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Long J, Huang H, Tang P, Liang J, Liao Q, Chen J, Pang L, Yang K, Wei H, Chen M, Wu X, Huang D, Pan D, Liu S, Zeng X, Qiu X. Associations between maternal exposure to multiple metals and metalloids and blood pressure in preschool children: A mixture-based approach. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 84:127460. [PMID: 38703538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to metals during pregnancy can potentially influence blood pressure (BP) in children, but few studies have examined the mixed effects of prenatal metal exposure on childhood BP. We aimed to assess the individual and combined effects of prenatal metal and metalloid exposure on BP in preschool children. METHODS A total of 217 mother-child pairs were selected from the Zhuang Birth Cohort in Guangxi, China. The maternal plasma concentrations of 20 metals [e.g. lead (Pb), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and zinc (Zn)] in early pregnancy were measured by inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry. Childhood BP was measured in August 2021. The effects of prenatal metal exposure on childhood BP were explored by generalized linear models, restricted cubic spline and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models. RESULTS In total children, each unit increase in the log10-transformed maternal Rb concentration was associated with a 10.82-mmHg decrease (95% CI: -19.40, -2.24) in childhood diastolic BP (DBP), and each unit increase in the log10-transformed maternal Cs and Zn concentrations was associated with a 9.67-mmHg (95% CI: -16.72, -2.61) and 4.37-mmHg (95% CI: -8.68, -0.062) decrease in childhood pulse pressure (PP), respectively. The log10-transformed Rb and Cs concentrations were linearly related to DBP (P nonlinear=0.603) and PP (P nonlinear=0.962), respectively. Furthermore, an inverse association was observed between the log10-transformed Cs concentration and PP (β =-12.18; 95% CI: -22.82, -1.54) in girls, and between the log10-transformed Rb concentration and DBP (β =-12.54; 95% CI: -23.87, -1.21) in boys, while there was an increasing association between the log10-transformed Pb concentration and DBP there was an increasing in boys (β =6.06; 95% CI: 0.36, 11.77). Additionally, a U-shaped relationship was observed between the log10-transformed Pb concentration and SBP (P nonlinear=0.015) and DBP (P nonlinear=0.041) in boys. Although there was no statistically signiffcant difference, there was an inverse trend in the combined effect of maternal metal mixture exposure on childhood BP among both the total children and girls in BKMR. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exposure to both individual and mixtures of metals and metalloids influences BP in preschool children, potentially leading to nonlinear and sex-specific effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Long
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Huishen Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Peng Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Qian Liao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Jiehua Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Lixiang Pang
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Kaiqi Yang
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Huanni Wei
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Manlin Chen
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Dongping Huang
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Dongxiang Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Shun Liu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
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Perinatal Metal and Metalloid Exposures and Offspring Cardiovascular Health Risk. Curr Environ Health Rep 2022; 9:714-734. [PMID: 35980568 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-022-00377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Toxic metal exposures have been associated with cardiovascular disease in adults and growing evidence suggests metal exposures also adversely affect cardiovascular phenotypes in childhood and adolescence. However, to our knowledge, the influence of perinatal metals exposure, particularly metal mixtures, in relation to cardiovascular-related outcomes have not been comprehensively reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS We summarized 17 contemporary studies (2017-2021) that investigated the impact of perinatal metal exposures on measures of cardiovascular health in children. Accumulating evidence supports a potential adverse impact of perinatal Pb exposure on BP in children. Fewer recent studies have focused on perinatal As, Hg, and Cd; thus, the cardiovascular impacts of these metals are less clear. Studies of metal mixtures demonstrate that interactions between metals may be complex and have identified numerous understudied elements and essential metals, including Mo, Co, Ni, Se, Zn, and Mn, which may influence cardiovascular risk. A key question that remains is whether perinatal metals exposure influences cardiovascular health into adulthood. Comparisons across studies remain challenging due to several factors, including differences in the timing of exposure/outcome assessments and exposure biomarkers, as well as variability in exposure levels and mixture compositions across populations. Future studies longitudinally investigating trajectories of cardiovascular outcomes could help determine the influence of perinatal metals exposure on long-term effects of clinical relevance in later life and whether interventions, which reduce metals exposures during this key developmental window, could alter disease development.
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Tang J, Zhu Q, Xu Y, Zhou Y, Zhu L, Jin L, Wang W, Gao L, Chen G, Zhao H. Total arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, lead, cadmium, total mercury, methylmercury and hypertension among Asian populations in the United States: NHANES 2011-2018. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113776. [PMID: 35738098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-Hispanic Asians (NHA) in USA have been reported with higher arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and their specific species levels, comparing with non-NHA. This study aimed to investigate the associations of these metal/metalloid levels with blood pressure levels and prevalence of hypertension among general NHA using the 2011-2018 National Health and Nutrition and Examination Survey (NHANES) data. METHODS The study included participants aged 20 years and older with determinations of As, Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), Pb, Cd, Hg and methyl-Hg (MeHg) in blood (n = 10, 177) and urine (n = 5, 175). These metals/metalloid levels were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) levels were examined through a standardized protocol. Censored normal regression model and logistic regression model were employed to explore the associations of As, DMA, Pb, Cd, Hg and MeHg levels with blood pressure levels and prevalence of hypertension respectively, and potential confounders were adjusted in these regression models. Quantile-based g-computation approach was used to analysis joint effect of metals mixture on blood pressure level and hypertension. RESULTS For NHA, urinary As and Hg levels were associated with increased DBP level; Higher blood Hg and MeHg levels were related to increased blood pressure levels and hypertension; However, negative association was observed between urinary Cd and SBP level; Blood metals mixture (including blood Pb, Cd and Hg) was associated with increased DBP level, but not for hypertension. For non-NHA, urinary As and DMA levels were associated with increased SBP level, but not DBP level and prevalence of hypertension; Urinary Pb level was associated with decreased DBP level; Nevertheless, positive associations were observed between blood Pb levels and SBP and prevalence of hypertension; Blood Hg level was associated with decreased DBP level and prevalence of hypertension; Furthermore, blood MeHg level was associated with decreased DBP level; Positive association was observed between blood metals mixture and increased SBP level among non-NHA. CONCLUSIONS Highly exposed to Hg level among NHA was associated with increased blood pressure levels and prevalence of hypertension. Urinary As level was associated with increased DBP level among NHA. Furthermore, blood metals mixture was related to increased DBP level among NHA. Further prospective studies with larger sample size should be performed to warrant the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinheng Zhu
- Department of Public Health, and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Public Health, and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yexinyi Zhou
- Department of Public Health, and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Longtao Zhu
- Department of Public Health, and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanfei Jin
- Department of Public Health, and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiye Wang
- Department of Public Health, and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of public health and preventive medicine, school of medicine, Jinggangshan university, Ji'an, China
| | - Lan Gao
- Department of Public Health, and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangdi Chen
- Department of Public Health, and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hao Zhao
- Department of Public Health, and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, School of Basic Medicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China.
