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Zhang Q, Wang L, Wu Q. Occurrence and combined exposure of phthalate esters in urban soil, surface dust, atmospheric dustfall, and commercial food in the semi-arid industrial city of Lanzhou, Northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 354:124170. [PMID: 38759748 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
A total of 138 samples including urban soil, surface dust, atmospheric dustfall, and commercial food were collected from the semi-arid industrial city of Lanzhou in Northwest China, and 22 phthalate esters (PAEs) were analyzed in these samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the pollution characteristics, potential sources, and combined exposure risks of PAEs. The results showed that the total concentration of 22 PAEs (Ʃ22PAEs) presented surface dust (4.94 × 104 ng/g) ≫ dustfall (1.56 × 104 ng/g) ≫ food (2.14 × 103 ng/g) ≫ urban soil (533 ng/g). Di-n-butyl phthalate (DNBP), di-isobutyl phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di-isononyl phthalate/di-isodecyl phthalate were predominant in the environmental media and commercial food, being controlled by priority (52.1%-65.5%) and non-priority (62.1%) PAEs, respectively. Elevated Ʃ22PAEs in the urban soil and surface dust was found in the west, middle, and east of Lanzhou. Principal component analysis indicated that PAEs the urban soil and surface dust were related with the emissions of products containing PAEs, atmosphere depositions, and traffic and industrial emissions. PAEs in the foods were associated with the growth and processing environment. The health risk assessment of United States Environmental Protection Agency based on the Chinese population exposure parameters indicated that the total exposure dose of 22 PAEs was from 0.111 to 0.226 mg/kg/day, which were above the reference dose (0.02 mg/kg/day) and tolerable daily intake (TDI, 0.05 mg/kg/day) for DEHP (0.0333-0.0631 mg/kg/day), and TDI (0.01 mg/kg/day) for DNBP (0.0213-0.0405 mg/kg/day), implying that the exposure of PAEs via multi-media should not be ignored; the total non-carcinogenic risk of six priority PAEs was below 1 for the three environmental media (1.21 × 10-5-2.90 × 10-3), while close to 1 for food (4.74 × 10-1-8.76 × 10-1), suggesting a potential non-carcinogenic risk of human exposure to PAEs in food; the total carcinogenic risk of BBP and DEHP was below 1 × 10-6 for the three environmental media (9.13 × 10-10-5.72 × 10-7), while above 1 × 10-4 for DEHP in food (1.02 × 10-4), suggesting a significantly carcinogenic risk of human exposure to DEHP in food. The current research results can provide certain supports for pollution and risk prevention of PAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
| | - Qianlan Wu
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
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Chen LB, Gao CJ, Zhang Y, Shen HY, Lu XY, Huang C, Dai X, Ye J, Jia X, Wu K, Yang G, Xiao H, Ma WL. Phthalate Acid Esters (PAEs) in Indoor Dust from Decoration Material Stores: Occurrence, Sources, and Health Risks. TOXICS 2024; 12:505. [PMID: 39058157 PMCID: PMC11280923 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12070505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are one of the most widely used plasticizers globally, extensively employed in various decoration materials. However, studies on the impact of these materials on indoor environmental PAE pollution and their effects on human health are limited. In this study, forty dust samples were collected from four types of stores specializing in decoration materials (flooring, furniture boards, wall coverings, and household articles). The levels, sources, exposure doses, and potential health risks of PAEs in dust from decoration material stores were assessed. The total concentrations of Σ9PAE (the sum of nine PAEs) in dust from all decoration-material stores ranged from 46,100 ng/g to 695,000 ng/g, with a median concentration of 146,000 ng/g. DMP, DEP, DBP, and DEHP were identified as the predominant components. Among all stores, furniture board stores exhibited the highest Σ9PAE (159,000 ng/g, median value), while flooring stores exhibited the lowest (95,300 ng/g). Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that decoration materials are important sources of PAEs in the indoor environment. The estimated daily intakes of PAEs through non-dietary dust ingestion and dermal-absorption pathways among staff in various decoration-material stores were 60.0 and 0.470 ng/kg-bw/day (flooring stores), 113 and 0.780 ng/kg-bw/day (furniture board stores), 102 and 0.510 ng/kg-bw/day (wall covering stores), and 114 and 0.710 ng/kg-bw/day (household article stores). Particularly, staff in wall-covering and furniture-board stores exhibited relatively higher exposure doses of DEHP. Risk assessment indicated that although certain PAEs posed potential health risks, the exposure levels for staff in decoration material stores were within acceptable limits. However, staff in wall covering stores exhibited relatively higher risks, necessitating targeted risk-management strategies. This study provides new insights into understanding the risk associated with PAEs in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bo Chen
- College of Biological & Environmental Science, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China; (L.-B.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.-Y.S.); (X.-Y.L.); (C.H.); (X.D.); (J.Y.); (G.Y.)
