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Gholipour S, Nikaeen M, Mehdipour M, Mohammadi F, Rabbani D. Occurrence of chlorine-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospital water systems: threat of waterborne infections for patients. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2024; 13:111. [PMID: 39334230 PMCID: PMC11437889 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-024-01468-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several healthcare-associated infection outbreaks have been caused by waterborne Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibiting its ability to colonize water systems and resist conventional chlorine treatment. This study aims to investigate the occurrence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospital drinking water systems and the antimicrobial resistance profiles (antibiotic and chlorine resistance) of isolated strains. METHODS We investigated the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in water and biofilms developed in nine hospital water systems (n = 192) using culture-based and molecular methods. We further assessed the survival of isolated strains after exposure to 0.5 and 1.5 ppm concentrations of chlorine. The profile of antibiotic resistance and presence of antibiotic resistance genes in isolated strains were also investigated. RESULTS Using direct PCR method, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was detected in 22% (21/96) of water and 28% (27/96) of biofilm samples. However, culturable Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from 14 samples. Most of P. aeruginosa isolates (86%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic (mainly β-lactams), with 50% demonstrating multidrug resistance. Moreover, three isolates harbored intI1 gene and two isolates contained blaOXA-24,blaOXA-48, and blaOXA-58 genes. Experiments with chlorine disinfection revealed that all tested Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were resistant to a 0.5 ppm concentration. However, when exposed to a 1.5 ppm concentration of chlorine for 30 min, 60% of the strains were eliminated. Interestingly, all chlorine-resistant bacteria that survived at 30-minute exposure to 1.5 ppm chlorine were found to harbor the intI1 gene. CONCLUSIONS The detection of antimicrobial resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospital water systems raises concerns about the potential for infections among hospitalized patients. The implementation of advanced mitigation measures and targeted disinfection methods should be considered to tackle the evolving challenges within hospital water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Gholipour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Nikaeen
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammadmehdi Mehdipour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Davarkhah Rabbani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Wang D, Chen X, Luo J, Shi P, Zhou Q, Li A, Pan Y. Comparison of chlorine and chlorine dioxide disinfection in drinking water: Evaluation of disinfection byproduct formation under equal disinfection efficiency. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 260:121932. [PMID: 38906077 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Disinfection efficiency and disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation are two important aspects deserving careful consideration when evaluating different disinfection protocols. However, most of the previous studies on the selection of disinfection methods by comparing DBP formation were carried out under the same initial/residual dose and contact time of different disinfectants, and such a practice may cause overdose or underdose of a certain disinfectant, leading to the inaccurate evaluation of disinfection. In this study, a comprehensive and quantitative comparison of chlorine (Cl2) and chlorine dioxide (ClO2) disinfection was conducted with regard to their DBP formation under equal disinfection efficiency. The microbial inactivation models as well as the Cl2 and ClO2 demand models were developed. On such basis, the integral CT (ICT) values were determined and used as a bridge to connect disinfection efficiency and DBP formation. For 3-log10 and 4-log10 reductions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ClO2 had 1.5 and 5.8 times higher inactivation ability than Cl2, respectively. In the premise of equal disinfection efficiency (i.e., the ICT ratios of Cl2 to ClO2 = 1.5 and 5.8), the levels of total organic chlorine, total organic bromine, and total organic halogen formed in the Cl2 disinfection were significantly higher than those formed in the ClO2 disinfection. Among the 35 target aliphatic DBPs, trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) were the dominant species formed in both Cl2 and ClO2 disinfection. The total THM levels formed in Cl2 disinfection were 14.6 and 30.3 times higher than those in ClO2 disinfection, respectively. The total HAA levels formed in Cl2 disinfection were 3.5 and 5.4 times higher than those in ClO2 disinfection, respectively. Formation of the target 48 aromatic DBPs was much favored in Cl2 disinfection than that in ClO2 disinfection, and the formation levels was dominated by contact time. This study demonstrated that ClO2 had significant advantages over Cl2, especially at higher microorganism inactivation and lower DBP formation requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xueyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jiayi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
