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Khoshakhlagh AH, Yazdanirad S, Ducatman A. Climatic conditions and concentrations of BTEX compounds in atmospheric media. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118553. [PMID: 38428562 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Climatic and meteorological conditions are among the factors affecting the ambient concentrations of BTEX compounds. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to interrogate the seasonal effect of climatic conditions on the concentrations of BTEX compounds. Three electronic bibliographic databases including Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were systematically searched up to November 14, 2023. The search algorithm followed PRISMA guidance and consisted of three groupings of keywords and their possible combinations. For various climatic conditions, the overall mean and 95% confidence interval (CI) of effect size related to BTEX concentrations were calculated using a random-effect model. In total, 104 articles were included for evaluation in this review. BTEX ambient concentration was higher in winter (ranging from 36 out of 79 relevant studies for xylene to 52 out of 97 relevant studies for benzene) followed by summer and autumn. For humidity conditions, the highest exposure values for BTEX were detected for rainy weather (ranging from 3 out of 5 relevant studies for toluene and xylene to 4 out of 5 relevant studies for benzene and ethyl benzene) compared to dry conditions. The pooled concentration (μg/m3) of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene were computed as 2.61, 7.12, 2.21, and 3.61 in spring, 2.13, 7.53, 1.61, and 2.75 in summer, 3.04, 9.59, 3.14, and 5.50 in autumn, and 3.56, 8.71, 2.35, and 3.91 in winter, respectively. Moreover, the pooled concentrations (μg/m3) of BTEX were measured as 2.98, 7.22, 1.90, and 3.03 in dry weather and 3.15, 6.30, 2.14, and 3.86 in rainy or wet weather, respectively. In most seasons, the ambient concentrations of BTEX were higher in countries with low and middle incomes and in Middle Eastern countries and East/Southeast Asia compared to those in other regions (P < 0.001). The increasing concentrations of BTEX in winter and autumn followed by the summer season and during rainy/wet weather appear to be reasonably consistent despite variations in study methods, quality, or geography. Therefore, it is recommended that more serious control measures are considered for decreasing exposure to BTEX in these climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Khoshakhlagh
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Saeid Yazdanirad
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Alan Ducatman
- School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Kmita A, Dańko R, Holtzer M, Dańko J, Drożyński D, Skrzyński M, Roczniak A, Gruszka DR, Jakubski J, Tapola S. Eco-Friendly Inorganic Binders: A Key Alternative for Reducing Harmful Emissions in Molding and Core-Making Technologies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5496. [PMID: 38791537 PMCID: PMC11122468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Many years of foundry practice and much more accurate analytical methods have shown that sands with organic binders, in addition to their many technological advantages, pose risks associated with the emission of many compounds, including harmful ones (e.g., formaldehyde, phenol, benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and sulfur), arising during the pouring of liquid casting alloys into molds, their cooling, and knock-out. The aim of this research is to demonstrate the potential benefits of adopting inorganic binders in European iron foundries. This will improve the environmental and working conditions by introducing cleaner and more ecological production methods, while also ranking the tested binders studied in terms of their harmful content. The article pays special attention to the analysis of seven innovative inorganic binders and one organic binder, acting as a reference for emissions of gases from the BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) and PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) groups and other compounds such as phenol, formaldehyde, and isocyanates (MDI and TDI) generated during the mold pouring process with liquid metals. The knowledge gained will, for the first time, enrich the database needed to update the Reference Document on The Best Available Techniques for the Smitheries and Foundries Industry (SF BREF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Kmita
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Krakow, A. Mickiewicza 30 St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Rafał Dańko
- Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, A. Mickiewicza 30 St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (R.D.); (M.H.); (J.D.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.R.); (D.R.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Mariusz Holtzer
- Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, A. Mickiewicza 30 St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (R.D.); (M.H.); (J.D.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.R.); (D.R.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Józef Dańko
- Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, A. Mickiewicza 30 St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (R.D.); (M.H.); (J.D.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.R.); (D.R.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Dariusz Drożyński
- Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, A. Mickiewicza 30 St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (R.D.); (M.H.); (J.D.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.R.); (D.R.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Mateusz Skrzyński
- Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, A. Mickiewicza 30 St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (R.D.); (M.H.); (J.D.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.R.); (D.R.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Agnieszka Roczniak
- Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, A. Mickiewicza 30 St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (R.D.); (M.H.); (J.D.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.R.); (D.R.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Daniel Robert Gruszka
- Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, A. Mickiewicza 30 St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (R.D.); (M.H.); (J.D.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.R.); (D.R.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Jarosław Jakubski
- Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, A. Mickiewicza 30 St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (R.D.); (M.H.); (J.D.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.R.); (D.R.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Sara Tapola
- Meehanite Technology Oy, Kuokkamaantie 4, 33800 Tampere, Finland;
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Kumari P, Soni D, Aggarwal SG, Singh K. Seasonal and diurnal measurement of ambient benzene at a high traffic inflation site in Delhi: Health risk assessment and its possible role in ozone formation pathways. Environ Anal Health Toxicol 2023; 38:e2023016-0. [PMID: 37853697 PMCID: PMC10613561 DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2023016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzene is the most toxic and hazardous pollutant among volatile organic compounds (VOCs), as it comes under group 1 carcinogens recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). It also plays a significant role in forming secondary pollutants like ozone. The benzene concentration was measured using a charcoal sorbent tube by active sampling at a traffic junction and analysis was done using GC-FID. The maximum average concentration of benzene in ambient air was found to be 33 μg/m3. A diurnal study of benzene measurement shows higher benzene concentrations in the evening compared to the morning. Seasonal variation of benzene is found to be winter > spring > summer > autumn > monsoon and OFP was found to be 21, 19, 14, 13, and 10 respectively. Cancer (ILCR) and non-cancer (HQ) health risk assessment was done to determine the impact of ambient benzene on the residents of urban areas. The yearly average value of ILCR was found to be 2×10-6 ± 1×10-6 which ranges from acceptable value to three times the WHO acceptable value i.e 1×10-6. The correlation of ozone and its precursor, benzene with meteorological parameters is also evaluated. The correlation of benzene and ozone with solar radiation shows the influence of photochemical reactions on the levels of benzene and ozone at the study site, although it is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Kumari
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Daya Soni
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Shankar G. Aggarwal
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Khem Singh
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, India
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Dudek T, Marć M, Zabiegała B. Chemical Composition of Atmospheric Air in Nemoral Scots Pine Forests and Submountainous Beech Forests: The Potential Region for the Introduction of Forest Therapy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15838. [PMID: 36497918 PMCID: PMC9736340 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Studies show that forests are one of the main recreational destinations. This can be explained by their beneficial effects on the health of their visitors, which can be attributed to compounds from the terpene group. The aim of this research was to determine the chemical composition of air in the interiors of Nemoral Scots pine forests and submountainous beech forests, with the determination of compounds of the terpene group. Samples of organic compounds present in the air were collected with the use of Tenax TA sorbent tubes. The process of separation, identification, and determination of the extracted organic compounds was carried out with the use of the gas chromatography technique integrated with a flame ionization detector. Additional identification of the extracted compounds was carried out with the use of GC coupled with mass spectrometry. The most abundant group of compounds was the aliphatic hydrocarbons, both saturated (linear and branched) and unsaturated (terpenes). Carbonyl compounds were also found in the collected samples, but they constituted no more than 10% of all compounds present on the chromatograms. The concentrations of terpenes and terpenoids in the forest atmosphere varied from 10 to 74 µg·m-3, representing on average 33% of the total volatile organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Dudek
- Department of Agroecology and Forest Utilization, University of Rzeszów, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Mariusz Marć
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bożena Zabiegała
