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Carsi Kuhangana T, Cheyns K, Muta Musambo T, Banza Lubaba Nkulu C, Smolders E, Hoet P, Van Loco J, Nemery B, Demaegdt H. Cottage industry as a source of high exposure to lead: A biomonitoring study among people involved in manufacturing cookware from scrap metal. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 250:118493. [PMID: 38378125 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
In low-income countries, a widespread but poorly studied type of cottage industry consists of melting scrap metal for making cookware. We assessed the exposure to lead (Pb) among artisanal workers, and their families, involved in manufacturing cookware from scrap metal. In a cross-sectional survey, we compared artisanal cookware manufacturing foundries with carpentry workshops (negative controls) and car battery repair workshops (positive controls), all located in residential areas, in Lubumbashi (DR Congo). We collected surface dust in the workspaces, and blood and urine samples among workers, as well as residents living in the cookware workshops. Trace elements were quantified in the samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). In surface dust, median Pb concentrations were higher in cookware foundries (347 mg/kg) than in carpentries (234 mg/kg) but lower than in battery repair workshops (22,000 mg/kg). In workers making the cookware (n = 24), geometric mean (GM) Pb blood cencentration was 118 μg/L [interquartile range (IQR) 78.4-204], i.e. nearly twice as high as among carpenters [60.2 μg/L (44.4-84.7), n = 33], and half the concentration of battery repair workers [255 μg/L (197-362), n = 23]. Resident children from the cookware foundries, had higher urinary Pb [6.2 μg/g creatinine (2.3-19.3), n = 6] than adults [2.3 (2.2-2.5), n = 3]. Our investigation confirms the high Pb hazard linked to car battery repair and reveals a high exposure to Pb among artisanal cookware manufacturers and their families, especially children, in residential areas of a city in a low-income country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trésor Carsi Kuhangana
- Ecole de Santé Publique, Université de Kolwezi, Kolwezi, DR Congo; Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Unit of Toxicology and Environment, School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, DR Congo.
| | - Karlien Cheyns
- Service of Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Physical and Chemical Health Risks, Sciensano, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Taty Muta Musambo
- Unit of Toxicology and Environment, School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, DR Congo
| | | | - Erik Smolders
- Division of Soil and Water Management, Faculty of Bioscience engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hoet
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris Van Loco
- Division of Soil and Water Management, Faculty of Bioscience engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benoit Nemery
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heidi Demaegdt
- Division of Soil and Water Management, Faculty of Bioscience engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Ilyas MZ, Sa KJ, Ali MW, Lee JK. Toxic effects of lead on plants: integrating multi-omics with bioinformatics to develop Pb-tolerant crops. PLANTA 2023; 259:18. [PMID: 38085368 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Lead disrupts plant metabolic homeostasis and key structural elements. Utilizing modern biotechnology tools, it's feasible to develop Pb-tolerant varieties by discovering biological players regulating plant metabolic pathways under stress. Lead (Pb) has been used for a variety of purposes since antiquity despite its toxic nature. After arsenic, lead is the most hazardous heavy metal without any known beneficial role in the biological system. It is a crucial inorganic pollutant that affects plant biochemical and morpho-physiological attributes. Lead toxicity harms plants throughout their life cycle and the extent of damage depends on the concentration and duration of exposure. Higher levels of lead exposure disrupt numerous key metabolic activities of plants including oxygen-evolving complex, organelles integrity, photosystem II connectivity, and electron transport chain. This review summarizes the detrimental effects of lead toxicity on seed germination, crop growth, and yield, oxidative and ultra-structural alterations, as well as nutrient absorption, transport, and assimilation. Further, it discusses the Pb-induced toxic modulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, respiration, metabolic-enzymatic activity, osmolytes accumulation, and antioxidant activity. It is a comprehensive review that reports on omics-based studies along with morpho-physiological and biochemical modifications caused by lead stress. With advances in DNA sequencing technologies, genomics and transcriptomics are gradually becoming popular for studying Pb stress effects in plants. Proteomics and metabolomics are still underrated and there is a scarcity of published data, and this review highlights both their technical and research gaps. Besides, there is also a discussion on how the integration of omics with bioinformatics and the use of the latest biotechnological tools can aid in developing Pb-tolerant crops. The review concludes with core challenges and research directions that need to be addressed soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahaib Ilyas
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, College of Bio-Resource Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Kyu Jin Sa
- Department of Crop Science, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Korea
| | - Muhammad Waqas Ali
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Center, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ju Kyong Lee
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, College of Bio-Resource Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea.
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Gao X, Zhou Y, Fan M, Jiang M, Zhang M, Cai H, Wang X. Environmental risk assessment near a typical spent lead-acid battery recycling factory in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 233:116417. [PMID: 37329945 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, environmental pollution and public health incidents caused by the recycling of spent lead-acid batteries (LABs) has becoming more frequent, posing potential risk to both the ecological environment and human health. Accurately assessing the environmental risk associated with the recycling of spent LABs is a prerequisite for achieving pollution control. In this study, a spent LABs recycling factory in Chongqing was investigated through on-site investigation, sample analysis. Exposure assessment and health risk assessment were also conducted. The results showed that: firstly, Pb and As concentrations exceeding the standard limit values were found in the environmental air and vegetables near the spent LABs recycling factory. Secondly, exposure assessment results showed that total average daily exposure to hazardous substances for children (3.46 × 10-2 mg/kg) is higher than for adults (4.80 × 10-2 mg/kg). The main exposure pathways for Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Hg are ingestion of vegetables, while those for Cd, As, and Sb are through inhalation. Thirdly, health risk assessment results indicate that environmental exposure poses unacceptable non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk to both adults and children near the spent LABs recycling factory, with children facing higher risk than adults. Pb and As are the main contributors to non-carcinogenic risk, and Ni and As are the main contributors to unacceptable carcinogenic risk. In particular, As, has a greater contribution to total carcinogenic risk index through inhalation than vegetable ingestion. Overall, vegetable ingestion and inhalation are the main exposure pathways for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk. Consequently, future risk assessment should focus on the impact of hazardous substances on children, as well as the health risk associated with ingestion of vegetables and inhalation. Our findings will provide basic information for proposing measures of environmental risk prevention during the recycling of spent LABs, for example, controlling of As in exhaust gas emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Yiran Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Mengqi Fan
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Min Jiang
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Manli Zhang
- Chongqing Solid Waste Management Center, Chongqing, 400017, China.
