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Pál L, Lovas S, McKee M, Diószegi J, Kovács N, Szűcs S. Exposure to volatile organic compounds in offices and in residential and educational buildings in the European Union between 2010 and 2023: A systematic review and health risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:173965. [PMID: 38897460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can result in several adverse effects including cancers. We review reports of levels of VOCs in offices and in residential and educational buildings in the member states of the European Union (EU) published between 2010 and 2023. We use these data to assess the risk to population health by estimating lifetime exposure to indoor VOCs and resulting non-cancer and cancer risks and, from that, the burden of cancer attributable to VOC exposure and associated economic losses. Our systematic review identified 1783 articles, of which 184 were examined in detail, with 58 yielding relevant data. After combining data on VOC concentrations separately for EU countries and building types, non-cancer and cancer risks were assessed in terms of hazard quotient and lifetime excess cancer risk (LECR) using probabilistic Monte Carlo Simulations. The LECR was used to estimate disability adjusted life years (DALYs) from VOC-related cancers and associated costs. We find that the LECR associated with formaldehyde exposure was above the acceptable risk level (ARL) in France and Germany and that of from exposure to benzene was also above the ARL in Spanish females. The sum of DALYs and related costs/1,000,000 population/year from exposure to acetaldehyde, benzene, formaldehyde, tetrachloroethylene, and trichloroethylene were 4.02 and €41,010, respectively, in France, those from exposure to acetaldehyde, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, formaldehyde, and trichloroethylene were 3.91 and €39,590 in Germany, and those from exposure to benzene were 0.1 and €1030 in Spain. Taken as a whole, these findings show that indoor exposure to VOCs remains a public health concern in the EU. Although the EU has set limits for certain VOCs, further measures are needed to restrict the use of these chemicals in consumer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Pál
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Szabolcs Lovas
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Martin McKee
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Judit Diószegi
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Nóra Kovács
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Szűcs
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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2
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Khoshakhlagh AH, Mohammadzadeh M, Ghobakhloo S, Cheng H, Gruszecka-Kosowska A, Knight J. Health risk assessment from inhalation exposure to indoor formaldehyde: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134307. [PMID: 38678702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated studies on formaldehyde (FA) inhalation exposure in indoor environments and related carcinogenic (CR) and non-carcinogenic (HQ) risk. Studies were obtained from Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, and Embase databases without time limitation until November 21, 2023. Studies not meeting the criteria of Population, Exposure, Comparator, and Outcomes (PECO) were excluded. The 45 articles included belonged to the 5 types of sites: dwelling environments, educational centers, kindergartens, vehicle cabins, and other indoor environments. A meta-analysis determined the average effect size (ES) between indoor FA concentrations, CR, and HQ values in each type of indoor environment. FA concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 1620 μg/m3. The highest FA concentrations were stated in water pipe cafés and the lowest in residential environments. In more than 90% of the studies uncertain (1.00 ×10-6 1.00 ×10-4) due to FA inhalation exposure was reported and non-carcinogenic risk was stated acceptable. The meta-analysis revealed the highest CR values due to inhalation of indoor FA in high-income countries. As 90% of the time is spent indoors, it is crucial to adopt effective strategies to reduce FA concentrations, especially in kindergartens and schools, with regular monitoring of indoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Khoshakhlagh
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Safiye Ghobakhloo
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hefa Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Agnieszka Gruszecka-Kosowska
- AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics, and Environmental Protection, Department of Environmental Protection, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jasper Knight
- School of Geography, Archaeology & Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
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Khoshakhlagh AH, Mohammadzadeh M, Sicard P, Bamel U. Human exposure to formaldehyde and health risk assessment: a 46-year systematic literature review. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:206. [PMID: 38724672 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/17/2024]
Abstract
After confirming that formaldehyde (FA) is carcinogenic, many studies were conducted in different countries to investigate this finding. Therefore, according to the dispersion of related studies, a bibliometric review of the current literature was performed with the aim of better understanding the exposure to FA and the resulting health risk, for the first time, using the Scopus database and the two open-source software packages, Bibliometrix R package. After screening the documents in Excel, the data was analyzed based on three aspects including performance analysis, conceptual structure, and intellectual structure, and the results were presented in tables and diagrams. A total of 468 documents were analyzed over period 1977-2023, in which 1956 authors from 56 countries participated. The number of scientific publications has grown significantly from 1977 (n = 1) to 2022 (n = 19). Zhang Y., from the Yale School of Public Health (USA), was identified as the most impactful author in this field. The Science of the Total Environment journal was identified as the main source of articles related to exposure to formaldehyde by publishing 25 studies. The United States and China were the most active countries with the most international collaboration. The main topics investigated during these 46 years included "formaldehyde" and "health risk assessment", which have taken new directions in recent years with the emergence of the keyword "asthma". The present study provides a comprehensive view of the growth and evolution of studies related to formaldehyde and the resulting health risks, which can provide a better understanding of existing research gaps and new and emerging issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Khoshakhlagh
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Pierre Sicard
- ARGANS, 260 Route du Pin Montard, Biot, France
- INCDS "Marin Drăcea", 077030, Voluntari, Romania
| | - Umesh Bamel
- OB and HRM Group, International Management Institute New Delhi, New Delhi, India
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4
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Tang J, Wang X, Pan H, Zhou B. A first-principles study on Ni-decorated MoS 2 for efficient formaldehyde degradation over a wide temperature range. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:12672-12680. [PMID: 38602365 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00189c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The development of a high-efficiency, low-cost, and environmentally friendly catalyst for formaldehyde degradation is crucial for addressing the issue of indoor formaldehyde pollution. Given that modern individuals spend over 90% of their time indoors, effectively tackling indoor formaldehyde pollution holds significant importance. Therefore, this paper proposes an efficient catalyst for formaldehyde degradation: surface modification of MoS2 by single-atom Ni, which can convert formaldehyde into harmless H2O and CO2. The DFT method is employed to systematically investigate the oxidative degradation pathways of formaldehyde on the surface of Ni-doped MoS2. The research focuses on two common oxidative degradation pathways in both the L-H mechanism and E-R mechanism. Our findings demonstrate that these four reaction paths occur spontaneously within the temperature range of 300-800 K with a reaction equilibrium constant greater than 105. Moreover, even under extreme temperature conditions (100 K), the reaction rate remains favorable. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the minimum activation energy is merely 0.91 eV and H2O and CO2 only need to overcome an energy barrier of 0.71 eV for desorption from the catalyst surface. This substantiates its potential application both in indoor environments and under extreme temperature conditions. This theoretical research provides innovative ideas and strategies for effectively oxidizing formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Tang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communicate Devices, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Xiaocha Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communicate Devices, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Honggang Pan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communicate Devices, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Baozeng Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communicate Devices, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
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Domhagen F, Langer S, Sasic Kalagasidis A. Theoretical Threshold for Estimating the Impact of Ventilation on Materials' Emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5058-5067. [PMID: 38445590 PMCID: PMC10956430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
In new buildings, nonoccupant VOC emissions are initially high but typically decrease within months. Increased ventilation is commonly used to improve indoor air quality, assuming it speeds up VOC off-gassing from materials. However, previous research presents inconsistent results. This review introduces a simplified analytical model to understand the ventilation-emission relationship. By combining factors such as diffusivity, emitting area, and time, the model suggests the existence of a theoretical ventilation threshold beyond which enhanced ventilation has no further influence on emission rates. A threshold of approximately 0.13 L s-1 m-2 emitting area has been found for various VOCs documented in the existing literature, with which the conflicting results are explained. It is also shown that the threshold remains notably consistent across different boundary conditions and model resolutions, indicating its suitability for real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Domhagen
- Department
of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sarka Langer
- Department
of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
- IVL
Swedish Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 53021, SE-40014 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Angela Sasic Kalagasidis
- Department
of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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6