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Hawari NSSL, Latif MT, Hamid HHA, Leng TH, Othman M, Mohtar AAA, Azhari A, Dominick D. The concentration of BTEX in selected urban areas of Malaysia during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. URBAN CLIMATE 2022; 45:101238. [PMID: 35855931 PMCID: PMC9276713 DOI: 10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) are air pollutants that harm human health. This study aims to identify BTEX concentrations before the lockdown known as the Movement Control Order was imposed (BMCO), during the implementation of the Movement Control Order (MCO), and then during the Conditional Movement Control Order (CMCO). These orders were introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia. The study utilised data measured by the continuous monitoring of BTEX using online gas chromatography instruments located at three urban area stations. The results showed that the BTEX concentrations reduced by between -38% and -46% during the MCO compared to the BMCO period. The reduction of human mobility during the MCO and CMCO influenced the lower BTEX concentrations recorded at a station within the Kuala Lumpur area. The results of the BTEX diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis showed that the major source of BTEX, especially during the BMCO and CMCO periods, was motor vehicle emissions. Further investigation, using correlation analysis and polar plots, showed that the BTEX concentrations were also influenced by meteorological variables such as wind speed, air temperature and relative humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Syamimi Sufiera Limi Hawari
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, 60115 Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Haris Hafizal Abd Hamid
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Teoh Hwai Leng
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Murnira Othman
- Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anis Asma Ahmad Mohtar
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azliyana Azhari
- Monash Climate Change Communication Research Node, School of Arts and Social Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Center for Research in Development, Social and Environment, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Doreena Dominick
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Jiang L, Li Y, Cai Y, Liu K, Liu C, Zhang J. Probabilistic health risk assessment and monetization based on benzene series exposure in newly renovated teaching buildings. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 163:107194. [PMID: 35339921 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To meet the needs of the rapid development of education, there have been growing investments in the issue of university infrastructures. However, few studies have paid attention to the assessment and monetization of health risks in newly renovated teaching buildings. In this study, concentrations of the benzene series (BTEX) group were measured in five areas of three newly renovated teaching buildings. A total of 135 BTEX samples were collected using passive diffusion monitors and analyzed by GC-FID. Human health risk assessments were conducted by using probabilistic methods for four types of population exposure to BTEX. The results showed that the cancer risk of benzene accounted for most of the total in each group. There was over 90% probability of excess cancer risks in the areas within the tested buildings; and the non-cancer risks were all within the acceptable level. The health risks of men were greater than those of women, and those of teachers were higher than those of students. The model calculation results of Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) and Willingness to Pay (WTP) indicated that the average price that society was willing to pay to offset the health damage caused in these newly renovated teaching buildings was 381.35 yuan/year. For the first time, this study highlights the health risks of newly built teaching buildings in universities, points out the urgent need to improve the control of BTEX sources in this type of indoor environment; moreover, it provides theoretical support for the society and occupational protection departments to compensate for the health damage to professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Jiang
- School of Business Administration, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China; Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Yanan Li
- School of Business Administration, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China; Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Ying Cai
- School of Business Administration, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China; Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Kangli Liu
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Chaoyang Liu
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China; Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Jingdong Zhang
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China.
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Impact of Municipal, Road Traffic, and Natural Sources on PM10: The Hourly Variability at a Rural Site in Poland. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14092654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents data from a monthly campaign studying the elemental composition of PM10, as measured by a specific receptor in Kotórz Mały (Opole Voivodeship)—located in the vicinity of a moderately inhabited rural area—measured in one-hour samples using a Horiba PX-375 analyzer. The hourly variability of SO2, NO, NO2, CO, and O3 concentrations, as well as the variability of meteorological parameters, was also determined. On average, during the entire measurement period, the elements related to PM10 can be arranged in the following order: As < V < Ni < Pb < Cr < Mn < Cu < Ti < Zn < K < Fe < Ca < Al < Si < S. Trace elements, including toxic elements—such as As, V, Ni, Pb, Cr, and Mn—were present in low concentrations, not exceeding 10 ng/m3 (average daily value). These elements had fairly even concentrations, both daily and hourly. The concentrations of the main elements in the PM10, as measured by the receptor, are subject to strong hourly changes related not only to changes in the structures of the sources identified in the statistical analysis, but also to wind speed and direction changes (soil and sand particle pick-up and inflow of pollutants from coal combustion). It has been shown that the transport emissions measured by the receptor can have an intense effect on PM10 in the afternoon.
