New nanostructured activated biochar for effective removal of antibiotic ciprofloxacin from wastewater: Adsorption dynamics and mechanisms

Emerging contaminants in polluted waters: Harnessing Biochar's potential for effective treatment

Biochar is a carbon-rich, sponge-like material with intricate functionalities, making it suitable for various environmental remediation applications, including water treatment, soil amendment and, additives in construction materials, anaerobic digesters, and electrodes, among others. Its easy adaptability and low cost make it particularly attractive. This review highlights a range of biochar and surface-modified biochar exhibiting high uptake and degradation efficiencies for a broad spectrum of contaminants, including humic acid, disinfection by-products (DBPs), radioactive materials, dyes, heavy metals, antibiotics, microplastics, pathogens, Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and cytotoxins. The study provides a detailed discussion on different classes of pollutants and their removal mechanisms using biochar, covering processes like physical and chemical adsorption, electrostatic interactions, π-π interactions, hydrogen bonding, as well as surface complexation, chelation, among others. This review article stands out for its comprehensive exploration of biochar's effectiveness in removing a wide range of emerging contaminants, as well as recent advancements in the removal of conventional pollutants like heavy metals and antibiotics.

Process and mechanism modeling of cefotaxime removal from hospital wastewater using pistachio shells based magnetic activated carbon nanoparticles

Antibiotic residues have been extensively identified in diverse aquatic environments, posing significant health risks to both humans and animals, while also presenting challenges to the environment. Consequently, the imperative need to effectively removal antibiotics from the environment has become a very importance issue. In this study, response surface methodology with central composite design was employed to systematically investigate the effects of key process parameters, on the removal of cefotaxime (CTX) from hospital wastewater using pistachio sells based activated carbon modified with FeCl3. The modified activated carbon was synthesized using a thermochemical method and characterized by analytical techniques including FE-SEM, FTIR, XRD, pHpzc, and BET analysis, which demonstrated its remarkable physicochemical properties. Maximum removal efficiency of 99.1% was obtained via the optimal values of 45 mg L- 1 of initial CTX concentration, solution pH 7, and 200 mg L- 1 of Fe@ACP dosage, 56 min of reaction time through adsorption process. According to the results, the non-linear Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.9931) and non-linear second order kinetic model (R2 = 0.9934) are suitably described the monolayer and chemisorption of CTX adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of Fe@ACP is 651.6 mg g- 1. Consequently, the developed treatment process revealed successful performance for quick and efficient removal of CTX by Fe@ACP. The developed process introduced an economic and green approach for the comprehensive utilization of agricultural waste resources used for environmental pollution control.

Polysaccharide-based biopolymeric magnetic hydrogels for remediation of antibiotics from aqueous solution

Polysaccharide-based biopolymeric magnetic hydrogels have garnered significant attention as effective materials for wastewater treatment due to their high adsorption capacity and environmentally friendly nature. This review examines recent advancements in the development of biopolymeric magnetic hydrogels derived from polysaccharides such as cellulose, chitosan, alginate, carrageenan, starch, and gums, with a focus on their application in removing antibiotics from contaminated water as it not only enhances adsorption performance but also simplifies separation processes after treatment, making them highly efficient for practical applications. The review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the synthesis techniques, performance characteristics, and interaction mechanisms of these hydrogels, highlighting their renewability and suitability for large-scale water treatment. Despite their promise, there is a lack of in-depth analysis of their performance and fabrication methods. This review addresses this gap by evaluating various synthesis methods and assessing the hydrogels' efficiency in adsorbing antibiotic pollutants. Key findings reveal that the biopolymeric and magnetic components contribute to the materials' enhanced binding, better removal capabilities, and easy recoverability. The interaction mechanisms between the hydrogels and antibiotics are explored, demonstrating their superior adsorption potential. Future challenges and research directions are discussed, with an emphasis on improving the scalability and practical applications of these hydrogels. Overall, this review offers valuable insights into the development and potential of biopolymeric magnetic hydrogels to contribute towards effective wastewater purification.

Integrated electrochemical-adsorption for simultaneous removal of pharmaceuticals from water: Process optimization and synergistic insights

Water contamination with pharmaceuticals has become an evident environmental challenge. Treatment processes such as electrochemical oxidation (EO) and adsorption have limitations in the simultaneous removal of pharmaceuticals from water. Therefore, this study examined the potential of coupled process (EO followed by adsorption) in binary pharmaceuticals (acetaminophen (ACM) + ciprofloxacin (CIP)) removal from water, with an emphasis on coupled process optimization. Consequently, optimized coupled process conditions including current density (22 mA/cm2), pH (5.5), EO time (40 min), adsorbent dose (0.1 g/L) and adsorption time (60 min) were obtained. Under optimal conditions, removal efficiencies of 94.6% (ACM)+92% (CIP), 94.07% (ACM)+91.15% (CIP), and > 99.8% (ACM + CIP) were recorded for 20 mg/L (ACM + CIP) removal in EO, adsorption and EO + adsorption, respectively. Further, the coupled process was employed in multiple pharmaceuticals (20 mg/L of ACM + CIP + ATN (atenolol) + AMX (amoxicillin)) removal from water and removal of > 97.56% (ACM + CIP + ATN + AMX) was achieved. Removal efficiencies of ACM (83.35%) + CIP (73.1%) + ATN (68.52%) + AMX (63.05%) and ACM (80.37%) + CIP (66.5%) + ATN (73.07%) + AMX (60.5%) were obtained in EO and adsorption, respectively. The noted lower removal efficiencies in EO and adsorption are associated with the diverse nature of the pharmaceuticals, limited adsorbent active sites, and the shared utilization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) among the pharmaceuticals in EO. The total organic carbon (TOC) removal of 40.24%, and 99% and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of 72.45%, and 99.6% were obtained under optimal conditions of EO, and coupled process, respectively. These findings indicate that the pharmaceuticals are only partially mineralized in EO and the subsequent adsorption effectively eliminated the remaining target pharmaceuticals, and degradation by-products from water. Additionally, integrating EO with adsorption reduced the electrical energy consumption of the EO process from 31.6 kWh/m³ to 6 kWh/m³ under optimal conditions. Overall, coupling EO with adsorption offers the utmost advantages when removing multiple pharmaceuticals from complex water matrices.