| | - Hongying Cai
- Chongqing Solid Waste Management Center, Chongqing, 400017, China.
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
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Yang C, Xia L, Zeng Y, Chen Y, Zhang S. Hexaploid Salix rehderiana is more suitable for remediating lead contamination than diploids, especially male plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 333:138902. [PMID: 37182717 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Willows are promising candidates for phytoremediation, but the lead (Pb) phytoremediation potential of different willow ploidy and sex has not yet been exploited. In this study, the Pb uptake, translocation and detoxification capacities of hexaploid and diploid, female and male Salix rehderiana were investigated. The results showed that Pb treatment inhibited biomass accumulation and gas exchange, caused ultrastructural and oxidative damage, and induced antioxidant, phytohormonal and transcriptional regulation in S. rehderiana. Absorbed Pb was mainly accumulated in the roots with restricted root-to-shoot transport. Despite lower biomass, greater transpiration, phytohormonal and transcriptional regulation indicated that hexaploid S. rehderiana had higher tissue Pb concentration, total accumulated Pb amount (4.39 mg, 6.19 mg, 6.60 mg and 10.83 mg in diploid and hexaploid females and males, respectively) as well as bioconcentration factors and translocation factors (0.412, 0.593, 0.921 and 1.320 for bioconcentration factors in roots, and 0.029, 0.032, 0.035 and 0.047 for translocation factors in diploid and hexaploid females and males, respectively) than diploids. Higher soil urease and acid phosphatase activities also favored hexaploids to use more available N and P than diploids in Pb-contaminated soils. Additionally, hexaploid S. rehderiana had stronger antioxidant, phytohormonal and transcriptional responses, and displayed less morphological and ultrastructural damage than diploids after Pb treatment, suggesting that hexaploids have greater Pb uptake, translocation and detoxification capacities than diploids. Moreover, S. rehderiana males had greater Pb uptake and translocation abilities, as well as stronger antioxidant, phytohormonal, and transcriptional regulation mediated Pb detoxification capacities than females. Therefore, hexaploid S. rehderiana are superior to diploids, and males are better than females in Pb phytoremediation. This study provides novel and valuable insights for selecting better willow materials to mitigate Pb contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Linchao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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Chang C, Yang S, Li Y, Xiang C, Wang H, Liu S, Luo T, Chen Y. Green hydrometallurgical extraction of metallic lead from spent lead paste in the methanesulfonic acid system. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Yi J, Liao J, Bai T, Wang B, Yangzom C, Ahmed Z, Mehmood K, Abbas RZ, Li Y, Tang Z, Zhang H. Battery wastewater induces nephrotoxicity via disordering the mitochondrial dynamics. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135018. [PMID: 35605732 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of new energy battery enterprises manifolds the obsolete and scrapped batteries which are considered serious concern for the environment and ecology. Increasing trend of recycling batteries waste is public hazard throughout the world. The batteries wastes affect the various body systems but exact toxicological mechanism of battery wastewater is still unexplored. The present study was designed to observe the toxicological effects of batteries wastes on kidney functional dynamics. In this experiment, a total of 20 male mice were randomly divided into two groups including control and treatment (battery wastewater) group. The control group was provided the normal saline while the battery wastewater group were provided battery waste-water for a period of 21 days. The isolated kidneys were processed for histopathological analysis, biochemical assays, mRNA and protein estimation. The results showed that battery wastewater provision increased the mitochondrial division-related genes and proteins (Drp1, MFF, Fis1) and decreased the expression level of fusion-related nuclear proteins (MFN1, MFN2, OPA1) in kidneys. Moreover, the battery wastewater exposure significantly up-regulated the autophagy (PINK, Parkin, mTOR, ATG5, LC3-b, p62) and apoptosis (Bax, Cytc, APAF1, P53, Caspase3, Caspase8) related mRNA and proteins levels in kidneys. However, down-regulation of mRNA and proteins levels of Bcl2 and Beclin1 were also observed in kidneys after batteries wastes exposure. In conclusion, it is evident that the battery wastewater leads to renal apoptosis and autophagy by disrupting the mitochondrial dynamics in mice kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangnan Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianzhao Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Tian Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Bole Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chamba Yangzom
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, Tibet, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zulfiqar Ahmed
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Rao Zahid Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ying Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhaoxin Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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7
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Song Z, Zhang Z, Luo C, Yang L, Wu J. High-efficiency stabilization of lead in contaminated soil by thermal-organic acid-activated phosphate rock. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:49116-49125. [PMID: 35212902 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19419-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate rock powder (PR) has been shown to possess the potential to stabilize lead (Pb) in soil. Most of the phosphorus (P) minerals in the world are low-grade ores, making it difficult to achieve the expected stabilization effect on heavy metals. This study compared the changes in the phase composition and structure of PR and three kinds of activated phosphate rock powder (APR) (organic acid-activated PR, thermal-activated PR, and thermal-organic acid-activated PR). The stabilization effectiveness of APR on Pb-contaminated soil was evaluated by toxicity leaching procedure; the Pb products adsorbed on APR and stabilization mechanism of APR on Pb were analyzed. The results demonstrated that APR showed decreased crystallinity and 3.4-fold increase in specific surface area, and a 53.07% and 49.32% increase in soluble P content in oxalic acid-activated PR and citric acid-activated PR, respectively, when compared with those of PR. These changes improved the stabilization effect of APR on Pb-contaminated soil, in which oxalic acid-600 °C-activated PR showed the best effect, presenting 94.0-99.8% reduction in Pb leaching concentration following addition of 2-10% modifier. Product characterization after Pb adsorption on APR showed that Pb was adsorbed onto APR by forming fluoropyromophite precipitation with APR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Song
- School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100035, China.