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Ren X, Zhang S, Wu M, Xiao B, Miao H, Chen H. Effect and influence mechanism of biofilm formation on the biological stability of reclaimed water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167735. [PMID: 37827320 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms and sediments in reclaimed water adhere to the inner walls of pipes or water tanks, forming biofilms that support the continuous growth of microorganisms. These biofilms provide a protective barrier, shielding bacteria from disinfectants. This study investigated the impact of biofilms on bacterial growth and reproduction in reclaimed water and the factors limiting bacterial growth in reclaimed graywater (GMR) and reclaimed mixed wastewater (MWR). The results revealed that biofilm biomass gradually increased and reached a maximum value on Days 20-25, and the biomass of organisms continued to decrease after 40 days. Biofilms serve as a source of bacteria, continuously releasing them into reclaimed water systems. The presence of biofilms reduced the biological stability of the reclaimed water, leading to water quality deterioration. The concentration of assimilable organic carbon in the reclaimed water showed a positive correlation with the heterotrophic bacterial count and Escherichia coli levels in both the reclaimed water and biofilms. The threshold value of chlorine for inhibiting biofilms in reclaimed water was no <2 mg/L. High concentrations of free chlorine delayed the growth of biofilms but did not reduce the final biomass generated by the biofilms. Carbon was the limiting factor for the biological stability of reclaimed water, while nitrogen, phosphorus, and inorganic salts were not limiting factors. Thus, minimizing the concentration of organic matter in reclaimed water can reduce the nutrient sources available for biofilm formation. This study provides support for advancements in the wastewater reuse industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Ren
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Shudong Zhang
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Mengyi Wu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Beiqi Xiao
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hengfeng Miao
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hongbin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Mehdipour M, Gholipour S, Mohammadi F, Hatamzadeh M, Nikaeen M. Incidence of co-resistance to antibiotics and chlorine in bacterial biofilm of hospital water systems: Insights into the risk of nosocomial infections. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16 Suppl 1:210-216. [PMID: 37951730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of biofilms in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) in healthcare settings poses a considerable risk to the biological security of water, particularly when the biofilm bacteria demonstrate antimicrobial resistance characteristics. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in biofilms within DWDS of hospitals. The chlorine resistance of the isolated ARB was analyzed, and then chlorine-resistant bacteria (CRB) were identified using molecular methods. Additionally, the presence of several antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) was monitored in the isolated ARB. Out of the 41 biofilm samples collected from hospitals, ARB were detected in 32 (78%) of the samples. A total of 109 colonies of ARB were isolated from DWDS of hospitals, with β-lactam resistant bacteria, including ceftazidime-resistant and ampicillin-resistant bacteria, being the most frequently isolated ARB. Analyzing of ARGs revealed the highest detection of aac6, followed by sul1 gene. However, the β-lactamase genes blaCTX-M and blaTEM were not identified in the ARB, suggesting the presence of other β-lactamase genes not included in the tested panel. Exposure of ARB to free chlorine at a concentration of 0.5 mg/l showed that 64% of the isolates were CRB. However, increasing the chlorine concentration to 4 mg/l decreased the high fraction of ARB (91%). The dominant CRB identified were Sphingomonas, Brevundimonas, Stenotrophomonas, Bacillus and Staphylococcus with Bacillus exhibiting the highest frequency. The results highlight the potential risk of biofilm formation in the DWDS of hospitals, leading to the dissemination of ARB in hospital environments, which is a great concern for the health of hospitalized patients, especially vulnerable individuals. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in DWDS of hospitals can provide valuable insights for shaping antimicrobial use policies and practices that ensure their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadmehdi Mehdipour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sahar Gholipour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Hatamzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Nikaeen