Silicone-modified black peanut shell (BPS) biochar adsorbents: Preparation and their adsorptions for copper(II) from water

Novel silicone-modified biochar adsorbents (BPS-MBCs) were prepared by utilizing waste black peanut shell (BPS) as a raw biochar and gamma-amino-propyl triethoxysilane (silicone) as an inorganic modifier. The novelty of this work is that the incorporation of silicone into BPS can rise the specific surface area and porosity of BPS-MBCs and elevate their adsorptions for copper (II). Sorption kinetics data for copper (II) were molded using five kinetic equations [i.e. Lagergren 1st-order and 2nd-order, intraparticle diffusion (IN-D), Elovich, and Diffusion-chemisorption]. The equilibrium adsorption data for copper (II) were analyzed using two-parameter isotherm equations [i.e. Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and Temkin] and three-parameter Sips, Redlich-Peterson and Toth isotherm models. It was validated that copper (II) sorption on BPS-MBCs matched better with pseudo-2nd-order kinetic, Diffusion-chemisorption and Langmuir isotherm models. The maximal qmLan of BPS-MBC-400 was near 284 mg/g at 45 °C. By multi-phase fitting of IN-D modelling, intra-particle diffusion coefficient (kin-d) and diffusion coefficient of external mass-transfer (DEx-Di) for copper (II) were calculated. The low sorption energy from Temkin and mean free energy from D-R modellings implied that copper (II) sorption was initiated by weak non-covalent bond interactions. Thermodynamic parameters indicated that copper (II) on BPS-MBCs was an endothermic and spontaneous process. Recycling of BPS-MBC-400 for copper (II) suggested it has excellent reusability. The major mechanism of copper (II) on BPS-MBCs is possibly comprised of multiple processes, such as physical adsorption (electrostatic attraction), chemical adsorption (adsorption from functional groups, chelation, and ion exchange) and diffusion-chemisorption. Based on these findings, it is expects that BPS-MBCs are promising sorbents for copper (II) eradication from Cu(II)-including wastewater.

Ball milling nano-sized biochar: bibliometrics, preparation, and environmental application

Nano-sized biochar, which is a small structure prepared from biochar by grinding, has surpassed traditional biochar in performance, showing enhanced effects and potential for a wide range of environmental applications. Firstly, this paper visualizes and analyzes the literature in this field by CiteSpace to clarify the development trend of nano-sized biochar. The review intuitively shows the most influential countries, the most productive institutions, and the most concerned hot spots in the field of nano-sized biochar. Secondly, these hotspots in environment management are summarized by keywords and clustering: (1) The application of ball milling is a modification scheme that researchers have paid attention to, and it is also a key method for preparing biochar nanomaterials. It has a more dispersed structure and can support more modified materials. (2) Nano-sized biochar in the comprehensive utilization of water, soil, and plants was discussed and is a small range of application modification methods. (3) The bidirectional effects of nano-sized biochar on plants were analyzed, and the challenges in its application were listed. Finally, the economic management of nano-sized biochar and the relationship between microorganisms are the focus of the next research.

Preparation of mesoporous biogas residue biochar via a self-template strategy for efficient removal of ciprofloxacin: Effect of pyrolysis temperature

Biochar preparation and application is an anticipated pathway for the resource utilization of biogas residue. In this study, biochars were prepared by the pyrolysis of biogas residue from food waste anaerobic digestion (named as BRBCs) under various pyrolysis temperatures (300, 500, 700, and 900 °C), and the effect of pyrolysis temperatures on the physicochemical characteristics of BRBCs was examined. The adsorption performance toward ciprofloxacin (CIP), a typical antibiotic in waterbodies, was also investigated. The results showed that pyrolysis temperature significantly changed the physicochemical properties of BRBCs. In addition, the minerals in the biogas residue, especially SiO2, were rearranged to form a mesoporous structure in biochar through a self-template strategy (without activator). BRBC prepared at 900 °C exhibited a high specific surface area and pore volume, well-developed mesopore structure, and more carbon structure defects, and exhibited the largest CIP adsorption capacity with 70.29 mg g-1, which was ascribed to the combined interaction of pore diffusion, π-π interactions, hydrogen bonding, complexation, and electrostatic forces. Furthermore, the adsorption of CIP by BRBC900 was well described by two-compartment kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models. BRBC900 showed good adsorption performance toward CIP at pH 7-9. The adsorption of CIP by BRBC is a spontaneous, exothermic, entropy-increasing process. Moreover, BRBC also presented a good recycling potential. Therefore, the preparation of mesoporous biochar based on a self-template strategy not only provides an option for the resource utilization of biogas residue but also offers a new option for the treatment of antibiotic wastewater.

Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter enhanced the release of residual ciprofloxacin from the soil solid phase

Biochar has been utilized to reduce ciprofloxacin (CIP) residues in soil. However, little is known about the effect of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) on residual CIP transformation. Thus, we analyzed the residual soil CIP as influenced by biochar generated from rice straw (RS3 and RS6), pig manure (PM3 and PM6), and cockroach shell (CS3 and CS6) at 300 °C and 600 °C. The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM), parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and two-dimensional correlation spectral analysis (2D-COS) were used to describe the potential variation in the DOM-CIP interaction. Compared with CK, biochar amendment increased the water-soluble CIP content by 160.7% (RS3), 55.2% (RS6), 534.1% (PM3), 277.5% (PM6), 1160.6% (CS3) and 703.9% (CS6), indicating that the biochar feedstock controlled the soil CIP release. The content of water-soluble CIP was positively correlated with the content of dissolved organic carbon (r = 0.922, p < 0.01) and dissolved organic nitrogen (r = 0.898, p < 0.01), suggesting that the major influence of the water-soluble CIP increase was DOM. The fluorescence quenching experiment showed that the interaction between DOM and CIP triggered static quenching and the creation of a DOM complex. The mean log K of protein-like material (4.977) was higher than that of terrestrial humus-like material (3.491), suggesting that the protein-like material complexed CIP was more stable than the humus-like material. Compared with pyrolysis at 300 °C, pyrolysis at 600 °C decreased the stability of the complex of protein-like material and CIP by 0.44 (RS), 1.689 (PM) and 0.548 (CS). This result suggested that the influence of temperature change was more profound on PM biochar-derived DOM than on RS and CS. These insights are essential for understanding CIP transportation in soil and controlling CIP contamination with biochar.