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Yalçin SS, Erdal İ, Oğuz B, Duzova A. Associations between toxic elements and blood pressure parameters in adolescents. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 71:126949. [PMID: 35193093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both exposure to toxic elements and hypertension (HT) are a global health problem. We planned to examine the associations between some toxic elements in urine, and blood pressure (BP) and its diurnal changes in adolescents. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 48 adolescents who were newly diagnosed with HT and 38 adolescents with age-appropriate BP and normal physical examination were included. Anthropometric measurements, urinary toxic elements, carotid intima media thickness (cIMT), and office and 24-hour ambulatory BP measurements (ABPM) of participants were taken. Urinary elements levels were studied with ICP-MS. Elements were grouped in tertiles according to urinary levels. Logistic regression analyses were performed to show the interactions. RESULTS Urinary cadmium, mercury, lead, and arsenic were found to be at detectable level in 90.7%, 69.8%, 91.9% and 100% of the participants, respectively. Univariate analyses showed that elevated daytime systolic and/or diastolic BP was associated with urinary cadmium and mercury. No association between urinary toxic elements and nighttime BP was found. When height and body mass index z-scores adjusted for, age, gender, and all four urinary creatinine-corrected toxic elements analyzed, multiple logistic regression revealed that there was an association between mercury (high vs. low; AOR:3.85) and office HT, and mercury (high vs. low; AOR:6.18) and cadmium (middle vs. low; AOR: 13.38) were associated with "elevated 24-hour systolic BP and/or diastolic BP", and "elevated 24-hour mean arterial BP" in ABPM. CONCLUSION There are complex relationships between toxic elements and BP parameters in adolescents, and more studies are needed to define the evolution of these relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddika Songül Yalçin
- Division of Social Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - İzzet Erdal
- Division of Social Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Berna Oğuz
- Department of Radiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ali Duzova
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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Ruan F, Zhang J, Liu J, Sun X, Li Y, Xu S, Xia W. Association between prenatal exposure to metal mixtures and early childhood allergic diseases. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112615. [PMID: 34968434 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The association between prenatal exposure to the metal mixture and allergic diseases is poorly understood. We aimed to explore the individual effect and the combined effect of prenatal exposure to vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), thallium (Tl), and lead (Pb) on early childhood allergic diseases based on a birth cohort study that included 628 mother-infant pairs. Metals were measured in maternal urine samples collected in the first, second, and third trimesters. Children were prospectively followed up at age 4 years to collect information on allergic rhinitis, wheeze, and eczema status. By applying logistic regression models, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), the different statistical analyses revealed urinary metals were only associated with early childhood allergic rhinitis. The averaged prenatal As exposure was significantly associated with an increased OR for allergic rhinitis in both single-metal (OR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.35, 3.07) and multiple-metal logistic regression models (OR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.15, 2.78). The WQS index of mixed metal exposure was positively associated with allergic rhinitis (OR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.26, 2.19), and As and Tl had the largest weights in the WQS index (weighted 0.51 and 0.29, respectively). The BKMR analysis also showed the overall effect of the metal mixture was significantly associated with allergic rhinitis when all the metals were at their 55th percentile or above, compared to their 50th percentile. The effect of As and Tl on the risk of allergic rhinitis was significant when all of the other metals were fixed at the specific percentiles. Our findings suggest that prenatal co-exposure to higher levels of the seven metals increases the risk of allergic rhinitis in children, and As and Tl may contribute most to the combined risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang M, Buckley JP, Liang L, Hong X, Wang G, Wang MC, Wills-Karp M, Wang X, Mueller NT. A metabolome-wide association study of in utero metal and trace element exposures with cord blood metabolome profile: Findings from the Boston Birth Cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106976. [PMID: 34991243 PMCID: PMC8742133 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to metals lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd) and trace elements selenium (Se) and manganese (Mn) has been linked to the developmental origins of cardiometabolic diseases, but the mechanisms are not well-understood. OBJECTIVE Conduct a metabolome-wide association study to understand how in utero exposure to Pb, Hg, Cd, Se, and Mn affects the metabolic programming of fetuses. METHODS We used data from the Boston Birth Cohort, which enrolled mother-child pairs from Boston, MA. We measured metals and trace elements in maternal red blood cells (RBCs) collected 24-72 h after delivery, and metabolites in cord blood collected at birth. We used multivariable linear regression to examine associations of metals and trace elements with metabolites and Bonferroni correction to account for multiple comparisons. We assessed non-linear associations of metals and trace elements with metabolites using restricted cubic spline plots. RESULTS This analysis included 670 mother-child pairs (57% non-Hispanic Black and 24% Hispanic). After Bonferroni correction, there were 25 cord metabolites associated with at least one of the metals or trace elements. Pb was negatively associated with the xenobiotic piperine, Cd was positively associated with xenobiotics cotinine and hydroxycotinine, and Hg was associated with 8 lipid metabolites (in both directions). Se and Mn shared associations with 6 metabolites (in both directions), which mostly included nucleotides and amino acids; Se was additionally associated with 7 metabolites (mostly amino acids, nucleotides, and carnitines) and Mn was additionally associated with C36:4 hydroxy phosphatidylcholine. Restricted cubic spline plots showed that most associations were linear. DISCUSSION Maternal RBC metal and trace element concentrations were associated in a dose-dependent fashion with cord blood metabolites. What remains to be determined is whether these metals- and trace elements-associated changes in cord metabolites can influence a child's risk of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jessie P Buckley
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiumei Hong
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guoying Wang
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mei-Cheng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marsha Wills-Karp
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Noel T Mueller
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Svoboda LK, Ishikawa T, Dolinoy DC. Developmental toxicant exposures and sex-specific effects on epigenetic programming and cardiovascular health across generations. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2022; 8:dvac017. [PMID: 36325489 PMCID: PMC9600458 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite substantial strides in diagnosis and treatment, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to represent the leading cause of death in the USA and around the world, resulting in significant morbidity and loss of productive years of life. It is increasingly evident that environmental exposures during early development can influence CVD risk across the life course. CVDs exhibit marked sexual dimorphism, but how sex interacts with environmental exposures to affect cardiovascular health is a critical and understudied area of environmental health. Emerging evidence suggests that developmental exposures may have multi- and transgenerational effects on cardiovascular health, with potential sex differences; however, further research in this important area is urgently needed. Lead (Pb), phthalate plasticizers, and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants with numerous adverse human health effects. Notably, recent evidence suggests that developmental exposure to each of these toxicants has sex-specific effects on cardiovascular outcomes, but the underlying mechanisms, and their effects on future generations, require further investigation. This review article will highlight the role for the developmental environment in influencing cardiovascular health across generations, with a particular emphasis on sex differences and epigenetic mechanisms. In particular, we will focus on the current evidence for adverse multi and transgenerational effects of developmental exposures to Pb, phthalates, and PFAS and highlight areas where further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie K Svoboda
- *Correspondence address. Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Tel: +734-764-2032; E-mail:
| | - Tomoko Ishikawa
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dana C Dolinoy