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Xie M, Lv M, Zhao Z, Li L, Jiang H, Yu Y, Zhang X, Liu P, Chen J. Plastisphere characterization in habitat of the highly endangered Shinisaurus crocodilurus: Bacterial composition, assembly, function and the comparison with surrounding environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165807. [PMID: 37506917 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Plastisphere is a new niche for microorganisms that complicate the ecological effects of plastics, and may profoundly influence biodiversity and habitat conservation. The DaGuishan National Nature Reserve, one of the largest habitats of the highly endangered crocodile lizard (Shinisaurus crocodilurus), is experiencing plastic pollution without sufficient attention. Here, plastisphere collected from captive tanks of crocodile lizards in this nature reserve was characterized for the first time. Three types of plastic (PE-PP, PE1, and PE2) together with the surrounding water and soil samples, were collected, and 16S rRNA sequencing technology was used to characterize the bacterial composition. The results demonstrated that plastisphere was driven by stochastic process and had a distinct bacterial community with higher diversity than that in surrounding water (p < 0.05). Bacteria related to nitrogen and carbon cycles (Pseudomonas psychrotolerans, Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum) were more abundant in plastisphere than in water or soil (p < 0.05). More importantly, plastics recruited pathogens and those bacteria function in antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) coding. Bacteria related to polymer degradation also proliferated in plastisphere, especially Bacillus subtilis with a fold change of 42.01. The PE2 plastisphere, which had the lowest diversity and was dominated by Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum differed from PE 1 and PE-PP plastispheres totally. Plastics' morphology and aquatic nutrient levels contributed to the heterogeneity of different plastispheres. Overall, this study demonstrated that plastispheres diversify in composition and function, affecting ecosystem services directly or indirectly. Pathogens and bacteria related to ARGs expression enriched in the plastisphere should not be ignored because they may threaten the health of crocodile lizards by increasing the risk of infection. Plastic pollution control should be included in conservation efforts for crocodile lizards. This study provides new insights into the potential impacts of plastisphere, which is important for ecological risk assessments of plastic pollution in the habitats of endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujiao Xie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Mei Lv
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Linmiao Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Haiying Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Yepin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Jinping Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China.
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Xu YQ, Wu YH, Luo LW, Huang BH, Chen Z, Wang HB, Liu H, Ikuno N, Koji N, Hu HY. Inactivation of chlorine-resistant bacteria (CRB) via various disinfection methods: Resistance mechanism and relation with carbon source metabolism. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 244:120531. [PMID: 37659185 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
With the widespread use of chlorine disinfection, chlorine-resistant bacteria (CRB) in water treatment systems have gained public attention. Bacterial chlorine resistance has been found positively correlated with extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) secretion. In this study, we selected the most suitable CRB controlling method against eight bacterial strains with different chlorine resistance among chloramine, ozone, and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection, analyzed the resistance mechanisms, clarified the contribution of EPS to disinfection resistance, and explored the role of carbon source metabolism capacity. Among all the disinfectants, UV disinfection showed the highest disinfection capacity by achieving the highest average and median log inactivation rates for the tested strains. For Bacillus cereus CR19, the strain with the highest chlorine resistance, 40 mJ/cm2 UV showed a 1.90 log inactivation, which was much higher than that of 2 mg-Cl2/L chlorine (0.67 log), 2 mg-Cl2/L chloramine (1.68 log), and 2 mg/L ozone (0.19 log). Meanwhile, the UV resistance of the bacteria did not correlate with EPS secretion. These characteristics render UV irradiation the best CRB controlling disinfection method. Chloramine was found to have a generally high inactivation efficiency for bacteria with high chlorine-resistance, but a low inactivation efficiency for low chlorine-resistant ones. Although EPS consumed up to 56.7% of chloramine which an intact bacterial cell consumed, EPS secretion could not explain chloramine resistance. Thus, chloramine is an acceptable CRB control method. Similar to chlorine, ozone generally selected high EPS-secreting bacteria, with EPS consuming up to 100% ozone. Therefore, ozone is not an appropriate method for controlling CRB with high EPS secretion. EPS played an important role in all types of disinfection resistance, and can be considered the main mechanism for bacterial chlorine and ozone disinfection resistance. However, as EPS was not the main resistance mechanism in UV and chloramine disinfection, CRB with high EPS secretion were inactivated more effectively. Furthermore, carbon source metabolism was found related to the multiple resistance of bacteria. Those with low carbon source metabolism capacity tended to have higher multiple resistance, especially to chlorine, ozone, and UV light. Distinctively, among the tested gram-negative bacteria, in contrast to other disinfectants, chloramine resistance was negatively correlated with EPS secretion and positively correlated with carbon source metabolism capacity, suggesting a special disinfection mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Xu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yin-Hu Wu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Li-Wei Luo