Comparative study on electro-regeneration of antibiotic-laden activated carbons in reverse osmosis concentrate

Electro-regeneration is emerging as a new technique to regenerate spent carbon adsorbents through an electrochemical process. In this study, sequential adsorption and electro-regeneration of ciprofloxacin (CIP)-laden carbon were investigated using both pristine and iron (Fe)-doped F400 activated carbon in distilled, deionized (DI) water and reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate water. The impact of reactor flow rate and sequential adsorption/electro-regeneration cycles on the regeneration efficiency were also evaluated. The results indicate that the breakthrough points for both adsorbents in DI water, where 100 % of the CIP molecules were adsorbed, occurred at around 7,800 bed volumes (BVs). Conversely, electro-regeneration for both adsorbents, where 94 % of the CIP molecules were desorbed, took place at 380 BVs. The main distinction between the two activated carbons lies in the initial range of BVs (<400 BVs).Fe doping on F400 appears to enhance its surface selectivity for CIP uptake, which can easily diffuse into the meso/macropore regions of Fe-doped F400. In contrast, pristine F400, being highly microporous, necessitated more contact time to fill its high-energy sites, resulting in a higher affinity for CIP adsorption. Over the four sequential adsorption/electro-regeneration cycles in DI water, a similar regeneration efficiency was observed at 190 BVs. As the flow rate increased from 2 to 6 mL/min, the CIP uptake on pristine F400 decreased in DI water, calculating 138, 74 and 57 mg/g for flow rates of 2, 4, and 6 mL/min, respectively. When the RO concentrate water was compared with DI water, the pristine F400 quickly reached saturation due to pore blockage caused by organic matter in RO concentrate. During electro-regeneration, up to 100 % of adsorbed CIP molecules were desorbed at around 120 BVs in RO concentrate, which is 3X faster than DI water. The effectiveness of this technology can be enhanced by implementing continuous flow systems, thereby improving the overall efficiency of CIP removal in RO concentrate.

Occurrence and fate of pharmaceutical pollutants in wastewater: Insights on ecotoxicity, health risk, and state-of-the-art removal

Pharmaceutical active compound (PhAC) residues are considered an emerging micropollutant that enters the aquatic environment and causes harmful ecotoxicity. The significant sources of PhACs in the environment include the pharmaceutical industry, hospital streams, and agricultural wastes (animal husbandry). Recent investigations demonstrated that wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are an important source of PhACs discharging ecosystems. Several commonly reported that PhACs are detected in a range level from ng L-1 to μg L-1 concentration in WWTP effluents. These compounds can have acute and chronic adverse impacts on natural wildlife, including flora and fauna. The approaches for PhAC removals in WWTPs include bioremediation, adsorption (e.g., biochar, chitosan, and graphene), and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Overall, adsorption and AOPs can effectively remove PhACs from wastewater aided by oxidizing radicals. Heterogeneous photocatalysis has also proved to be a sustainable solution. Bioremediation approaches such as membrane bioreactors (MBRs), constructed wetlands (CWs), and microalgal-based systems were applied to minimize pharmaceutical pollution. Noteworthy, applying MBRs has illustrated high removal efficiencies of up to 99%, promising prospective future. However, WWTPs should be combined with advanced solutions, e.g., AOPs/photodegradation, microalgae-bacteria consortia, etc., to treat and minimize their accumulation. More effective and novel technologies (e.g., new generation bioremediation) for PhAC degradation must be investigated and specially designed for a low-cost and full-scale. Investigating green and eco-friendly PhACs with advantages, e.g., low persistence, no bioaccumulation, less or non-toxicity, and environmentally friendly, is also necessary.

Towards sorptive eradication of pharmaceutical micro-pollutant ciprofloxacin from aquatic environment: A comprehensive review

Antibiotics are widely prioritized pharmaceuticals frequently adopted in medication for addressing numerous ailments of humans and animals. However, the non-judicious disposal of ciprofloxacin (CIP) with concentration levels exceeding threshold limit in an aqueous environment has been the matter of growing concern nowadays. CIP is found in various waterways with appreciable mobility due to its limited decay in solidified form. Hence, the effective eradication strategy of this non-steroidal anti-inflammatory antibiotic from aqueous media is pivotal for preventing the users and the biosphere from their hazardous impacts. Reportedly several customary techniques like reverse osmosis, precipitation, cross-filtration, nano-filtration, ion exchange, microbial remediation, and adsorption have been employed to eliminate CIP from water. Out of them, adsorption is ascertained to be a potential method because of lesser preliminary investment costs, ease of operation, greater efficiency, less energy usage, reduced chemical and biological slurry production, and ready availability of precursor materials. Towards remediation of ciprofloxacin-laden water, plenty of researchers have used different adsorbents. However, the present-day challenge is opting the promising sorbent and its application towards industrial scale-up which is vital to get reviewed. In this article, adsorbents of diverse origins are reviewed in terms of their performances in CIP removal. The review stresses the impact of various factors on sorptive assimilation of CIP, adsorption kinetics, isotherms, mechanism of ionic interaction, contrivances for CIP detection, cost estimation and reusability assessments of adsorbents also that may endorse the next-generation investigators to decide the efficacious, environmental appealing and cost-competitive adsorbents for effective riddance of CIP from wastewater.