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Wang Z, Yu T, Ye J, Tian L, Lin B, Leng W, Liu C. A novel low sampling rate and cost-efficient active sampler for medium/long-term monitoring of gaseous pollutants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132583. [PMID: 37741205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Active sampling is a dependable approach for gaseous pollutants monitoring, offering high accuracy and precision that is unaffected by environmental factors such as wind and temperature in comparison to passive sampling. To measure long-term average concentrations while minimizing the use of materials, a reduced sampling rate is necessary. Thus, this study aims to develop a novel low sampling rate (down to 1 mL/min) and cost-efficient active sampler (LASP) for medium/long-term monitoring of gaseous pollutants. The LASP mainly consisted of a syringe pump, a Y-shaped fitting with two one-way valves, and a control unit for intermittent operation. Results showed that LASP can obtain a sampling rate of less than 1 mL/min and sampling rate exhibited a high level of stability. Daily average concentrations measurements for nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde by LASP had normalized mean biases of 2.8% and 5.2%, respectively. These numbers were - 5.8% and 6.1% for weekly-average samplings. This study demonstrated applications of LASP in real outdoor (daily-average) and indoor (weekly-average) air quality measurements. It worked well with low noise levels, and without interfering with occupants' daily activities. LASP can assist in improving our ability to monitor air quality and pollutants emissions, thereby supporting health research and policy development. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Gaseous air pollution is an important hazardous factor threatening human health. Medium/long-term air quality monitoring is essential for outdoor and indoor air quality assessment and control. However, air sampler for medium/long-term sampling is lacking. This study developed a novel low sampling rate and cost-efficient active sampler and applied it to medium/long-term air sampling. The sampler can work at a sampling rate of less than 1 mL/min. This technology provides a feasible strategy for medium/long-term monitoring of gaseous air pollutants in both environments and emission hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Wuhan Second Ship Design and Research Institute, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jin Ye
- School of Energy and Power, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China
| | - Lei Tian
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Bencheng Lin
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Wenjun Leng
- Wuhan Second Ship Design and Research Institute, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Cong Liu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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7
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Lu L, Xiao T, Yang X, Zhou X, Yan J. Refinement and predicting formaldehyde concentrations of indoor fabric: Effects of temperature and humidity. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 342:140096. [PMID: 37683950 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air pollution resulting from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a significant health concern, especially formaldehyde. Therefore, predicting indoor formaldehyde concentration is essential for environmental control. In this research, the authors develop a thermal and wet coupling calculation model of porous fabric that considers the influence of different phases of wet components and the coupling effect of heat and humidity on formaldehyde migration. We propose a modified calculation method of the formaldehyde mass transfer characteristic parameters of fabric to obtain the diffusion coefficient D and partition coefficient K. The heat and humidity coupling model and formaldehyde mass transfer model of fabric are simultaneously solved, and the authors analyze the influence mechanism of fabric loading rate, fabric type, temperature, and humidity on indoor formaldehyde mass transfer characteristics. We study the variation trend of fabric formaldehyde mass transfer characteristics coefficient and the temporal and spatial distribution of indoor formaldehyde concentration. The theoretical model is applied to practical problems by pre-evaluating the indoor formaldehyde concentration of decorated residential buildings in typical climate areas of China before occupancy. The authors obtain the variation rule of indoor formaldehyde concentration of residential buildings under typical hot and humid climate conditions, building materials, furniture, and fabrics. To provide theoretical support for indoor environmental control and human health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Lu
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tian Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Xiaohu Yang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Xiaojun Zhou
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jinyue Yan
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Future Energy Profile, School of Business, Society, and Engineering, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
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8
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Chen M, Wang H, Wang J, Sun M, Hu Y, Zhao X, Zhou Y. Efficient degradation of formaldehyde based on DFT-screened metal-doped C 3N 6 monolayer photocatalysts: performance evaluation and mechanistic insights. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:25353-25360. [PMID: 37703044 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03160h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic oxidation is an efficient and promising technology for reducing indoor pollution levels of formaldehyde (HCHO). However, developing efficient and low-cost photocatalysts for the removal of HCHO remains challenging due to the time-consuming and expensive nature of traditional "trial and error" and "directed research" approaches. To achieve this goal, first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations were conducted to high-throughput screen candidate TM-C3N6 photocatalysts for high-performance degradation of HCHO. The results revealed that Zr-C3N6 and Hf-C3N6 in functionalizing C3N6 with 28 transition metals showed excellent adsorption energy of HCHO, boosting the highly effective capture of HCHO. Meanwhile, an excellent adsorption performance mechanism was further elicited by the electric structure-property relationship. In addition, reaction mechanisms for HCHO degradation and three potential reaction pathways for HCHO degradation were systematically evaluated. Our findings indicated that hydroxyl-assisted dehydrogenation and oxygen-assisted dehydrogenation are the most favorable pathways, with rate-limiting steps involving the formation of ˙OH and ˙O radicals. Overall, this study may provide new insights into a high-throughput screening of novel photocatalysts that are both high-performing and low-cost for the removal of formaldehyde. This, in turn, can accelerate the experimental development process and reduce the associated costs and time consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshan Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, National Engineering Research Canter for Marine Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province 316004, China.
| | - Haijian Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, National Engineering Research Canter for Marine Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province 316004, China.
| | - Jinhu Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, National Engineering Research Canter for Marine Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province 316004, China.
| | - Mingyuzhi Sun
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, National Engineering Research Canter for Marine Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province 316004, China.
| | - Yaxuan Hu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, National Engineering Research Canter for Marine Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province 316004, China.
| | - Xue Zhao
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Yingtang Zhou
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, National Engineering Research Canter for Marine Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province 316004, China.
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Hou Y, Cao B, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Yang L, Duanmu L, Lian Z, Zhang Y, Zhai Y, Wang Z, Zhou X, Xie J. Temporal and spatial heterogeneity of indoor and outdoor temperatures and their relationship with thermal sensation from a global perspective. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 179:108174. [PMID: 37660634 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
People spend most of their time indoors. However, indoor temperature and individual thermal exposure are generally not considered in epidemiological studies of temperature and health. Based on the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) RP-884 Database, the ASHRAE Global Thermal Comfort Database II and the Chinese Thermal Comfort Database, this study first explored the relationship between outdoor temperature, indoor temperature and thermal sensation from a global perspective. Moreover, the potential influence of spatiotemporal heterogeneity on health studies was explored. A breakpoint was found at approximately 11.5 °C in the segmented regression of indoor and outdoor temperature, and the slope of the curve was greater when outdoor temperature was above the breakpoint (n = 67,896). Based on multi-group propensity score matching (PSM) and generalizedadditivemodels (GAM), spatiotemporal heterogeneity was found in the relationship between indoor and outdoor temperatures after adjusting for building type and year. Furthermore, the relationship between indoor temperature and thermal sensation was influenced by the outdoor temperature. This study highlights the importance of considering indoor temperature or individual thermal exposure in temperature-related health studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Hou
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Eco Planning & Green Building, Ministry of Education (Tsinghua University), Beijing, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Eco Planning & Green Building, Ministry of Education (Tsinghua University), Beijing, China.
| | - Yingxin Zhu
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control (Tsinghua University), Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Center for the Built Environment, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Liu Yang
- College of Architecture, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Duanmu
- School of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Zhiwei Lian
- Department of Architecture, School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- School of Architecture, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongchao Zhai
- College of Architecture, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingchao Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
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Wu X, Sun S, Wang R, Huang Z, Shen H, Zhao H, Jing G. Pt single atoms and defect engineering of TiO 2-nanosheet-assembled hierarchical spheres for efficient room-temperature HCHO oxidation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131434. [PMID: 37146337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Achieving high atomic utilization and low cost of desirable Pt/TiO2 catalysts is a major challenge for room temperature HCHO oxidation. Here, the strategy of anchoring stable Pt single atoms by abundant oxygen vacancies over TiO2-nanosheet-assembled hierarchical spheres (Pt1/TiO2-HS) was designed to eliminate HCHO. A superior HCHO oxidation activity and CO2 yield (∼100% CO2 yield) at relative humidity (RH) > 50% over Pt1/TiO2-HS is achieved for long-term run. We attribute the excellent HCHO oxidation performance to the stable isolated Pt single atoms anchored on the defective TiO2-HS surface. The Ptδ+ on the Pt1/TiO2-HS surface has a facile intense electron transfer with the support by forming Pt-O-Ti linkages, driving HCHO oxidation effectively. Further in situ HCHO-DRIFTS revealed that the dioxymethylene (DOM) and HCOOH/HCOO- intermediates were further degraded via active OH- and adsorbed oxygen on the Pt1/TiO2-HS surface, respectively. This work may pave the way for the next generation of advanced catalytic materials for high-efficiency catalytic HCHO oxidation at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Wu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Shaodi Sun
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Ruichen Wang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Huazheng Shen
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Huawang Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Guohua Jing
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China.