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Bang-Hao Huang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Hao-Bin Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Han Liu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Nozomu Ikuno
- Kurita Water Industries Ltd., Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-0001, Japan
| | - Nakata Koji
- Kurita Water Industries Ltd., Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-0001, Japan
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, PR China
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Jia S, Tian Y, Song Y, Zhang H, Kang M, Guo H, Chen H. Effect of NaClO and ClO 2 on the bacterial properties in a reclaimed water distribution system: efficiency and mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27456-6. [PMID: 37178295 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27456-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Extensive application of reclaimed water alleviated water scarcity obviously. Bacterial proliferation in reclaimed water distribution systems (RWDSs) poses a threat to water safety. Disinfection is the most common method to control microbial growth. The present study investigated the efficiency and mechanisms of two widely used disinfectants: sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and chlorine dioxide (ClO2) on the bacterial community and cell integrity in effluents of RWDSs through high-throughput sequencing (Hiseq) and flow cytometry, respectively. Results showed that a low disinfectant dose (1 mg/L) did not change the bacterial community basically, while an intermediate disinfectant dose (2 mg/L) reduced the biodiversity significantly. However, some tolerant species survived and multiplied in high disinfectant environments (4 mg/L). Additionally, the effect of disinfection on bacterial properties varied between effluents and biofilm, with changes in the abundance, bacterial community, and biodiversity. Results of flow cytometry showed that NaClO disturbed live bacterial cells rapidly, while ClO2 caused greater damage, stripping the bacterial membrane and exposing the cytoplasm. This research will provide valuable information for assessing the disinfection efficiency, biological stability control, and microbial risk management of reclaimed water supply systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Jia
- Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yimei Tian
- Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yarong Song
- Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Haiya Zhang
- Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
- Institute of Water Ecology and Environment|, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Mengxin Kang
- Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- The Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, MNR (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Haolin Chen
- Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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Zhao HX, Zhang TY, Wang H, Hu CY, Tang YL, Xu B. Occurrence of fungal spores in drinking water: A review of pathogenicity, odor, chlorine resistance and control strategies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158626. [PMID: 36087680 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fungi in drinking water have been long neglected due to the lack of convenient analysis methods, widely accepted regulations and efficient control strategies. However, in the last few decades, fungi in drinking water have been widely recognized as opportunity pathogens that cause serious damage to the health of immune-compromised individuals. In drinking water treatment plants, fungal spores are more resistant to chlorine disinfection than bacteria and viruses, which can regrow in drinking water distribution systems and subsequently pose health threats to water consumers. In addition, fungi in drinking water may represent an ignored source of taste and odor (T&O). This review identified 74 genera of fungi isolated from drinking water and presented their detailed taxonomy, sources and biomass levels in drinking water systems. The typical pathways of exposure of water-borne fungi and the main effects on human health are clarified. The fungi producing T&O compounds and their products are summarized. Data on free chlorine or monochloramine inactivation of fungal spores and other pathogens are compared. At the first time, we suggested four chlorine-resistant mechanisms including aggregation to tolerate chlorine, strong cell walls, cellular responses to oxidative stress and antioxidation of melanin, which are instructive for the future fungi control attempts. Finally, the inactivation performance of fungal spores by various technologies are comprehensively analyzed. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of fungi distribution and risks in drinking water, provide insight into the chlorine resistance mechanisms of fungal spores and propose approaches for the control of fungi in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Xuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Yu-Lin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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9