| | - Canyu Luo
- School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Likun Yang
- School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jin Wu
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
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Otieno J, Kowal P, Mąkinia J. Monitoring Lead Concentration in the Surrounding Environmental Components of a Lead Battery Company: Plants, Air and Effluents-Case Study, Kenya. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095195. [PMID: 35564589 PMCID: PMC9103765 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) pollution from smelters and lead-acid battery has become a serious problem worldwide owing to its toxic nature as a heavy metal. Stricter regulations and monitoring strategies have been formulated, legislated and implemented in various parts of the world on heavy metal usage. Developed countries such as the USA and in Europe largely operate within the set standards, however, developing countries such as Kenya, Nigeria and India, with limited regulatory capacity, resources and sufficient data, face poor Pb waste management and exposure of the population to health risks. This study assessed the pollution concerns from Associated Battery Manufacturers (East Africa) Limited (ABM), located in the Nairobi Industrial Area in Kenya. Samples of air, extracts from plants (leaves) and factory wastewaters were taken from different operations units, prepared and analysed with Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Pb traces remained fairly controlled with averages of 1.24 ± 0.42 parts per million (ppm), 1.21 ± 0.02 ppm and 0.29 ± 0.01 ppm in the air, plant extracts and effluents, respectively. The conducted research shows that the obtained lead concentrations in the air, wastewater and surrounding plants exceeded the recommended standards, and are potentially harmful not only to workers, but also to the surrounding villages.
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Kumar S, Rahman MA, Islam MR, Hashem MA, Rahman MM. Lead and other elements-based pollution in soil, crops and water near a lead-acid battery recycling factory in Bangladesh. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 290:133288. [PMID: 34921850 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) pollution in the environment predominantly occurs through anthropogenic activities, which pose significant threats to human health and that of biota. In this study, Pb and other elements were investigated in different soils (n = 52), crops (n = 24) and water (n = 13) around a lead-acid battery (LAB) recycling workshop in southwestern Bangladesh. Most of the elements' concentrations (except Se and Ag) in soil were lower than the background concentrations. However, excessive concentrations of Pb were found in both surface (966 ± 2414 mg kg-1 at 0-15 cm) and subsurface (230 ± 490 mg kg-1 at 15-30 cm) soil. Although no definitive pattern or direction in elemental concentration in soil was observed, relatively higher concentrations of most elements were detected at the southeast part of the factory. The LAB factory, brick kiln, agricultural and geogenic activities might be the sources of these elements in soil. Extremely high amounts of Cr, As, Cd, and Pb were found in the food crops around the area. In particular, the Pb concentrations were 114 ± 155 and 665 ± 588 mg kg -1 dry weight in rice grain and straw, respectively, which reflected the emissions of Pb from the LAB recycling workshop. Moreover, 40% and 100% of the groundwater samples exceeded, respectively, the WHO provisional guideline values for As (0.01 mg L-1) and Pb (0.05 mg L-1). Consequently, a high level of Pb contamination in the soil was observed while assessing different soil pollution indices. Human health risk assessment indicated severe carcinogenic (from Pb, As, and Cr intake) and non-carcinogenic (from Pb, As, Co, Cr, Ni and Sb intake) health risks are associated with rice and groundwater consumption. It is concluded that all LAB recycling workshops should be better managed to prevent Pb pollution from seeping into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sazal Kumar
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Md Aminur Rahman
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE), Zonal Laboratory, Khulna, 9100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rashidul Islam
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Md Abul Hashem
- Department of Leather Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (KUET), Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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Liao J, Liu Y, Yi J, Li Y, Li Q, Li Y, Shang P, Guo J, Hu L, Pan J, Li Y, Chang YF, Tang Z, Zhang H. Gut microbiota disturbance exaggerates battery wastewater-induced hepatotoxicity through a gut-liver axis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:152188. [PMID: 34875328 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As the primary source of electricity for various devices, batteries are important contributors to the overall electronic waste generated; and are widely considered a source of highly ecotoxic pollutants. Material leakage in battery manufacturing has not been completely solved, and the elucidation of the toxic mechanisms of battery wastewater exposure is needed. We demonstrated that battery waste exposure disrupted the intestinal flora and aggravated hepatotoxicity via the gut-liver axis. Under battery waste exposure, colon epithelium suffered physiological damage, and gene and protein expression levels related to gut barrier function (ZO-1, claudin-1, and Occludin) were significantly downregulated. Meanwhile, battery waste reduced the richness and diversity of the flora, causing metabolites produced by intestinal microbes to enter the gut-liver axis. Gut microbial dysbiosis impaired mitochondrial respiratory function in liver tissue cells, and mitophagy, apoptosis, and the disorder of glycolipids and amino acid metabolism were induced in hosts exposed to battery toxins. Altogether, these results provided novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of battery wastewater-related hepatotoxicity induced by gut microbiota via the gut-liver axis, which has public health implications where humans and animals are exposed to industrial toxins generated by uncontained battery disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhao Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yingwei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jiangnan Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yuanliang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Quanwei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yangwei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Peng Shang
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi 860000, Tibet, PR China.
| | - Jianying Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Lianmei Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jiaqiang Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Zhaoxin Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China.
