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Yan G, Zhou Y, Wu J, Jin C, Zhao L, Wang W. Novel Strain of Paenibacillus phyllosphaerae CS-148 for the Direct Hydrolysis of Raw Starch into Glucose: Isolation and Fermentation Optimization. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:4125-4139. [PMID: 37897622 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04750-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The conventional process for converting starch to glucose is energy-intensive. To lower the cost of this process, a novel strain of Paenibacillus phyllosphaerae CS-148 was isolated and identified, which could directly hydrolyze raw starch into glucose and accumulate glucose in the fermentation broth. The effects of different organic and inorganic nitrogen sources, the culture temperature, the initial pH, and the agitation speed on the yield of glucose were optimized through the one-factor-at-a-time method. Nine factors were screened by Plackett-Burman design, and three factors (raw corncob starch, yeast extract and (NH4)2SO4) had significant effects on glucose yield. Three significant factors were further optimized using Box-Behnken design. Under the optimized fermentation conditions (raw corncob starch 40.4 g/L, yeast extract 4.27 g/L, (NH4)2SO4 4.39 g/L, KH2PO4 2 g/L, MgSO4`7H2O 2 g/L, FeSO4`7H2O 0.02 g/L, NaCl 2 g/L, KCl 0.5 g/L, inoculums volume 4%, temperature 35 °C, agitation rate 150 rpm, and initial pH 7.0), the maximum glucose yield reached 17.32 ± 0.46 g/L, which is 1.33-fold compared to that by initial fermentation conditions. The maximum conversion rate and glucose productivity were 0.43 ± 0.01 g glucose/g raw corn starch and 0.22 ± 0.01 g/(L·h), respectively. These results implied that P. phyllosphaerae CS-148 could be used in the food industry or fermentation industry at a low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilong Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety and Nutrition Function Evaluation, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China.
| | - Yuzhen Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Ci Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Liqin Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
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Yaşar Yildiz S. Exploring the Hot Springs of Golan: A Source of Thermophilic Bacteria and Enzymes with Industrial Promise. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:101. [PMID: 38376803 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03617-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a surge in research on extremophiles due to their remarkable ability to survive in harsh environments. Extremophile thermophilic bacteria provide thermostable enzymes for biotechnology and industry. Thermophilic bacteria live in extreme environments like hot springs at 45-80 °C. This study screens and isolates thermophilic bacteria and thermozymes from the Golan hot springs in Karakocan, Elazig, Turkey. The study also characterizes thermophilic bacteria and their thermozymes to understand their features and applications better. Golan hot spring water samples at 50 °C yielded 12 isolates. GKE 02, 07, 08, and 10 produce amylase, GKE 04, 08, and 11 cellulase, and GKE 06 xylanase. One isolate (GKE 08) displayed both amylolytic and cellulolytic activity on agar plates. GKE 02 had the highest plate assay amylolytic index (2.3) and amylase activity (67.87 U/ml). Plate assay indicates GKE 08 has 1.5 amylolytic index, 1.1 cellulolytic index, 38.57 U/ml amylase, and 6.81 U/ml cellulase. GKE 04 had the greatest cellulolytic index (1.7) and cellulase activity (27.46). GKE 06, the only xylanase producer, has 19.67 U/ml activity and 1.4 plate assay index. The investigation also included determining the optimal pH and temperature conditions for each enzyme. 16S rDNA gene sequencing revealed seven thermozyme-producing bacteria Bacillus, Geobacillus, and Thermomonas. Thermomonas hydrothermalis genome annotation showed glycosyl hydrolase genes for amylolytic and cellulolytic activity. The findings of this study on thermophilic bacteria and thermostable enzyme synthesis in the Golan hot springs are promising, particularly for T. hydrothermalis, which has limited research on its potential as a thermozyme producer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songül Yaşar Yildiz
- Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, 34700, Turkey.