| | - Chong-Jing Gao
- College of Biological & Environmental Science, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China; (L.-B.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.-Y.S.); (X.-Y.L.); (C.H.); (X.D.); (J.Y.); (G.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Biological & Environmental Science, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China; (L.-B.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.-Y.S.); (X.-Y.L.); (C.H.); (X.D.); (J.Y.); (G.Y.)
| | - Hao-Yang Shen
- College of Biological & Environmental Science, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China; (L.-B.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.-Y.S.); (X.-Y.L.); (C.H.); (X.D.); (J.Y.); (G.Y.)
| | - Xin-Yu Lu
- College of Biological & Environmental Science, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China; (L.-B.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.-Y.S.); (X.-Y.L.); (C.H.); (X.D.); (J.Y.); (G.Y.)
| | - Cenyan Huang
- College of Biological & Environmental Science, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China; (L.-B.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.-Y.S.); (X.-Y.L.); (C.H.); (X.D.); (J.Y.); (G.Y.)
| | - Xiaorong Dai
- College of Biological & Environmental Science, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China; (L.-B.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.-Y.S.); (X.-Y.L.); (C.H.); (X.D.); (J.Y.); (G.Y.)
| | - Jien Ye
- College of Biological & Environmental Science, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China; (L.-B.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.-Y.S.); (X.-Y.L.); (C.H.); (X.D.); (J.Y.); (G.Y.)
| | - Xiaoyu Jia
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Ningbo 315830, China; (X.J.); (K.W.)
| | - Kun Wu
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Ningbo 315830, China; (X.J.); (K.W.)
| | - Guojing Yang
- College of Biological & Environmental Science, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China; (L.-B.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.-Y.S.); (X.-Y.L.); (C.H.); (X.D.); (J.Y.); (G.Y.)
| | - Hang Xiao
- Institute of Urban Environment, Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China;
- Ningbo (Beilun) Zhongke Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center, Ningbo 315021, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China
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Yu Y, Wang JQ. Phthalate exposure and lung disease: the epidemiological evidences, plausible mechanism and advocacy of interventions. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2024; 39:37-45. [PMID: 36151703 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are a kind of synthetic plasticizers, which extensively used as plastic productions to improve their plasticity and flexibility. However, exposure to phthalates has been proved an increased risk of respiratory disease, because by they affect the development and functions of the lung and immune system. Here, we attempt to review respiratory health of phthalate exposure. Firstly, we describe the relationship between phthalates and lung function and airway inflammation. Then, the role of phthalates in asthma, lung cancer, rhinitis, and respiratory tract infections and the possible mechanisms of action are discussed. Finally, possible effective measures to reduce exposure to phthalates are proposed, and health care workers are called upon to provide educational resources and advocate for informed public health policies. Overall, the evidence for association between phthalate exposure and respiratory disease is weak and inconsistent. Therefore, thorough implementation in large populations is needed to produce more consistent and robust results and to enhance the overall understanding of the potential respiratory health risks of phthalate in long-term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yu
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Qing Wang
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Chen Z, Li F, Fu L, Xia Y, Luo Y, Guo A, Zhu X, Zhong H, Luo Q. Role of inflammatory lipid and fatty acid metabolic abnormalities induced by plastic additives exposure in childhood asthma. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 137:172-180. [PMID: 37980005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism play an essential role in occurrence and development of asthma, and it can be disturbed by phthalate esters (PAEs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). As a chronic inflammatory respiratory disease, the occurrence risk of childhood asthma is increased by PAEs and OPFRs exposure, but it remains not entirely clear how PAEs and OPFRs contribute the onset and progress of the disease. We have profiled the serum levels of PAEs and OPFRs congeners by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and its relationships with the dysregulation of lipid metabolism in asthmatic, bronchitic (acute inflammation) and healthy (non-inflammation) children. Eight PAEs and nine OPFRs congeners were found in the serum of children (1 - 5 years old) from Shenzhen, and their total median levels were 615.16 ng/mL and 17.06 ng/mL, respectively. Moreover, the serum levels of mono-methyl phthalate (MMP), tri-propyl phosphate (TPP) and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP) were significant higher in asthmatic children than in healthy and bronchitic children as control. Thirty-one characteristic lipids and fatty acids of asthma were screened by machine-learning random forest model based on serum lipidome data, and the alterations of inflammatory characteristic lipids and fatty acids including palmitic acids, 12,13-DiHODE, 14,21-DiHDHA, prostaglandin D2 and LysoPA(18:2) showed significant correlated with high serum levels of MMP, TPP and TNBP. These results imply PAEs and OPFRs promote the occurrence of childhood asthma via disrupting inflammatory lipid and fatty acid metabolism, and provide a novel sight for better understanding the effects of plastic additives on childhood asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Chen