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Cai G, Liu T, Zhang J, Song H, Jiang Q, Zhou C. Control for chlorine resistant spore forming bacteria by the coupling of pre-oxidation and coagulation sedimentation, and UV-AOPs enhanced inactivation in drinking water treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 219:118540. [PMID: 35550966 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spore forming bacteria (SFB) are strongly chlorine resistant. Their presence in drinking water may cause diseases and pose threat to public health. Three SFB strains, i.e. Bacillus alvei, Bacillus cereus, and Lysinibacillus fusiformis, were isolated and identified from the finished water of a drinking water treatment plant where bacteria colonies occasionally reached the limit value. Due to their chlorine resistance, a SFB control strategy coupling pre-oxidation, coagulation sedimentation, and UV-AOPs inactivation in water treatment process was studied in lab scale. Five minutes pre-oxidation treatment by applying Cl2 and ClO2 induced remarkable spore transformation. Longer pre-oxidation exposure time didn't have apparent improvement. Cl2 and ClO2 dosages of 0.9 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L were suggested, respectively. The formed spores can be efficiently removed by the following coagulation sedimentation treatment. At a suggested dosage combination of 20 mg/L PAC and 0.08 mg/L PAM, spore removal efficiency reached about 3.15-lg. Comparing to applying sole UV irradiation, enhanced UV inactivation by adding 0.1 mM H2O2, or Cl2, or peroxymonosulfate (PMS) substantially improved the inactivation of the most chlorine resistant SFB strain, Lysinibacillus fusiformis. UV-AOPs stably achieved 2-lg inactivation rate at UV dosage of 40 mJ/cm2. UV/H2O2, UV/Cl2 and UV/PMS inactivation kinetically enhanced 1.20 times, 1.36 times and 1.91 times over sole UV irradiation. Intracellular DNA and ATP leakages were detected, and remarkable damages of Lysinibacillus fusiformis cells' surface and ultrastructure were observed. These findings evidenced cell wall and cell membrane destructions, guaranteeing substantial SFB cells inactivation. This study was carried out based on three SFB strains isolated from a finished water, and common engineering practical operations. By providing engineeringly relevant references, the outcomes obtained would be helpful for dealing with SFB outbreak risk in drinking water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqiang Cai
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Shenzhen Water Affairs (Group) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518031, China
| | - Tongzhou Liu
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Shenzhen Water Affairs (Group) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518031, China
| | - Haoran Song
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Qijun Jiang
- Shenzhen Shen Shui Bao An Water Affairs (Group) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518133, China
| | - Chang Zhou
- School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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10
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Wu X, Nan J, Shen J, Kang J, Li D, Yan P, Wang W, Wang B, Zhao S, Chen Z. Regrowth potential of chlorine-resistant bacteria in drinking water under chloramination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 428:128264. [PMID: 35051770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The regrowth of chlorine-resistant bacteria in drinking water can deteriorate water quality. The study evaluated the relationship between organic carbon and the regrowth potential of chlorine-resistant bacteria remaining in chloraminated water samples. The results showed that the community structure of bacteria changed with the increase of chloramine dosage. The order in which organic carbon utilized by bacteria was affected by the composition of bacterial community. The biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC), assimilable organic carbon (AOC), bacterial regrowth potential (BRP) and total cell concentration (TCC) in cultivated water sample after disinfection with 1.8 mg/L chloramine increased form 0.22 mg/L, 33.68 µg/L, 2.70 × 105 cells/mL and 3.48 × 104 cells/mL before cultivation to 1.20 mg/L, 193.90 µg/L, 4.74 × 105 cells/mL and 1.46 × 105 cells/mL, respectively. The increase of TCC did not result in the decrease of BDOC, AOC and BRP in the cultivated water samples. The results showed that other biodegradable organic carbon in chloraminated water samples assimilated by residual chlorine-resistant bacteria besides AOC, BDOC, and organic carbon assimilated by indigenous bacteria. AOC, BDOC, and BRP indicators used to characterize the biostability of drinking water were not enough to accurately assess the regrowth potential of chlorine-resistant bacteria remaining in drinking water. It is suggested to supplement the index of TCC in cultivated water samples, which might be able to more accurately evaluate the regrowth potential of chlorine-resistant bacteria remaining in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Jun Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Jimin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Jing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
| | - Dapeng Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Pengwei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Weiqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Binyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Shengxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Zhonglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