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Hsu CN, Tain YL. Adverse Impact of Environmental Chemicals on Developmental Origins of Kidney Disease and Hypertension. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:745716. [PMID: 34721300 PMCID: PMC8551449 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.745716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypertension are becoming a global health challenge, despite developments in pharmacotherapy. Both diseases can begin in early life by so-called "developmental origins of health and disease" (DOHaD). Environmental chemical exposure during pregnancy can affect kidney development, resulting in renal programming. Here, we focus on environmental chemicals that pregnant mothers are likely to be exposed, including dioxins, bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), heavy metals, and air pollution. We summarize current human evidence and animal models that supports the link between prenatal exposure to environmental chemicals and developmental origins of kidney disease and hypertension, with an emphasis on common mechanisms. These include oxidative stress, renin-angiotensin system, reduced nephron numbers, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway. Urgent action is required to identify toxic chemicals in the environment, avoid harmful chemicals exposure during pregnancy and lactation, and continue to discover other potentially harmful chemicals. Innovation is also needed to identify kidney disease and hypertension in the earliest stage, as well as translating effective reprogramming interventions from animal studies into clinical practice. Toward DOHaD approach, prohibiting toxic chemical exposure and better understanding of underlying mechanisms, we have the potential to reduce global burden of kidney disease and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ning Hsu
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - You-Lin Tain
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Hsu CN, Tain YL. The First Thousand Days: Kidney Health and Beyond. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9101332. [PMID: 34683012 PMCID: PMC8544398 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9101332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The global burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rising. A superior strategy to advance global kidney health is required to prevent and treat CKD early. Kidney development can be impacted during the first 1000 days of life by numerous factors, including malnutrition, maternal illness, exposure to chemicals, substance abuse, medication use, infection, and exogenous stress. In the current review, we summarize environmental risk factors reported thus far in clinical and experimental studies relating to the programming of kidney disease, and systematize the knowledge on common mechanisms underlying renal programming. The aim of this review is to discuss the primary and secondary prevention actions for enhancing kidney health from pregnancy to age 2. The final task is to address the potential interventions to target renal programming through updating animal studies. Together, we can enhance the future of global kidney health in the first 1000 days of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ning Hsu
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - You-Lin Tain
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-975-056-995; Fax: +886-7733-8009
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Saylor C, Tamayo-Ortiz M, Pantic I, Amarasiriwardena C, McRae N, Estrada-Gutierrez G, Parra-Hernandez S, Tolentino MC, Baccarelli AA, Fadrowski JJ, Gennings C, Satlin LM, Wright RO, Tellez-Rojo MM, Sanders AP. Prenatal blood lead levels and reduced preadolescent glomerular filtration rate: Modification by body mass index. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 154:106414. [PMID: 33678412 PMCID: PMC8217093 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the developing kidney, the prenatal period may represent a critical window of vulnerability to environmental insults resulting in permanent nephron loss. Given that the majority of nephron formation is complete in the 3rd trimester, we set out to test whether 1) prenatal lead exposure is associated with decreased preadolescent kidney function and 2) whether preadolescent obesity acts synergistically with early life lead exposure to reduce kidney function. METHODS Our study included 453 mother-child pairs participating in the PROGRESS birth cohort. We assessed prenatal blood lead levels (BLLs) in samples collected in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters and at delivery, as well as tibial and patellar bone lead measures assessed one-month postpartum. Preadolescent estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was derived from serum levels of creatinine and/or cystatin C measured at age 8-12 years. We applied linear regression to assess the relationship between prenatal bone and BLL with preadolescent eGFR, and adjusted for covariates including age, sex, BMI z-score, indoor tobacco smoke exposure, and socioeconomic status. We also examined sex-specific associations and tested for effect modification by BMI status. RESULTS We observed null associations between prenatal lead exposure and eGFR. However, in interaction analyses we found that among overweight children, there was an inverse association between BLL (assessed at 2nd and 3rd trimester and at delivery) and preadolescent eGFR. For example, among overweight participants, a one ln-unit increase in 2nd trimester BLL was associated with a 10.5 unit decrease in cystatin C-based eGFR (95% CI: -18.1, -2.8; p = 0.008). Regardless of lead exposure, we also observed null relationships between BMI z-score and eGFR overall, as well as among overweight participants. However, among participants with preadolescent obesity, we observed a significant 5.9-unit decrease in eGFR. We observed no evidence of sex-specific effects. CONCLUSIONS Our findings, if confirmed in other studies, suggest a complex interplay between the combined adverse effects of adiposity and perinatal lead exposure as they relate to adolescent kidney function. Future studies will assess kidney function and adiposity trajectories through adolescence to better understand environmental risk factors for kidney function decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Saylor
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marcela Tamayo-Ortiz
- Occupational Health Research Unit, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ivan Pantic
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Chitra Amarasiriwardena
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nia McRae
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Sandra Parra-Hernandez
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mari Cruz Tolentino
- Department of Nutrition, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Fadrowski
- Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chris Gennings
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa M Satlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martha M Tellez-Rojo
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alison P Sanders
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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11
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Zhao X, Chen H, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Gao L, Wang H, Ao Y. The selection and identification of compound housekeeping genes for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis in rat fetal kidney. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:360-370. [PMID: 34374451 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
During quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) data analysis, the selection of optimal housekeeping gene is necessary to ensure the accuracy of results. It is noteworthy that housekeeping genes commonly used in adult studies may not be applicable for fetus. However, the stability analysis of housekeeping gene in fetal kidney has not been reported. This study intends to screen the applicable compound housekeeping genes in rat fetal kidney. In this study, eight housekeeping genes used in kidney studies based on literature reports (GAPDH, ACTB, 18S, HPRT, YWHAZ, HMBS, PPIA, and TBP) were selected as the research object. Their expression levels in the rat fetal kidney in physiological condition and the intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) model induced by prenatal dexamethasone exposure (PDE) (0.2 mg/kg·day from gestation Days 9 to 20) was measured. Furthermore, these eight housekeeping genes were used to conduct relative quantitative analysis of nephrin expression in the fetal kidney in PDE-induced IUGR model, to compare the influence of choosing different housekeeping gene on data analysis of nephrin expression and to verify the reliability of selected compound housekeeping genes. In this study, stable housekeeping genes of fetal kidney tissues in PDE-induced IUGR model were identified: ACTB, GAPDH, TBP, and HMBS for males; ACTB, YWHAZ, and GAPDH for females. Besides, our results suggest that ACTB + GAPDH were the best compound housekeeping genes for normalization analysis in male fetal kidney studies, and ACTB + YWHAZ in females. This study will provide an experimental evidence basis for the selection of housekeeping genes in the RT-qPCR experiment in renal development toxicology-related models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haiyun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Ao