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fang Li
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Lei Fu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Rheumatology &Immunology Department of Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518038, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Rheumatology &Immunology Department of Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518038, China
| | - Ang Guo
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaona Zhu
- Rheumatology &Immunology Department of Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518038, China
| | - Huifang Zhong
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Qian Luo
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Zhang R, Liu F, Wang L, Wu Z, Fan L, Liu B, Shang H. Dust-phase phthalates in university dormitories in Beijing, China: pollution characteristics, potential sources, and non-dietary oral exposure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38339769 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2313184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine dust-phase phthalate levels in 112 dormitories of 14 universities during autumn and winter, investigate their potential sources, and estimate phthalate exposure via dust ingestion. Twelve phthalates were detected, among which di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) were the most abundant, followed by di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP). The median concentrations and contributions of DCHP and DEHP were the highest. The contributions of di-n-octyl phthalate and di-nonyl phthalate were higher in winter than in autumn. Potential sources included iron furniture, chemical fiber textiles, clothes, and personal care products. Medium-density fiberboard furniture is a potential sink for phthalates. In two seasons, DEHP, DCHP, DiBP, and DnBP were the main phthalates ingested by college students . The median oral exposure of ten phthalates was higher in females than in males. College students have a high risk of exposure to DEHP in dormitories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Liu
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Zaixing Wu
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Liujia Fan
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Beijing Boxgo Technology Co, Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Shang
- Beijing Boxgo Technology Co, Ltd, Beijing, China
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Fang H, Li J, Ren L, Liu E. Age-related differences in IgE between childhood and adulthood allergic asthma: Analysis of NHANES 2005-2006. World Allergy Organ J 2023; 16:100842. [PMID: 38213391 PMCID: PMC10782400 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2023.100842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Asthma exhibits varying clinical features in children and adults. However, previous studies have mainly focused on the clinical significance of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the diagnosis and treatment of asthma, disregarding the characteristics of IgE and its relevant factors. Objective This study aimed to gain a better understanding of the differences in the characteristics of IgE between childhood and adulthood allergic asthma (AA). Methods Patients with AA from the 2005 to 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were divided into 3 groups based on their current age and onset age of AA: childhood AA (Group 1), childhood-onset adult AA (Group 2), and adulthood-onset AA (Group 3). Intragroup analysis and intergroup comparison were carried out, focusing on the characteristics and relevant factors of IgE, as well as the clinical relevance of total IgE (total IgE, tIgE) and allergen-specific IgE (allergen-specific IgE, sIgE). Results A total of 424 patients were analyzed, including 187 with childhood AA, 132 with childhood-onset adult AA, and 105 with adulthood-onset AA. The concentration of tIgE was found to be higher in Group 1 (268.0, 118.0-686.0 kU/L) than in Group 2 (224.0, 78.0-494.0 kU/L) and Group 3 (165.0, 74.4-350.5 kU/L). The sensitization rates did not differ between Group 1 and Group 2 but were higher compared with Group 3, particularly for Alternaria-sIgE (50.3% and 46.2% vs 15.2%) and Aspergillus-sIgE (43.9% and 37.1% vs 16.2%). In Group 1, there was a negative correlation between pollen-sIgEs and indoor allergens, but this correlation was not commonly observed in Group 2 and Group 3. On the other hand, in Group 1, environmental chemicals such as phthalates, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, trihalomethanes, and phenols showed a positive correlation with IgE. However, a greater number of chemicals was observed in Group 2 and Group 3, including cotinine, metals, trihalomethanes, phthalates, phenols, and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Furthermore, in Group 1, IgE was positively correlated with asthma-related issues such as emergency visits, absenteeism, limited activities, and medication needs. These correlations were less common in Group 2 and Group 3, particularly in Group 3. Conclusions There are notable differences in the characteristics and environmental factors of IgE among childhood AA, childhood-onset adult AA, and adulthood-onset AA. Additionally, IgE plays a more significant role in childhood AA due to its higher concentration, fewer relevant environmental chemicals and greater clinical relevance. This may partially explain the age-related features of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luo Ren
- Corresponding author. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 136 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400014, China.
| | - Enmei Liu
- Corresponding author. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 136 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400014, China.
