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Pérez-Alvarez I, Islas-Flores H, Sánchez-Aceves LM, Gómez-Olivan LM, Chamorro-Cevallos G. Spirulina (Arthrospira maxima) mitigates the toxicity induced by a mixture of metal and NSAID in Xenopus laevis. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 120:108422. [PMID: 37330176 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is often detected in the environment due to its wide use in industry; also, NSAIDs are one of the most consumed pharmaceuticals, particularly diclofenac (DCF). Several studies have reported the presence of both contaminants in water bodies at concentrations ranging from ng L-1 to μg L-1; in addition, they have shown that they can induce oxidative stress in aquatic species and disturb signal transduction, cell proliferation, and intercellular communication, which could lead to teratogenesis. Spirulina has been consumed as a dietary supplement; its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and nutritional properties are well documented. This work aimed to evaluate if Spirulina reduces the damage induced by Cd and DCF mixture in Xenopus laevis at early life stages. FETAX assay was carried out: 20 fertilized oocytes were exposed to seven different treatments on triplicate, control, Cd (24.5 μg L-1), DCF (149 μg L-1), Cd + DCF, Cd+DCF+Spirulina (2 mg L-1), Cd+DCF+Spirulina (4 mg L-1), Cd+DCF+Spirulina (10 mg L-1), malformations, mortality, and growth were evaluated after 96 h, also lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity were determined after 192 h. Cd increased DCF mortality, Cd and DCF mixture increased the incidence of malformations as well as oxidative damage; on the other hand, the results obtained show that Spirulina can be used to reduce the damage caused by the mixture of Cd and DCF since it promotes growth, reduce mortality, malformations, and oxidative stress in X. laevis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzayana Pérez-Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colon intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colon, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Hariz Islas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colon intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colon, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Livier Mireya Sánchez-Aceves
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colon intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colon, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Olivan
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colon intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colon, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Germán Chamorro-Cevallos
- Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa S/N, Delegación Gustavo a. Madero, México DF CP 07738, Mexico
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Harshavarthini M, Pathan MA, Poojary N, Kumar S, Gurphale N, Varshini SVS, Kumari R, Nagpure NS. Assessment of toxicity potential of neglected Mithi River water from Mumbai megacity, India, in zebrafish using embryotoxicity, teratogenicity, and genotoxicity biomarkers. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:950. [PMID: 37450229 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11542-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The Mithi River begins at Vihar Lake and flows through the industrial hub of the city of Mumbai, India, and merges with the Arabian Sea at Mahim Creek. The current study was carried out to assess the ecotoxicological effects of the Mithi River surface water in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Water samples were collected from ten sampling sites (S1 to S10) located along the course of the Mithi River. The toxicity of water samples was assessed using a zebrafish embryo toxicity test (ZFET). Water samples were diluted from all sites at 1:0, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, 1:32, 1:64, and 1:128 times. The lowest and highest LDil 20 values for 96 h were estimated as 9.16 and 74.18 respectively for the S2 and S5 sites. The results of embryotoxicity and teratogenicity assays indicated a significant difference (p < 0.0001) between embryos exposed to control and sampling sites (except S1) for various endpoints such as mortality, egg coagulation, pericardial edema, yolk sac edema, tail bend, and skeletal deformities. The histopathological analysis revealed various lesions, ascertaining the toxic effects of water samples. The comet assay revealed significantly higher DNA damage (except S1) in embryos exposed to sites S5 and S6 with OTM values of 4.46 and 2.48 respectively. The results indicated that the Mithi River is polluted with maximum pollution load at the middle stretches. The study further indicated that the pollutants in the Mithi River (except S1) could potentially be hazardous to the aquatic organisms; therefore, continuous biomonitoring of the river is needed for its revival.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harshavarthini
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Mujahidkhan A Pathan
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Nalini Poojary
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Saurav Kumar
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Nikita Gurphale
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - S V Sai Varshini
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Riya Kumari
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - N S Nagpure
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India.