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
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12
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Zhang M, Liu T, Wang G, Buckley JP, Guallar E, Hong X, Wang MC, Wills-Karp M, Wang X, Mueller NT. In Utero Exposure to Heavy Metals and Trace Elements and Childhood Blood Pressure in a U.S. Urban, Low-Income, Minority Birth Cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:67005. [PMID: 34160246 PMCID: PMC8221032 DOI: 10.1289/ehp8325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In utero exposure to heavy metals lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd) may be associated with higher childhood blood pressure (BP), whereas trace elements selenium (Se) and manganese (Mn) may have protective antioxidant effects that modify metal-BP associations. OBJECTIVES We examined the individual and joint effects of in utero exposure to Pb, Hg, Cd, Se, and Mn on childhood BP. METHODS We used data from the Boston Birth Cohort (enrolled 2002-2013). We measured heavy metals and trace elements in maternal red blood cells collected 24-72 h after delivery. We calculated child BP percentile per the 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics Clinical Practice Guideline. We used linear regression models to estimate the association of each metal, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) to examine metal coexposures, with child BP between 3 to 15 years of age. RESULTS Our analytic sample comprised 1,194 mother-infant pairs (61% non-Hispanic Black, 20% Hispanic). Hg and Pb were not associated with child systolic BP (SBP). Se and Mn were inversely associated with child SBP percentiles, which, on average, were 6.23 points lower with a doubling of Se (95% CI: -11.51, -0.96) and 2.62 points lower with a doubling of Mn (95% CI: -5.20, -0.04). BKMR models showed similar results. Although Cd was not associated with child SBP overall, the inverse association between Mn and child SBP was stronger at higher levels of Cd (p-interaction=0.04). Consistent with this finding, in utero exposure to cigarette smoke modified the Mn-child SBP association. Among children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy, a doubling of Mn was associated with a 10.09-point reduction in SBP percentile (95% CI: -18.03, -2.15), compared with a 1.49-point reduction (95% CI: -4.21, 1.24) in children whose mothers did not smoke during pregnancy (p-interaction=0.08). CONCLUSION Se and Mn concentrations in maternal red blood cells collected 24-72 h after delivery were associated with lower child SBP at 3 to 15 years of age. There was an interaction between Mn and Cd on child SBP, whereby the protective association of Mn on child SBP was stronger among mothers who had higher Cd. The association of Mn and child SBP was also modified by maternal cigarette smoking-a source of Cd-during pregnancy. Optimizing in utero Se levels, as well as Mn levels in women who had high Cd or smoked during pregnancy, may protect offspring from developing high BP during childhood. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8325.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tiange Liu
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Guoying Wang
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessie P. Buckley
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eliseo Guallar
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiumei Hong
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mei-Cheng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marsha Wills-Karp
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Noel T. Mueller
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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13
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Howe CG, Margetaki K, Vafeiadi M, Roumeliotaki T, Karachaliou M, Kogevinas M, McConnell R, Eckel SP, Conti DV, Kippler M, Farzan SF, Chatzi L. Prenatal metal mixtures and child blood pressure in the Rhea mother-child cohort in Greece. Environ Health 2021; 20:1. [PMID: 33407552 PMCID: PMC7789252 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-00685-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child blood pressure (BP) is predictive of future cardiovascular risk. Prenatal exposure to metals has been associated with higher BP in childhood, but most studies have evaluated elements individually and measured BP at a single time point. We investigated impacts of prenatal metal mixture exposures on longitudinal changes in BP during childhood and elevated BP at 11 years of age. METHODS The current study included 176 mother-child pairs from the Rhea Study in Heraklion, Greece and focused on eight elements (antimony, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, lead, magnesium, molybdenum, selenium) measured in maternal urine samples collected during pregnancy (median gestational age at collection: 12 weeks). BP was measured at approximately 4, 6, and 11 years of age. Covariate-adjusted Bayesian Varying Coefficient Kernel Machine Regression and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) were used to evaluate metal mixture impacts on baseline and longitudinal changes in BP (from ages 4 to 11) and the development of elevated BP at age 11, respectively. BKMR results were compared using static versus percentile-based cutoffs to define elevated BP. RESULTS Molybdenum and lead were the mixture components most consistently associated with BP. J-shaped relationships were observed between molybdenum and both systolic and diastolic BP at age 4. Similar associations were identified for both molybdenum and lead in relation to elevated BP at age 11. For molybdenum concentrations above the inflection points (~ 40-80 μg/L), positive associations with BP at age 4 were stronger at high levels of lead. Lead was positively associated with BP measures at age 4, but only at high levels of molybdenum. Potential interactions between molybdenum and lead were also identified for BP at age 11, but were sensitive to the cutoffs used to define elevated BP. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exposure to high levels of molybdenum and lead, particularly in combination, may contribute to higher BP at age 4. These early effects appear to persist throughout childhood, contributing to elevated BP in adolescence. Future studies are needed to identify the major sources of molybdenum and lead in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin G. Howe
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, 1 Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03766 USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Katerina Margetaki
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete Greece
| | - Marina Vafeiadi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete Greece
| | - Theano Roumeliotaki
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete Greece
| | - Marianna Karachaliou
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete Greece
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rob McConnell
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Sandrah P. Eckel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - David V. Conti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Maria Kippler
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shohreh F. Farzan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
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S Machado IB, Tofanelli MR, Saldanha da Silva AA, Simões E Silva AC. Factors Associated with Primary Hypertension in Pediatric Patients: An Up-to-Date. Curr Pediatr Rev 2021; 17:15-37. [PMID: 33430749 DOI: 10.2174/1573396317999210111200222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arterial hypertension in children is considered a common alteration nowadays, mainly because obesity is a growing worldwide problem closely related to increased blood pressure. Childhood hypertension can be classified as primary or secondary, depending on the etiology. Primary or essential hypertension still has its pathophysiology not fully elucidated, and there is no consensus in the literature on most underlying mechanisms. In this review, genetic and environmental factors, including sodium and potassium intake, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, family structure, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, prematurity and low birth weight, prenatal and postnatal exposures are highlighted. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to perform an update on primary hypertension in childhood, providing clinicians and researchers an overview of the current state of the literature regarding the influence of genetic and environmental factors. METHODS This integrative review searched for articles on genetic and environmental factors related to primary hypertension in pediatric patients. The databases evaluated were PubMed and Scopus. RESULTS The studies have provided insights regarding many genetic and environmental factors, in addition to their association with the pathophysiology of primary hypertension in childhood. Findings corroborated the idea that primary hypertension is a multifactorial disease. Further studies in the pediatric population are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. CONCLUSION The study of primary hypertension in pediatrics has utmost importance for the adoption of preventive measures and the development of more efficient treatments, therefore reducing childhood morbidity and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and other health consequences later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Barreto S Machado
