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Cheng X, Gao L, Cao X, Zhang Y, Ai Q, Weng J, Liu Y, Li J, Zhang L, Lyu B, Wu Y, Zheng M. Identification and Prioritization of Organic Pollutants in Human Milk from the Yangtze River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11935-11944. [PMID: 38913859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Pollutants in human milk are critical for evaluating maternal internal exposure and infant external exposure. However, most studies have focused on a limited range of pollutants. Here, 15 pooled samples (prepared from 467 individual samples) of human milk from three areas of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in China were analyzed by gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In total, 171 compounds of nine types were preliminarily identified. Among these, 16 compounds, including 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone and 2-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone, were detected in human milk for the first time. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis identified ten area-specific pollutants, including 2-naphthylamine, 9-fluorenone, 2-isopropylthianthrone, and benzo[a]pyrene, among pooled human milk samples from Shanghai (n = 3), Jiangsu Province (n = 6), and Zhejiang Province (n = 6). Risk index (RI) values were calculated and indicated that legacy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contributed only 20% of the total RIs for the identified PAHs and derivatives, indicating that more attention should be paid to PAHs with various functional groups. Nine priority pollutants in human milk from the YRD were identified. The most important were 4-tert-amylphenol, caffeine, and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone, which are associated with apoptosis, oxidative stress, and other health hazards. The results improve our ability to assess the health risks posed by pollutants in human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Xiaoying Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiaofeng Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiyuan Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Bing Lyu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
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Venkatraman G, Giribabu N, Mohan PS, Muttiah B, Govindarajan VK, Alagiri M, Abdul Rahman PS, Karsani SA. Environmental impact and human health effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and remedial strategies: A detailed review. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141227. [PMID: 38253087 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) profoundly impact public and environmental health. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of their intricate functions, exposure pathways, and potential health implications is imperative to implement remedial strategies and legislation effectively. This review seeks to explore PAH mobility, direct exposure pathways, and cutting-edge bioremediation technologies essential for combating the pervasive contamination of environments by PAHs, thereby expanding our foundational knowledge. PAHs, characterised by their toxicity and possession of two or more aromatic rings, exhibit diverse configurations. Their lipophilicity and remarkable persistence contribute to their widespread prevalence as hazardous environmental contaminants and byproducts. Primary sources of PAHs include contaminated food, water, and soil, which enter the human body through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal exposure. While short-term consequences encompass eye irritation, nausea, and vomiting, long-term exposure poses risks of kidney and liver damage, difficulty breathing, and asthma-like symptoms. Notably, cities with elevated PAH levels may witness exacerbation of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Bioremediation techniques utilising microorganisms emerge as a promising avenue to mitigate PAH-related health risks by facilitating the breakdown of these compounds in polluted environments. Furthermore, this review delves into the global concern of antimicrobial resistance associated with PAHs, highlighting its implications. The environmental effects and applications of genetically altered microbes in addressing this challenge warrant further exploration, emphasising the dynamic nature of ongoing research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath Venkatraman
- Universiti Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia; Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600 077, India.
| | - Nelli Giribabu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Priyadarshini Sakthi Mohan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Barathan Muttiah
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Venkat Kumar Govindarajan
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ramapuram Campus, Chennai, 600 089, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mani Alagiri
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Chengalpattu district, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Saiful Anuar Karsani
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
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Li B, Zhao L, Zhong S, An R, Ma R, Xu X, Chen Q. Occurrence, distribution and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils around main water source areas of Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:7569-7584. [PMID: 37391576 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01673-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban environments have been globally concerned due to their significant health impacts on residents. However, little is known about potential risks of PAHs from centralized water source areas. In the present study, 326 soils samples from the main water source areas of Beijing were collected and the occurrence, source appointment, and risks of PAHs were systematically investigated based on the monitoring results from high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The total PAHs (∑16 PAHs) concentrations ranged from 5.70 to 1512 ng/g with median value of 44.2 ng/g, in which 4-ring and 5-ring groups were the major components. PAHs concentrations in the cultivated land were significantly higher than other areas, which could reflect significant impact of soil organic matter and total nitrogen contents on the spatial variations of PAHs. Further source identifications through positive matrix factorization model (PMF) revealed that biomass (22.5%), coal (21.4%), gasoline (17.6%) and diesel (16.4%) combustion were dominant sources of soil PAHs in the study area. Moreover, the risk assessment indicated that total ecological and health risk of PAHs were negligible, but individual PAH, including pyrene and benzo(b)fluoranthene, should be concerned due to their potential risks in several monitored stations located in the secondary protection area of four reservoirs. Our study provided new insights into environmental risks of soils in main water source areas from PAHs and could be helpful for organic micropollutant controlling and drinking water safety in rapidly urbanizing cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Beijing Water Authority, Beijing, 100036, People's Republic of China
| | - Sining Zhong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environment Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui An
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoqi Ma
- General Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Planning and Design, Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing, 100120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuming Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China.