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Mathematical Modelling of Biosensing Platforms Applied for Environmental Monitoring. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, mathematical modelling has known an overwhelming integration in different scientific fields. In general, modelling is used to obtain new insights and achieve more quantitative and qualitative information about systems by programming language, manipulating matrices, creating algorithms and tracing functions and data. Researchers have been inspired by these techniques to explore several methods to solve many problems with high precision. In this direction, simulation and modelling have been employed for the development of sensitive and selective detection tools in different fields including environmental control. Emerging pollutants such as pesticides, heavy metals and pharmaceuticals are contaminating water resources, thus threatening wildlife. As a consequence, various biosensors using modelling have been reported in the literature for efficient environmental monitoring. In this review paper, the recent biosensors inspired by modelling and applied for environmental monitoring will be overviewed. Moreover, the level of success and the analytical performances of each modelling-biosensor will be discussed. Finally, current challenges in this field will be highlighted.
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Alsbou EM, Omari KW. BTEX indoor air characteristic values in rural areas of Jordan: Heaters and health risk assessment consequences in winter season. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115464. [PMID: 32866878 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers (BTEX) are known to affect environmental air and health quality. In this study, the levels of BTEX compounds were determined in indoor air environments during the winter generated by several different heaters: diesel pot-bellied heater with chimney (DH); electric heater (EH); unfluted gas heater (GH); kerosene heater (KH); and wood pot-bellied heater with chimney (WH). The samples were collected using a diffusion passive adsorbent (activated charcoal) and then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the heaters differ in the quantity of BTEX released during operation. The KH was the most polluted heater based on BTEX measurement, followed by DH. The ∑BTEX for heaters were observed as follows: KH (290 μg m-3); DH (120 μg m-3); GH (84 μg m-3); WH (31 μg m-3); EH (16 μg m-3). Toluene was the predominant compound in all air samples. In KH and DH, the toluene to benzene ratios (T/B) were higher than 4 due to fuel evaporation, while GH had a T/B ratio of 3.9, indicating that the combustion of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) was the main source. Moreover, a risk assessment was performed to evaluate where the cancer risks (CR) for benzene and ethylbenzene exceeded the critical values (10-6). KH was found to be the most harmful heater for residents, followed by DH and GH. For non-carcinogenic compounds, hazard quotients (HQ) were found to be less than one and thus unlikely to cause health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eid M Alsbou
- Department of Chemistry, Science College, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an, Postal Code, 71111, Jordan.
| | - Khaled W Omari
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait.
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Chapman J, Truong VK, Elbourne A, Gangadoo S, Cheeseman S, Rajapaksha P, Latham K, Crawford RJ, Cozzolino D. Combining Chemometrics and Sensors: Toward New Applications in Monitoring and Environmental Analysis. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6048-6069. [PMID: 32364371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For many years, an extensive array of chemometric methods have provided a platform upon which a quantitative description of environmental conditions can be obtained. Applying chemometric methods to environmental data allows us to identify and describe the interrelations between certain environmental drivers. They also provide an insight into the interrelationships between these drivers and afford us a greater understanding of the potential impact that these drivers can place upon the environment. However, an effective marriage of these two systems has not been performed. Therefore, it is the aim of this review to highlight the advantages of using chemometrics and sensors to identify hidden trends in environmental parameters, which allow the state of the environment to be effectively monitored. Despite the combination of chemometrics and sensors, to capture new developments and applications in the field of environmental sciences, these methods have not been extensively used. Importantly, although different parameters and monitoring procedures are required for different environments (e.g., air, water, soil), they are not distinct, separate entities. Contemporary developments in the use of chemometrics afford us the ability to predict changes in different aspects of the environment using instrumental methods. This review also provides an insight into the prevailing trends and the future of environmental sensing, highlighting that chemometrics can be used to enhance our ability to monitor the environment. This enhanced ability to monitor environmental conditions and to predict trends would be beneficial to government and research agencies in their ability to develop environmental policies and analysis procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Chapman
