pollutants including chlorinated paraffins (CPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers, organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), new halogenated flame retardants (NHFRs), polychlorinated biphenyls, phthalic acid esters, perfluorinated compounds, bisphenols, organophosphorus pesticides and pyrethroid insecticides in the blood (including whole blood, serum and plasma) of Chinese adults by extracting 93 related studies published from 1990 to 2021. Results have shown that CPs, OCPs and PAHs were the main pollutants in China, the levels of short-chain chlorinated paraffin, p,p'-DDE and phenanthrene in blood even reached 11,060.58, 740.41 and 498.28 ng/g lipid respectively. Under the strict control of pollutants in China, the levels of most pollutants have been on a downward trend except for perfluoro octanoate and perfluoro nonanoate. Besides, OPFRs, NHFRs and PAHs may have a potential upward trend, requiring further research and observation. As for spatial distribution, East China (Bohai Bay and Yangtze River Delta) and South China (Pearl River Delta) were the major polluted regions due to their fast development of industry and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Mingye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Limei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Liqin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, China
| | - Surong Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, China
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22
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Yan M, Zhu H, Shi Y, Xu K, Chen S, Zou Q, Sun H, Kannan K. Profiling of multiple classes of flame retardants in house dust in China: Pattern analysis and human exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:120012. [PMID: 36007786 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Legacy [e.g., brominated- (BFRs)] and alternative [e.g., organophosphate- (OPFRs) and nitrogenous- (NFRs)] flame retardants have a propensity to migrate out of consumer products, and thus are dispersed in indoor microenvironments. In this study, simultaneous presence of 11 BFRs, 18 OPFRs and 11 NFRs were measured in house dust collected from Tianjin, China. OPFRs were found at the highest concentrations, with a median value of 3200 ng/g, followed by NFRs (2600) and BFRs (1600). Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (median: 1800 ng/g), melamine (1100), and BDE-209 (870) were the top three most abundant chemicals in the respective groups. Location-specific patterns of flame retardant concentrations were found with 30%, 20% and 10% of samples were predominated by OPFRs, NFRs and BFRs, respectively, and the remaining samples contained by two or more of the chemical groups occurring concurrently. Network and cluster analysis results indicated the existence of multiple sources of flame retardants in the indoor microenvironment. Estimated human daily intakes via indoor dust ingestion were approximately several tens of ng/kg bw/day and were below their respective reference dose values. Our results indicate widespread occurrence of multiple flame retardant families in indoor dust and suggest need for continued monitoring and efforts to reduce exposures through dust ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Yumeng Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ke Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Shucong Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qiang Zou
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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23
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Pan X, Liu A, Zheng M, Liu J, Du M, Wang L. Determination and environmental risk assessment of organophosphorus flame retardants in sediments of the South China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:70542-70551. [PMID: 35588034 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20752-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As ubiquitous contaminants in the environment, organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) would eventually settle in marine sediment. In this study, concentrations, spatial distributions, and ecological risks of seven OPFRs in sediment samples of the South China Sea (SCS) were investigated for the first time. Total concentration of all OPFRs ranged from 2.5 to 32.3 ng/g dry weight (dw), in which the abundance of tri-cresyl phosphates (TCPs) was the highest. OPFRs in the SCS were at a medium level compared with those from other parts of the world. The nearshore ocean current, ship transportation, and riverine inputs might influence the spatial distributions of OPFRs. The total inventory of six OPFRs in sediment was estimated to be 202.8 tons (16.7×104 km2). The hazard quotient (HQ) of OPFRs ranged from 0 to 3.2E-02, indicating the ignorable ecological risk of OPFRs in sediments of the SCS. This study provides insight into the occurrence of current-use OPFRs in the SCS which deserved long-term concern in the future due to their continuous terrigenous inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Pan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Aifeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Minggang Zheng
- Marine Ecology Research Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, First Institute of Oceanography, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay, 834000, China
| | - Ming Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ling Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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24
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Lu Q, Lin N, Cheng X, Yuan T, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Xia Y, Ma Y, Tian Y. Simultaneous determination of 16 urinary metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants and organophosphate pesticides by solid phase extraction and ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 300:134585. [PMID: 35427657 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and organophosphate pesticides (OPPs), pertaining to organophosphate esters, are ubiquitous in environment and have been verified to pose noticeable risks to human health. To evaluate human exposures to OPFRs and OPPs, a fast and sensitive approach based on a solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) detection has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of multiple organophosphorus metabolites in urine. The method allows the identification and quantification of ten metabolites of the most common OPFRs and all six dialkylphosphates (DAPs) of OPPs concerning the population exposure characteristics. The method provided good linearities (R2 = 0.998-0.999), satisfactory method detection limits (MDLs) (0.030-1.129 ng/mL) and only needed a small volume (200 μL) of urine. Recovery rates ranged 73.4-127.1% at three spiking levels (2, 10 and 25 ng/mL urine), with both intra- and inter-day precision less than 14%. The good correlations for DAPs in a cross-validation test with a previous gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method and a good inter-laboratory agreement for several OPFR metabolites in a standard reference material (SRM 3673) re-enforced the precision and validity of our method. Finally, the established method was successfully applied to analyze 16 organophosphorus metabolites in 35 Chinese children's urine samples. Overall, by validating the method's sensitivity, accuracy, precision, reproducibility, etc., data reliability and robustness were ensured; and the satisfactory pilot application on real urine samples demonstrated feasibility and acceptability of this method for being implemented in large population-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Lin
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomeng Cheng
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yankai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuning Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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25