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Tartaglione AM, Racca A, Ricceri L. Developmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): Focus on benzo[a]pyrene neurotoxicity. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 119:108394. [PMID: 37164061 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of ubiquitous organic compounds produced during the incomplete combustion or pyrolysis of organic material. Dietary source is the main route for PAH human exposure by environmental contamination, food industrial processing or domestic cooking methods. The most studied PAH is benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), due to its harmful and multiple effects on human health: in addition to its well-known carcinogenic effects, emerging evidence indicates that B[a]P also induces neurotoxicity earlier and at lower doses than B[a]P-induced carcinogenicity making B[a]P neurotoxicity relevant to human health risk assessment. Developmental neurotoxicity of B[a]P has indeed received increasing attention: both human and experimental studies provide evidence of detrimental effects of prenatal or early postnatal B[a]P exposure, even at low doses. Indeed, in some of the multi-dose animal studies, maximal adverse effects were observed at lower B[a]P doses, according to a non-monotonic dose-response curve typical of endocrine-disrupting compounds. In substantial agreement with epidemiological studies, both rodents and zebrafish developmentally exposed to B[a]P exhibit long-term changes in multiple behavioural domains, in the absence of overt toxicological effects at birth (e.g. body weight and morphologic abnormalities). Notably, most targeted behavioural responses converge on locomotor activity and emotional profile, often, but not always, leading to a disinhibitory/hyperactive profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Tartaglione
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Racca
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Ricceri
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Ololade IA, Alabi BA, Oladoja NA, Ololade OO, Apata AO. Occurrence and probabilistic risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in blood and urine of auto-mechanics in Akure Metro, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:727. [PMID: 37227527 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study provides baseline data on the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in blood and urine samples of auto-mechanics, using Nigeria as a case study. Eighteen auto-mechanics participated in the study excluding two controls. The concentrations for the ΣPAHs across all participants (excluding control) ranged from 1.67 to 3.30 (2.17 ± 0.58) in blood with a significantly higher (P < 0.05) range of 7.61 to 10.76 (8.69 ± 1.00) in urine. The high molecular weight PAHs (4-6 rings) dominated the PAH profile in both blood (≥ 92%) and urine (≥ 87%) across all locations. Dibenz(a)anthracene was the most distributed PAH, while acenaphthene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene were the least distributed. The dermal route constituted approximately 99% of the total chronic exposure, followed by ingestion, and the least via inhalation. The hazard index (HI) was below the safe thresholds (HI = 1), suggesting non-carcinogenic PAH effects. However, all the participants including control samples had carcinogenic risk (CR) values above the acceptable level of 10-6 in both blood and urine samples. The carcinogenic and mutagenic potencies were higher in urine than in blood. The results suggest less acute toxicity and more potential chronic effects. The computed elimination ratio (> 1) suggests low excretion in urine and a potentially harmful trend. Molecular diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis suggest mixed PAH sources. The study revealed biomonitoring solely dependent on blood analysis may greatly underestimate health risks due to PAH exposure. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to provide levels of PAHs in the blood and urine of Nigerian mechanics. Findings herein will support policymakers at all levels in re-focusing attention to the less prioritized professions that pre-disposes people to PAHs and other emerging pollutants in society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Ayodele Ololade
- Environmental Monitoring Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, PMB 001, AkungbaAkoko, Ondo-State, Nigeria.