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne 3001, Australia
| | - Vi Khanh Truong
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne 3001, Australia
| | - Aaron Elbourne
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne 3001, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Kay Latham
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne 3001, Australia
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Mohammadi A, Ghassoun Y, Löwner MO, Behmanesh M, Faraji M, Nemati S, Toolabi A, Abdolahnejad A, Panahi H, Heydari H, Miri M. Spatial analysis and risk assessment of urban BTEX compounds in Urmia, Iran. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125769. [PMID: 31918090 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Land Use Regression models (LUR) are the most common tools to estimate intra-urban air pollutant exposure in epidemiological studies. However, number of available and published models in developing and middle up income countries is still scarce. Here, we developed seasonal and overall LUR models for the spatial distribution of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) based on 20 monitoring stations and 166 potentially predictive variables (PPVs) in Urmia, Iran. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of exposure to BTEX and its sensitivity analysis were assessed using a probabilistic approach. The mean and standard deviation (in brackets) of overall benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene were 12.83 (16.19), 27.03 (32.00), 4.72 (4.15) and 27.35 (29.36) μg/m3, respectively. In all models the R2 value of LUR models of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and total BTEX ranged from 0.66 to 0.85, 0.61, 0.88, 0.72 to 0.94, 0.75 to 0.84 and 0.67 to 0.93. The root mean square error (RMSE) for leave-one-out cross-validations (LOOCV) for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene ranged from 7.48 to 10.31, 23.0 to 30.0, 3.40 to 6.90, 16.27 to 24.49, 36.10-50.0 μg/m3, respectively. The estimated lifetime carcinogenic risk (LTCR) indicated that ambient concentration of benzene is at a risk level for Urmia inhabitants (LTCR >10-6). Sensitivity analysis for LTCR model indicated that concentration of benzene (C) was the most effective variable in increasing the carcinogenic risk (correlation coefficient ranged from 0.97 to 0.98 for all models).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mohammadi
- Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Yahya Ghassoun
- Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Bienroder Weg 81, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marc-Oliver Löwner
- Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Bienroder Weg 81, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maryam Behmanesh
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Faraji
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sepideh Nemati
- Health Faculty, Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Toolabi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Ali Abdolahnejad
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Hafez Heydari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Miri
- Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
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12
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Luo H, Li G, Chen J, Lin Q, Ma S, Wang Y, An T. Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and ozone formation potentials of volatile organic compounds from three typical functional areas in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 183:109141. [PMID: 31999999 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ozone is currently one of the most important air pollutants. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can easily react with atmospheric radicals to form ozone. In-field measurement of VOCs may help in estimating the local VOC photochemical pollution level. METHOD This study examined the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of VOCs during winter at three typical sites of varying classification in China; industrial (Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development District (GETDD)), urban (Guangzhou higher education mega center (HEMC)), and rural (Pingyuan county (PYC)), using Proton-Transfer-Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS). RESULTS The concentrations of total VOCs (TVOCs) at the GETDD, HEMC and PYC sites were 352.5, 129.2 and 75.1 ppb, respectively. The dominant category of VOCs is nitrogen-containing VOCs (NVOCs, accounting for 43.3% of TVOCs) at GETDD, of which C4H11N (m/z+ = 74.10, butyl amine) was the predominant chemical species (80.5%). In contrast, oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) were the most abundant at HEMC and PYC, accounting for 60.2% and 64.1% of the total VOCs, respectively; here, CH4O (m/z+ = 33.026, methanol) was the major compound, accounting for 40.5% of the VOCs at HEMC and 50.9% at PYC. The ratios of toluene to benzene (T/B) were calculated for different measured sites, as the ratios of T/B can reveal source resolution of aromatic VOCs. The average contributions to total ozone formation potentials (OFP) of the total measured VOCs in each area were 604.9, 315.9 and 111.7 μg/m3 at GETDD, HEMC and PYC, respectively; the highest OFP contributors of the identified VOCs were aliphatic hydrocarbons (AlHs) at GETDD, aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) at HEMC, and OVOCs at PYC. CONCLUSIONS OFP assessment indicated that the photochemical pollution caused by VOCs at GETDD was serious, and was also significant in the HEMC region. The dominant VOC OFP groups (AlHs and AHs) should be prioritized for control, in order to help reduce these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiangyao Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qinhao Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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13