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11
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Mansouri A, Wei W, Alessandrini JM, Mandin C, Blondeau P. Impact of Climate Change on Indoor Air Quality: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192315616. [PMID: 36497689 PMCID: PMC9740977 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Climate change can affect the indoor environment due to heat and mass transfers between indoor and outdoor environments. To mitigate climate change impacts and adapt buildings to the changing environment, changes in building characteristics and occupants' behavior may occur. To characterize the effects of climate change on indoor air quality (IAQ), the present review focused on four aspects: (1) experimental and modeling studies that relate IAQ to future environmental conditions, (2) evolution of indoor and outdoor air concentrations in the coming years with regard to temperature rise, (3) climate change mitigation and adaptation actions in the building sector, and (4) evolution of human behavior in the context of climate change. In the indoor environment, experimental and modeling studies on indoor air pollutants highlighted a combined effect of temperature and relative humidity on pollutant emissions from indoor sources. Five IAQ models developed for future climate data were identified in the literature. In the outdoor environment, the increasing ambient temperature may lead directly or indirectly to changes in ozone, particle, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compound concentrations in some regions of the world depending on the assumptions made about temperature evolution, anthropogenic emissions, and regional regulation. Infiltration into buildings of outdoor air pollutants is governed by many factors, including temperature difference between indoors and outdoors, and might increase in the years to come during summer and decrease during other seasons. On the other hand, building codes in some countries require a higher airtightness for new and retrofitted buildings. The building adaptation actions include the reinforcement of insulation, implementation of new materials and smart building technologies, and a more systematic and possibly longer use of air conditioning systems in summer compared to nowadays. Moreover, warmer winters, springs, and autumns may induce an increasing duration of open windows in these seasons, while the use of air conditioning in summer may reduce the duration of open windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Mansouri
- Scientific and Technical Centre for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 77447 Marne-la-Vallée, France
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Ingénieur pour l’Environnement (LaSIE), UMR CNRS 7356, La Rochelle University, 17042 La Rochelle, France
| | - Wenjuan Wei
- Scientific and Technical Centre for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 77447 Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Jean-Marie Alessandrini
- Scientific and Technical Centre for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 77447 Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Corinne Mandin
- Scientific and Technical Centre for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 77447 Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Patrice Blondeau
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Ingénieur pour l’Environnement (LaSIE), UMR CNRS 7356, La Rochelle University, 17042 La Rochelle, France
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12
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Liu N, Zhang X, Wang L, Liang K, Zhang Y, Cao J. Early-Stage Emissions of Formaldehyde and Volatile Organic Compounds from Building Materials: Model Development, Evaluation, and Applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14680-14689. [PMID: 36112514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from building materials may result in poor indoor air quality. The emission process can be divided into three stages over time: early, transition, and equilibrium stages. In existing studies, mass transfer models without distinguishing the early and transition stages have been widely used for characterizing the formaldehyde/VOC emissions, with three key parameters involved in these models. Many methods have been proposed for determining these parameters by fitting the corresponding models to experimental data. However, multiple groups of best-fit parameters might coexist if experimental data are obtained at the early stage (to shorten the experimental time). Therefore, we developed a novel mass transfer model to describe the early-stage emissions by assuming the building material as semi-infinite medium. The novel model indicated that the early-stage emission was governed by only two parameters, instead of three parameters, which explained the reason for the multi-solution problem of existing methods. Subsequently, the application condition of the early-stage model was clarified, showing that the early stage was very common in the emissions of formaldehyde/VOCs. Finally, a novel approach for characterizing the emissions of formaldehyde/VOCs from building materials was proposed to eliminate the negative effects of the multi-solution problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningrui Liu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Luyang Wang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kai Liang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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13
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Wang H, Xiong J, Wei W. Measurement methods and impact factors for the key parameters of VOC/SVOC emissions from materials in indoor and vehicular environments: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 168:107451. [PMID: 35963058 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from indoor building and vehicle cabin materials can adversely affect human health. Many mechanistic models to predict the VOC/SVOC emission characteristics have been proposed. Nowadays, the main obstacle to accurate model prediction is the availability and reliability of the physical parameters used in the model, such as the initial emittable concentration, the diffusion coefficient, the partition coefficient, and the gas-phase SVOC concentration adjacent to the material surface. The purpose of this work is to review the existing methods for measuring the key parameters of VOCs/SVOCs from materials in both indoor and vehicular environments. The pros and cons of these methods are analyzed, and the available datasets found in the literature are summarized. Some methods can determine one single key parameter, while other methods can determine two or three key parameters simultaneously. The impacts of multiple factors (temperature, relative humidity, loading ratio, and air change rate) on VOC/SVOC emission behaviors are discussed. The existing measurement methods span very large spatial and time scales: the spatial scale varies from micro to macro dimensions; and the time scale in chamber tests varies from several hours to one month for VOCs, and may even span years for SVOCs. Based on the key parameters, a pre-assessment approach for indoor and vehicular air quality is introduced in this review. The approach uses the key parameters for different material combinations to pre-assess the VOC/SVOC concentrations or human exposure levels during the design stage of buildings or vehicles, which can assist designers to select appropriate materials and achieve effective source control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimei Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianyin Xiong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Wenjuan Wei
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Observatory (OOAI), 77447 Champs-sur-Marne, France
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14
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Chen W, Sullivan CD, Lai SN, Yen CC, Jiang X, Peroulis D, Stanciu LA. Noble-Nanoparticle-Decorated Ti 3C 2T x MXenes for Highly Sensitive Volatile Organic Compound Detection. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:29195-29203. [PMID: 36033655 PMCID: PMC9404467 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional transition-metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) have been regarded as promising sensing materials because of their high surface-to-volume ratios and outstanding electronic, optical, and mechanical properties with versatile transition-metal and surface chemistries. However, weak gas-molecule adsorption of MXenes poses a serious limitation to their sensitivity and selectivity, particularly for trace amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at room temperature. To deal with these issues, Au-decorated MXenes are synthesized by a facile solution mixing method for room-temperature sensing of a wide variety of oxygen-based and hydrocarbon-based VOCs. Dynamic sensing experiments reveal that optimal decoration of Au nanoparticles (NPs) on Ti3C2T x MXene significantly elevates the response and selectivity of the flexible sensors, especially in detecting formaldehyde. Au-Ti3C2T x gas sensors exhibited an extremely low limit of detection of 92 ppb for formaldehyde at room temperature. Au-Ti3C2T x provides reliable gas response, low noise level, ultrahigh signal-to-noise ratio, high selectivity, as well as parts per billion level of formaldehyde detection. The prominent mechanism for Au-Ti3C2T x in sensing formaldehyde is elucidated theoretically from density functional theory simulations. The results presented here strongly suggest that decorating noble-metal NPs on MXenes is a feasible strategy for the development of next-generation ultrasensitive sensors for Internet of Things.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winston
Yenyu Chen
- School
of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Birck
Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Connor Daniel Sullivan
- School
of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Birck
Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sz-Nian Lai
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chun Yen
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Xiaofan Jiang
- School
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Dimitrios Peroulis
- School
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lia A. Stanciu
- School
of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Birck
Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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15
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Wei W, Little JC, Nicolas M, Ramalho O, Mandin C. Modeling Primary Emissions of Chemicals from Liquid Products Applied on Indoor Surfaces. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10122. [PMID: 36011756 PMCID: PMC9407831 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Liquid products applied on material surfaces and human skin, including many household cleaning products and personal care products, can lead to intermittent emissions of chemicals and peak concentrations in indoor air. The existing case-based models do not allow inter-comparison of different use scenarios and emission mechanisms. In this context, the present work developed a mechanistic model based on mass transfer theories, which allowed emissions into the air from the liquid product to be characterized. It also allowed for diffusion into the applied surface during product use and re-emission from the applied surface after the depletion of the liquid product. The model was validated using literature data on chemical emissions following floor cleaning and personal care product use. A sensitivity analysis of the model was then conducted. The percentage of the chemical mass emitted from the liquid to the air varied from 45% (applied on porous material) to 99% (applied on human skin), and the rest was absorbed into the applied material/skin. The peak gas-phase concentration, the time to reach the peak concentration, and the percentage of the liquid-to-air emission depended significantly on the chemical's octanol/gas and material/gas partition coefficients and the diffusion coefficient of the chemical in the applied material/skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wei
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, CEDEX 2, 77447 Marne la Vallée, France
| | - John C. Little
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Mélanie Nicolas
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, CEDEX 2, 77447 Marne la Vallée, France
| | - Olivier Ramalho
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, CEDEX 2, 77447 Marne la Vallée, France
| | - Corinne Mandin
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, CEDEX 2, 77447 Marne la Vallée, France
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16
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Wang H, Wang H, Xiong J, Huang S, Koutrakis P. A rapid and robust method to determine the key parameters of formaldehyde emissions from building and vehicle cabin materials: Principle, multi-source application and exposure assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 430:128422. [PMID: 35149496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquity of formaldehyde emitted in indoor and in-cabin environments can adversely affect health. This study proposes a novel full-range C-history method to rapidly, accurately and simultaneously determine the three key parameters (initial emittable concentration, partition coefficient, diffusion coefficient) that characterize the emission behaviors of formaldehyde from indoor building and vehicle cabin materials, by means of hybrid optimization. The key parameters of formaldehyde emissions from six building materials and five vehicle cabin materials at various temperatures, were determined. Independent experiments and sensitivity analysis verify the effectiveness and robustness of the method. We also demonstrate that the determined key parameters can be used for predicting multi-source emissions from different material combinations that are widely encountered in realistic indoor and in-cabin environments. Furthermore, based on a constructed vehicle cabin and the determined key parameters, we make a first attempt to estimate the human carcinogenic potential (HCP) of formaldehyde for taxi drivers and passengers at two temperatures (25 °C, 34 °C). The HCP for taxi drivers at both temperatures exceeds 10-6 cases, indicating relatively high potential risk. This study should be helpful for pre-evaluation of indoor and in-cabin air quality, and can assist designers in selecting appropriate materials to achieve effective source control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimei Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianyin Xiong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Shaodan Huang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston 02115, United States.