| | - Bosede Adenike Alabi
- Environmental Monitoring Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, PMB 001, AkungbaAkoko, Ondo-State, Nigeria
| | - Nurudeen Abiola Oladoja
- Hydrochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, AkungbaAkoko, Nigeria
| | - Oluwaranti Olubunmi Ololade
- Environmental Monitoring Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, PMB 001, AkungbaAkoko, Ondo-State, Nigeria
| | - Abiodun Oyewumi Apata
- Environmental Monitoring Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, PMB 001, AkungbaAkoko, Ondo-State, Nigeria
- Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, 1400 Farragut Street, Bremerton, WA, 98314, USA
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Sadighara P, Abedini AH, Mahvi AH, Esrafili A, Mohammadi AA, Tarahomi A, Yousefi M. Benzo ( a) pyrene in infant foods: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and health risk assessment. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 0:reveh-2022-0263. [PMID: 37053495 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of infants to chemicals during their development will have major effects on their health. One of the major exposures of infants to chemicals is through their food. The main structure of infant food is milk, which is high in fat. There is a possibility of accumulation of environmental pollution, including benzo (a) pyrene (BaP). In this systematic review, the amount of BaP in infant milk was surveyed for this purpose. The chosen keywords were: benzo (a) pyrene, BaP, Infant formula, dried milk, powdered milk, and baby food. A total of 46 manuscripts were found in the scientific database. After initial screening and quality assessment, 12 articles were selected for extraction of data. By meta-analysis, the total estimate of BaP in baby food was calculated to be 0.078 ± 0.006 μg/kg. Estimation of daily intake (EDI) and Hazard Quotient (HQ) for noncarcinogenic risk and Margin of exposure (MOE) for carcinogenic risk were also calculated for three age groups 0-6 months, 6-12 months, and 1-3 years. HQ was lower than 1 and MOE was more than 10,000 for three age groups. Therefore, there is no potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk for infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Sadighara
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Abedini
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Esrafili
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Arian Tarahomi
- Faculty of General Medicine, Semmelwei University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mahmood Yousefi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sanguos CL, Suárez OL, Martínez-Carballo E, Couce ML. Postnatal exposure to organic pollutants in maternal milk in north-western Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120903. [PMID: 36549446 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of postnatal exposure to organic pollutants is especially important for suckling infants during breastfeeding, a crucial perinatal growth period when organs and hormonal systems develop. We determined levels of 60 pollutants, including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), pyrethroids (PYRs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), in 81 breast milk samples from breastfeeding mothers from Santiago de Compostela (north-western Spain). For most detected organic pollutants, levels were correlated with the season of milk sampling, maternal age at delivery, and place of residence. Dietary consumption habits (eggs, molluscs, and vegetable oils) were also correlated with OCP, OPP, PCB, PBDE and PYR levels. We also assessed the risk to infant health of exposure to organic pollutants in breast milk. PAHs, OCPs, OPPs, and PYRs accounted for almost 95% of the targeted organic pollutants in the samples analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina López Sanguos
- Department of Neonatology, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Developmental Origin (RICORS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Olalla López Suárez
- Department of Neonatology, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Developmental Origin (RICORS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Elena Martínez-Carballo
- Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Developmental Origin (RICORS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Food and Health Omics, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus da Auga, University of Vigo, Ourense, 32004, Spain.