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Cruz LP, Santos DF, dos Santos IF, Gomes ÍV, Santos AV, Souza KS. Exploratory analysis of the atmospheric levels of BTEX, criteria air pollutants and meteorological parameters in a tropical urban area in Northeastern Brazil. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Sun Z, Yang L, Bai X, Du W, Shen G, Fei J, Wang Y, Chen A, Chen Y, Zhao M. Maternal ambient air pollution exposure with spatial-temporal variations and preterm birth risk assessment during 2013-2017 in Zhejiang Province, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105242. [PMID: 31665677 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) can give rise to significant neonatal morbidity and mortality, as well as children's long-term health defects. Many studies have illustrated the associations between ambient air pollution exposure during gestational periods and PTB risks, but most of them only focused on one single air pollutant, such as PM2.5. In this population-based environmental-epidemiology study, we recruited 6275 pregnant mothers in Zhejiang Province, China, and evaluated their gestational exposures to various air pollutants during 2013-2017. Time-to-event logistic regressions were performed to estimate risk associations after adjusting all confounders, and Quasi-AQI model and PCA-GLM analysis were applied to resolve the collinearity issues in multi-pollutant regression models. It was found that gestational exposure to ambient air pollutants was significantly associated with the occurrence of PTB, and SO2 was the largest contributor with a proportion of 29.4%. Three new variables, prime factor (a combination of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and NO2), carbon factor (CO), and ozone factor (O3), were generated by PCA integration, contributing 63.4%, 17.1%, and 19.5% to PTB risks, respectively. The first and third trimester was the most crucial exposure window, suggesting the pregnant mothers better to avoid severe air pollution exposures during these sensitive periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China; Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Liyang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Xiaoxia Bai
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China.
| | - Wei Du
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jie Fei
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - An Chen
- College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Yuanchen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
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Latif MT, Abd Hamid HH, Ahamad F, Khan MF, Mohd Nadzir MS, Othman M, Sahani M, Abdul Wahab MI, Mohamad N, Uning R, Poh SC, Fadzil MF, Sentian J, Tahir NM. BTEX compositions and its potential health impacts in Malaysia. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 237:124451. [PMID: 31394440 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to determine the composition of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) and assess the risk to health at different sites in Malaysia. Continuous monitoring of BTEX in Kuala Lumpur City Centre, Kuala Terengganu, Kota Kinabalu and Fraser Hill were conducted using Online Gas Chromatograph. For comparison, BTEX at selected hotspot locations were determined by active sampling method using sorbent tubes and Thermal Desorption Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. The hazard quotient (HQ) for non-carcinogenic and the life-time cancer risk (LTCR) of BTEX were calculated using the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) health risk assessment (HRA) methods. The results showed that the highest total BTEX concentrations using continuous monitoring were recorded in the Kuala Lumpur City Centre (49.56 ± 23.71 μg/m3). Toluene was the most dominant among the BTEX compounds. The average concentrations of benzene ranged from 0.69 ± 0.45 μg/m3 to 6.20 ± 3.51 μg/m3. Measurements using active sampling showed that BTEX concentrations dominated at the roadside (193.11 ± 114.57 μg/m3) in comparison to petrol station (73.08 ± 30.41 μg/m3), petrochemical industry (32.10 ± 13.13 μg/m3) and airport (25.30 ± 6.17 μg/m3). Strong correlations among BTEX compounds (p<0.01, r>0.7) at Kuala Lumpur City Centre showed that BTEX compounds originated from similar sources. The values of HQ at all stations were <1 indicating the non-carcinogenic risk are negligible and do not pose threats to human health. The LTCR value based on benzene inhalation (1.59 × 10-5) at Kuala Lumpur City Centre were between 1 × 10-4 and 1 × 10-5, representing a probable carcinogenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Talib Latif
- School of Environment and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Haris Hafizal Abd Hamid
- School of Environment and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Ahamad
- Centre for Tropical Climate Change System, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Md Firoz Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir
- School of Environment and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre for Tropical Climate Change System, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Murnira Othman
- School of Environment and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mazrura Sahani
- Centre for Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ikram Abdul Wahab
- Centre for Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noorlin Mohamad
- Environmental Research Group, School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Royston Uning
- School of Environment and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Seng Chee Poh
- Environmental Research Group, School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Fais Fadzil
- Environmental Research Group, School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Justin Sentian
- Faculty Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Norhayati Md Tahir
- Environmental Research Group, School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
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Hamid HHA, Latif MT, Nadzir MSM, Uning R, Khan MF, Kannan N. Ambient BTEX levels over urban, suburban and rural areas in Malaysia. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE & HEALTH 2019; 12:341-351. [DOI: 10.1007/s11869-019-00664-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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17
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Núñez-Alonso D, Pérez-Arribas LV, Manzoor S, Cáceres JO. Statistical Tools for Air Pollution Assessment: Multivariate and Spatial Analysis Studies in the Madrid Region. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2019; 2019:9753927. [PMID: 30881728 PMCID: PMC6387705 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9753927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The present work reports the distribution of pollutants in the Madrid city and province from 22 monitoring stations during 2010 to 2017. Statistical tools were used to interpret and model air pollution data. The data include the annual average concentrations of nitrogen oxides, ozone, and particulate matter (PM10), collected in Madrid and its suburbs, which is one of the largest metropolitan places in Europe, and its air quality has not been studied sufficiently. A mapping of the distribution of these pollutants was done, in order to reveal the relationship between them and also with the demography of the region. The multivariate analysis employing correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis (CA) resulted in establishing a correlation between different pollutants. The results obtained allowed classification of different monitoring stations on the basis of each of the four pollutants, revealing information about their sources and mechanisms, visualizing their spatial distribution, and monitoring their levels according to the average annual limits established in the legislation. The elaboration of contour maps by the geostatistical method, ordinary kriging, also supported the interpretation derived from the multivariate analysis demonstrating the levels of NO2 exceeding the annual limit in the centre, south, and east of the Madrid province.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Núñez-Alonso
- Laser-Chemical-Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Vicente Pérez-Arribas
- Laser-Chemical-Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sadia Manzoor
- Laser-Chemical-Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge O. Cáceres
- Laser-Chemical-Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Characteristics and health effects of BTEX in a hot spot for urban pollution. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 155:133-143. [PMID: 29510308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
This study reports a spatiotemporal characterization of toluene, benzene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes concentrations (BTEX) in an urban hot spot in Iran, specifically at an bus terminal region in Shiraz. Sampling was carried out according to NIOSH Compendium Method 1501. The inverse distance weighting (IDW) method was applied for spatial mapping. The Monte Carlo simulation technique was applied to evaluate carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk owing to BTEX exposure. The highest average BTEX concentrations were observed for benzene in the morning (at 7:00-9:00 A.M. local time) (26.15 ± 17.65 µg/m3) and evening (at 6:00-8:00 P.M. local time) (34.44 ± 15.63 µg/m3). The benzene to toluene ratios in the morning and evening were 2.02 and 3.07, respectively. The main sources of BTEX were gas stations and a municipal solid waste transfer station. The inhalation lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) for benzene in the morning and evening were 1.96 × 10-4 and 2.49 × 10-4, respectively, which exceeds the recommended value by US EPA and WHO. The hazard quotient (HQ) of all these pollutants was less than 1. The results of this work have implications for public health near 'hot spots' such as IKBT where large populations are exposed to carcinogenic emissions.
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Atmospheric Levels of Benzene and C1-C2 Carbonyls in San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico: Source Implications and Health Risk. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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