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11
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Xiao X, Bai L, Wang S, Liu L, Qu X, Zhang J, Xiao Y, Tang B, Li Y, Yang H, Wang W. Chlorine Tolerance and Cross-Resistance to Antibiotics in Poultry-Associated Salmonella Isolates in China. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:833743. [PMID: 35185838 PMCID: PMC8854976 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.833743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorine disinfectants have been widely used in the poultry supply chain but this exposure can also result in the development of bacterial tolerance to chlorine and this is often linked to antibiotic cross-resistance. The objectives of this study were to investigate sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) tolerance of Salmonella isolated from poultry supply chains and evaluate cross-resistance. We collected 172 Salmonella isolates from poultry farms, slaughter houses and retail markets in China during 2019–2020. We found that S. Enteritidis, S. Kentucky, and S. Typhimurium constituted > 80% of our Salmonella isolates. Overall, 68% of Salmonella isolates were resistant to > 3 antibiotics and S. Kentucky displayed a significantly (p > 0.05) higher frequency (93.2%) of multidrug resistance than the other serovars. Tolerance to chlorine at MIC > 256 mg/L was detected in 93.6% of isolates (161/172) and tolerant isolates displayed higher decimal reduction times (D value) and less ultrastructural damage than did the suspectable strains under chlorine stress. Spearman analysis indicated significant positive correlations between chlorine tolerance (evaluated by the OD method) and antibiotic resistance (p < 0.05) to ceftiofur, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and florfenicol and this was most likely due to efflux pump over-expression. The most frequently detected chlorine resistance gene was qacEΔ1 (83.1%, n = 143) and we found a positive correlation between its presence and MIC levels (r = 0.66, p < 0.0001). Besides, we found weak correlations between chlorine-tolerance and antibiotic resistance genes. Our study indicated that chlorine disinfectants most likely played an important role in the emergence of chlorine tolerance and spread of antibiotic resistance and therefore does not completely control the risk of food-borne disease. The issue of disinfectant resistance should be examined in more detail at the level of the poultry production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingning Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Hangzhou), Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Bai
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Hangzhou), Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lisha Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Hangzhou), Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Biao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Hangzhou), Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanbin Li
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Hangzhou), Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hua Yang,
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Hangzhou), Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Wen Wang,
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12
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Shekhawat SS, Kulshreshtha NM, Vivekanand V, Gupta AB. Impact of combined chlorine and UV technology on the bacterial diversity, antibiotic resistance genes and disinfection by-products in treated sewage. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 339:125615. [PMID: 34311405 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper explores the effect of hybrid chlorine and UV disinfection treatment against their individual usage on microbial community, functional genes, antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) and disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation. The disinfectant doses of 2.5 mg L-1 chlorine and 41 mJ cm-2 UV were selected based on the coliform counts to be attained in treated sewage. The highest bacterial diversity was observed in control (secondary treated) sample followed by UV, chlorine and hybrid disinfection. The highest elimination of bacterial species (296) was achieved in hybrid treatment, which was far better than the standalone treatments. The disinfection with all the disinfectants used resulted in increased abundance of ARGs. Motility genes were found to be enriched in hybrid disinfected samples. DBP concentrations were within the stipulated norms for all the disinfectant treatments used. Hybrid disinfection was observed to be more effective in alleviating the risks associated with the reuse of treated sewage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Singh Shekhawat
- Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, JLN Marg, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Niha Mohan Kulshreshtha
- Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, JLN Marg, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Vivekanand Vivekanand
- Centre for Energy and Environment, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, JLN Marg, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Akhilendra Bhushan Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, JLN Marg, Jaipur 302017, India.