| | - María Luz Couce
- Department of Neonatology, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Developmental Origin (RICORS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Barbosa F, Rocha BA, Souza MCO, Bocato MZ, Azevedo LF, Adeyemi JA, Santana A, Campiglia AD. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): Updated aspects of their determination, kinetics in the human body, and toxicity. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:28-65. [PMID: 36617662 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2022.2164390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are legacy pollutants of considerable public health concern. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons arise from natural and anthropogenic sources and are ubiquitously present in the environment. Several PAHs are highly toxic to humans with associated carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Further, more severe harmful effects on human- and environmental health have been attributed to the presence of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs, that is PAHs with molecular mass greater than 300 Da. However, more research has been conducted using low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs). In addition, no HMW PAHs are on the priority pollutants list of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), which is limited to only 16 PAHs. However, limited analytical methodologies for separating and determining HMW PAHs and their potential isomers and lack of readily available commercial standards make research with these compounds challenging. Since most of the PAH kinetic data originate from animal studies, our understanding of the effects of PAHs on humans is still minimal. In addition, current knowledge of toxic effects after exposure to PAHs may be underrepresented since most investigations focused on exposure to a single PAH. Currently, information on PAH mixtures is limited. Thus, this review aims to critically assess the current knowledge of PAH chemical properties, their kinetic disposition, and toxicity to humans. Further, future research needs to improve and provide the missing information and minimize PAH exposure to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Barbosa
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno A Rocha
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília C O Souza
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Z Bocato
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lara F Azevedo
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseph A Adeyemi
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Santana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Lu L, Ni R. Bibliometric analysis of global research on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and health risk between 2002 and 2021. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:84034-84048. [PMID: 36241831 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
During the last 20 years, the association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and health risk has become one of the hotspots in the fields of public health and the environment. A bibliometric study of 1392 research articles retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) published between 2002 and 2021 was performed to give an in-depth statistical evaluation of research progress and future trends on PAHs and health risk (PHR). According to the findings, the annual output of significant scientific papers increased exponentially. China ranked first among the 86 nations in terms of the number of publications (NP), followed by the USA and India. Logistic regression analysis showed that there was a positive relationship between the second tertile of 180-day usage count (AOR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.16-2.26) and increased odds of open access publishing after adjustment for the confounders, indicating that open access papers on PHR were more preferred over the preceding 6 months than non-open access articles. The most popular terms were "PAHs," "risk assessment," and "source identification." According to the bibliometric study, the research hotspots that require more exploration include identifying PAH sources in media such as soil, water, dust, and food and evaluating their linkages to health hazards using appropriate risk models. Understanding the environmental behavior, bioavailability, and health concerns of PAHs and their derivatives in various media is critical for environmental and public health protection. This paper provides an overview of current research status and future perspectives for PHR research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyi Lu
- Xuhui District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 50 Yongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Rong Ni
- Xuhui District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 50 Yongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Bernard A, Dudler V. Health Risk Assessment of Dermal Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from the Use of Infant Diapers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14760. [PMID: 36429479 PMCID: PMC9691111 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In September 2021, the European Chemicals Agency evaluated a dossier for restricting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in infant diapers and concluded that risks were not demonstrated, because of inconclusive exposure data. To fill this gap, we measured the 16 priority PAHs of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in the diaper core of four brands and in the sheets and fastening tapes of six brands of commercially available diapers. Health risks were conservatively assessed by assuming that dermally absorbed PAHs can cause both local (skin cancer) and systemic critical effects (neurobehavioral changes). Total concentrations of PAHs in the diaper core and top sheet, the only significant contributors to skin exposure, averaged 26.5 μg/kg and 66.6 μg/kg, respectively. Excess skin cancer risks and hazard quotients for neurobehavioral effects calculated with the daily dose of total PAHs from the combined diaper core and top sheet averaged 1.44 × 10-7 and 1.19 × 10-2, respectively. The median daily doses of total PAHs and of its benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent from breast milk estimated worldwide are 171 and 30 times greater than that from the combined diaper core and top sheet, respectively. Altogether, these findings indicate that trace levels of PAHs found in infant diapers are unlikely to pose health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Bernard
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, 74 Avenue Hippocrate, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Vincent Dudler
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