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A. S. Souza B, L. N. Sousa F, Oliveira DM, Pinto L, Freitas DV, Navarro M. Pb-MOF electrosynthesis based on recycling of lead-acid battery electrodes for hydrogen sulfide colorimetric detection. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Feng Z, Ji S, Ping J, Cui D. Recent advances in metabolomics for studying heavy metal stress in plants. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Huang K, Shen Y, Wang X, Song X, Yuan W, Xie J, Wang S, Bai J, Wang J. Choline-based deep eutectic solvent combined with EDTA-2Na as novel soil washing agent for lead removal in contaminated soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 279:130568. [PMID: 34134409 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lead-contaminated soil was cleaned through ethylene-diamine-teraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-2Na) combined with diluted deep eutectic solvent (DES) which was prepared by mixing choline chloride with ethylene glycol. The influences of leaching temperature, leaching time, liquid-solid (L/S) ratio, concentration of EDTA-2Na, water-DES ratio, and the molar ratio of choline chloride-ethylene glycol (Ch-E) on the leaching rate of lead were investigated. The mineral phases of the soil and DES before and after washing were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The changes to the DESs before and after dissolving lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) were analyzed by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Hydrogen bonds and EDTA-2Na in the Ch-M system resulted in the conversion of Pb(NO3)2 to other complex ions such as [Pb·Ch-E]- and [Pb·EDTA-2Na]- and other complex ions due to the dissolution of the washing agent. The results showed that the soil mineral phase did not change significantly and up to 95.79% of Pb could be washed under temperature, time, L/S ratio, EDTA-2Na concentration, DES/water ratio, Ch-E molar ratio, and stirring speed conditions of 40 °C, 2 h, 6, 0.02 M, 2, 0.75 and 300 rpm, respectively. The hydrogen bonds and EDTA-2Na may play a key role in the remediation of lead-contaminated soil by a washing agent. This research describes a rapid, efficient, and environmentally friendly method for remediation of lead-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyou Huang
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Yingjie Shen
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Xiaolong Song
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China.
| | - Wenyi Yuan
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China.
| | - Junying Xie
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Shenyang Wang
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Jianfeng Bai
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Jingwei Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
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14
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Jallad R, Rao MS, Rahman A. Prevalence of lead toxicity in adolescents in Kuwait. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1189. [PMID: 34158008 PMCID: PMC8220793 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated blood lead level (EBLL) is a public health problem in both developing and industrialized countries. Being a petrochemical-based economy, lead (Pb) levels are expected to be high in Kuwait, but systematic data on population exposure are lacking. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of EBLL in adolescents in Kuwait. Methods Adolescents (N = 1385; age range 11–16 years) were cross-sectionally selected from public middle schools from all Governorates of Kuwait, utilizing multistage cluster random sampling. Pb in whole blood was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Distribution of blood Pb levels (BLL) among Governorates and sexes were compared by non-parametric tests and the prevalence of EBLL (defined as BLL above the CDC reference level of ≥5 μg/dL) was estimated by χ2 test. Binary logistic regression was used for assessing the association between EBLL and Governorate. Results Median (IQR) BLL was 5.1(3.6–7.1) μg/dL [4.9 (3.8–6.5) μg/dL in males and 5.4 (3.3–7.6) μg/dL in females; p = 0.001]. In the overall sample, 51% had BLL ≥5 μg/dL; 13% had ≥10 μg/dL and 3% > 20 μg/dL. Prevalence of EBLL was 47% in males and 56% in females (p < 0.001). EBLLs were clustered in Al-Asima, Al-Ahmadi (in both sexes); Al-Jahra (in males) and Mubarak Al-Kabeer (in females) Governorates. Conclusions EBLL is a significant public health problem in adolescents in Kuwait. Urgent public health intervention is required in areas with EBLL, and the sources of exposure need to be identified for prevention. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-11210-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Jallad
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Life Sciences, Kuwait University, Box 5969, 13060, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Muddanna S Rao
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Box: 24923, 13110, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Abdur Rahman
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Life Sciences, Kuwait University, Box 5969, 13060, Safat, Kuwait.
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15
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Combined Citric Acid and Glutathione Augments Lead (Pb) Stress Tolerance and Phytoremediation of Castorbean through Antioxidant Machinery and Pb Uptake. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13074073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is one of the most toxic elements on earth. The main origins of Pb pollution are automobiles, paint and electroplating industries. Pb-induced stress has very toxic effects on plant growth and biomass. The concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells significantly increases under Pb stress, which interrupts the biochemical cycles in cells and leads to cell death. Therefore, it is essential to clean up the Pb-polluted soils. Among all techniques that are used to clean soil that is metal-contaminated, the best technique is phytoremediation. The present study intends to determine the role of citric acid (CA) and glutathione (GSH) in the phytoremediation of Pb by using castor bean plants. Plant biomass was significantly reduced due to Pb stress. Lead toxicity was also harmful to the photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant enzymes activities. In reverse, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2 concentration and electrolyte leakage (EL) were increased under Pb stress. The combined application of GSH and CA enhanced photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzyme activities and plant biomass and minimized MDA, H2O2 and EL under Pb stress. The amount of Pb in roots and leaves remarkably increased by the joint application of CA and GSH. The combined application of CA and GSH (5 mM + 25 mM, respectively) was proven to be beneficial compared to the control. From the present results, we can conclude that the combined application of CA and GSH promoted the phytoremediation of Pb and helped the host plant to combat Pb toxicity.