Novel nano-fertilizers derived from drinking water industry waste for sustained release of macronutrients: performance, kinetics and sorption mechanisms

Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach for the controlled release of nutrients, particularly phosphorus and potassium. These essential plant nutrients are often applied in excess, leading to environmental pollution and loss of efficiency in crop production. Innovative economic and highly efficient fertilizers are urgently needed to achieve the targeted crop production worldwide in the presence of limited land and water resources. Therefore, in this study, novel, eco-friendly, cost-effective and enhanced efficiency nano-enabled fertilizers, NEF (nWTF1and nWTF2) were synthesized by impregnation of nanostructured water treatment residuals (nWTR) with (KH2PO4 + MgO) at 1:1 and 3:1 (w/w) ratios respectively using a planetary ball mill. The nWTR, nWTF1 and nWTF2 were extensively characterized. The water retention behavior and the sustained release of nutrients from the fabricated nano-enabled fertilizers (nWTF1 and nWTF2) in distilled water and sandy soil were investigated and monitored over time. The water retention capacity of the soil treated with nWTF2 after 26 days was 9.3 times higher than that of soil treated with conventional fertilizer. In addition, the nWTF2 exhibited lower release rates of P, K and Mg nutrients for longer release periods in comparison with the conventional fertilizers. This is a significant advantage over traditional fertilizers, which release nutrients quickly and can lead to leaching and nutrient loss. The main interaction mechanisms of PO4-K-Mg ions with nWTR surface were suggested. The results of the kinetics study revealed that power function was the best suitable model to describe the kinetics of P, K and Mg release data from NEF in water and soil. The produced NEF were applied to Zea maize plants and compared to commercial chemical fertilizer control plants. The obtained results revealed that the nano-enabled fertilizers (nWTF1 and nWTF2) significantly promoted growth, and P content compared with the commercial chemical fertilizer treated plants. The present work demonstrated the power of nano enabled fertilizers as efficient and sustained release nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture and pollution free environment.

Evaluation of different functionalization methodologies for improving the removal of three target antibiotics from wastewater by a brewery waste activated carbon

This work aims to increase the efficiency of an activated carbon produced from brewery waste (AC) in the removal of three target antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole (SMX), trimethoprim (TMP), and ciprofloxacin (CIP)) by surface incorporation of oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur groups. AC was produced using spent brewery grains (the most abundant waste from the brewing industry) as raw material, K2CO3 as activating agent and microwave energy for pyrolysis. Then, seven different functionalized AC were prepared, characterized for their physicochemical properties, and tested for adsorption (%) of SMX, TMP and CIP from three different matrices (ultrapure water (pH ~5-6), buffered ultrapure water (pH 8), and effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP effluent (pH 8)), under batch operation. Based on the obtained results, an oxygen functionalized AC was selected for further characterization and studies on the adsorption of the target antibiotics from the WWTP effluent. Kinetic results fitted the pseudo-second order model and the equilibrium isotherms were adequately described by the Langmuir model, reaching maximum adsorption capacities (qm) of 124 ± 1 μmol g-1, 315 ± 2 μmol g-1 and 201 ± 5 μmol g-1 for SMX, TMP and CIP, respectively. The selected functionalization increased qm by up to 58 % in comparison with the non-functionalized AC. The oxygen modified AC produced from a biomass waste remarkably improved its performance for an efficient application in the removal of antibiotics from wastewater.

Eco-friendly nano-enabled fertilizers derived from date industry waste for sustainable and controlled-release of P, K and Mg nutrients: sorption mechanisms, controlled-release performance and kinetics

Development of nano-enabled fertilizers from green waste is one of the effective options to enhance global agricultural productions and minimize environmental pollution. In this study, novel, eco-friendly and cost-effective nano- enabled fertilizers (NEF) were synthesized using the planetary ball milling procedure. The NEF (nDPF1and nDPF2) were prepared by impregnation of nanostructured date palm pits (nDPP) with (KH2PO4 + MgO) at 1:1 and 3:1 (w/w) ratios respectively. The nDPP, nDPF1 and nDPF2 were extensively characterized. The produced nano-fertilizers enhanced soil water retention capacity with nDPF2 being the most effective. The water retention capacity of nDPF2 treated soil was 5.6 times higher than that of soil treated with conventional fertilizers. In addition, the nDPF2 exhibited superior sustained lower release rates of P, K and Mg nutrients for longer release periods in comparison with the conventional fertilizers. For instance, P cumulative release percentages from conventional fertilizers, nDPF1 and nDPF2 in soil reached 22.41%, 10.82 and 8.9% respectively within 384 h. Findings from FTIR and XPS analyses suggested that hydrogen bonding and ligand exchange were the main interaction mechanisms of PO4-K-Mg ions with nDPP surface. The released kinetics data of the NEF revealed that power function was the best suitable model to describe the kinetics of P, K and Mg release data from NEF in water and soil. Pot study ascertained that the nano-enabled fertilizers (nDPF1 and nDPF2) significantly promoted biomass production and nutrient uptake of maize plants as compared to commercial fertilizer treated plants. The present work demonstrated the potential of NEF to increase nutrients uptake efficiency, mitigate moisture retention problem in arid soils and reduce nutrients loss through leaching and safeguard the environment.

Adsorption characterization of tetracycline antibiotics on alkali-functionalized rice husk biochar and its evaluation on phytotoxicity to seed germination

This work presented adsorption characteristics of tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) on KOH-functionalized rice husk biochar pyrolyzed at 700 °C (KBC700) and evaluation on phytotoxicity of TCs-adsorbed aqueous phase to seed germination. Specifically, KBC700 gained eightfold rise in specific surface area by KOH activation. Predominant monolayer chemisorption helped KBC700 control TCs, and spontaneous and exothermic features were identified by thermodynamic studies. KBC700 could efficiently work in a wide pH range (4.5 ~ 9.5), as well as in simulated eutrophic water and co-existing cationic solution. Humic acid exerted negative impact on TCs disposal. Outstanding regeneration capability and stability were also found during adsorption-desorption cycles. Mechanism discussion implied predominant pore filling and π-π interaction accompanied by hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction involved in TCs-removal process. Importantly, less phytotoxicity to seed germination was found in TCs-adsorbed aqueous phase. Collectively, these findings contribute to adsorption properties recognition and subsequent application for KOH-modified rice rusk biochar in environmental TCs remediation.