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3
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Jha S, Sarkhel S, Saha S, Sahoo B, Kumari A, Chatterjee K, Mazumder PM, Sarkhel G, Mohan A, Roy A. Expanded porous-starch matrix as an alternative to porous starch granule: Present status, challenges, and future prospects. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113771. [PMID: 38129003 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Exposing the hydrated-soft-starch matrix of intact grain or reconstituted flour dough to a high-temperature-short-time (HTST) leads to rapid vapor generation that facilitates high-pressure build-up in its elastic matrix linked to large deformation and expansion. The expanded starch matrix at high temperatures dries up quickly by flash vaporization of water, which causes loss of its structural flexibility and imparts a porous and rigid structure of the expanded porous starch matrix (EPSM). EPSM, with abundant pores in its construction, offers adsorptive effectiveness, solubility, swelling ability, mechanical strength, and thermal stability. It can be a sustainable and easy-to-construct alternative to porous starch (PS) in food and pharmaceutical applications. This review is a comparative study of PS and EPSM on their preparation methods, structure, and physicochemical properties, finding compatibility and addressing challenges in recommending EPSM as an alternative to PS in adsorbing, dispersing, stabilizing, and delivering active ingredients in a controlled and efficient way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Jha
- Laboratory of Applied Food Chemistry, Microbiology and Process Engineering, Centre for Food Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology - Mesra, Ranchi 835215, India
| | - Shubhajit Sarkhel
- Laboratory of Applied Food Chemistry, Microbiology and Process Engineering, Centre for Food Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology - Mesra, Ranchi 835215, India
| | - Sreyajit Saha
- Laboratory of Applied Food Chemistry, Microbiology and Process Engineering, Centre for Food Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology - Mesra, Ranchi 835215, India
| | - Bijendra Sahoo
- Laboratory of Applied Food Chemistry, Microbiology and Process Engineering, Centre for Food Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology - Mesra, Ranchi 835215, India
| | - Ankanksha Kumari
- Laboratory of Applied Food Chemistry, Microbiology and Process Engineering, Centre for Food Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology - Mesra, Ranchi 835215, India
| | - Kaberi Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology - Mesra, Ranchi 835215, India
| | - Papiya Mitra Mazumder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology - Mesra, Ranchi 835215, India
| | - Gautam Sarkhel
- Laboratory of Applied Food Chemistry, Microbiology and Process Engineering, Centre for Food Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology - Mesra, Ranchi 835215, India
| | - Anand Mohan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Anupam Roy
- Laboratory of Applied Food Chemistry, Microbiology and Process Engineering, Centre for Food Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology - Mesra, Ranchi 835215, India.
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Phetlum S, Champasri C. Purification and characterization of amylases from three freshwater fish species providing new insight application as enzyme molecular markers for zymography. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:1257-1276. [PMID: 37889390 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01255-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Purification of amylases from digestive tracts of three freshwater fish species with Q-Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephacryl S-200 columns displayed two isoforms of amylases from Osteochilus hasselti (O1, O2) and three isoforms of those from both Hampala dispar (UB, H1, H2) and Puntioplites proctozystron (P1, P2, P3). The optimum pH values displayed at 7.0 and 8.0, while the optimum temperatures revealed at 40 and 50 °C. Almost isoenzyme activities were activated by NaCl and CaCl2, whereas EDTA and SDS strongly inhibited all enzymatic activities. Verification with an atomic absorption spectrophotometry exhibited the presence of Ca2+ ions in the range of 0.02-13.53 ppm per mg protein indicating that amylases are Ca2+ dependent. Molecular weight analysis revealed 12 to 147 kDa. The UB, O1, and H2 amylases with appropriate molecular masses of 64, 49, and 25 kDa validated with LC-MS/MS were selected. Three certain enzymes revealed high stability in a sample buffer after five cycles of freeze-thawing process upon storage at - 20 °C for 12 weeks. No protein degradation was observed on polyacrylamide gel, and the enzymes still displayed sharp and clear bands on zymograms. The result suggested that the purified fish amylases, which expressed high activities and stabilities, were potentially used as enzyme molecular weight markers for zymography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suthathip Phetlum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Chamaiporn Champasri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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Slavić MŠ, Kojić M, Margetić A, Stanisavljević N, Gardijan L, Božić N, Vujčić Z. Highly stable and versatile α-amylase from Anoxybacillus vranjensis ST4 suitable for various applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:126055. [PMID: 37524287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