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16
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Shabaan M, Asghar HN, Akhtar MJ, Ali Q, Ejaz M. Role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in the alleviation of lead toxicity to Pisum sativum L. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2020; 23:837-845. [PMID: 33372547 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2020.1859988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant-microbe interaction is a significant tool to tackle heavy metals problem in the soil. A pot trial was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of lead tolerant rhizobacteria in improving pea growth under Pb stress. Lead sulfate (PbSO4) was used for spiking (250, 500, and 750 mg kg-1). Results indicated that inoculation with Pb-tolerant PGPR strain not only alleviated the harmful impacts of Pb on plant growth but also immobilized it in the soil. PGPR in the presence of Pb at concentrations of 0, 250, 500 and 750 mg kg-1, increased shoot and root lengths by 21, 15, 18% and 72, 80, 84%, respectively, than uninoculated control. Moreover, fresh biomass of shoots and roots were also increased by 51, 45, 35% and 57, 101, 139% respectively, at Pb concentrations of 250, 500 and 750 mg kg-1. In addition, PGPR inoculation also reduced Pb concentration in the roots and shoots by 57, 55, 49% and 70, 56 and 58% respectively, than uninoculated control. So, PGPR proved to be an efficient option for reducing Pb mobility and can be effectively used for its phytostabilization. Novelty statementLead (Pb) is highly noxious and second most toxic element in the nature having high persistence. It ranks 1st in the priority list of hazardous substances and causes adverse effects after its entry into the living system. So, its remediation is inevitable. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) possess the potential to not only survive under stressed environments, but also promote plant growth on account of their different plant growth promoting mechanisms.Most researchers have worked on its bioaccumulation in plant body. This study however, used pea as a test crop and caused Pb phytostabilization and thereby, suppressed its entry in the above-ground plant parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shabaan
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Naeem Asghar
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Javed Akhtar
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Qasim Ali
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mukkaram Ejaz
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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17
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Doya R, Nakayama SMM, Nakata H, Toyomaki H, Yabe J, Muzandu K, Yohannes YB, Kataba A, Zyambo G, Ogawa T, Uchida Y, Ikenaka Y, Ishizuka M. Land Use in Habitats Affects Metal Concentrations in Wild Lizards Around a Former Lead Mining Site. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14474-14481. [PMID: 32490671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the potential effects of different land use and other environmental factors on animals living in a contaminated environment. The study site in Kabwe, Zambia, is currently undergoing urban expansion, while lead contamination from former mining activities is still prevalent. We focused on a habitat generalist lizards (Trachylepis wahlbergii). The livers, lungs, blood, and stomach contents of 224 lizards were analyzed for their lead, zinc, cadmium, copper, nickel, and arsenic concentrations. Habitat types were categorized based on vegetation data obtained from satellite images. Multiple regression analysis revealed that land use categories of habitats and three other factors significantly affected lead concentrations in the lizards. Further investigation suggested that the lead concentrations in lizards living in bare fields were higher than expected based on the distance from the contaminant source, while those in lizards living in green fields were lower than expected. In addition, the lead concentration of lungs was higher than that of the liver in 19% of the lizards, implying direct exposure to lead via dust inhalation besides digestive exposure. Since vegetation reduces the production of dust from surface soil, it is plausible that dust from the mine is one of the contamination sources and that vegetation can reduce exposure to this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rio Doya
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hokuto Nakata
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Haruya Toyomaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - John Yabe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Kaampwe Muzandu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Yared B Yohannes
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Andrew Kataba
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Golden Zyambo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Takahiro Ogawa
- Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Kita 14, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0814, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Uchida
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
- Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, NorthWest University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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18
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Zhang Y, Song B, Pang R, Zhou L. Risk assessment of lead intake via food among residents in the mining areas of Nandan County, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:3841-3850. [PMID: 32601906 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00642-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study studied the dietary structure, lead (Pb) contents and exposure of the diets of the residents in the mining-affected areas of Nandan County in summer (July to August) and winter (November to December). The weighing method and the Chemical Analysis Method were applied to determine the daily intake amount of trace element Pb in the diets of the residents in the mining-affected areas and a contrast area, and subsequently estimated the Pb exposure of the diets of the residents. Based on the Provisionally Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) and Margin of Exposure (MoE), the risk of Pb poisoning driven by the dietary intake of the residents in the study areas was determined. Among the food types, rice and rice products, vegetables, meat and meat products were the major contributing factors. In the mining-affected areas, Pb contents in meat and meat products ranked the top (2.47 μg/g) among the food types. The Pb contents in rice and rice products, vegetables, and meat and meat products in the mining-affected areas were significantly different from those in the contrast area. The average intake amounts of Pb in all kinds of food of the residents in the mining-affected areas (Chehe Town, Dachang Town and Zhanglao Town) were 958.6 µg/d, 1178 µg/d and 813.7 µg/d, respectively. According to the MoE method, current study confirmed high health risk due to Pb contamination in the diets of the residents in these mining-affected areas. From the dietary contribution rate perspective, meat was the main source of Pb intake of the residents in the mining-affected areas. To reduce the health risk induced by excessive Pb exposure in the dietary intake, local residents should consume more fish and grains instead of meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Zhang
- Colleges of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Bo Song
- Colleges of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Rui Pang
- Colleges of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Lang Zhou
- Colleges of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
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19
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Nair NM, Varghese GK. Optimization of parameters for the extraction of Pb from lateritic soil using EDTA. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-3171-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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20
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Multi-Criteria Evaluation of Best Available Treatment Technology for Waste Lead-Acid Battery: The Case of China. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12114479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Improper waste lead-acid battery (LAB) disposal not only damages the environment, but also leads to potential safety hazards. Given that waste best available treatment technology (BATT) plays a major role in environmental protection, pertinent research has largely focused on evaluating typical recycling technologies and recommending the BATT for waste LABs. First the evaluation indicators were selected based on the analysis of main factors affecting the pollution control of waste LAB treatment. The relative weights of each indicator were determined via the Delphi-attribute hierarchy model (AHM) in the second step. To determine the BATT, the attributive mathematics theory was adopted to calculate the attribute measure of single and multiple indices. Then, five recycling technologies commonly used in the secondary lead industry were estimated using the proposed evaluation system, and the feasibility of the recommended BATT was preliminarily verified. The results indicated that mixed smelting technology (MST), pre-desulfurization and multi-chamber smelting technology (PD-MCST), and direct smelting technology (DST) were found to perform well and were therefore deemed optimal for waste LAB disposal at this stage. The validation study showed that the DST can meet the requirements of pollution control, which is consistent with the evaluation results.