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Ssepuya F, Odongo S, Musa Bandowe BA, Abayi JJM, Olisah C, Matovu H, Mubiru E, Sillanpää M, Karume I, Kato CD, Shikuku VO, Ssebugere P. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in breast milk of nursing mothers: Correlates with household fuel and cooking methods used in Uganda, East Africa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156892. [PMID: 35760175 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Maternal breast milk, which is a complete food for the infant's growth, development, and health, contains fats and lipids making it susceptible to accumulation of lipophilic compounds like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This study aimed at analyzing correlates of measured levels of PAHs in breast milk of nursing mothers to frequently used household fuels and cooking methods in Uganda, and estimate the potential health risks of PAHs to infants through breastfeeding. Sixty breast milk samples were collected from healthy and non-smoking mothers who had lived in Kampala capital city (urban area) and Nakaseke district (rural area) for at least five years. Sample extracts were analyzed for PAHs using a gas chromatograph coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. ∑13PAHs in samples from Kampala ranged from 3.44 to 696 ng/g lw while those from Nakaseke ranged from 0.84 to 87.9 ng/g lw. PAHs with 2-3 rings were more abundant in the samples than PAHs with 4-6 rings. At least 33 % of the variance in the levels of ∑13PAHs in the breast milk samples was attributable to the fuel type and cooking methods used. Nursing mothers who used charcoal for cooking accumulated higher levels of ∑13PAHs in their breast milk samples compared to those who used firewood. Levels of ∑13PAHs in breast milk of mothers increased depending on the cooking methods used in the order; boiling< grilling< deep-frying. In all samples, hazard quotients for PAHs were <1 and estimated incremental cancer risks were all between 10-6 and 10-4, indicating that the health risks to infants due to the ingestion of PAHs in breast milk was tolerable. Further studies with large datasets on PAHs and their derivatives and, larger samples sizes are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Ssepuya
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Silver Odongo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Juma John Moses Abayi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied and Industrial Sciences, University of Juba, P. O. Box 82, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Chijioke Olisah
- Department of Botany, the Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Henry Matovu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Chemistry, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Edward Mubiru
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ibrahim Karume
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Charles Drago Kato
- School of Bio-Security, Biotechnical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Bio-Security, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Patrick Ssebugere
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Souza MCO, Rocha BA, Ximenez JPB, Devóz PP, Santana A, Campíglia AD, Barbosa F. Urinary levels of monohydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Brazilian children and health risk assessment: a human biomonitoring-based study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:47298-47309. [PMID: 35178633 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a public health concern. Children are a vulnerable subgroup of the population with limited human biomonitoring data worldwide. Thus, this study aimed to measure the levels of seven PAH metabolites in urine from Brazilian children and provide risk assessment values for this exposure. Our data show naphthalene was the major contributor to children's exposure to PAHs, with a 100% detection rate. Children in urban regions presented higher exposure to PAHs, with higher concentrations of 2-naphthol in the southeast (1.09 ng/mL, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the highest concentration of 2-naphthol was found in older children (p = 0.02), suggesting a possible difference in dietary habits. Exposure to the carbaryl insecticide is suggested based on the high concentrations of 1-naphthol (1.29 ng/mL) and considering the ratio 1-naphthol/2-naphthol (1.78). Moreover, the positive correlation between the metabolites of fluorine and pyrene also suggests exposure to PAHs by petrol combustion. The risk assessment of the PAH exposure was evaluated using the estimated daily intake (EDI) for two naphthalene metabolites in the study with a 100% detection rate. The EDI was 14.47 ng/kg BW/day. The risk assessment to the PAH exposure revealed a non-carcinogenic risk profile, with a hazard quotient of 0.71. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to provide levels of PAHs in Brazilian children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Cristina Oliveira Souza
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida do Cafe s/nº, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Alves Rocha
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida do Cafe s/nº, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Bianchi Ximenez
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida do Cafe s/nº, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Paula Picoli Devóz
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida do Cafe s/nº, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Anthony Santana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | | | - Fernando Barbosa
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida do Cafe s/nº, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil
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13
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Li W, Wu S. Halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their parent compounds in ready-to-eat seafood rich in salt: Method validation, profiles, correlation, and exposure risks. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Azzali A, d'Agostino S, Capacci M, Spinelli F, Ventura B, Grepioni F. Assembling photoactive materials from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): room temperature phosphorescence and excimer-emission in co-crystals with 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00720g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Co-crystallization of PAHs with a polyhalogenated co-former afforded three novel co-crystals, which display remarkable features such as mechanochemical interconversion, photoreactivity, excimer fluorescence, and RTP phosphorescence in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Azzali
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Simone d'Agostino
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mattia Capacci
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Floriana Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Ventura
- Istituto ISOF-CNR, Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40219 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Grepioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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