α-Amylase from the thermophilic bacterial strain Anoxybacillus vranjensis ST4 (AVA) was cloned into the pMALc5HisEk expression vector and successfully expressed and purified from the Escherichia coli ER2523 host strain. AVA belongs to the GH13_5 subfamily of glycoside hydrolases and has 7 conserved sequence regions (CSRs) distributed in three distinct domains (A, B, C). In addition, there is a starch binding domain (SBD) from the CBM20 family of carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs). AVA is a monomer of 66 kDa that achieves maximum activity at 60-80 °C and is active and stable over a wide pH range (4.0-9.0). AVA retained 50 % of its activity after 31 h of incubation at 60 °C and was resistant to a large number of denaturing agents. It hydrolyzed starch granules very efficiently, releasing maltose, maltotriose and maltopentaose as the main products. The hydrolysis rates of raw corn, wheat, horseradish, and potato starch, at a concentration of 10 %, were 87.8, 85.9, 93.0, and 58 %, respectively, at pH 8.5 over a 3 h period. This study showed that the high level of expression as well as the properties of this highly stable and versatile enzyme show all the prerequisites for successful application in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinela Šokarda Slavić
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Department of Chemistry, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia.
| | - Milan Kojić
- Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Belgrade, Republic of Serbia; University of Belgrade, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGE), Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Margetić
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Department of Chemistry, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Nemanja Stanisavljević
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGE), Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Lazar Gardijan
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGE), Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Nataša Božić
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Department of Chemistry, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Zoran Vujčić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
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Serra GM, Siqueira AS, de Molfetta FA, Santos AV, Xavier LP. In Silico Analysis of a GH3 β-Glucosidase from Microcystis aeruginosa CACIAM 03. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040998. [PMID: 37110421 PMCID: PMC10146135 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are rich sources of secondary metabolites and have the potential to be excellent industrial enzyme producers. β-glucosidases are extensively employed in processing biomass degradation as they mediate the most crucial step of bioconversion of cellobiose (CBI), hence controlling the efficiency and global rate of biomass hydrolysis. However, the production and availability of these enzymes derived from cyanobacteria remains limited. In this study, we evaluated the β-glucosidase from Microcystis aeruginosa CACIAM 03 (MaBgl3) and its potential for bioconversion of cellulosic biomass by analyzing primary/secondary structures, predicting physicochemical properties, homology modeling, molecular docking, and simulations of molecular dynamics (MD). The results showed that MaBgl3 derives from an N-terminal domain folded as a distorted β-barrel, which contains the conserved His-Asp catalytic dyad often found in glycosylases of the GH3 family. The molecular docking results showed relevant interactions with Asp81, Ala271 and Arg444 residues that contribute to the binding process during MD simulation. Moreover, the MD simulation of the MaBgl3 was stable, shown by analyzing the root mean square deviation (RMSD) values and observing favorable binding free energy in both complexes. In addition, experimental data suggest that MaBgl3 could be a potential enzyme for cellobiose-hydrolyzing degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Marques Serra
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Enzimas e Biotransformações, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará-UFPA, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Andrei Santos Siqueira