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston 02115, United States
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17
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Huang L, Fantke P, Ritscher A, Jolliet O. Chemicals of concern in building materials: A high-throughput screening. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127574. [PMID: 34799153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals used in building materials can be a major passive emission source indoors, associated with the deterioration of indoor environmental quality. This study aims to screen the various chemicals used in building materials for potential near-field human exposures and related health risks, identifying chemicals and products of concern to inform risk reduction efforts. We propose a mass balance-based and high-throughput suited model for predicting chemical emissions from building materials considering indoor sorption. Using this model, we performed a screening-level human exposure assessment for chemicals in building materials, starting from product chemical composition data reported in the Pharos Building Products Database for the USA. Health risks and MAximum chemical Contents from High-Throughput Screening (MACHTS) were determined, combining exposure estimates with toxicity information. Exposures were estimated for > 300 unique chemical-product combinations from the Pharos databases, of which 73% (25%) had non-cancer (cancer) toxicity data available. We identified 55 substances as chemicals of high concern, with actual chemical contents exceeding MACHTS by up to a factor 105, in particular diisocyanates and formaldehyde. This stresses the need for more refined investigations to select safer alternatives. This study serves as a suitable starting point for prioritizing chemicals/products and thus developing safer and more sustainable building materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 424, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Amélie Ritscher
- Individual Contractor, Economy Division, United Nations Environment Programme, 8-14 Avenue de la Paix, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Jolliet
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 424, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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18
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Weng L, Ma Q, Xu Q, Qiao G. A pore‐scale investigation for recovering adsorptive capacity of activated carbon fibre felt using electrothermal desorption combined with ozonization in‐situ degradation method. CAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Weng
- School of New Energy Vehicles Nanchang Institute of Science and Technology Nanchang China
| | - Qiang Ma
- School of New Energy Vehicles Nanchang Institute of Science and Technology Nanchang China
- Institute for Energy Research School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Qian Xu
- Institute for Energy Research School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
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19
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Huang S, Song S, Nielsen CP, Zhang Y, Xiong J, Weschler LB, Xie S, Li J. Residential building materials: An important source of ambient formaldehyde in mainland China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106909. [PMID: 34619531 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the contribution of formaldehyde from residential building materials to ambient air in mainland China. Based on 265 indoor field tests in 9 provinces, we estimate that indoor residential sources are responsible for 6.66% of the total anthropogenic formaldehyde in China's ambient air (range for 31 provinces: 1.88-18.79%). Residential building materials rank 6th among 81 anthropogenic sources (range: 2nd-10th for 31 provinces). Emission intensities show large spatial variability between and within regions due to different residential densities, emission characteristics of building materials, and indoor thermal conditions. Our findings indicate that formaldehyde from the indoor environment is a significant source of ambient formaldehyde, especially in urban areas. This study will help to more accurately evaluate exposure to ambient formaldehyde and its related pollutants, and will assist in formulating policies to protect air quality and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodan Huang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston 02115, USA
| | - Shaojie Song
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Boston 02138, USA
| | - Chris P Nielsen
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Boston 02138, USA
| | - Yuqiang Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham 27708, USA
| | - Jianyin Xiong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | | | - Shaodong Xie
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston 02115, USA; College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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20
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Indoor Air Quality in Healthcare and Care Facilities: Chemical Pollutants and Microbiological Contaminants. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12101337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The indoor air quality of healthcare and care facilities is poorly studied. The aim of this study was to qualitatively and quantitatively describe the chemical pollution and the microbiological contaminations of the indoor environment of these facilities. Methods: A wide range of chemical compounds (39 volatile and 13 semi-volatile organic compounds, carbon dioxide, fine particulate matter) and microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) were studied. Sampling campaigns were conducted in two French cities in summer 2018 and winter 2019 in six private healthcare facilities (general practitioner’s offices, dental offices, pharmacies) and four care facilities (nursing homes). Results: The highest median concentrations of chemical compounds (μg/m3) were measured for alcohols (ethanol: 378.9 and isopropanol: 23.6), ketones (acetone: 18.8), aldehydes (formaldehyde: 11.4 and acetaldehyde: 6.5) and terpenes (limonene: 4.3). The median concentration of PM2.5 was 9.0 µg/m3. The main bacteria of these indoor environments were Staphylococcus, Micrococcus and Bacillus genera, with median bacterial concentrations in the indoor air of 14 cfu/m3. The two major fungal genera were Cladosporium and Penicillium, with median fungal concentrations of 7 cfu/m3. Conclusions: Indoor air in healthcare and care facilities contains a complex mixture of many pollutants found in higher concentrations compared to the indoor air in French hospitals in a previous study.