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21
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Cândido GS, Martins GC, Vasques ICF, Lima FRD, Pereira P, Engelhardt MM, Reis RHCL, José Marques J. Toxic effects of lead in plants grown in brazilian soils. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:305-313. [PMID: 32076927 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) in soils can be transferred to plants, animals, and even humans. The toxicity of Pb is worrisome and therefore environmental quality criteria, established by laws to support the management of contaminated sites, have been developed to prevent its deleterious effects in a wide range of soils, uses, and occupations. In Brazil, the CONAMA Resolution 420/2009 established that Brazilian states may define their prevention values (PV) for metals in soils. However, the established values should be well studied, since a wide variation of sensitivity of species exposed to Pb is reported and several have a high tolerance. We aimed to evaluate Pb toxicity to validate the suitability of the current Brazilian Pb-prevention value. A trial was carried with two plant species (sorghum and soybean) grown in two tropical soils (Typic Hapludox and Rhodic Acrudox), following ISO 11.269-2 protocols (ISO 2012). The tested soils were contaminated with Pb-acetate at the following concentrations: 0, 200, 400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2200, 2800, and 3200 mg kg-1 of dry soil. Differences regarding species sensitivity were observed and sorghum seemed to be less sensitive to Pb concentration in soils. Soil characteristics as higher clay and organic matter content were responsible for decreasing the overall availability of Pb for plants. Using data from this study and from the literature, we constructed a species sensitivity distribution curve and calculated the HC5 (hazardous concentration to 5% of variables evaluated). The HC5 was 132.5 mg kg-1, which suggests that the PV currently used in Brazil (72 mg kg-1) is sufficiently protective for Brazilian soils.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Polyana Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
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22
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Meissner W, Binkowski ŁJ, Barker J, Hahn A, Trzeciak M. Relationship between blood lead levels and physiological stress in mute swans (Cygnus olor) in municipal beaches of the southern Baltic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 710:136292. [PMID: 32050362 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lead is one of the non-essential metals that can become a serious environmental threat to the human population and wildlife causing various toxic impairments and pathologies. Waterfowl are especially sensitive to lead exposure as they stay in areas with a high risk of lead pollution due to hunting and fishing pressures. This study aims to determine recent blood lead levels in 45 live mute swans in the southern Baltic, in the Gulf of Gdańsk and to test the hypothesis that birds with elevated lead levels have a higher physiological stress. Mean concentration of lead in blood was 0.239 μg/g (range 0.028-0.675 μg/g). Almost half of the individuals examined in this study had increased blood Pb levels above the threshold level (0.23 μg/g), however none of them showed behavioural signs of Pb poisoning. Although the dominant food of mute swans staying at municipal beaches is bread delivered by people, which has low lead levels, lead was found in all blood samples taken from mute swans. In the study area, another possible source of lead poisoning, other than from ammunition, is connected with various anthropogenic activities, such as municipal sewage works. Moreover, poor diet results in greater susceptibility to absorption of lead and this may have an additional influence on elevated lead levels in blood of these birds. The Pb level was increased with heterophils to lymphocytes (H/L) ratio, which is used as a measure of longer-term physiological stress. The mean lead level in blood was higher in young birds than in adults, which may be a consequence of adults forcing them to take less calorific food from water plants containing elevated levels of lead in the area studied. However, it is difficult to disentangle this from other factors that may influence sensitivity to lead poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Włodzimierz Meissner
- Avian Ecophysiology Unit, Department of Vertebrate Ecology & Zoology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Łukasz J Binkowski
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Krakow, Poland
| | - James Barker
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, KT1 2EE Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, UK
| | - Andreas Hahn
- School of Engineering and the Environment, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, KT1 2EE Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, UK
| | - Marta Trzeciak
- Avian Ecophysiology Unit, Department of Vertebrate Ecology & Zoology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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23
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Zulfiqar U, Farooq M, Hussain S, Maqsood M, Hussain M, Ishfaq M, Ahmad M, Anjum MZ. Lead toxicity in plants: Impacts and remediation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 250:109557. [PMID: 31545179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is the second most toxic heavy metal after arsenic (As), which has no role in biological systems. Pb toxicity causes a range of damages to plants from germination to yield formation; however, its toxicity is both time and concentration dependent. Its exposure at higher rates disturbs the plant water and nutritional relations and causes oxidative damages to plants. Reduced rate of seed germination and plant growth under stress is mainly due to Pb interference with enzymatic activities, membrane damage and stomatal closure because of induction of absicic acid and negative correlation of Pb with potassium in plants. Pb induced structural changes in photosynthetic apparatus and reduced biosynthesis of chlorophyll pigments cause retardation of carbon metabolism. In this review, the noxious effects of Pb on germination, stand establishment, growth, water relations, nutrient uptake and assimilation, ultra-structural and oxidative damages, carbon metabolism and enzymatic activities in plants are reported. The Pb dynamics in soil rhizosphere and role of remediation strategies i.e. physical, chemical and biological to decontaminate the Pb polluted soils has also been described. Among them, biological strategies, including phytoremediation, microbe-assisted remediation and remediation by organic amendments, are cost effective and environmentally sound remedies for cleaning Pb contaminated soils. Use of organic manures and some agricultural practices have the potential to harvest better crops yield of good quality form Pb contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Zulfiqar
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan; Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 34, Al-Khoud 123, Oman; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia.