Production of MgFe2O4/activated carbons derived from a harmful grass Cynodon dactylon and their utilization for ciprofloxacin removal

Cynodon dactylon, an invasive species, exhibits its robust adaptability, reproduction and nutrient regime against the local species. Taking advantage of this harmful grass as a raw precursor to produce valuable materials for wastewater treatment has paid much attention. Herein, we report on the fabrication of Cynodom dactylon derived MgFe2O4@AC with a main goal of effective removal of ciprofloxacin antibiotic from water. Our findings showed that MgFe2O4@ACK1 composites attained mesoporous textures, high specific surface areas (884.3-991.6 m2 g-1), and MgFe2O4-20%@ACK1 was the most effective with a very high removal efficiency of 96.7%. The Elovich model was suitable for describing the kinetic of adsorption with (Radj)2 of 0.9988. Meanwhile, the isotherm data obeyed the Langmuir model corresponding to (Radj)2 of 0.9993. Qmax value of MgFe2O4-20%@ACK1 was determined at 211.67 mg g-1. The proposed adsorption mechanism primarily comprises five routes as follows, (i) pore-filling, (ii) π-π interaction, (iii) electrostatic interaction, (iv) hydrogen bonding, and (v) hydrophobic interaction. MgFe2O4-20%@ACK1 adsorbent could reuse with three cycles. We recommend that MgFe2O4/ACs derived from Cynodom dactylon could be high-efficiency adsorbents for the elimination of antibiotics.

Sugeno fuzzy inference system modeling and DFT calculations for the treatment of pesticide-laden water by newly developed arginine functionalized magnetic Mn-based metal organic framework

The uncontrolled utilization of pesticides poses a significant risk to the environment and human health, making its management essential. In this regard, a new arginine functionalized magnetic Mn-based metal-organic framework (Arg@m-Mn-MOF) was fabricated and assessed for the removal of cypermethrin (CYP) and chlorpyrifos (CHL) from aqueous system. The Arg@m-Mn-MOF was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. Various parameters were optimized in a series of batch experiments and the following conditions were found optimal: pH: 4 and 5, contact time: 20 min, adsorbent dosage: 0.6 and 0.8 g L-1 with initial concentration: 10 mg L-1 and temperature: 298 K for CYP and CHL, respectively. The composite attained a maximum removal capacity of 44.84 and 71.42 mg g-1 for CYP and CHL, respectively. The elucidated data was strongly fitted to the pseudo-second-order model of kinetics (R2 > 0.98) and Langmuir isotherm (R2 > 0.98). Based upon 350 experimental datasets obtained from batch studies and interpolated data, the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was elucidated with R2 > 0.97 (CHL) and > 0.91 (CYP). The adsorption energy (- 11.67 kcal mol-1) calculated by Gaussian software suggests a good interaction between arginine and CHL through H-bonding. The present study's findings suggested the prepared Arg@m-Mn-MOF as a promising adsorbent for the efficient removal of pesticides from agriculture runoff.

Ciprofloxacin antibiotic removal from aqueous solutions by ZnO nanoparticles coated on ACA: modeling and optimization

Antibiotics are one of the most widely used drug groups. The presence of antibiotics in urban water sources and sewage creates many environmental and medical risks for humans and other living organisms. In this study, the potential of zinc oxide (ZnO) coated on almond shell activated carbon (ACA-ZnO) in removing ciprofloxacin (CIP) from aqueous solutions was investigated. Almond shell was used to make activated carbon. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared by the sol-gel method, and finally, ZnO nanoparticles were bonded to activated carbon. The effect of independent parameters pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and initial CIP concentration on CIP removal efficiency using ACA-ZnO was investigated by response surface methodology. Optimal removal was obtained at pH = 5.4, CIP initial concentration = 7.4 mg/L, adsorbent dose = 0.82 g/L, and reaction time = 67.3 min. This study followed a quadratic model (R2 = 0.958). The best model of adsorption isotherm fits with the Freundlich model (R2 = 0.9972) and the maximum capacity was 251.42 mg/g adsorption kinetics, and pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.959). The results of this study showed that ACA-ZnO as an adsorbent is very efficient, without environmental side effect and cost-benefit.

Adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of quinolone antibiotics from wastewater using functionalized biochar

Quinolone antibiotics are emerging environmental contaminants, which cause serious harm to the ecological environment and human health. How to effectively remove these emerging pollutants from water remains a major challenge worldwide. In this study, a novel Fe/Ti biochar composite (Fe/Ti-MBC) was prepared by facile one-step co-pyrolysis of wood chips with hematite and titanium dioxide (TiO2) for adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and norfloxacin (NOR) in water. The results showed that the degradation efficiencies of Fe/Ti-MBC to CIP and NOR were 88.4% and 88.0%, respectively. The π-π interactions and polar interactions are the main adsorption mechanisms for CIP and NOR. In the photocatalytic process, h+ and ·OH are the main active substances for the oxidative degradation of CIP and NOR. This study shows that Fe/Ti-MBC is an effective and recyclable composite, providing a novel alternative way for antibiotics degradation.

An integrated approach to remove endocrine-disrupting chemicals bisphenol and its analogues from the aqueous environment: a review

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) used as a plastic enhancer in producing polycarbonate resins to manufacture hard plastics. Due to strict limitations on the manufacturing and utilization of BPA, several bisphenol substitutes, bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S (BPS), and bisphenol AF (BPAF), have been developed to replace it in various applications. Because of their widespread use in food containers, infant bottles, and reusable water bottles, bisphenols (BPs) have been identified in different environmental circumstances, including drinking water, seawater, industrial effluent, and endocrine systems such as human blood, urine, and breast milk. However, locating and analyzing them in different conditions has proven to be challenging. Therefore, there is a need to reduce the prevalence of BPs in the environment. The significance of advanced treatment options for treating and eliminating BPA and its alternatives from water bodies are reviewed. Also, the research gaps and future scopes are discussed in this review article. According to the literature survey, adsorption and photocatalytic degradation provide synergistic benefits for environmental challenges because of their substantial adsorption Q5 capacity, high oxidation capability, and low cost compared to alternative individual treatment options.