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21
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Navale S, Shahbaz M, Mirzaei A, Kim SS, Kim HW. Effect of Ag Addition on the Gas-Sensing Properties of Nanostructured Resistive-Based Gas Sensors: An Overview. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:6454. [PMID: 34640775 PMCID: PMC8513043 DOI: 10.3390/s21196454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured semiconducting metal oxides (SMOs) are among the most popular sensing materials for integration into resistive-type gas sensors owing to their low costs and high sensing performances. SMOs can be decorated or doped with noble metals to further enhance their gas sensing properties. Ag is one of the cheapest noble metals, and it is extensively used in the decoration or doping of SMOs to boost the overall gas-sensing performances of SMOs. In this review, we discussed the impact of Ag addition on the gas-sensing properties of nanostructured resistive-based gas sensors. Ag-decorated or -doped SMOs often exhibit better responsivities/selectivities at low sensing temperatures and shorter response times than those of their pristine counterparts. Herein, the focus was on the detection mechanism of SMO-based gas sensors in the presence of Ag. This review can provide insights for research on SMO-based gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Navale
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea;
- The Research Institute of Industrial Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Mehrdad Shahbaz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia 5756-151818, Iran
| | - Ali Mirzaei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz 71557-13876, Iran;
| | - Sang Sub Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Hyoun Woo Kim
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea;
- The Research Institute of Industrial Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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22
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Umar A, Ibrahim AA, Kumar R, Algadi H, Albargi H, Alsairi MA, Alhmami MAM, Zeng W, Ahmed F, Akbar S. CdO-ZnO nanorices for enhanced and selective formaldehyde gas sensing applications. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111377. [PMID: 34058181 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports synthesis, properties and gas sensing applications of ZnO nanoflowers and CdO-ZnO nanorices prepared by hydrothermal process. The morphological characterizations confirmed the formation of well-defined nanoflowers and nanorices structures for ZnO and CdO-ZnO nanomaterials, respectively. The structural properties revealed the wurtzite hexagonal phase of the synthesized materials. The sensor devices based on ZnO nanoflowers and CdO-ZnO nanorices were fabricated and tested towards various gases including ethanol, methanol, ammonia, carbon monoxide, methane and formaldehyde. The fabricated gas sensor based on CdO-ZnO nanorices exhibited a high response (34.5) towards 300 ppm formaldehyde gas at 350 °C compared to ZnO nanoflowers (14.5) under the same experimental conditions. The response and recovery times for ZnO nanoflowers-based sensor were~9.8 s and ~6 s while for CdO-ZnO based sensor, these were ~10s and ~6s, respectively. A rapid response (34.5) for CdO-ZnO nanorices based formaldehyde gas sensor was observed as compared to other gases such as ammonia (12.3), methanol (16.5), ethanol (20), carbon monoxide (16.3) and methane (12.4), which confirm the high-selectivity towards formaldehyde gas. Finally, a plausible formaldehyde gas sensing mechanism is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Umar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia; Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed A Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia; Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Jagdish Chandra DAV College, Dasuya, Punjab, 144205, India
| | - Hassan Algadi
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia; Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasan Albargi
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Arts, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mabkhoot A Alsairi
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia; Empty Quarter Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Sharurah Branch, Najran University, Sharurah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohsen A M Alhmami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wen Zeng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Faheem Ahmed
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, P. O. Box-400, Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh Akbar
- Center for Industrial Sensors and Measurements (CISM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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23
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Lunderberg DM, Misztal PK, Liu Y, Arata C, Tian Y, Kristensen K, Weber RJ, Nazaroff WW, Goldstein AH. High-Resolution Exposure Assessment for Volatile Organic Compounds in Two California Residences. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6740-6751. [PMID: 33945266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Time spent in residences substantially contributes to human exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Such exposures have been difficult to study deeply, in part because VOC concentrations and indoor occupancy vary rapidly. Using a fast-response online mass spectrometer, we report time-resolved exposures from multi-season sampling of more than 200 VOCs in two California residences. Chemical-specific source apportionment revealed that time-averaged exposures for most VOCs were mainly attributable to continuous indoor emissions from buildings and their static contents. Also contributing to exposures were occupant-related activities, such as cooking, and outdoor-to-indoor transport. Health risk assessments are possible for a subset of observed VOCs. Acrolein, acetaldehyde, and acrylic acid concentrations were above chronic advisory health guidelines, whereas exposures for other assessable species were typically well below the guideline levels. Studied residences were built in the mid-20th century, indicating that VOC emissions even from older buildings and their contents can substantially contribute to occupant exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lunderberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yilin Tian
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kasper Kristensen
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Robert J Weber
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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24
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Qin Q, Li Y, Bu W, Meng L, Chuai X, Zhou Z, Hu C. Self-template-derived ZnCo 2O 4 porous microspheres decorated by Ag nanoparticles and their selective detection of formaldehyde. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi01144d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
ZnCo2O4 porous microspheres were successfully synthesized through a facile one-step solvent method using polyethylene glycol 1000 as a self-assembly template and subsequent annealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics
- Key Laboratory of Gas Sensors
- Jilin Province
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
| | - Yuliang Li
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics
- Key Laboratory of Gas Sensors
- Jilin Province
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
| | - Weiyi Bu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics
- Key Laboratory of Gas Sensors
- Jilin Province
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
| | - Lingling Meng
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics
- Key Laboratory of Gas Sensors
- Jilin Province
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
| | - Xiaohong Chuai
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics
- Key Laboratory of Gas Sensors
- Jilin Province
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
| | - Zhijie Zhou
- Rocket Force University of Engineering
- Xi'an 710000
- People's Republic of China
| | - Changhua Hu
- Rocket Force University of Engineering
- Xi'an 710000
- People's Republic of China
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25
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Shao H, Ren Y, Zhang Y, Wu C, Li W, Liu J. Factor analysis of the influence of environmental conditions on VOC emissions from medium density fibreboard and the correlation of the factors with fitting parameters. RSC Adv 2021; 11:26151-26159. [PMID: 35479464 PMCID: PMC9037345 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02164h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RH has positive effects on the initial VOC emissions and ACR has negative effects on VOC emissions. a1 has a power relationship with ACR and a polynomial relationship with RH and b1 has a polynomial relationship with both ACR and RH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqi Shao
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Yifan Ren
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Science
- Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Chuandong Wu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Wenhui Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Jiemin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
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26
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Salonen H, Salthammer T, Morawska L. Human exposure to air contaminants in sports environments. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:1109-1129. [PMID: 32657456 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to investigate human exposure to relevant indoor air contaminants, predictors affecting the levels, and the means to reduce the harmful exposure in indoor sports facilities. Our study revealed that the contaminants of primary concern are the following: particulate matter in indoor climbing, golf, and horse riding facilities; carbon dioxide and particulate matter in fitness centers, gymnasiums, and sports halls; Staphylococci on gymnasium surfaces; nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide in ice hockey arenas; carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide(s), and particulate matter in motor sports arenas; and disinfection by-products in indoor chlorinated swimming pools. Means to reduce human exposure to indoor contaminants include the following: adequate mechanical ventilation with filters, suitable cleaning practices, a limited number of occupants in fitness centers and gymnasiums, the use of electric resurfacers instead of the engine powered resurfacers in ice hockey arenas, carefully regulated chlorine and temperature levels in indoor swimming pools, properly ventilated pools, and good personal hygiene. Because of the large number of susceptible people in these facilities, as well as all active people having an increased respiratory rate and airflow velocity, strict air quality requirements in indoor sports facilities should be maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Salonen
- Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tunga Salthammer
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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27
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Wang H, Zheng J, Yang T, He Z, Zhang P, Liu X, Zhang M, Sun L, Yu X, Zhao J, Liu X, Xu B, Tong L, Xiong J. Predicting the emission characteristics of VOCs in a simulated vehicle cabin environment based on small-scale chamber tests: Parameter determination and validation. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 142:105817. [PMID: 32521348 PMCID: PMC7485589 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from vehicle parts and interior materials can seriously affect in-cabin air quality. Prior studies mainly focused on indoor material emissions, while studies of emissions in-cabins were relatively scarce. The emission behaviors of VOCs from vehicle cabin materials can be characterized by three key emission parameters: the initial emittable concentration (C0), diffusion coefficient (Dm), and partition coefficient (K). Based on a C-history method, we have performed a series of tests with a 30 L small-scale chamber to determine these three key emission parameters for six VOCs, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde, from typical vehicle cabin materials, car roof upholstery, carpet, and seat. We found that acetaldehyde had the highest level in the gas-phase concentration and C0, which differs from residential indoor environments where formaldehyde is usually the most prevalent pollutant. The influence of temperature on the key emission parameters was also investigated. When the temperature rose from 25 °C to 65 °C, C0 increased by 40-640%, Dm increased by 40-170%, but K decreased by 38-71% for different material-VOC combinations. We then performed an independent validation to demonstrate the accuracy of the measured key emission parameters. Furthermore, considering that in reality, several materials coexist in vehicle cabins, we made a first attempt at applying a multi-source model to predict VOC emission behaviors in a simulated 3 m3 vehicle cabin, using the key emission parameters obtained from the small-scale chamber tests. The good agreement between the predictions and experiments (R2 = 0.82-0.99) demonstrated that the three key emission parameters measured via chamber tests can be scaled to estimate emission scenarios in realistic vehicle cabin environments. A pollution contribution analysis for the tested materials indicated that the car seat could significantly contribute to the total emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimei Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jihu Zheng
- Automotive Data Center, China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Tao Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhangcan He
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Automotive Data Center, China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Automotive Data Center, China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Meixia Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lihua Sun
- Beijing Products Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Beijing 101776, China
| | - Xuefei Yu
- Beijing Products Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Beijing 101776, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Beijing Products Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Beijing 101776, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC27711, USA
| | - Baoping Xu
- School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Liping Tong
- Automotive Data Center, China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300300, China.