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Anake WU, Nnamani EA. Levels and health risk assessments of Phthalate acid esters in indoor dust of some microenvironments within Ikeja and Ota, Nigeria. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11209. [PMID: 37433814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The levels, profiles of Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) and their associated health risk in children and adults using indoor dust samples were assessed from nine (9) microenvironments in Nigeria. Six PAEs congeners were determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and the human health risk assessments of PAEs exposure to children and adults were computed using the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) exposure model. The mean concentrations of the total PAEs (Σ6PAEs) in indoor dust across the study locations ranged from 1.61 ± 0.12 to 53.3 ± 5.27 μg/g with 72.0% of di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) as the most predominant contributor of PAEs in sample locations B, C, D, E, F and G. PAEs estimated daily intake results exceeded the USEPA value of 20 and 50 kg/bw/day for children and adults respectively in some locations. Non-carcinogenic risk exposure indicated no risk (HI < 1), while the carcinogenic risk was within the recommended threshold of 1.00 × 10-4 to 1.00 × 10-6 for benzyl butyl phthalate and bis-2-ethylhexyl phthalate. From our findings, lower levels of PAEs were observed in locations with good ventilation system. Also, the human health risk evaluation indicated indoor dust ingestion as the dominant exposure route of PAEs for both children and adults, while the children were at a higher risk of PAEs exposure. To protect children susceptible to these endocrine-disrupting pollutants, soft vinyl children's toys and teething rings should be avoided. Appropriate policies and procedures on the reduction of PAEs exposure to humans should be enacted by all stakeholders, including government regulatory agencies, industries, school administrators and the entire community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winifred U Anake
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, P.M. B 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Esther A Nnamani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, P.M. B 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
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Anake WU, Nnamani EA. Physico-chemical characterization of indoor settled dust in Children's microenvironments in Ikeja and Ota, Nigeria. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16419. [PMID: 37251465 PMCID: PMC10220365 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoor dust is a collection of particles identified as a major reservoir for several emerging indoor chemical pollutants. This study presents indoor dust particles' morphology and elemental composition in eight children's urban and semi-urban microenvironments (A-H) in Nigeria. Samples were collected using a Tesco vacuum cleaner and analyzed with scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). The morphology results confirm the presence of alumino silicates, mineral particles and flakes, fly ash and soot, and soot aggregates deposited on alumino silicate particles in the sampled microenvironments. These particles may trigger serious health concerns that directly or indirectly affect the overall well-being of children. From the EDX analysis, the trend of elements (w/w %) in the dust particles across the sampled sites was silicon (386) > oxygen (174)> aluminium (114) > carbon (34.5) > iron (28.0) > calcium (16.7) > magnesium (14.2) > sodium (7.92) > potassium (7.58) > phosphorus (2.22) > lead (2.04) > manganese (1.17) > titanium (0.21). Lead (Pb), a toxic and carcinogenic heavy metal, was observed in locations A and B. This is a concern without a safe lead level because of the neurotoxicity effect on children. As a result, further research on the concentrations, bioavailability, and health risk assessment of heavy metals in these sampled locations is recommended. Furthermore, frequent vacuum cleaning, wet moping and adequate ventilation systems will significantly reduce the accumulation of indoor dust-bound metals.