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará-UFPA, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Fábio Alberto de Molfetta
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará-UFPA, Belém 66075-10, Brazil
| | - Agenor Valadares Santos
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Enzimas e Biotransformações, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará-UFPA, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pereira Xavier
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Enzimas e Biotransformações, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará-UFPA, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
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7
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Arbab S, Ullah H, Khan MIU, Khattak MNK, Zhang J, Li K, Hassan IU. Diversity and distribution of thermophilic microorganisms and their applications in biotechnology. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 62:95-108. [PMID: 34878177 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hot springs ecosystem is the most ancient continuously inhabited ecosystem on earth which harbors diverse thermophilic bacteria and archaea distributed worldwide. Life in extreme environments is very challenging so there is a great potential biological dark matter and their adaptation to harsh environments eventually producing thermostable enzymes which are very vital for the welfare of mankind. There is an enormous need for a new generation of stable enzymes that can endure harsh conditions in industrial processes and can either substitute or complement conventional chemical processes. Here, we review at the variety and distribution of thermophilic microbes, as well as the different thermostable enzymes that help them survive at high temperatures, such as proteases, amylases, lipases, cellulases, pullulanase, xylanases, and DNA polymerases, as well as their special properties, such as high-temperature stability. We have documented the novel isolated thermophilic and hyperthermophilic microorganisms, as well as the discovery of their enzymes, demonstrating their immense potential in the scientific community and in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safia Arbab
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hanif Ullah
- West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Muhammad I U Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad N K Khattak
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ka Li
- West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Inam Ul Hassan
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Manshera, Pakistan
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8
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Microbial amylolytic enzymes in foods: Technological importance of the Bacillus genus. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Enzymatic Saccharification with Sequential-Substrate Feeding and Sequential-Enzymes Loading to Enhance Fermentable Sugar Production from Sago Hampas. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9030535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sago hampas composed of a high percentage of polysaccharides (starch, cellulose and hemicellulose) that make it a suitable substrate for fermentation. However, the saccharification of sago hampas through the batch process is always hampered by its low sugar concentration due to the limitation of the substrate that can be loaded into the system. Increased substrate concentration in the system reduces the ability of enzyme action toward the substrate due to substrate saturation, which increases viscosity and causes inefficient mixing. Therefore, sequential-substrate feeding has been attempted in this study to increase the amount of substrate in the system by feeding the substrate at the selected intervals. At the same time, sequential-enzymes loading has been also evaluated to maximize the amount of enzymes loaded into the system. Results showed that this saccharification with sequential-substrate feeding and sequential-enzymes loading has elevated the solid loading up to 20% (w/v) and reduced the amount of enzymes used per substrate input by 20% for amylase and 50% for cellulase. The strategies implemented have enhanced the fermentable sugar production from 80.33 g/L in the batch system to 119.90 g/L in this current process. It can be concluded that sequential-substrate feeding and sequential-enzymes loading are capable of increasing the total amount of substrate, the amount of fermentable sugar produced, and at the same time maximize the amount of enzymes used in the system. Hence, it would be a promising solution for both the economic and waste management of the sago hampas industry to produce value-added products via biotechnological means.