| | - Jianyin Xiong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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28
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Modeling In-Vehicle VOCs Distribution from Cabin Interior Surfaces under Solar Radiation. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12145526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In-vehicle air pollution has become a public health priority worldwide, especially for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from the vehicle interiors. Although existing literature shows VOCs emission is temperature-dependent, the impact of solar radiation on VOCs distribution in enclosed cabin space is not well understood. Here we made an early effort to investigate the VOCs levels in vehicle microenvironments using numerical modeling. We evaluated the model performance using a number of turbulence and radiation model combinations to predict heat transfer coupled with natural convection, heat conduction and radiation with a laboratory airship. The Shear–Stress Transport (SST) k-ω model, Surface-to-surface (S2S) model and solar load model were employed to investigate the thermal environment of a closed automobile cabin under solar radiation in the summer. A VOCs emission model was employed to simulate the spatial distribution of VOCs. Our finding shows that solar radiation plays a critical role in determining the temperature distribution in the cabin, which can increase by 30 °C for directly exposed cabin surfaces and 10 °C for shaded ones, respectively. Ignoring the thermal radiation reduced the accuracy of temperature and airflow prediction. Due to the strong temperature dependence, the hotter interiors such as the dashboard and rear board released more VOCs per unit time and area. A VOC plume rose from the interior sources as a result of the thermal buoyancy flow. A total of 19 mg of VOCs was released from the interiors within two simulated hours from 10:00 am to noon. The findings, such as modeled spatial distributions of VOCs, provide a key reference to automakers, who are paying increasing attention to cabin environment and the health of drivers and passengers.
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29
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Huangfu Y, Lima NM, O'Keeffe PT, Kirk WM, Lamb BK, Walden VP, Jobson BT. Whole-House Emission Rates and Loss Coefficients of Formaldehyde and Other Volatile Organic Compounds as a Function of the Air Change Rate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2143-2151. [PMID: 31898894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Whole-house emission rates and indoor loss coefficients of formaldehyde and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were determined from continuous measurements inside a net-zero energy home at two different air change rates (ACHs). By turning the mechanical ventilation on and off, it was demonstrated that formaldehyde concentrations reach a steady state much more quickly than other VOCs, consistent with a significant indoor loss rate attributed to surface uptake. The first order loss coefficient for formaldehyde was 0.47 ± 0.06 h-1 at 0.08 h-1 ACH and 0.88 ± 0.22 h-1 at 0.62 h-1 ACH. Loss rates for other VOCs measured were not discernible, with the exception of hexanoic acid. A factor of 5.5 increase in the ACH increased the whole-house emission rates of VOCs but by varying degrees (factors of 1.1 to 3.8), with formaldehyde displaying no significant change. The formaldehyde area-specific emission rate (86 ± 8 μg m-2 h-1) was insensitive to changes in the ACH because its large indoor loss rate muted the impact of ventilation on indoor air concentrations. These results demonstrate that formaldehyde loss rates must be taken into account to correctly estimate whole-house emission rates and that ventilation will not be as effective at reducing indoor formaldehyde concentrations as it is for other VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Huangfu
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Washington State University , Pullman 99164 , Washington , United States
| | - Nathan M Lima
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Washington State University , Pullman 99164 , Washington , United States
- School of Architecture and Construction Management , Washington State University , Pullman 99164 , Washington , United States
| | - Patrick T O'Keeffe
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Washington State University , Pullman 99164 , Washington , United States
| | - William M Kirk
- School of Architecture and Construction Management , Washington State University , Pullman 99164 , Washington , United States
| | - Brian K Lamb
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Washington State University , Pullman 99164 , Washington , United States
| | - Von P Walden
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Washington State University , Pullman 99164 , Washington , United States
| | - Bertram T Jobson
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Washington State University , Pullman 99164 , Washington , United States
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30
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He Z, Xiong J, Kumagai K, Chen W. An improved mechanism-based model for predicting the long-term formaldehyde emissions from composite wood products with exposed edges and seams. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 132:105086. [PMID: 31421385 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of formaldehyde from building materials and furniture can cause adverse health effects. Traditional models generally only consider emissions as a physical process that can be characterized by three key parameters: the initial emittable concentration, the diffusion coefficient and the partition coefficient. However, the physical-based model causes discrepancy in predicting long-term formaldehyde emissions for the cases where chemical reaction (i.e., hydrolysis) occurs over time. In this study, an improved mechanism-based model was developed by combining the chemical reaction process with a physical mass transfer process to more accurately predict the long-term emission behaviors. The chamber testing data of formaldehyde emissions from exposed edges and seams of a laminate flooring product made with composite wood core for about 1.5 year was used to validate the model. Results indicate that the mechanism-based model characterizes well the long-term formaldehyde emissions from the tested material. Predictions of different models further demonstrate the advantages of this improved model compared with the physical model or with empirical models. This study is the first attempt to check the feasibility of including the chemical reaction term in emission modeling and to quantitatively explore the importance of its contribution to long-term formaldehyde emissions, which includes most of the indoor emissions from materials and furniture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangcan He
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianyin Xiong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Kazukiyo Kumagai
- Indoor Air Quality Program, Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, United States
| | - Wenhao Chen
- Indoor Air Quality Program, Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, United States.
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31
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Norris C, Fang L, Barkjohn KK, Carlson D, Zhang Y, Mo J, Li Z, Zhang J, Cui X, Schauer JJ, Davis A, Black M, Bergin MH. Sources of volatile organic compounds in suburban homes in Shanghai, China, and the impact of air filtration on compound concentrations. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 231:256-268. [PMID: 31129407 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution in China is an ongoing concern, with subsets of the population (e.g., asthmatic children) especially susceptible to the associated health effects. In addition, people spend the majority of their time indoors, where pollutant composition may differ from the better characterized ambient environment. Although volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present health risks and have high concentrations indoors, their sources have not been thoroughly quantified in typical homes in suburban China. Similarly lacking is an understanding of how well a purifier with high efficiency particulate air and activated carbon filters can remove VOCs in a real-world setting in China. In this study, we a) quantified total VOCs (TVOC) and 900 + individual VOCs in 20 homes in China, b) identified potential sources of VOCs, and c) evaluated impacts of filtration. We used non-negative matrix factorization, a variable reduction technique, to identify sources. TVOC and individual compounds had higher concentrations indoors than outdoors (mean [range] indoors, filtration with pre-filter only: 302 [56-793] μg m-3; outdoors, entire study: 92 [26-629] μg m-3), indicating prevalent sources indoors. Many compounds detected have not, to our knowledge, been measured in homes in China. Some compounds (e.g., octanal, heptanal, ⍺-cedrene) were specific to the indoor environment, a few were ubiquitous (e.g., acetaldehyde, formaldehyde), and others were detected infrequently. These compounds may originate from consumer products, solvents, vehicle emissions, a hexane source, wooden products, and cooking. Filtration may improve air quality indoors by lowering concentrations of some VOCs, and, specifically, contributions related to solvents and consumer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Norris
- Duke University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 121 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Lin Fang
- Tsinghua University, School of Architecture, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Lab of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Karoline K Barkjohn
- Duke University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 121 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - David Carlson
- Duke University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 121 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Tsinghua University, School of Architecture, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Lab of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Tsinghua University, School of Architecture, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Lab of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, 9 Circuit Dr., Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Xiaoxing Cui
- Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, 9 Circuit Dr., Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - James J Schauer
- University of Wisconsin at Madison, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Aika Davis
- Underwriters Laboratories Inc., Chemical Safety, 2211 Newmarket Parkway, Suite 106, Marietta, GA, 30067, USA
| | - Marilyn Black
- Underwriters Laboratories Inc., Chemical Safety, 2211 Newmarket Parkway, Suite 106, Marietta, GA, 30067, USA
| | - Michael H Bergin
- Duke University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 121 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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32