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13
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Jing Z, Lu Z, Mao T, Cao W, Wang W, Ke Y, Zhao Z, Wang X, Sun W. Microbial composition and diversity of drinking water: A full scale spatial-temporal investigation of a city in northern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 776:145986. [PMID: 33640542 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The microbiological water quality of drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) is of primary importance for public health. The detachment of biofilm attached on the pipe wall attribution to water source switch and the occurrence of potentially pathogenic chlorine-resistant bacteria (CRB) under chlorine disinfection get lots of attention. Studies examining microbial communities after the water source switch, particularly in low-salinity water, have been scant. The UV‑chlorine combined disinfection applied in one of the investigated drinking water plants provided insight into the control of CRBs. We applied high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to characterize the bacterial communities of the DWDS in northern China over 1 year. A network comprising four different DWDSs was sampled at 48 sites every season (temperate continental monsoon climate), and the impact of key spatial-temporal and physicochemical parameters was investigated. Overall, the entire bacterial community was not significantly different among the four DWDSs (spatial parameter) but varied with seasons (temporal parameter). The switch in water sources might increase the relative abundance of potentially opportunistic pathogens in DWDSs. UV‑chlorine combined disinfection can decrease community diversity and is likely to control the growth of potential opportunistic pathogens in DWDSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibo Jing
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Environmental Material for Water Purification, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zedong Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ted Mao
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China; MW Technologies, Inc., London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wenfeng Cao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weibo Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanchu Ke
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhinan Zhao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Environmental Material for Water Purification, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Environmental Material for Water Purification, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Wenjun Sun
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China.
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14
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Chen PY, Ho CW, Chen AC, Huang CY, Liu TY, Liang KH. Investigating seafood substitution problems and consequences in Taiwan using molecular barcoding and deep microbiome profiling. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21997. [PMID: 33319856 PMCID: PMC7738519 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Seafood is commonly seen in cuisines of the Asia–Pacific regions. The rates and consequences of seafood substitution frauds in Taiwan were elusive. To address this, we conducted a consumer-centered study, collecting seafood dishes and cooking materials from restaurants and markets easily accessible to the residents in Taiwan. Seafood substitutions were evaluated using DNA barcodes in the mitochondrial MT-CO1 gene. Among the 127 samples collected, 24 samples were mislabeled (18.9%, 95% Confidence interval [CI] = [12.5–26.8%]). The mislabel rates vary in different fish and product types (snapper [84.6%, 54.6–98.1%], cod [25%, 5.5–57.2%], swordfish [16.7%, 2.1–48.4%], cobia [16.7%, 0.4–64.1%], surimi products [100.0%]). A deep microbiome profiling was performed in 8 correctly-labeled conventional sushi and 2 tilapia sashimi mislabeled as snapper, with sequencing depths greater than 100,000 reads for every sample. The relative abundance of Pseudomonas genus is significantly higher in tilapia sashimi than in conventional sushi (P = 0.044). In conclusion, the gross seafood mislabel rate in Taiwan is 18.9% (12.5–26.8%). Snapper, cod and surimi products are particularly vulnerable to fraudulent substitutions. The high abundance of Pseudomonas in tilapia sashimi mislabeled as snapper unveils a potential health issue pertaining to the consumption of raw mislabeled seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ying Chen
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong St, Beitou District, Taipei City, 112, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wei Ho
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong St, Beitou District, Taipei City, 112, Taiwan
| | - An-Chi Chen
- Department of Health, Taipei City Government, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Huang
- Department of Health, Taipei City Government, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yun Liu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong St, Beitou District, Taipei City, 112, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kung-Hao Liang
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong St, Beitou District, Taipei City, 112, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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