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Ferreira A, Cahú T, Xu J, Blennow A, Bezerra R. A highly stable raw starch digesting α-amylase from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) viscera. Food Chem 2021; 354:129513. [PMID: 33765464 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A raw starch digesting α-amylase from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) intestine was identified. The α-amylase, AMY-T, had an estimated molecular weight of 60 kDa and purified to near homogeneity. AMY-T showed an apparent KM 4.78 mg/mL and Vmax 0.44 mg/mL/min) towards soluble starch. It was highly stable for 24 h in the pH range 3.0-10.0, and to solvents like methanol, isopropanol, butanol, dimethylformamide, DMSO and ethyl-ether. AMY-T was able to digest different carbohydrates, mainly showing endo-activity. Importantly, AMY-T was catalytically efficient and adsorbing towards raw potato starch at temperature documented for other raw starch digesting α-amylases. Thin layer and anion exchange chromatography characterization showed that the end products of raw starch hydrolysis were glucose, maltose and maltodextrins, with degree of polymerisation ranging 1-8. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the AMY-T treated starch granules documented both granular exo- and endo-attack by AMY-T. These catalytic capabilities suggest high potential for AMY-T for industrial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amália Ferreira
- Laboratory of Enzymology - LABENZ, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Thiago Cahú
- Laboratory of Enzymology - LABENZ, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jinchuan Xu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ranilson Bezerra
- Laboratory of Enzymology - LABENZ, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Ullah I, Khan MS, Khan SS, Ahmad W, Zheng L, Shah SUA, Ullah M, Iqbal A. Identification and characterization of thermophilic amylase producing bacterial isolates from the brick kiln soil. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:970-979. [PMID: 33424389 PMCID: PMC7783820 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The present experiment was designed to isolate bacterial strains from the brick kiln soil and to check the activity and enzyme kinetics of amylase from these isolates. The bacterial colonies were isolated from soil samples through the serial dilution method. The bacterial isolates were identified through morphological, electron microscopic and molecular analysis. The 16S ribosomal RNA sequences of the isolates IR-1, IR-2, IR-3, IR-8, and IR-9 showed high similarities with Bacillus tequilensis, Bacillus paramycoides, Proteus alimentorum, Bacillus wiedmannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. All of the bacterial isolates showed a positive catalase activity except IR-9. Furthermore, the isolates showed variable antagonistic effects against different bacterial pathogens. All of the strains produced indole acetic acid (IAA), and the concentrations increased in the presence of tryptophan application. The isolates showed the amylase enzyme activity and maximum activity of isolates was achieved in 4% starch concentration. The IR-9 isolate showed the highest amylase activity of 5.9 U/ml. The V max values of the extracellular amylase from different bacterial isolates ranged between 12.90 and 50.00 IU ml-1. The lowest K m value of 6.33 mg starch was recorded for IR-8 and the maximum K cat value of 2.50 min-1 was observed for IR-3. The amylase activity of the isolates was significantly affected by a range of different incubation time, temperature, and pH values. Further tests are required before the potential utilization of these isolates for amylase production, and in the biopesticide and biofertilizer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ullah
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Sayyar Khan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Shahin Shah Khan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Waqar Ahmad
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Lingjie Zheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, National Energy Bio-Refining R&D Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Processing, China
| | - Syed Usman Ali Shah
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Ullah
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Aqib Iqbal
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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12
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Matpan Bekler F, Güven K, Gül Güven R. Purification and characterization of novel α-amylase from Anoxybacillus ayderensis FMB1. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2020.1856097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Matpan Bekler
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Kemal Güven
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Reyhan Gül Güven
- Department of Science Teaching, Faculty of Education, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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Bhatt K, Lal S, Srinivasan R, Joshi B. Molecular analysis of Bacillus velezensis KB 2216, purification and biochemical characterization of alpha-amylase. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:3332-3339. [PMID: 32871125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-amylase producing strain KB 2216 was identified as Bacillus velezensis. The growth pattern showed that 72 h is the optimum incubation period of amylase production, which is a stationary period for the strain. By the purification process, maximum alpha-amylase activity was achieved up to 418.25 U/mL at 72 h of incubation, which was purified with 4.74 folds, 4230.32 U/mg specific activity, with 31.35% yield. The strain was found to produce an oligomeric alpha-amylase, namely Amy3. Amy3 was a trimeric macromolecule of 195 kDa with 62, 64, and 66 kDa subunits, as revealed by zymogram and SDS PAGE analyses. Amy3 was highly active at 55 °C and pH 5.5. It had shown the highest stability at pH 5.0-5.5 and between 0 ̊C and 4 ̊C. It did not require any metal cofactors, but it was inhibited by Ag2+, Hg2+ and Cd2+ divalent cations. Glucose and maltose were shown to be the end products of soluble starch digestion by Amy3. These interesting properties of Amy3 may be useful for many biotechnological applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandarp Bhatt
- Department of Microbiology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh 284128, India.