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Yang T, He Z, Zhang S, Tong L, Cao J, Xiong J. Emissions of DEHP from vehicle cabin materials: parameter determination, impact factors and exposure analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1323-1333. [PMID: 31289797 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00200f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are widely used in materials employed in vehicle interiors, causing poor in-cabin air quality. The emission characteristics of SVOCs from vehicle cabin materials can be characterized by two key parameters: the gas-phase SVOC concentration adjacent to the material surface (y0) and the convective mass transfer coefficient across the material surface (hm). Accurate determination of y0 and hm is fundamental in investigating SVOC emission principles and health risks. Considering that the steady state SVOC concentration (y) in a ventilated chamber changes with the ventilation rate (Q), we developed a varied ventilation rate (VVR) method to simultaneously measure y0 and hm for typical vehicle cabin materials. Experimental results for di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) emissions from test materials indicated that the VVR method has the merits of simple operation, short testing time, and high accuracy. We also examined the influence of temperature (T) on y0 and hm, and found that both y0 and hm increase with increasing temperature. A theoretical correlation between y0 and T was then derived, indicating that the logarithm of y0T is linearly related to 1/T. Analysis based on the data from this study and from the literature validates the effectiveness of the derived correlation. Moreover, preliminary exposure analysis was performed to assess the health risk of DEHP in a vehicular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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33
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Zhao S, Su Y, Liang H. Efficiency and mechanism of formaldehyde removal from air by two wild plants; Plantago asiatica L . and Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2019; 17:141-150. [PMID: 31321042 PMCID: PMC6582108 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-018-00335-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Indoor potted plants played an important role in the removal of air-borne VOCs. According to the difference between plant fresh extracts and boiled extracts on breakdown ability to the added formaldehyde, a simple quantitative evaluation method was used to identify the mechanisms of formaldehyde removal from the air by wild Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. and Plantago asiatica L.. After shoots exposure to formaldehyde (1.28 mg/m3 in the air) for 24 h, the formaldehyde removal rates of P. asiatica and T. mongolicum were 73.18 and 121.20 mg/h/kg FW (fresh weight), respectively. Formaldehyde can be transported from the air to the rhizosphere solution by plants, and the maximum rates of transmission by T. mongolicum and P. asiatica were 23.73 and 83.08 mg/h/kg FW, respectively. Although plant metabolism was responsible for formaldehyde loss in the air-plant-solution system, and the metabolic activity depended on the enzymatic and redox reactions in the plants, P. asiatica and T. mongolicum are still good candidate species for developing phyto-microbial technologies. The redox reaction was the main mechanism used by P. asiatica shoots to dissipate formaldehyde, while the enzymatic reaction was the main mechanism used by T. mongolicum. The higher oxidative potential and lower defensive enzyme activity in P. asiatica shoots led to its higher formaldehyde removal rate compared to T. mongolicum. Meanwhile, the stronger redox reaction ability in the T. mongolicum roots was partly responsible for its lower formaldehyde transmission rate. The results show two plants have strong tolerance to formaldehyde in the air and good formaldehyde removal ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suya Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanxiao Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046 People’s Republic of China
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34
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Yang T, Xiong J, Tang X, Misztal PK. Predicting Indoor Emissions of Cyclic Volatile Methylsiloxanes from the Use of Personal Care Products by University Students. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:14208-14215. [PMID: 29883108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of indoor emissions of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) due to the use of personal care products is important for elucidating indoor air composition and associated health risks. This manuscript describes a mass transfer model to characterize the emission behaviors of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5, the most abundant indoor cVMS) from skin lipids. A C-history method is introduced to determine the key parameters in the model, i.e., the initial concentration and diffusion coefficient of D5 inside the skin lipids. Experiments were conducted in a university classroom to examine the D5 emission behaviors by using a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS). Data from the first class session of two typical days was applied to obtain the key parameters, which were subsequently used for predicting D5 concentrations in other class sessions. Good agreement between model predictions and experiments demonstrates the effectiveness of the model and parameter determination method. With the model, we found that the reuse of personal care products has a significant impact on the D5 emissions. In addition, the time-dependent emission rate and remaining amount of D5 inside the skin can also be calculated. These results indicate a fast decay pattern during the initial emission period, which is consistent with prior experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Jianyin Xiong
- School of Mechanical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Xiaochen Tang
- Indoor Environment Group, Energy Technologies Area , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh , Midlothian EH26 0QB , U.K
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35
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Liang X, Zhang J, Song W, Wang K, Zhang B. Formaldehyde Exposure in Indoor Air From Public Places and Its Associated Health Risks in Kunshan City, China. Asia Pac J Public Health 2018; 30:551-560. [DOI: 10.1177/1010539518800348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks associated with formaldehyde exposure for employees working in 4 categories of public places in Kunshan City in China. A total of 564 different public places, which can be divided into 4 categories (hotel and social interaction places, bathing and beauty places, cultural and entertainment places, and shopping places), and 2716 indoor air samples in those places were measured from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2015. The average concentration of formaldehyde was 0.57 mg/m3, which is 5.7 times the acceptable concentration level (0.1 mg/m3). The noncarcinogenic risk assessment index for the 4 categories of places tested was above 1. The carcinogenic risk of formaldehyde for employees of the 4 categories of public places was 4.70 × 10−5 to 1.57 × 10−4, which was greater than the acceptable carcinogenic risk probability (1 × 10−6) from the US Environmental Protection Agency. The highest carcinogenic risk occurred in bathing and beauty places, and male employee carcinogenic risk was greater than that of females. Occupational formaldehyde exposure has serious noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks for employees, and further research is needed to improve indoor air quality in the workplace environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Liang
- Kunshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Zhang
- Kunshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenlei Song
- Kunshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kewei Wang
- Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baoying Zhang
- China Center for Diseases Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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36
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Zhang J, Sun C, Liu W, Zou Z, Zhang Y, Li B, Zhao Z, Deng Q, Yang X, Zhang X, Qian H, Sun Y, Sundell J, Huang C. Associations of household renovation materials and periods with childhood asthma, in China: A retrospective cohort study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 113:240-248. [PMID: 29454245 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood asthma is prevalent in China. However, there is a lack of evidence on whether household renovation, including the materials used and the periods, are associated with the disease. OBJECTIVES To investigate the associations between household decoration materials and renovation periods, and childhood asthma and its related symptoms. METHODS During 2010-2012, a retrospective cohort study was initiated in seven cities of China, and 40,010 children, aged 3-6 years, were recruited. Data on demographics, health status, and home decoration conditions were collected using a parent-administered questionnaire. Two-level (city-child) logistic regression analyses with adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were performed to show the target associations. Sensitivity analysis was performed by stratifying data for children in the southern and northern cities. RESULTS Children whose homes underwent renovation or the addition of new furniture within 1 year before pregnancy, during pregnancy, at age 0-1 year, and after age 1 year had significantly (p < 0.05) higher prevalence of childhood asthma and its related symptoms. The use of solid wood floors and wallpaper had significant associations (cement: AOR, 95% CI: 1.59, 1.17-2.17; lime: AOR, 95% CI: 1.31, 1.00-1.71) with an increased risk of lifetime asthma. Household renovation and the addition of new furniture during pregnancy had significant associations with lifetime asthma (renovation: AOR, 95% CI: 1.23, 1.01-1.51); lifetime wheeze (renovation: AOR, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.05-1.39; furniture: AOR, 95% CI: 1.24, 1.14-1.36), current wheeze (renovation: AOR, 95% CI, 1.21 1.05-1.40; furniture: AOR, 95% CI: 1.23, 1.12-1.34), and current dry cough (renovation: AOR, 95% CI: 1.41, 1.23-1.63; furniture: AOR, 95% CI: 1.28, 1.17-1.41). Similar associations were found between the addition of new furniture during early childhood and lifetime asthma and its related symptoms. Except for the association between lifetime wheeze and flooring materials, the studied associations were generally stronger among children from the northern cities. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that using cellulose based materials in home decoration and renovation, and adding new furniture during early childhood and pregnancy could be risk factors for childhood asthma. The association between household decoration during early childhood and childhood asthma may be stronger in the northern cities of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Zhang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chanjuan Sun
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijun Zou
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Baizhan Li
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihong Deng
- School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Research Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hua Qian
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jan Sundell