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Matheus Rampinelli Tofanelli
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ariadna A Saldanha da Silva
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões E Silva
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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15
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Muciño-Sandoval K, Ariza AC, Ortiz-Panozo E, Pizano-Zárate ML, Mercado-García A, Wright R, Maria Téllez-Rojo M, Sanders AP, Tamayo-Ortiz M. Prenatal and Early Childhood Exposure to Lead and Repeated Measures of Metabolic Syndrome Risk Indicators From Childhood to Preadolescence. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:750316. [PMID: 34778140 PMCID: PMC8586085 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.750316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Exposure to lead (Pb) during the early life stages has been associated with the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Longitudinal studies of Pb exposure in critical developmental windows in children are limited. Methods: Our study included 601 mother-child dyads from the PROGRESS (Programming Research in Obesity, Growth, Environment and Social Stressors) birth cohort. Blood lead levels (BLLs) were assessed during the second and third gestational trimesters, in cord blood at delivery, and at ages 1, 2, and 4 years. Bone lead levels in the patella and tibia were assessed at 1 month postpartum and evaluated in separate models. To account for cumulative exposure (prenatal, postnatal, and cumulative), we dichotomized the BLLs at each stage visit and determined the following: "higher" if a BLL was at least once above the median (HPb) and "lower" if all BLLs were below the median (LPb). We analyzed fasting glucose, HbA1c, triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (cHDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (cLDL), body mass index, waist circumference (WC), body fat percentage, and systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at two study visits between 6 and 12 years of age and created cutoff points based on the clinical guidelines for each indicator. Mixed effects models were used to analyze each outcome longitudinally for each BLL score, adjusting for child's sex, size for gestational age, child's age, maternal parity, mother's age, and socioeconomic status. Results: We observed associations for HPb exposure and TC in all stages (OR = 0.53, 95%CI = 0.32-0.86) and postnatally (OR = 0.59, 95%CI = 0.36-0.94) and for prenatal HPb and TGs (OR = 0.65, 95%CI = 0.44-0.95). HPb at all stages was associated with WC (OR = 0.27, 95%CI = 0.08-0.86), BMI (OR = 0.33, 95%CI = 0.11-0.99), SBP (OR = 0.53, 95%CI = 0.32-0.85), and DBP (OR = 0.57, 95%CI = 0.34-0.95). Pb levels in the patella were associated with cHDL (OR = 1.03, 95%CI = 1.00-1.07) and those in the tibia with TGs (OR = 0.95, 95%CI = 0.91-0.99). Conclusion: Early life exposure to Pb may alter early indicators of MetS. A follow-up of these children will allow for more definition on the impact of longer-term exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Muciño-Sandoval
- Research Center for Health and Nutrition, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Ana Carolina Ariza
- Research Center for Health and Nutrition, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Ortiz-Panozo
- Research Center for Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - María Luisa Pizano-Zárate
- Division for Research and Community Interventions, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Mercado-García
- Research Center for Health and Nutrition, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Robert Wright
- Departments of Environmental Medicine and Public Health and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Martha Maria Téllez-Rojo
- Research Center for Health and Nutrition, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Alison P Sanders
- Departments of Environmental Medicine and Public Health and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marcela Tamayo-Ortiz
- Occupational Health Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
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Singh P, Mitra P, Goyal T, Kumar PVK, Sharma S, Sharma P. Effect of metallothionein 1A rs8052394 polymorphism on lead, cadmium, zinc, and aluminum levels in factory workers. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 36:816-822. [PMID: 32816651 DOI: 10.1177/0748233720947518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are low molecular weight cysteine-rich, metal-binding proteins. They are involved in transportation and detoxification of heavy metals, homeostasis of essential metals, and as antioxidation against reactive oxygen species. Polymorphisms in a gene may increase or decrease the expression efficiency of a gene. This study aimed to determine the genetic effect of MT1A rs8052394 on lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), and aluminum (Al) levels in factory workers. The study included 100 occupationally heavy metal exposed workers from different factories around Jodhpur. Pb, Cd, Zn, and Al levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Individuals with the GG genotype had lower Pb, Zn, and Al levels and higher Cd levels than AA and AG genotypes. The genotyping of MT1A rs8052394 was done by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method (PCR-RFLP). The mean ± standard deviation of Pb, Cd, Zn, and Al was 5.88 ± 13.28 µg/dL, 3.52 ± 1.25 µg/L, 16.45 ± 16.69 µg/dL, and 58.92 ± 58.91 µg/L, respectively. A significant association was found between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of MT1A gene and Cd (p = 0.006) and with Zn levels (p = 0.031) but no association found with Pb and Al levels. Among the study population, 78 participants were homozygote major (AA), 19 were heterozygote (AG), and 3 were homozygote minor (GG). The χ 2 test presented the genotypic distribution of all three genotypes under the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p > 0.05). The frequency of the A allele was 87.5% (175) and the G allele was 12.5% (25). To conclude, polymorphism in rs8052394 of the MT1A gene is associated with increased metal accumulation which in turn may lead to increased toxic effects in the exposed individuals. Factory workers thus, should be more cautious about protecting their health against the toxic effects of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, 410730All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Prasenjit Mitra
- Department of Biochemistry, 410730All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Taru Goyal
- Department of Biochemistry, 410730All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pilla Vsn Kiran Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, 410730All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shailja Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, 410730All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, 410730All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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Baraquoni NA, Qouta SR, Vänskä M, Diab SY, Punamäki RL, Manduca P. It Takes Time to Unravel the Ecology of War in Gaza, Palestine: Long-Term Changes in Maternal, Newborn and Toddlers' Heavy Metal Loads, and Infant and Toddler Developmental Milestones in the Aftermath of the 2014 Military Attacks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186698. [PMID: 32938007 PMCID: PMC7558099 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Toxicant, teratogen and carcinogen metal war remnants negatively affect human health. The current study analyzes, first, the persistence of heavy metal contamination in newborn hair in four cohorts across time in Gaza Palestine; second, the change in mothers’ and infants’ heavy metal contamination from birth to toddlerhood; and third, the impact of heavy metal contamination on infants’ and toddlers’ growth and development. The hair of newborns was analyzed for twelve heavy metals by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP/MS) in cohorts recruited at delivery in 2011, 2015, 2016, and 2018–2019. In the 2015 cohort, mothers’ hair samples were taken at delivery, and toddlers and mothers hair were also analyzed 18 months later. Growth levels of infants at six months and toddlers at 18 months were assessed according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards according to a mother report and pediatric check-up, respectively. 1. The level of metal contamination in utero was persistently high across 8 years, 2011, 2015, 2016, 2019, following three major military attacks (2009, 2012, 2014). 2. The 2015 cohort babies exposed in utero to attacks in 2014 at six months showed association of high load at birth in mother of arsenic and in newborn of barium with underweight, of barium and molybdenum in newborn with stunting. 3. Eighteen months after birth, toddlers had a higher level of metals in hairs than when they were born, while, in their mothers, such levels were similar to those at delivery, confirming persistence in the environment of war remnants. Underweight and stunting, both in infants and toddlers, were higher than reported for previous years, as well as being progressive within the cohort. Severe environmental factors, metal contamination and food insecurity put Gaza’s infant health at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samir R. Qouta
- Doha Institute for Graduate Studies, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Al Tarfa Street, Zone 70, Doha, P.O. Box 200592, Qatar;
| | - Mervi Vänskä
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (M.V.); (S.Y.D.); (R.-L.P.)