Characterization and Adsorption Capacity of Modified Biochar for Sulfamethylimidine and Methylene Blue in Water

In this study, a composite of pond mud and lanthanum- and nano-zero valent iron-modified-biochar was investigated for its ability to adsorb methylene blue (MB) and sulfamethazine (SMZ). La-modified attapulgite and nano-zero valent iron (surface area enhanced by 43.7% via Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis) were successfully loaded onto the straw-sediment biochar (BC) surface. With the increase in pyrolysis temperature, the biocompatibility yield, the H, O, and N content, and the ratio of carbon elements decreased, while the pH value, surficial micropores, C element, and ash content increased. The biocarbon small molecules were gradually and tightly ordered, and the organic groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl groups, and carbon oxygen double bonds were gradually lost or disappeared. The original Fe-BC had more phenolic hydroxyl groups forming an intermolecular hydrogen bond than others with a higher adsorption capacity possibly through the Schiff base reaction. The effect of various pH (2-9), temperature (15-35 °C), and initial concentration (1-25 mg L-1) on adsorption was investigated. pH and temperature were the main factors governing the adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity was observed at pH 4. The adsorption performances for MB followed the order Fe-BC > La-BC > BC, and the maximum removal rate was over 98.45% with pH = 7. The three types of BC dosages between 0.2 (6.67 g L-1) and 0.4 g showed a removal rate of 99% for MB. The adsorption capacity of Fe-BC, La-BC, and BC for MB was 2.201, 1.905, and 2.401 mg L-1 with pH = 4, while 4.79, 4.58, and 5.55 mg g-1 were observed with BC dosage at 0.025 g. For SMZ, the higher the temperature, the better the adsorption effect, and it reaches saturation at approximately 25 °C. To further evaluate the nature of adsorption, Langmuir/Freundlich/Temkin models were tested and the adsorption capacities were evaluated on the surface of the BC composite. The three modified materials were physisorbed to SMZ, while MB was chemisorbed. For MB, the adsorption performance of BC is the best < 0.2 g (6.67 g L-1) at pH 7.0 at 35 °C. The Elovich model was more suitable for MB, while the Freundlich and Temkin models could better fit the adsorption process of MB. The preparatory secondary dynamics equation and Langmuir equation were more compliant for SMZ, and the saturated adsorption capacities of straw-modified, La-BC, and Fe-BC reached 5.699, 6.088, and 5.678 mg L-1, respectively.

Enhanced removal of sulfonamide antibiotics from water by phosphogypsum modified biochar composite

Antibiotic pollution has become a global eco-environmental issue. To reduce sulfonamide antibiotics in water and improve resource utilization of solid wastes, phosphogypsum modified biochar composite (PMBC) was prepared via facile one-step from distillers grains, wood chips, and phosphogypsum. The physicochemical properties of PMBC were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta potential, X-ray diffraction (XRD), etc. The influencing factors, adsorption behaviors, and mechanisms of sulfadiazine (SD) and sulfamethazine (SMT) onto PMBC were studied by batch and fixed bed column adsorption experiments. The results showed that the removal rates of SD and SMT increased with the increase of phosphogypsum proportion, while decreased with the increase of solution pH. The maximum adsorption capacities of modified distillers grain and wood chips biochars for SD were 2.98 and 4.18 mg/g, and for SMT were 4.40 and 8.91 mg/g, respectively, which was 9.0-22.3 times that of pristine biochar. Fixed bed column results demonstrated that PMBC had good adsorption capacities for SD and SMT. When the solution flow rate was 2.0 mL/min and the dosage of PMBC was 5.0 g, the removal rates of SD and SMT by modified wood chips biochar were both higher than 50% in 4 hr. The main mechanisms of SD and SMT removal by PMBC are hydrogen bonding, π-π donor-acceptor, electrostatic interaction, and hydrophobic interaction. This study provides an effective method for the removal of antibiotics in water and the resource utilization of phosphogypsum.

Efficient mitigation of emerging antibiotics residues from water matrix: Integrated approaches and sustainable technologies

The prevalence of antibiotic traces in the aquatic matrices is a concern due to the emanation of antibiotic resistance which requires a multifaceted approach. One of the potential sources is the wastewater treatment plants with a lack of advance infrastructure leading to the dissemination of contaminants. Continuous advancements in economic globalization have facilitated the application of several conventional, advanced, and hybrid techniques for the mitigation of rising antibiotic traces in the aquatic matrices that have been thoroughly scrutinized in the current paper. Although the implementation of existing mitigation techniques is associated with several limiting factors and barriers which require further research to enhance their removal efficiency. The review further summarizes the application of the microbial processes to combat antibiotic persistence in wastewater establishing a sustainable approach. However, hybrid technologies are considered as most efficient and environmental-benign due to their higher removal efficacy, energy-efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. A brief elucidation has been provided for the mechanism responsible for lowering antibiotic concentration in wastewater through biodegradation and biotransformation. Overall, the current review presents a comprehensive approach for antibiotic mitigation using existing methods however, policies and measures should be implemented for continuous monitoring and surveillance of antibiotic persistence in aquatic matrices to reduce their potential risk to humans and the environment.