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Huang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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Teiri H, Pourzamani H, Hajizadeh Y. Phytoremediation of VOCs from indoor air by ornamental potted plants: A pilot study using a palm species under the controlled environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 197:375-381. [PMID: 29407808 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor air have recently raised public concern due to their adverse health effects. One of hazardous VOC is Formaldehyde which can cause sensory irritation and induce nasopharyngeal cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate potted plant-soil system ability in formaldehyde removal from indoor air. We applied one of common interior plant from the palm species, Chamaedorea elegans, inside a chamber under the controlled environment. Entire plant, growing media and roots contribution in formaldehyde were evaluated by continuously introduction of different concentrations of formaldehyde into the chamber (0.66-16.4 mg m-3) each over a 48-h period. Our findings showed that the plant efficiently removed formaldehyde from polluted air by 65-100%, depending on the inlet concentrations, for a long time exposure. A maximum elimination capacity of 1.47 mg/m2. h was achieved with an inlet formaldehyde concentration of 14.6 mg m-3. The removal ratio of areal part to pot soil and roots was 2.45:1 (71%: 29%). The plants could remove more formaldehyde in light rather than dark environment. Concentrations up to 16.4 mg m-3 were not high enough to affect the plants growth. However, a trivial decrease in chlorophyll content, carotenoid and water content of the treated plants was observed compared to the control plants. Thus, the palm species tested here showed high tolerance and good potential of formaldehyde removal from interior environments. Therefore, phytoremediation of VOCs from indoor air by the ornamental potted plants is an effective method which can be economically applicable in homes and offices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakimeh Teiri
- Faculty of Health and Environment Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Pourzamani
- Faculty of Health and Environment Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Hajizadeh
- Faculty of Health and Environment Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Zhang X, Zhao Y, Song J, Yang X, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Li R. Differential Health Effects of Constant versus Intermittent Exposure to Formaldehyde in Mice: Implications for Building Ventilation Strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:1551-1560. [PMID: 29293324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde, an air pollutant in the indoor environment, may have severe effects on human health. The aim of this study is to compare the health effects caused by intermittent exposure to formaldehyde (based on real monitoring) to those caused by exposures at constant concentration. Health effects explored in this study including the oxidative stress, histopathological changes, inflammatory responses, etc. Mice were divided into three groups and exposed to intermittent concentration formaldehyde (0.8 ppm for 12 h and 0 ppm for another 12 h), or constant concentration formaldehyde (0.4 ppm for 24 h) or zero concentration formaldehyde (reference) per day for 7, 14, and 28 days. Following these exposures, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), lung tissue and lung tissue homogenate were prepared to measure biomarkers of oxidative stress (ROS, MDA, GSH), histopathological changes, inflammatory responses (EOS, NEU, LYM, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-6, IL-17A, NF-κB, IL-1β) and apoptosis (caspase-3). Compared to the constant exposure, intermittent exposure to fluctuating formaldehyde concentrations resulted in more profound increases in numbers of inflammatory cells in the BALF, greater biological alterations including apoptosis. The findings imply that with the same average indoor formaldehyde concentrations over the same time, a ventilation strategy to avoid higher peak concentrations would lead to lower health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, Hubei China
| | - Jing Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, Hubei China
| | - Xu Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, Hubei China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Global Health Institute and Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina United States
- Duke Kunshan University , Kunshan, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rui Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, Hubei China
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Ng L, Poppendieck D, Dols W, Emmerich S. Evaluating IAQ and Energy Impacts of Ventilation in a Net-Zero Energy House Using a Coupled Model. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT 2018; 24:10.1080/23744731.2017.1401403. [PMID: 31080880 PMCID: PMC6506835 DOI: 10.1080/23744731.2017.1401403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The National Institute of Standards and Technology constructed the Net-Zero Energy (NZE) Residential Test Facility to support the development and adoption of cost-effective NZE designs and technologies. In support of indoor air quality goals, contaminant source control approaches were implemented that minimized the use of products containing urea-formaldehyde resin and utilized products with relatively low volatile organic compound emissions. Indoor and outdoor concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were measured approximately monthly for 15 months. Independent emission measurements of formaldehyde were made in a small chamber system to determine the emission rates from samples of the wood flooring, plywood, and wood cabinetry taken from the house. Blower door tests were performed to determine the leakage area of the exterior envelope, the interior floors, and transfer grilles between floors. Real-time formaldehyde concentration and energy measurements were used to verify the indoor concentrations and energy predictions of a coupled CONTAM-EnergyPlus model of the house. The verified model was then used to evaluate the impacts of different outdoor air ventilation rates on indoor concentrations and energy. This work demonstrates the need for consideration of source control options during product selection and the provision of mechanical ventilation, especially in homes with relatively airtight envelopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ng
- Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Dustin Poppendieck
- Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - William Dols
- Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Steven Emmerich
- Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive Gaithersburg, MD 20899
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40
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Synthesis of BiOCl/TiO 2 –zeolite composite with enhanced visible light photoactivity. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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41
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Ladror D, Pitt B, Funk W. Quantification of cotinine in dried blood spots as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco smoke. Biomarkers 2017; 23:44-50. [PMID: 28862876 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2017.1375558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present an ultra-sensitive, minimally-invasive method for quantifying cotinine in dried blood spot (DBS) samples as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco smoke that can be collected using a simple heel or finger prick to obtain blood samples. METHODS Cotinine levels were measured in matched plasma and reconstituted DBS samples from smokers and nonsmokers to evaluate assay parameters. In addition, we applied this new method to finger-prick DBS samples that were collected from infants, children and young adults ages 1-21 to estimate exposure to tobacco smoke. Partitioning of cotinine across red blood cells and haematocrit effects were investigated. RESULTS Cotinine levels measured in matched plasma and reconstituted DBS samples from smokers and nonsmokers were found to be highly correlated (R2=0.94), with 100% sensitivity and 94% specificity to differentiate reported smokers from nonsmokers. With this method, the LOQ is <0.25 ng/mL using a single 3.2 mm punch of a DBS, and haematocrit effects are negligible. CONCLUSIONS This sensitive, high-throughput and minimally-invasive method for quantifying cotinine in DBS samples provides a simple and cost effective means for estimating exposure to tobacco smoke in population based studies, and has particular advantages in studies involving infants and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ladror
- a Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Bruce Pitt
- b Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - William Funk
- a Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
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Huang S, Wei W, Weschler LB, Salthammer T, Kan H, Bu Z, Zhang Y. Indoor formaldehyde concentrations in urban China: Preliminary study of some important influencing factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 590-591:394-405. [PMID: 28291616 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Huai River and Qingling Mountain divide (H-Q) divide China into north and south with respect to public policies for building construction and operation practises. China's building energy efficiency standard mandates that air exchange rates be 0.5h-1 north of the H-Q divide and 1h-1 south of the divide. China's heating policy allows space heating systems only north of the H-Q divide. Consequently, indoor temperature and humidity differ considerably between north and south. A theoretical model using indoor temperature, humidity, and air change rate was developed to predict indoor formaldehyde concentrations. Data for 39 cities were obtained from 42 studies. There was good agreement between the literature and modelling in a theoretical reference room. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.EPA) model was applied to estimate cancer risk from formaldehyde exposure indoors. The median indoor formaldehyde concentration for renovation ever from 2002 to 2015 in Chinese cities was 125μg/m3, which is higher than the WHO threshold, 100μg/m3. The median indoor formaldehyde concentrations in the north were higher than in the south (0.5 times higher for dwellings renovated within the past year and 0.2 times higher for renovation ever), driven by the much higher northern winter concentrations (40-1320%). The U.S.EPA model predicts that the lifetime formaldehyde related cancer risk for people living north of the H-Q divide is 1.2 times greater than for people living south. This can be partly explained by greater indoor exposure to formaldehyde for Chinese living north of the H-Q divide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodan Huang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Lab of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Environmental Science, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston 02115, USA
| | - Wenjuan Wei
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Louise B Weschler
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Independent Researcher, 161 Richdale Road, Colts Neck, NJ 07722, USA
| | - Tunga Salthammer
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhongming Bu
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Lab of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China.
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Monitoring, Human Health Risk Assessment and Optimized Management for Typical Pollutants in Indoor Air from Random Families of University Staff, Wuhan City, China. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9071115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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Zhou K, Xu J, Gu C, Hou C, Ren H. Simultaneous determination of trimethylamine, formaldehyde and benzene via the cataluminescence of In3LaTi2O10 nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2221-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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