| | - Safwat Y. Diab
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (M.V.); (S.Y.D.); (R.-L.P.)
| | - Raija-Leena Punamäki
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (M.V.); (S.Y.D.); (R.-L.P.)
| | - Paola Manduca
- Association for Scientific Research, Nwrg-onlus, 16123 Genova, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Zeng X, Huo X, Xu X, Liu D, Wu W. E-waste lead exposure and children's health in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:139286. [PMID: 32460072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
China is one of the countries worldwide confronted with serious e-waste pollution and associated detrimental health effects, which has aroused public, academic and governmental concerns. Most local residents are exposed to hazardous substances such as lead (Pb) and other persistent organic pollutants because of informal e-waste recycling activities. This study reviews recent studies on children exposed to e-waste Pb in China focusing on health-related effects in children (e.g. growth and development, cardiovascular, immune, nervous, respiratory, reproductive, skeletal, and urinary systems) and evaluating the evidence for the association between e-waste Pb exposure and the children health outcomes in China. Children are one of most sensitive and vulnerable groups when facing e-waste Pb exposure. Previous data indicate that exposure to e-waste Pb has adverse effect on human health such as delayed and damaged physical and nervous development. It is the time to take effective measures, such as upgrading e-waste recycling technology, enhancing government policy guidance and support, and strengthening environmental protection and health awareness of the local inhabitants, to prevent the adverse effects of e-waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zeng
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jinsui Road, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China; Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China; Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongling Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jinsui Road, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jinsui Road, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
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Himani, Kumar R, Ansari JA, Mahdi AA, Sharma D, Karunanand B, Datta SK. Blood Lead Levels in Occupationally Exposed Workers Involved in Battery Factories of Delhi-NCR Region: Effect on Vitamin D and Calcium Metabolism. Indian J Clin Biochem 2020; 35:80-87. [PMID: 32071499 PMCID: PMC6995464 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-018-0797-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Workers involved in battery manufacturing or recycling factories are occupationally exposed to high concentrations of lead. In humans, lead can cause a wide range of biological effects depending upon the level and duration of exposure. The purpose of this study was to find out the blood lead levels (BLL) in occupationally exposed workers involved in battery industry in Delhi NCR region and to study whether lead affected the vitamin D (vit D) and calcium metabolism. For this study 100 occupationally lead-exposed battery workers (LEBW) and 100 non-lead exposed controls (NLEC) were recruited. BLL were measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) technique while ELISA was performed to quantify the serum vit D levels in the study subjects. Routine biochemical parameters were measured by chemistry autoanalyzers. Statistical analysis was done using appropriate statistical tools. Results showed that BLL were significantly higher in LEBW as compared to NLEC (p < 0.0001). Serum vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus levels were significantly decreased in battery workers as compared to controls (p < 0.005). Spearman's rank correlation analysis showed significant negative correlation of BLL with serum Vitamin D and calcium levels. Significant positive correlation was observed between BLL and duration of lead exposure. Weak negative correlation was also observed between BLL and vit D even after adjusting for smoking status. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that higher BLL significantly alters the vit D and calcium metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani
- Department of Biochemistry, SGT Medical College & Research Institute, Gurugram, Haryana India
| | - Raman Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Jamal Akhtar Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Abbas Ali Mahdi
- Department of Biochemistry, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Dilutpal Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Busi Karunanand
- Department of Biochemistry, SGT Medical College & Research Institute, Gurugram, Haryana India
| | - Sudip Kumar Datta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Room No. – 09, New Delhi, India
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21
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Farzan SF, Howe CG, Chen Y, Gilbert-Diamond D, Cottingham KL, Jackson BP, Weinstein AR, Karagas MR. Prenatal lead exposure and elevated blood pressure in children. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:1289-1296. [PMID: 30389381 PMCID: PMC6279470 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that environmental exposures can influence blood pressure over the course of a lifetime. Exposure to toxic metals, such as lead (Pb) and arsenic (As), has been associated with increased blood pressure in adults, but few studies have examined the impacts of in utero and early life toxic metals exposure on blood pressure in childhood. As subclinical vascular changes are thought to begin early in life, it is possible that in utero toxic metals exposure may play a role in blood pressure homeostasis. In the ongoing New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, we investigated whether in utero exposure to Pb and As was associated with measures of blood pressure in a total of 323 young children (mean age 5.5 years, SD 0.4). Pb and As were measured in maternal toenail samples collected at ~28 weeks gestation (n = 257) and/or 6 weeks postpartum (n = 285), which represent exposures ~6 to 12 months prior to collection and therefore reflect the early prenatal and late prenatal exposures, respectively. Five measurements of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were averaged for each child using a standardized technique. In linear regression analyses, where log2-transformed prenatal toenail Pb and As were modeled jointly and adjusted for child age, sex, height, weight and maternal smoking during pregnancy, we observed that a doubling of maternal prenatal toenail Pb was associated with statistically significant increases in child SBP (β: 0.58 mm Hg, 95% CI: 0.05, 1.11). We did not observe any association of prenatal or postpartum As, or postpartum Pb, with SBP or DBP. Exploratory sex-stratified analyses suggest that associations of prenatal Pb with BP may be stronger among boys (SBP β: 0.72 mm Hg: 95% CI: -0.01, 1.44; DBP β: 0.37; 95% CI: -0.09, 0.84), compared to girls (SBP β: 0.48 mm Hg: 95% CI: -0.31, 1.26; DBP β: -0.05; 95% CI: -0.52, 0.41), though tests for interaction did not reach statistical significance (p-interaction SBP = 0.059; DBP = 0.057). Our preliminary results suggest that in utero toxic metals exposures may be associated with early life increases in blood pressure in children, which could have consequences for long-term health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohreh F Farzan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Caitlin G Howe
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diane Gilbert-Diamond
- Children's Environmental Health & Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Kathryn L Cottingham
- Children's Environmental Health & Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Brian P Jackson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Adam R Weinstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Children's Environmental Health & Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