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Wang J, Kong W, Sun Q, Zheng X, Wang S, Yan Z. Toxic effects of naproxen on the intestine of the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Mol Cell Toxicol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-022-00295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Pacheco-Álvarez M, Picos Benítez R, Rodríguez-Narváez OM, Brillas E, Peralta-Hernández JM. A critical review on paracetamol removal from different aqueous matrices by Fenton and Fenton-based processes, and their combined methods. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:134883. [PMID: 35577132 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Paracetamol (PCT), also known as acetaminophen, is a drug used to treat fever and mild to moderate pain. After consumption by animals and humans, it is excreted through the urine to the sewer systems, wastewater treatment plants, and other aquatic/natural environments. It has been detected in trace amounts in effluents of wastewater plant treatments, sewage sludge, hospital wastewaters, surface waters, and drinking water. PCT can cause genetic code damage, oxidative degradation of lipids, and denaturation of protein in cells, and its toxicity has been well-proven in bacteria, algae, macrophytes, protozoan, and fishes. To avoid its harmful health problems over living beings, powerful Fenton and Fenton-based treatments as pre-eminent advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been developed because of the inefficient treatment by conventional treatments. This paper presents a comprehensive and critical review over the application of such Fenton technologies to remove PCT from natural waters, synthetic wastewaters, and real wastewaters. The characteristics and main results obtained using Fenton, photo-Fenton, electro-Fenton, and photoelectro-Fenton are described, making special emphasis in the oxidative action of the generated reactive oxygen species. Hybrid processes based on the coupling with ultrasounds, gamma radiation, photocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, zero-valent iron-activated persulfate, adsorption, and microbial fuel cells, are analyzed. Sequential treatments involving the initiation with plasma gliding arc discharge and post-biological process are detailed. Comparative results with other available AOPs are also described and discussed. Finally, 13 aromatic by-products and 9 short-linear aliphatic carboxylic acid detected during the PCT removal by Fenton and Fenton-based processes are reported, with the proposal of three parallel pathways for its initial degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pacheco-Álvarez
- Departamento de Química, DCNE, Universidad de Guanajuato, Cerro de la Venada s/n, Pueblito de Rocha, Guanajuato, C.P. 36040, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Picos Benítez
- Centro de Estudios Científicos y Tecnológicos No. 18, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 98160, Zacatecas, Zac., Mexico
| | - Oscar M Rodríguez-Narváez
- Dirección de Investigación y Soluciones Tecnológicas, Centro de Innovación Aplicado en Tecnologías Competitivas, Omega 201, Leon, Guanajuato, 37545, Mexico
| | - Enric Brillas
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Secció de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juan M Peralta-Hernández
- Departamento de Química, DCNE, Universidad de Guanajuato, Cerro de la Venada s/n, Pueblito de Rocha, Guanajuato, C.P. 36040, Mexico.
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Liu S, Wang L, Chen K, Yang H, Ling M, Wu L, Zhou X, Ma G, Bai L. Combined effects of S-metolachlor and benoxacor on embryo development in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 238:113565. [PMID: 35512469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It is necessary to study the combined toxicity of an herbicide and its safener because the two are often used in combination. S-metolachlor and its safener benoxacor have been detected in aquatic environments and can individually damage the oxidative stress system in zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio). However, only their separate toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo development has been reported. This study assessed the combined toxicity of benoxacor and S-metolachlor in zebrafish embryo development, including acute toxicity, developmental toxicity, oxidative damage, and cell apoptosis. The 96-h LC50 values were higher in mixtures of benoxacor and S-metolachlor than in benoxacor alone. The treatments included S-metolachlor, Mix-1 (0.1 mg/L benoxacor + 0.1 mg/L S-metolachlor), Mix-2 (0.1 mg/L benoxacor + 0.3 mg/L S-metolachlor) and benoxacor alone. Embryos exposed to Mix-1 and Mix-2 had lower developmental toxicities, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, osx and cat expression levels than those exposed to benoxacor alone. Moreover, glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, and the expressions of tbx16, nrf2, bcl2, and caspase9 were higher in the mixtures than in the benoxacor group. High-throughput RNA sequencing revealed that benoxacor had a greater effect on gene regulation than Mix-1 and Mix-2. The malformation rate, different enrichment gene numbers, and gene expression levels of hatched embryos were higher in Mix-1 than in Mix-2. The results indicate that a mixture of S-metolachlor and benoxacor has antagonistic effects in the early stage of embryo development. The mixtures can break the reactive oxygen species balance, causing abnormal cell apoptosis and developmental malformation in embryos. Besides investigating the combined toxicity of benoxacor and S-metolachlor in zebrafish embryo development, this study provides a risk assessment basis for a herbicide combined with its safener.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihong Liu
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, PR China; Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, PR China; Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha, PR China.