Highly efficient nanocomposite of Y2O3@biochar for oxytetracycline removal from solution: Adsorption characteristics and mechanisms

Nano Y₂O₃-modified biochar composites (Y₂O₃@BC600) were fabricated successfully and exhibited great adsorption toward oxytetracycline (OTC). The Langmuir adsorption capacity of Y₂O₃@BC600-1:4 for OTC reached 223.46 mg/g, 10.52 times greater than that of BC600. The higher dispersion of Y₂O₃ nanoparticles, increased surface area of 175.65 m²/g and expanded porosity of 0.27 cm³/g accounted for higher OTC adsorption by Y₂O₃@BC600-1:4. Y₂O₃@BC600-1:4 could resist the interference of co-existing cations (Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺) and anions (Cl^-, NO₃^-, SO₄^2-) on OTC removal. Y₂O₃ coating changed surface charge property of BC600, favoring the contribution of electrostatic interaction. Synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy detected obvious peak shift and intensity change of surface -OH when OTC adsorption occurred. Accordingly, stronger H-bonding (charge-assisted hydrogen bond, OTC-H₂N⁺···HO-Y₂O₃@BC600-1:4) was proposed for OTC adsorption. Y₂O₃@BC600 exhibited renewability and stability in the adsorptive removal of OTC. Therefore, Y₂O₃@BC600 may be a novel and suitable adsorbent for antibiotic removal.

Super facile one-step synthesis of sugarcane bagasse derived N-doped porous biochar for adsorption of ciprofloxacin

A new N-doped biochar derived from sugarcane bagasse (NSB) was prepared by one-pot pyrolysis with sugarcane bagasse as feedstock, melamine as nitrogen source and NaHCO₃ as pore-forming agent, and then NSB was used to adsorb ciprofloxacin (CIP) in water. The optimal preparation conditions of NSB were determined based on the evaluation index of adsorbability of NSB for CIP. SEM, EDS, XRD, FTIR, XPS and BET characterizations were used to analyze the physicochemical properties of the synthetic NSB. It was found that the prepared NSB had excellent pore structure, high specific surface area and more nitrogenous functional groups. Meanwhile, it was demonstrated that the synergistic interaction between melamine and NaHCO₃ increased the pores of NSB and the largest surface area of NSB was 1712.19 m²/g. The CIP adsorption capacity of 212 mg/g was obtained under optimal parameters as follows: NSB amount 0.125 g/L, initial pH 6.58, adsorption temperature 30 °C, CIP initial concentration 30 mg/L and adsorption time 1 h. The isotherm and kinetics studies elucidated that the adsorption of CIP conformed both D-R model and Pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The high CIP adsorption capacity of NSB for CIP was due to the combined filling pore, π-π conjugation and hydrogen bonding. All results demonstrated that adsorption of CIP by the low-cost N-doped biochar of NSB is a reliable technology for the disposal of CIP wastewater.

Mechanisms and degradation pathways of doxycycline hydrochloride by Fe3O4 nanoparticles anchored nitrogen-doped porous carbon microspheres activated peroxymonosulfate

Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) based advanced oxidation processes have gained widespread attention in refractory antibiotics treatment. In this study, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles anchored nitrogen-doped porous carbon microspheres (Fe₃O₄/NCMS) were synthesized and applied to PMS heterogeneous activation for doxycycline hydrochloride (DOX-H) degradation. Benefitting from synergy effects of porous carbon structure, nitrogen doping, and fine dispersion of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, Fe₃O₄/NCMS showed excellent DOX-H degradation efficiency within 20 min via PMS activation. Further reaction mechanisms revealed that the reactive oxygen species including hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and singlet oxygen (¹O₂) played the dominant role for DOX-H degradation. Moreover, Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox cycle also participated in the radical generation, and nitrogen-doped carbonaceous structures served as the highly active centers for non-radical pathways. The possible degradation pathways and intermediate products accompanying DOX-H degradation were also analyzed in detail. This study provides key insights into the further development of heterogeneous metallic oxides-carbon catalysts for antibiotic-containing wastewater treatment.

Removal of emerging pollutants from the environment: From bioadsorbents to nanoparticle-based systems

In the Call for Papers corresponding to this Virtual Special Issue (VSI), the Editors indicated that, as is well known, emerging pollutants include a variety of substances that pose remarkable risks for the environment and public health. In fact, emerging pollutants are considered a matter of concern deserving increasing efforts to elucidate their occurrence, fate, repercussions, and alternatives to their removal from the various environmental compartments where they can be found after spreading as contaminants. Also, the Editors commented that, among the various alternatives that can be considered for achieving their successful removal, some of them are based on the use of sorbent materials, and, specifically, bioadsorbents, which are attractive due to the efficacy and low cost associated with some of them. Another alternative is related to the utilization of nanoparticle-based systems, which may be considered a promising field of research in this way. In both cases, obtaining new research results, as well as designing and programming new ways of going steps ahead in the investigation of both kinds of materials, would be key objectives. According to the previous considerations, the Editors of the VSI invited researchers having new data concerning these aspects to submit manuscripts with experimental results, discussion, reflections and prospective related to their work. With the Special Issue closed, the number of submissions received was 83, with 40 high-quality works being accepted for publication, increasing the overall knowledge on this topic by providing results that we are sure will be of value for the scientific community and the society.

Removal of ciprofloxacin antibiotic pollutants from wastewater using nano-composite adsorptive membranes

The emergence of antibiotics in water has been globally recognized as a critical pollution issue. Antibiotics (such as Ciprofloxacin (CPFX) pose a serious threat to humans and to the ecosystem due to its accumulation in water sources which can lead to chronic health problems and endanger aquatic life. It is therefore crucial to properly remove them from water. In this work, a nano-composite adsorptive membrane based on Zirconium Phosphate (ZrP) adsorbent supported on Polyethersulfone (PES) was synthesized and evaluated for the removal of CPFX from synthetic aqueous solutions. The membranes described here showed a very high antibiotic removal rate. The effect of various parameters such as the initial concentration of the antibiotic, the adsorbent dosage, contact time, pH, and temperature was studied. The equilibrium data were found to reasonably best fit with the Temkin isotherm model. The membranes showed a high ciprofloxacin removal (99.7%) as opposed to (68%) when PES membrane alone was used. Moreover, a significant improvement in the membrane's water flux (100.84 L/m².h) and permeability (97.62 L/m².hr.bar) were noticed as opposed to pure PES membrane's flux and permeability. The adsorptive membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The results confirmed the successful formation of ZrP nanoparticles adsorbent within the membrane matrix, and with enhanced hydrophilic properties. The membrane was successfully regenerated and reused up to 5 times. The results of this work showed the potential of such membranes for the removal of ciprofloxacin and at a high efficiency.