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Sanders AP, Svensson K, Gennings C, Burris HH, Oken E, Amarasiriwardena C, Basnet P, Pizano-Zarate ML, Schnaas L, Tamayo-Ortiz M, Baccarelli AA, Satlin LM, Wright RO, Tellez-Rojo MM. Prenatal lead exposure modifies the effect of shorter gestation on increased blood pressure in children. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:464-471. [PMID: 30145310 PMCID: PMC6354251 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High blood pressure (BP) in childhood is frequently renal in origin and a risk factor for adult hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Shorter gestations are a known risk factor for increased BP in adults and children, due in part to a nephron deficit in children born preterm. As nephrogenesis is incomplete until 36 weeks gestation, prenatal lead exposure occurring during a susceptible period of renal development may contribute to programming for later life renal disease. The relationship between shorter gestation and children's BP has not yet been explored to identify i) critical windows using nonlinear piecewise models or ii) combined with other early life risk factors such as prenatal lead exposure. OBJECTIVES (1) To evaluate the nonlinear relationship between lower gestational age and childhood BP measured at 4-6 years of age, and (2) to investigate modification by prenatal lead exposure. METHODS In a prospective longitudinal birth cohort, we assessed 565 children between 4 and 6 years of age (mean: 4.8 years) in the PROGRESS cohort in Mexico City, Mexico. Gestational age at delivery was calculated using maternal report of last menstrual period (LMP) and confirmed with Capurro physical examination at birth. We measured pregnant women's blood lead levels (BLLs) in the second trimester via inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and children's BP using an automated device. We performed both linear and nonlinear piecewise regression analyses to examine associations of gestational age with children's BP adjusting for children's age, sex, height, prenatal exposure to smoke, and maternal socioeconomic status. We stratified to assess modification by prenatal lead exposure, and used a data-adaptive approach to identify a lead cutpoint. RESULTS Maternal second trimester BLLs ranged from 0.7 to 17.8 μg/dL with 112 (20%) women above the CDC guideline level of 5 μg/dL. In adjusted linear regression models, a one week reduction in gestational age was associated with a 0.5 mm Hg (95%CI: 0.2, 0.8) increase in SBP and a 0.4 mm Hg (95%CI 0.1, 0.6) increase in DBP. Our nonlinear models suggested evidence for different magnitude estimates on either side of an estimated join-point at 35.9 weeks' gestation, but did not reach statistical significance. However, when stratified by prenatal lead exposure, we identified a cutpoint lead level of concern of 2.5 μg/dL that suggested an interaction between gestational age and blood lead. Specifically, for BLLs ≥ 2.5 μg/dL, SBP was 1.6 (95%CI: 0.3, 2.9) mm Hg higher per each week reduction in gestational age among children born before 37.0 weeks; and among children born after 37.0 weeks, this relationship was attenuated yet remained significant [β: 0.9, 95%CI (0.2, 1.6)]. At BLLs below 2.5 μg/dL, there was no appreciable association between lower gestational age and SBP. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that shorter gestation combined with higher prenatal lead exposure contributes to a higher risk of increased SBP at 4-6 years of age, particularly among infants born <37 weeks gestation. Our results underscore the importance of preventing prenatal lead exposure - even levels as low as 2.5 μg/dL - especially among pregnant women at risk for preterm birth. Given that high BP in childhood is a risk factor for adult hypertension and cardiovascular disease later in life, these results may have implications that extend across the life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison P Sanders
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Katherine Svensson
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chris Gennings
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heather H Burris
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emily Oken
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chitra Amarasiriwardena
- Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Priyanka Basnet
- Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - María Luisa Pizano-Zarate
- Division of Community Interventions Research, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Schnaas
- Division of Community Interventions Research, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcela Tamayo-Ortiz
- National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT), Mexico City, Mexico; Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa M Satlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martha M Tellez-Rojo
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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23
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Ahmad I, Khan B, Khan S, Khan MT, Schwab AP. Assessment of lead exposure among automobile technicians in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:293-299. [PMID: 29574373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to Pb among automobile technicians in selected towns of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan, was studied using a questionnaire, biological sampling (blood, hair, nails), and analysis of Pb biomonitoring data across various subgroups of occupation, age, and years of exposure. The study population included exposed automobile technicians (n=50) and a control group (n=50). The automobile technicians were further stratified into 4 groups: mechanics, auto-body technicians, electricians, and painters. Mean Pb levels in biological samples of the automobile technicians were significantly higher than in the control group (P<0.01). The Pb concentrations (mean±standard deviation) in whole blood, hair, and nails of automobile technicians were 65.3±41.9μgdL-1, 23.6±11.2mgkg-1 and 29.7±14.5mgkg-1, respectively, whereas concentrations in the control group were 21.7±17.6μgdL-1, 4.8±3.4mgkg-1 and 7.2±3.9mgkg-1. Fifty two percent of the automobile technicians had blood levels >50μgdL-1, but only 14% of the control group exceeded this level. Considering that Pb blood levels of 50μgdL-1 exceed maximum concentrations recommended by leading public health organizations, appropriate measures should be taken to protect the welfare of the exposed automobile technicians and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan; Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, 2474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-2474, USA
| | - Bushra Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | | | - Arthur Paul Schwab
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, 2474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-2474, USA.
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24
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Sanders AP, Saland JM, Wright RO, Satlin L. Perinatal and childhood exposure to environmental chemicals and blood pressure in children: a review of literature 2007-2017. Pediatr Res 2018; 84:165-180. [PMID: 29884847 PMCID: PMC6185812 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental chemicals during periods of renal development from embryogenesis to birth and through childhood can inform critical windows of nephrotoxicity, including changes in childhood blood pressure. This review assessed recent studies that examined the relationship of air pollution, metals, and other organic pollutants with children's blood pressure outcomes. We restricted this review to peer-reviewed studies published in English between January 2007 and July 2017. We identified a total of 36 articles that estimated associations with childhood blood pressure, of which 14 studies examined the effects of air pollution, 10 examined metals, and 12 examined other organic pollutants including phthalates (n = 4), Bisphenol A (n = 3), polychlorinated biphenols (n = 2), organophosphate pesticides (n = 2), or perfluoroalkyl acids (n = 1). Similar to the established relationship between tobacco smoke exposure and childhood blood pressure, the majority of studies that examined air pollutants, particularly exposure to PM10 and PM2.5, reported associations with increased childhood blood pressure. The literature reported conflicting evidence for metals, and putative evidence of the effects of exposure to phthalates, Bisphenol A, polychlorinated biphenols, and pesticides. Overall, our review underscores the need for additional studies that assess the impact of nephrotoxicant exposure during early life, particularly the perinatal period, and blood pressure in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison P Sanders
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jeffrey M Saland
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Satlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Schwalfenberg G, Rodushkin I, Genuis SJ. Heavy metal contamination of prenatal vitamins. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:390-395. [PMID: 29854609 PMCID: PMC5978005 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic elements are found in prenatal vitamins with lead at unacceptable levels in more than half of the products tested. Arsenic is also found in some products at unsafe levels. Thallium is present at levels in some products that are not acceptable. Some products have very low level, which are safer, and recommendations are made to have industry (self regulatory) and government oversight to have the least contamination of prenatal vitamins.