| | - Ke Chen
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, PR China; Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Haona Yang
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, PR China
| | - Min Ling
- Hunan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Changsha, PR China
| | - Lamei Wu
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, PR China
| | - Xiaomao Zhou
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, PR China; Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Guolan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, PR China
| | - Lianyang Bai
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, PR China; Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha, PR China.
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Chauhan D, Kumar A, Warkar SG. Synthesis, characterization and metal ions sensing applications of meta-benziporphodimethene-embedded polyacrylamide/carboxymethyl guargum polymeric hydrogels in water. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:991-1002. [PMID: 32811349 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1812730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a robust procedure for the visual on-site detection of zinc, cadmium and mercury metal ions in an aqueous medium using a polymeric hydrogel matrix-based colorimetric sensor. Zn2+, Cd2+and Hg2+, owing to their biological significant value and environmental harm, have attracted more attention. The selective detection of Zn2+, Cd2+and Hg2+ metal ions has always been challenging due to their closed-shell d10 electronic configuration which makes them spectroscopically silent. A polyacrylamide/carboxymethyl guargum polymeric hydrogel-based metal ion sensor was synthesized by in situ embedding 11, 16-bis (phenyl)-6, 6, 21, 21-tetramethyl-m-benzi-6,21-porphodimethene (meta-BPDM) in a host hydrogel. The meta-BPDM-embedded hydrogel shows high stability, sensitivity and selectivity when it is dipped into the aqueous solutions of Zn2+, Cd2+and Hg2+ metal ions. During detection, the binding of these metal ions in hydrogel causes hydrogel to change from red to bluish-green which was visually detected and confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy. The meta-BPDM-embedded polymeric hydrogel was characterized by using solid-state UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and its sensing properties were studied. The meta-BPDM-embedded polymeric hydrogel was found to be an excellent colorimetric sensor for Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ in aqueous medium without leaching of meta-BPDM from the hydrogel. The selectivity to sense these ions is mainly dependent on the binding constant of these metal ions with the meta-BPDM embedded in the hydrogel. The sensitivity of the hydrogel was 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/L with Hg2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Chauhan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| | - Sudhir G Warkar
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
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Quiroga-Santos EH, Galar-Martínez M, García-Medina S, Gasca-Pérez E, Cano-Viveros S, Ruíz-Lara K, Gómez-Oliván LM, Islas-Flores H. Geno-cytotoxicity and congenital malformations produced by relevant environmental concentrations of aluminum, diclofenac and their mixture on Cyprinus carpio. An interactions study. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 82:103555. [PMID: 33309951 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Several studies highlight the presence of aluminum and diclofenac in water bodies around the world and their ability to induce oxidative stress and a negative effect on biomolecules in several aquatic species. However, studies evaluating the toxic effect of mixtures of these contaminants are scarce. The objective of this work was to determine the genotoxic, cytotoxic and embryotoxic effect of the mixture of aluminum and diclofenac at environmentally relevant concentrations on Cyprinus carpio. Juveniles of Cyprinus carpio were exposed to 0.31 μg L-1 of diclofenac, 24.45 mg L-1 of aluminum, and a mixture of both contaminants at the same concentrations for 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. After the exposure time the liver, gills and blood were extracted and the following biomarkers were evaluated: micronucleus frequency, comet assay, caspase activity and TUNEL test. On the other hand, Cyprinus carpio embryos were exposed to diclofenac (0.31 μg L-1), aluminum (0.06 mg L-1) and their mixture at the same concentrations and exposure time. Microscopic observation was performed to evaluate embryonic development at 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Diclofenac (0.31 μg L-1) induces significant increases in micronucleus frequency with respect to control (p < 0.05), in all tissues. Aluminum (24.45 mg L-1) significantly increases DNA damage index in liver and blood cells with respect to control (p < 0.05). All treatments increase caspases activity in all tissues with respect to control (p < 0.05). Diclofenac increases the percentage of TUNEL-positive cells in liver and blood; while aluminum and the mixture increases it significantly in gills and blood with respect to the control (p < 0.05). The mixture significantly delays embryonic development, while aluminum and the mixture significantly increase teratogenic index with respect to control (p < 0.05). In conclusion, exposure to environmental concentrations of aluminium, diclofenac and their mixture induces genotoxic damage, cell death by apoptosis and negative effects on the development of Cyprinus carpio and the toxic response is modified by the interaction of the xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldher Hissadam Quiroga-Santos