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Wang JQ, Liang CM, Hu YB, Xia X, Li ZJ, Gao H, Sheng J, Huang K, Wang SF, Zhu P, Hao JH, Tao FB. The effect of phthalates exposure during pregnancy on asthma in infants aged 0 to 36 months: a birth cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:1951-1974. [PMID: 35751763 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This cohort study sought to investigate the effects of phthalates exposure during pregnancy on offspring asthma and its association with placental stress and inflammatory factor mRNA expression levels. A total of 3474 pregnant women from the China Ma'anshan birth cohort participated in this study. Seven phthalate metabolites were detected in urine samples during pregnancy by solid phase extraction-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Placenta stress and inflammation mRNA expression were assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Early pregnancy may be the critical period when phthalates exposure increases the risk of asthma in infants and young children, and there is a certain gender difference in the risk of asthma in infants and young children. Moreover, through the placenta stress and inflammatory factor associated with infant asthma found anti-inflammatory factor of interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNA expression will reduce the risk of 36-month-old male infant asthma. The expression of interleukin-4(IL-4) and macrophage (M2) biomarker cluster of differentiation 206(CD206) mRNA reduced the risk of asthma in 18-month-old female infants. Placental stress and inflammatory response were analyzed using mediating effects. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) showed a complete mediating effect between mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) exposure in early pregnancy and asthma in 12-month-old males, and IL-10 also showed a complete mediating effect between mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) exposure in early and late pregnancy and asthma in 36-month-old males. In summary, exposure to phthalates during pregnancy may contribute to the development of asthma in infants, which may be associated with placental stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qing Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chun-Mei Liang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Ya-Bin Hu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xun Xia
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Zhi-Juan Li
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Sheng
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Su-Fang Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Peng Zhu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Jia-Hu Hao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Fang-Biao Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
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10
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Lu X, Tan ZX, Wang WJ, Zhan P, Wang Y, Fu L, Gao L, Zhao H, Wang H, Xu DX. Juvenile arsenic exposure aggravates goblet cell hyperplasia and airway mucus secretion in ovalbumin-sensitized mice. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120462. [PMID: 36270563 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Gestational arsenic (As) exposure has been associated with adverse developmental outcomes. The purpose of this study was to explore the impacts of As exposure in different periods on susceptibility to allergic asthma. In model 1, dams were administered with NaAsO2 (0.1 or 1 ppm) by drinking water throughout pregnancy and lactation. In model 2, newly weaned pups were exposed to NaAsO2 (1 ppm) through drinking water. Pups were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA). Inflammatory cell infiltration and pulmonary T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine upregulation were shown in OVA-sensitized and challenged pups. Goblet cell hyperplasia and airway mucus secretion were observed in OVA-sensitized and challenged pups. Maternal As exposure throughout pregnancy and lactation did not aggravate inflammatory cell infiltration, airway mucus secretion and pulmonary Th2 cytokine upregulation in OVA-sensitized and challenged pups. Although airway hyperreactivity, inflammatory cell infiltration and Th2 cytokine weren't influenced, OVA-evoked Goblet cell hyperplasia and airway mucus secretion were aggravated in pups who were exposed to NaAsO2 after weaning. In conclusion, juvenile As exposure increases susceptibility to allergic asthma through aggravating Goblet cell hyperplasia and airway mucus secretion. The impacts of maternal As exposure during pregnancy and lactation on susceptibility to allergic asthma needs to be further evaluated in other animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Lu
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhu-Xia Tan
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wen-Jing Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ping Zhan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lin Fu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lan Gao
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - De-Xiang Xu
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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11
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Zhao Y, Sun Y, Zhu C, Zhang Y, Hou J, Zhang Q, Ataei Y. Phthalate Metabolites in Urine of Chinese Children and Their Association with Asthma and Allergic Symptoms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14083. [PMID: 36360961 PMCID: PMC9654528 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are ubiquitous 'modern' chemical compounds with potential negative impacts on children's health. A nested case-control study was designed to investigate associations of phthalate exposure with children's asthma and allergic symptoms. We collected 243 first morning urine samples from 4-8-year-old children in Tianjin, China. Eight metabolites (i.e., mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) and mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxylpentyl) phthalate (MECPP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP)) of five phthalates were analyzed using HPLC-MS. MiBP, MnBP and MECPP were the dominant phthalate metabolites in urine of children in Tianjin with median concentrations of 31.6 μg/L, 26.24 μg/L and 46.12 μg/L, respectively. We found significantly positive associations of diagnosed asthma with MnBP (adjusted odds ratios (AOR): 1.96; 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 1.07-3.61), MEHHP (AOR: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.08-3.71) and MEOHP (AOR: 2.09; 95% CI: 1.06-4.10). Our study indicates that phthalate exposure in childhood, especially to di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), may be a risk factor for children's asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Changqi Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jing Hou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qinghao Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yeganeh Ataei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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12