Enhanced Adsorption of Sulfonamides by Attapulgite-Doped Biochar Prepared with Calcination

The extensive use of sulfonamides seriously threatens the safety and stability of the ecological environment. Developing green inexpensive and effective adsorbents is critically needed for the elimination of sulfonamides from wastewater. The non-modified biochar exhibited limited adsorption capacity for sulfonamides. In this study, the attapulgite-doped biochar adsorbent (ATP/BC) was produced from attapulgite and rice straw by calcination. Compared with non-modified biochar, the specific surface area of ATP/BC increased by 73.53−131.26%, and the average pore width of ATP/BC decreased 1.77−3.60 nm. The removal rates of sulfadiazine and sulfamethazine by ATP/BC were 98.63% and 98.24%, respectively, at the mass ratio of ATP to rice straw = 1:10, time = 4 h, dosage = 2 g∙L−1, pH = 5, initial concentration = 1 mg∙L−1, and temperature = 20 °C. A pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.99) and the Freundlich isothermal model (R2 = 0.99) well described the process of sulfonamide adsorption on ATP/BC. Thermodynamic calculations showed that the adsorption behavior of sulfonamides on the ATP/BC was an endothermic (ΔH > 0), random (ΔS > 0), spontaneous reaction (ΔG < 0) that was dominated by chemisorption (−20 kJ∙mol−1 > ΔG). The potential adsorption mechanisms include electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, π−π interaction, and Lewis acid−base interactions. This study provides an optional material to treat sulfonamides in wastewater and groundwater.

A stable Fe/Co bimetallic modified biochar for ofloxacin removal from water: adsorption behavior and mechanisms

In this study, Fe-Co-modified biochar (FMBC) loaded with iron (Fe) and cobalt (Co) bimetals after NaOH activation was prepared by pyrolysis using forestry waste cedar bark as a raw material to study its properties and the adsorption of ofloxacin (OFX). The surface structure and chemical properties were analyzed by BET, SEM-EDS, XRD, XPS, and FTIR characterization, and the results showed that the FMBC possessed a larger specific surface area and abundant surface functional groups. FMBC conformed to pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models, indicating that the OFX adsorption process on FMBC was a monolayer adsorption process and controlled by chemisorption. The saturation adsorption capacity of FMBC was 10 times higher than that of cedar bark biochar (BC). In addition, the effects of initial pH and coexisting ions on the adsorption process were investigated, and FMBC showed good adsorption, with the best adsorption capacity at pH = 7. Multiple adsorption mechanisms, including physical and chemical interactions, were involved in the adsorption of OFX by FMBC. TG, metal leaching, different water sources, and VSM tests showed that FMBC had good stability and was easily separated from water. Finally, the reusability performance of FMBC was investigated by various methods, and after five cycles it could still reach 75.78-89.31% of the adsorption capacity before recycling. Therefore, the FMBC synthesized in this study is a promising new adsorbent.

Optimization and mechanisms of rapid adsorptive removal of chromium (VI) from wastewater using industrial waste derived nanoparticles

Nowadays, the existence of metal ions in the environment like chromium (VI) is of significant worry because of its high toxicity to many life forms. Therefore, in this study, an inexpensive and eco-friendly nano-adsorbent was produced from the waste of drinking water industry for effective elimination of Cr (VI) from wastewater. The mineralogical and morphological characterization and compositions of the bulk and nano- adsorbents were performed. The adsorption capabilities of nWTRs for Cr(VI) under different experimental conditions of adsorbent dosage, time, Cr (VI) concentration, solution pH, and competitive ions were investigated. The nWTRs adsorbent exhibits very rapid adsorption potential (92%) for Cr (VI) within the first 15 min. Langmuir model showed high predictive capability for describing Cr (VI) sorption equilibrium data. The estimated maximum sorption capacity (qmax) of nWTRs and bWTRs was found to be 40.65 mg g−1 and 2.78 mg g−1 respectively. The sorption kinetics data of Cr (VI) were perfectly fitted to the model of second-order kinetics. High immobilization capability of nWTRs for sorbed Cr (VI) is evident as most of adsorbed Cr (VI) was associated with the residual fraction. The nWTRs efficiency of Cr (VI) removal from wastewater using batch and column techniques were 98.12 and 96.86% respectively. Electrostatic interactions, outer sphere complexation and pore filling are the main mechanisms suggested for binding of Cr(VI) with functional groups of nWTRs. This study demonstrates that the green low-cost nWTRs have the potential to decontaminate industrial wastewater effluents containing Cr (VI).

Novel metal based nanocomposite for rapid and efficient removal of lead from contaminated wastewater sorption kinetics, thermodynamics and mechanisms

A sol–gel method was utilized to prepare a novel nanocomposite adsorbent (nMgO/bentonite) and was tested for Pb(II) removal from aqueous solutions. The produced nanocomposite was investigated using, SEM–EDX, XRD, and FTIR analyses before and after Pb adsorption. Adsorption equilibrium and kinetic experiments were run in batch system under different conditions of pH, adsorbent dose, competitive cations, contact time and temperature. The results exhibited rapid Pb(II) adsorption by the nanocomposite in the first five min. Experimental lead adsorption equilibrium and kinetics data fitted well to Langmuir and power function models, respectively as indicated from the lowest standard error (SE) values. The calculated Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity (q_max) value of nanocomposite (75 mg g⁻¹) was 4.5 times higher than that of bentonite (16.66 mg g⁻¹). Moreover, the highest quantity of Pb(II) uptake was achieved at temperature of 307 K and pH 9. The Langmuir sorption capacity of the nanocomposite for Pb(II) increased from 75 to 145 mg g⁻¹ with increasing temperature from 287 to 307 K. The thermodynamic parameters of Pb(II) adsorption by the nanocomposite affirm the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption process. Lead adsorption mechanisms by the nanocomposite were proposed and discussed.