| | - Saddam Hussain
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Maqsood
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Mubshar Hussain
- Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan; Agriculture Discipline, College of Science Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Muhammad Ishfaq
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahmad
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zohaib Anjum
- Department of Forestry and Range Management, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
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24
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Bali S, Jamwal VL, Kohli SK, Kaur P, Tejpal R, Bhalla V, Ohri P, Gandhi SG, Bhardwaj R, Al-Huqail AA, Siddiqui MH, Ali HM, Ahmad P. Jasmonic acid application triggers detoxification of lead (Pb) toxicity in tomato through the modifications of secondary metabolites and gene expression. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:734-748. [PMID: 31280042 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) is an important phytohormone associated in defense responses against stress. Crop plants experience heavy metal toxicity and needs to be explored to enhance the crop production. Lead (Pb) is one of the dangerous heavy metal that pollutes soil and water bodies and is released from various sources like discharge from batteries, automobile exhaust, and paints. The present study was designed to evaluate the role of JA (100 nM) on photosynthetic pigments, secondary metabolites, organic acids, and metal ligation compounds in tomato seedlings under different concentrations of Pb (0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM). It was observed that Pb treatment declined pigment content, relative water content, and heavy metal tolerance index. Expression of chlorophyllase was also enhanced in Pb-treated seedlings. Seeds primed with JA lowered the expression of chlorophyllase under Pb stress. JA application enhanced the contents of secondary metabolites (total phenols, polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanin) which were confirmed with enhanced expression of chalcone synthase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase in Pb-exposed seedlings. Treatment of JA further elevated the levels of organic acids and metal chelating compounds under Pb toxicity. JA up-regulated the expression of succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate hydratase in Pb-exposed seedlings. Results revealed that seeds primed with JA reduced Pb toxicity by elevating, the levels of photosynthetic pigments, secondary metabolites, osmolytes, metal ligation compounds, organic acids, and polyamine accumulation in tomato seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagun Bali
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Vijay Lakshmi Jamwal
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Canal Road, Jammu 180 001, India
| | - Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Parminder Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Ruchi Tejpal
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies-II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Vandana Bhalla
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies-II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Puja Ohri
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Sumit G Gandhi
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Canal Road, Jammu 180 001, India.
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India.
| | - Asma A Al-Huqail
- Chair of Climate Change, Environmental Development and Vegetation Cover, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manzer H Siddiqui
- Chair of Climate Change, Environmental Development and Vegetation Cover, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayssam M Ali
- Chair of Climate Change, Environmental Development and Vegetation Cover, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia; Department of Botany, S. P. College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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25
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Gottesfeld P. Commentary health risks from climate fix: The downside of energy storage batteries. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 178:108677. [PMID: 31450149 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Energy storage is the key component to almost all technologies arising in response to climate change. Although most lead batteries are recycled, the process as employed in the majority of recycling plants around the world is highly polluting. Lithium ion batteries, considered the most advanced battery for climate solutions, are employed in electric vehicles, solar lanterns, and increasingly in other energy storage applications. These are generally not being recycled as there are no available technologies to economically extract metals in a form that can be used to make new batteries or other high-value products. As the energy storage market is projected to grow rapidly in coming years, we must consider the impacts of increased mining, milling, smelting and recycling of these metals. Much of these materials will be extracted and processed in low and middle-income countries and eventually be recycled in these same jurisdictions with few regulations to protect public health and the environment. Technological responses to climate change must take account of potential health risks inherent in such products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perry Gottesfeld
- Occupational Knowledge International, 4444 Geary Blvd, Suite 208, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA.