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Wang L, Huang Y, Zhang X, Liu X, Chen K, Jian X, Liu J, Gao H, Zhugu R, Ma J. Mesoscale cycling of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea biotic and abiotic environment: A WRF-CMAQ modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 298:118859. [PMID: 35063539 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization and industrialization in the eastern seaboard region of China enhance the widespread use of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs). The present study set up a coupled WRF-CMAQ-SMOKE and multi-compartment exchange modeling framework to assess the environmental fate and cycling of OPFRs and their contamination in the Bohai and Yellow Seas' marine food web. The framework predicts meteorological conditions, optimized air emissions, and concentrations of OPFRs in air, seawaters, marine sediment, and the food web. The model was implemented to simulate the temporal and spatial fluctuations of Tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), the most dominant congener of OPFRs in China, in the Bohai and the Yellow Sea ecosystems on a spatial resolution of 10 km. Results revealed the effects of source proximity, atmospheric transport and deposition, and the changes in meteorology on TCPP's temporal-spatial distribution across different areas of coastal waters. The model also captures TCPP levels in commercial fish species in the Bohai Sea. The detailed temporal-spatial characteristics of TCPP with the mesoscale resolution provide useful information and a new tool for the environmental and health consequences of mariculture, urban and industrial emission mitigation in coastal regions for emerging chemicals, and fishery industry development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfei Wang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufei Huang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinrui Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaijie Chen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohu Jian
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruiyu Zhugu
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Liu Y, Zhu T, Xie Z, Deng C, Qi X, Hu R, Wang J, Chen J. Human Exposure to Chlorinated Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in an Industrial Area of Shenzhen, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19053126. [PMID: 35270815 PMCID: PMC8910577 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19053126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to organophosphate esters (OPEs) is more pervasive in industrial areas manufacturing OPE-related products. OPE exposure is of great concern due to its associations with adverse health effects, while studies on OPE exposure in industrial districts are scarce. This study aimed to assess human exposure to OPEs in a typical industrial area producing large amounts of OPE-related products in Shenzhen, China. Tris (2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP), tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and other common OPEs were analyzed in urine (n = 30) and plasma (n = 21) samples. Moreover, we measured five OPE metabolites (mOPEs) in plasma samples (n = 21). The results show that TCPP and TCEP are dominant compounds, with moderate to high levels compared with those reported in urine and plasma samples from other regions. In addition, di-n-butyl phosphate (DnBP) and diethyl phosphite (DEP) were frequently detected in plasma samples and could be considered as biomarkers. Risk assessment revealed a moderate to high potential health risk from TCEP exposure. Our results provide basic data for human exposure to OPEs in industrial areas and call for the prevention and mitigation of industrial chlorinated OPE pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlang Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Tingting Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Managing Technology of Drinking Water Source, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Detection & Control in Water Environment, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Science, Shenzhen 518001, China; (C.D.); (X.Q.); (R.H.); (J.W.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: (T.Z.); (Z.X.)
| | - Zuoming Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence: (T.Z.); (Z.X.)
| | - Chen Deng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Managing Technology of Drinking Water Source, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Detection & Control in Water Environment, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Science, Shenzhen 518001, China; (C.D.); (X.Q.); (R.H.); (J.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Xiujuan Qi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Managing Technology of Drinking Water Source, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Detection & Control in Water Environment, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Science, Shenzhen 518001, China; (C.D.); (X.Q.); (R.H.); (J.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Rong Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Managing Technology of Drinking Water Source, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Detection & Control in Water Environment, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Science, Shenzhen 518001, China; (C.D.); (X.Q.); (R.H.); (J.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Jinglin Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Managing Technology of Drinking Water Source, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Detection & Control in Water Environment, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Science, Shenzhen 518001, China; (C.D.); (X.Q.); (R.H.); (J.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Jianyi Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Managing Technology of Drinking Water Source, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Detection & Control in Water Environment, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Science, Shenzhen 518001, China; (C.D.); (X.Q.); (R.H.); (J.W.); (J.C.)
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27
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Zhang G, Zhang Y, Mi W, Wang Z, Lai S. Organophosphate esters in atmospheric particles and surface seawater in the western South China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118255. [PMID: 34600061 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Seven organophosphate esters (OPEs) in atmospheric particles and surface seawater were observed during a cruise in the western South China Sea (SCS) in 2014. The median concentrations of ∑OPEs were 688 pg/m3 and 5.55 ng/L for particle and seawater samples, respectively. Total OPEs were dominated by tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). The spatial distribution of OPEs indicates that the OPEs in particle phase were mainly influenced by the air masses originating from China, Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago, showing the significant contribution of anthropogenic sources from these regions. Significant positive correlations between Tri-n-butylphosphate (TnBP) and organic carbon (P < 0.05) in particle phase over the western SCS suggests that it might be a potential tracer for the source regions of Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago. The spatial distribution of OPEs in seawater was contributed by freshwater inputs associating with variations of human activities as well as salinity. Seawater pollution levels of OPEs in the eastern coast of Vietnam were increased compared to those measured in the northern SCS. The loadings of ∑OPEs transported to the vast area of western SCS vias atmospheric deposition and air-seawater gas exchange were estimated to be 59 tons/year and 105 tons/year, respectively. This work highlights the importance of transport processes and air-seawater interface behavior of OPEs in the oceanic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyang Zhang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenying Mi
- MINJIE Institute of Environmental Science and Health Research, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
| | - Zhen Wang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, China
| | - Senchao Lai
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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