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Chen J, Ward TJ, Ho SSH, Ho KF. Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Personal PM 2.5-Bound Phthalates Exposure for Adults in Hong Kong. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13425. [PMID: 36294006 PMCID: PMC9602720 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We performed personal PM2.5 monitoring involving 56 adult residents in Hong Kong. Additionally, paired personal and residential indoor fine particle (PM2.5) samples were collected from 26 homes and from 3 fixed monitoring locations (i.e., outdoor samples). Six PM2.5-bound phthalate esters (PAEs)-including dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP)-were measured using a thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometer method. Average ∑6PAEs (i.e., summation of six PAE congeners) concentrations in personal PM2.5 exposure (699.4 ng/m3) were comparable with those in residential indoors (646.9 ng/m3), and both were slightly lower than the outdoor levels. DEHP was the most abundant PAE congener (80.3%-85.0%) and found at the highest levels in different exposure categories, followed by BBP, DnBP, and DnOP. Strong correlations were observed between DEHP with DnBP (rs: 0.81-0.90; p < 0.01), BBP (rs: 0.81-0.90; p < 0.01), and DnOP (rs: 0.87-0.93; p < 0.01) in each exposure category. However, no apparent intercorrelations were shown for PAE congeners. Higher indoor concentrations and a stronger correlation between DMP and DEP were found compared with outdoor concentrations. Principal component analysis affirmed heterogeneous distribution and notable variations in PAE sources across different exposure categories. The average daily intakes of ∑6PAEs and DEHP via inhalation were 0.14-0.17 and 0.12-0.16 μg/kg-day for adults in Hong Kong. A time-weighted model was used to estimate PAE exposures incorporating residential indoor and outdoor exposure and time activities. The inhalation cancer risks attributable to measured and estimated personal exposure to DEHP exceeded the U.S. EPA's benchmark (1 × 10-6). The results provide critical information for mitigation strategies, suggesting that PAEs from both ambient and indoor sources should be considered when exploring the inhalation health risks of PAEs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Chen
- Department of Real Estate and Construction, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Tony J. Ward
- School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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13
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Zhu C, Sun Y, Zhao Y, Hou J, Zhang Q, Wang P. Associations between Children's asthma and allergic symptoms and phthalates in dust in metropolitan Tianjin, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134786. [PMID: 35508265 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Prevalences of allergies and asthma have increased through the past few decades around the world, especially in countries and regions that have adopted modern lifestyles. Epidemiological studies outside of China have found a relationship between phthalates concentrations in indoor dust and symptoms of respiratory, skin and nose allergies. The aim of our study is to investigate the association between children's asthma and allergic symptoms and concentrations of different phthalates in settled dust samples collected from children's homes in metropolitan Tianjin (Tianjin and Cangzhou), China. We selected 126 cases with current allergic symptoms and 254 controls without allergic symptoms from the cohort of 7865 children. We collected dust samples from children's bedroom and analyzed them for their content of diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DiNP). We found a higher concentration of DEP in rhinitis children's homes (0.33 vs. 0.27 μg/g dust) and a higher concentration of DiBP in asthma children's homes (29.04 vs. 15.66 μg/g dust). The concentration of DiBP was significantly associated with diagnosed asthma (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07, 1.57). A dose-response relationship was found between concentrations of DiBP in dust and asthma. This study shows that some phthalates are associated with allergic and asthma symptoms in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqi Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Yuxuan Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jing Hou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qingnan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
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14
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Modeling di (2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) and Its Metabolism in a Body's Organs and Tissues through Different Intake Pathways into Human Body. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095742. [PMID: 35565138 PMCID: PMC9101911 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are ubiquitous in indoor environments as plasticizers in indoor products. Residences are often exposed to indoor PAEs in the form of gas, particles, settled dust, and surface phases. To reveal the mechanism behind the accumulation of PAEs in different tissues or organs such as the liver and the lungs when a person exposed to indoor PAEs with different phases, a whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for PAEs is employed to characterize the dynamic process of phthalates by different intake pathways, including oral digestion, dermal adsorption, and inhalation. Among three different intake pathways, dermal penetration distributed the greatest accumulation of DEHP in most of the organs, while the accumulative concentration through oral ingestion was an order of magnitude lower than the other two doses. Based on the estimated parameters, the variation of di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) concentration in the venous blood, urine, the liver, the thymus, the pancreas, the spleen, the lungs, the brain, the heart, and the kidney for different intake scenarios was simulated. The simulated results showed a different accumulation profile of DEHP and MEHP in different organs and tissues and demonstrated that the different intake pathways will result in different accumulation distributions of DEHP and MEHP in organs and tissues and may lead to different detrimental health outcomes.
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