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26
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Luo J, Sun M, Ritt CL, Liu X, Pei Y, Crittenden JC, Elimelech M. Tuning Pb(II) Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions on Ultrathin Iron Oxychloride (FeOCl) Nanosheets. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2075-2085. [PMID: 30696248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Structural tunability and surface functionality of layered two-dimensional (2-D) iron oxychloride (FeOCl) nanosheets are critical for attaining exceptional adsorption properties. In this study, we combine computational and experimental tools to elucidate the distinct adsorption nature of Pb(II) on 2-D FeOCl nanosheets. After finding promising Pb(II) adsorption characteristics by bulk FeOCl sheets (B-FeOCl), we applied computational quantum mechanical modeling to mechanistically explore Pb(II) adsorption on representative FeOCl facets. Results indicate that increasing the exposure of FeOCl oxygen and chlorine sites significantly enhances Pb(II) adsorption. The (110) and (010) facets of FeOCl possess distinct orientations of oxygen and chlorine, resulting in different Pb(II) adsorption energies. Consequently, the (110) facet was found to be more selective toward Pb(II) adsorption than the (010) facet. To exploit this insight, we exfoliated B-FeOCl to obtain ultrathin FeOCl nanosheets (U-FeOCl) possessing unique chlorine- and oxygen-enriched surfaces. As we surmised, U-FeOCl nanosheets achieved excellent Pb(II) adsorption capacity (709 mg g-1 or 3.24 mmol g-1). Moreover, U-FeOCl demonstrated rapid adsorption kinetics, shortening adsorption equilibration time to one-third of the time for B-FeOCl. Extensive characterization of FeOCl-Pb adsorption complexes corroborated the simulation results, illustrating that increasing the number of Pb-O and Pb-Cl interaction sites led to the improved Pb(II) adsorption capacity of U-FeOCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Luo
- Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 828 West Peachtree Street , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Meng Sun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520-8286 , United States
| | - Cody L Ritt
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520-8286 , United States
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education , Xiangtan University , Xiangtan , Hunan Province 411105 , P. R. China
| | - Yong Pei
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education , Xiangtan University , Xiangtan , Hunan Province 411105 , P. R. China
| | - John C Crittenden
- Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 828 West Peachtree Street , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Menachem Elimelech
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520-8286 , United States
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27
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Musa Obadia P, Kayembe-Kitenge T, Haufroid V, Banza Lubaba Nkulu C, Nemery B. Preeclampsia and blood lead (and other metals) in Lubumbashi, DR Congo. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 167:468-471. [PMID: 30125765 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Among parturient women in Lubumbashi, blood lead concentrations [geometric means (25th-75th percentiles)] were higher among 40 women with preeclampsia [6.66 µg/dL (5.16-79.4)] than among 39 control women matched for age and gestation duration [5.08 µg/dL (4.27-6.30)]. Blood lead exceeded 5 µg/dL in 33 (83%) preeclamptic women and 17 (44%) control women [odds ratio 6.1 (95%CI 2.1-17.1)]. In another study, we found high levels of lead in surface dust collected in front of homes in Lubumbashi (36/127 samples exceeding 120 µg lead/g dust). Our findings support the conclusions of a systematic review that increased blood lead level increases the likelihood of preeclampsia. Moreover, our study indicates that, as in other urban areas in Africa, exposure to lead is unacceptably high among pregnant women in Lubumbashi. Preventive measures are needed to protect mothers and children from the serious adverse effects of lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Musa Obadia
- Unit of Toxicology and Environment, School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo.
| | - Tony Kayembe-Kitenge
- Unit of Toxicology and Environment, School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo.
| | - Vincent Haufroid
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Célestin Banza Lubaba Nkulu
- Unit of Toxicology and Environment, School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo.
| | - Benoit Nemery
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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28
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Abstract
Metals are an important but neglected source of CV risk
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tellez-Plaza
- Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology, National Center for Epidemiology, National Health Institutes Carlos III (Madrid) and Biomedical Research Institute Hospital Clinic de Valencia INCLIVA (Valencia), Calle de Melchor Fernández Almagro, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eliseo Guallar
- Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology, National Center for Epidemiology, National Health Institutes Carlos III (Madrid) and Biomedical Research Institute Hospital Clinic de Valencia INCLIVA (Valencia), Calle de Melchor Fernández Almagro, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology, National Center for Epidemiology, National Health Institutes Carlos III (Madrid) and Biomedical Research Institute Hospital Clinic de Valencia INCLIVA (Valencia), Calle de Melchor Fernández Almagro, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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29
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Soto-Arredondo KJ, Robles J, Díaz-Cervantes E, Ruiz-Ramírez C, García-Revilla MA, Wrobel K, Wrobel K, Díaz-Muñoz M, Méndez I, Flores A, Acevedo-Aguilar FJ, Martínez-Alfaro M. Effects of lead and lead–melatonin exposure on protein and gene expression of metal transporters, proteins and the copper/zinc ratio in rats. Biometals 2018; 31:859-871. [PMID: 30006888 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Juvencio Robles
- Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Katarzyna Wrobel
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Kazimierz Wrobel
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Díaz-Muñoz
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, INB, Campus UNAM, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Isabel Méndez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, INB, Campus UNAM, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Alberto Flores
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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30
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Luo Z, Ma J, Chen F, Li X, Zhang S. Effects of Pb Smelting on the Soil Bacterial Community near a Secondary Lead Plant. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15051030. [PMID: 29783785 PMCID: PMC5982069 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15051030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Secondary lead smelting is a widespread industrial activity which has exacerbated Pb or Cd contamination of soil and water across the world. Soil physicochemical properties, soil enzyme activities, heavy metal concentrations, and bacterial diversity near a secondary lead plant in Xuzhou, China were examined in this study. The results showed that secondary lead smelting activities influenced nearby soils. Soil acidification decreased one order of magnitude, with a mean value of 7.3. Soil organic matter also showed a downward trend, while potassium and nitrogen appeared to accumulate. Soil urease and protease activity increased in samples with greater heavy metal pollution, but overall the soil microbial biodiversity decreased. Soil heavy metal concentration-especially Pb and Cd-greatly exceeded the concentrations of Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB 15618-1995). Some environmental factors-such as pH, organic matter, enzyme activity, and the concentration of heavy metals-significantly affected bacterial diversity: compared with the control site, the Chao1 estimator decreased about 50%, while the Shannon diversity index dropped approximately 20%. Moreover, some genera have significant relationships with heavy metal concentration-such as Ramlibacter with Zn and Steroidobacter with Cd-which might act as bio-indicators for soil remediation. These results will provide a new insight in the future for reclaiming soil contaminants caused by secondary lead smelting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanbin Luo
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jing Ma
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, Jiangsu, China.
- Low Carbon Energy Institute, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, Jiangsu, China.
- Amap, Inra, Cnrs, Ird, Cirad, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Fu Chen
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, Jiangsu, China.
- Low Carbon Energy Institute, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shaoliang Zhang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, Jiangsu, China.
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