Prenatal vitamins are often consumed daily during gestation and postnatally for up to 18–24 months with the belief that supplementation achieves better outcomes. Detrimental effects of gestational exposure to adverse chemical agents are gathering increasing attention. This study was designed to assess toxic element contamination in prenatal supplements. Twenty-six commonly used prenatal vitamin brands including one prescription brand were collected from Canadian health-food outlets and pharmacies, and tested for toxic element contamination. Results were compared to established endpoints. All samples contained Lead with average amounts being (0.535 μgm), 20/51 samples exceeded established standards for lead toxicity (0.50 μgm/day), with one sample yielding 4. μgm/day. Three samples registered inorganic arsenic levels above acceptable limits. Cadmium levels did not exceed current standards. Toxic elements such as Aluminum, Nickel, Titanium and Thallium were detected in all samples. Cumulative intake of prenatal supplement over many months may constitute a significant source of toxic element exposure to the mother and offspring. With several samples exceeding known standards for gestational toxic element exposure, guidelines for routine monitoring and reporting are required. In keeping with recommendations from the International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology, industry regulation would be welcomed to protect expectant mothers and their vulnerable offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilia Rodushkin
- Scandinavia Division of A.L.S. Laboratory Group, Sweden.,Luleå University of Technology, Sweden
| | - Stephen J Genuis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Canada
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26
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Gargouri M, Soussi A, Akrouti A, Magné C, El Feki A. Ameliorative effects of Spirulina platensis against lead-induced nephrotoxicity in newborn rats: Modulation of oxidative stress and histopathological changes. EXCLI JOURNAL 2018; 17:215-232. [PMID: 29743860 PMCID: PMC5938537 DOI: 10.17179/excli2017-1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our experimental work was aimed at evaluating the safety and protective effects of dietary spirulina supplementation on the kidney of newborn rats, the offspring of lead contaminated lactating mothers. Female rats were randomly divided into four groups: group I (control) was given a normal diet, group II (positive control, S) received a diet enriched with spirulina, group III received only lead through drinking water (Pb), and group IV received both a diet enriched with spirulina and lead contaminated water (S Pb). The treatment of pregnant rats with lead administrated in drinking water, from the 5th day of pregnancy until day 14 after delivery, induced an increased level of renal lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl, hydrogen peroxide and advanced oxidation protein product, a decreased renal content of glutathione and antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in newborns. A statistically significant increase of renal DNA, mRNA, hematological parameters as well as in plasma urea and creatinine serum levels and lactate dehydrogenase was seen in pups, while those of uric acid declined. Interestingly, these biochemical modifications were accompanied by a significant decrease of lactate dehydrogenase in kidney, plasma alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyl-transpeptidase levels, urinary levels of creatinine and urea. Conversely, supplementation of lead-treated mother's with spirulina alleviated hematotoxicity induced by lead as evidenced, by restoring the biochemical markers cited above to near normal levels. Nevertheless, the distorted histoarchitecture in rat kidney attenuated following spirulina supplementation. It can be then concluded that spirulina is an important protective source against kidney impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Gargouri
- Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Sciences, Sfax University, Tunisia.,EA2219 Geoarchitecture, University of Brest Cedex 3, France
| | - Ahlem Soussi
- Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Sciences, Sfax University, Tunisia
| | - Amel Akrouti
- Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Sciences, Sfax University, Tunisia
| | | | - Abdelfattah El Feki
- Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Sciences, Sfax University, Tunisia
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27
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High serum lead concentration in the first trimester is associated with an elevated risk of small-for-gestational-age infants. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 332:75-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Hu H, Zhang Y, Shi Y, Feng L, Duan J, Sun Z. Microarray-based bioinformatics analysis of the combined effects of SiNPs and PbAc on cardiovascular system in zebrafish. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:1298-1309. [PMID: 28679150 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With rapid development of nanotechnology and growing environmental pollution, the combined toxic effects of SiNPs and pollutants of heavy metals like lead have received global attentions. The aim of this study was to explore the cardiovascular effects of the co-exposure of SiNPs and lead acetate (PbAc) in zebrafish using microarray and bioinformatics analysis. Although there was no other obvious cardiovascular malformation except bleeding phenotype, bradycardia, angiogenesis inhibition and declined cardiac output in zebrafish co-exposed of SiNPs and PbAc at NOAEL level, significant changes were observed in mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) expression patterns. STC-GO analysis indicated that the co-exposure might have more toxic effects on cardiovascular system than that exposure alone. Key differentially expressed genes were discerned out based on the Dynamic-gene-network, including stxbp1a, ndfip2, celf4 and gsk3b. Furthermore, several miRNAs obtained from the miRNA-Gene-Network might play crucial roles in cardiovascular disease, such as dre-miR-93, dre-miR-34a, dre-miR-181c, dre-miR-7145, dre-miR-730, dre-miR-129-5p, dre-miR-19d, dre-miR-218b, dre-miR-221. Besides, the analysis of miRNA-pathway-network indicated that the zebrafish were stimulated by the co-exposure of SiNPs and PbAc, which might cause the disturbance of calcium homeostasis and endoplasmic reticulum stress. As a result, cardiac muscle contraction might be deteriorated. In general, our data provide abundant fundamental research clues to the combined toxicity of environmental pollutants and further in-depth verifications are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejing Hu
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Yannan Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Yanfeng Shi
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Lin Feng
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Junchao Duan
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
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Abstract
The global prevalence of obesity has been increasing at a staggering pace, with few indications of any decline, and is now one of the major public health challenges worldwide. While obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) have historically thought to be largely driven by increased caloric intake and lack of exercise, this is insufficient to account for the observed changes in disease trends. There is now increasing evidence to suggest that exposure to synthetic chemicals in our environment may also play a key role in the etiology and pathophysiology of metabolic diseases. Importantly, exposures occurring in early life (in utero and early childhood) may have a more profound effect on life-long risk of obesity and MetS. This narrative review explores the evidence linking early-life exposure to a suite of chemicals that are common contaminants associated with food production (pesticides; imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos, and glyphosate) and processing (acrylamide), in addition to chemicals ubiquitously found in our household goods (brominated flame retardants) and drinking water (heavy metals) and changes in key pathways important for the development of MetS and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E De Long
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alison C Holloway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Correspondence: Alison C Holloway, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, RM HSC-3N52, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada, Tel +1 905 525 9140 ext 22130, Fax +1 905 524 2911, Email
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