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Sección de Graduados e Investigación, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y Cerrada de Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, C.P. 007700, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Marcela Galar-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Sección de Graduados e Investigación, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y Cerrada de Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, C.P. 007700, México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Sandra García-Medina
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Sección de Graduados e Investigación, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y Cerrada de Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, C.P. 007700, México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Eloy Gasca-Pérez
- Cátedra CONACYT, Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, México City, Mexico
| | - Selene Cano-Viveros
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Sección de Graduados e Investigación, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y Cerrada de Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, C.P. 007700, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Karina Ruíz-Lara
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Sección de Graduados e Investigación, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y Cerrada de Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, C.P. 007700, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia. Paseo Tollocan, esq. Paseo Colón, Toluca, Estado de México, C. P. 50100, Mexico
| | - Hariz Islas-Flores
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia. Paseo Tollocan, esq. Paseo Colón, Toluca, Estado de México, C. P. 50100, Mexico
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Tenorio-Chávez P, Cerro-López M, Castro-Pastrana LI, Ramírez-Rodrigues MM, Orozco-Hernández JM, Gómez-Oliván LM. Effects of effluent from a hospital in Mexico on the embryonic development of zebrafish, Danio rerio. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 727:138716. [PMID: 32334233 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hospitals consume a large amount of water, so they also generate large amounts of wastewater, which contain a wide variety of contaminants. It is important to consider that hospital effluents are a mixture of pollutants that can interact with each other and have a negative impact on aquatic species of water bodies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects induced by a hospital effluent using Danio rerio embryos. In this study, Danio rerio embryos were exposed to different concentrations of the hospital effluent and a lethality test was evaluated and the malformations present in zebrafish embryos were evaluated. The lethal concentration of effluent 50% was 6.1% and the effective malformation concentration was of 2.5%. The teratogenic index was 2.45%. The main malformations identified were yolc sac malformation, pericardial edema, hatching abnormalities, hypopigmentation, tail deformation, chorda malformation, without fin, chorion deformation and craniofacial malformation. The risks that this type of water represents for the survival of living organisms, as well as the presence of malformations in them, are reference indicators for a future regulation focused on the adequate treatment of hospital effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Tenorio-Chávez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón i2antersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Mónica Cerro-López
- Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, ExHda. Sta. Catarina Martir s/n, Cholula 72820, Puebla, Mexico.
| | - Lucila Isabel Castro-Pastrana
- Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, ExHda. Sta. Catarina Martir s/n, Cholula 72820, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Milena María Ramírez-Rodrigues
- Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, ExHda. Sta. Catarina Martir s/n, Cholula 72820, Puebla, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Orozco-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón i2antersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón i2antersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
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