| | - Sangeeta Lal
- Department of Microbiology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh 284128, India
| | - R Srinivasan
- Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh 284003, India
| | - Bhumika Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat 360005, India
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Fincan SA, Özdemir S, Karakaya A, Enez B, Mustafov SD, Ulutaş MS, Şen F. Purification and characterization of thermostable α-amylase produced from Bacillus licheniformis So-B3 and its potential in hydrolyzing raw starch. Life Sci 2020; 264:118639. [PMID: 33141041 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This work was achieved to obtain the optimum culture conditions of the thermostable alpha-amylase produced by thermophilic Bacillus licheniformis SO-B3. Furthermore, the α-amylase was purified and then characterized, and also its kinetic parameters were determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS A new thermotolerant bacteria called Bacillus licheniformis SO-B3 employed in this work was isolated from a sample of thermal spring mud in Şırnak (Meyremderesi). Several parameters such as the impact of temperature, time, and pH on enzyme production were examined. Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) was employed to analyze the end-products of soluble starch hydrolysis, and the utilization of purified α-amylase in the clarification of unripe apple juices was studied. KEY FINDINGS The highest enzyme production conditions were determined as 35 °C, 36th hour, and pH 7.0. Thermostable α-amylase was purified by 70% ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography, and dialysis, with a 51-purification fold and 30% yield recovery. The Km and Vmax values for this enzyme were 0.004 mM and 3.07 μmol min-1 at 70 °C, respectively. The α-amylase's molecular weight was found as 74 kDa. In addition, α-amylase showed a good degradation rate for raw starch. SIGNIFICANCE It was hypothesized that Bacillus licheniformis SO-B3 could be used as an α-amylase source. These findings displayed that purified enzyme could be utilized in fruit juice industries for clarification of apple juice and raw starch hydrolyzing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Agüloğlu Fincan
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Science Faculty, Dicle University, 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey.
| | - Sadin Özdemir
- Food Processing Programme, Technical Science Vocational School, Mersin University, TR-33343 Yenişehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Adem Karakaya
- Biology Department, Arts and Science Faculty, Siirt University, 56100 Siirt, Turkey
| | - Barış Enez
- Veterinary Health Department, Technical Science Vocational School, Bingöl University, 12000 Bingöl, Turkey
| | - Sibel Demiroğlu Mustafov
- Sen Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Dumlupınar University, Evliya Çelebi Campus, 43100 Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sefa Ulutaş
- Biology Department, Arts and Science Faculty, Siirt University, 56100 Siirt, Turkey
| | - Fatih Şen
- Sen Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Dumlupınar University, Evliya Çelebi Campus, 43100 Kütahya, Turkey
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15
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Characteristics of Raw-Starch Degrading Amylase Bacteria from Natar Hot Spring Lampung. JURNAL KIMIA SAINS DAN APLIKASI 2020. [DOI: 10.14710/jksa.23.7.238-243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Indonesia has a diversity of hot spring as a habitat of bacteria. One of the hot springs is Natar hot spring, Lampung. This study is to report the characteristics of a bacterium called Nat1 isolate that produces amylase to degrade raw starch from Natar hot spring. Water samples were taken from hot springs with a temperature of 45°C and a pH of 7.0. Nat1 was isolated by screening on the medium of Starch-Luria Bertani at 37°C. Its amylase-producing bacteria showed an optimum amylolytic activity of a crude enzyme of Nat1 isolate in soluble starch was 267.2774 U/mL at 60°C. Genotypic identification results using the 16S rRNA gene showed that the Nat1 isolate is identified as Panninobacter phragmatetus. A crude enzyme of Nat1 isolate showed a novel amylase ability and could degrade the raw starch substrates, such as corn and sago, with the amount of reducing sugar for each raw starch, 37.0688 µmol/mg, and 24.2697 µmol/mg. In conclusion, Nat1 amylase is potentially used in industry for its ability to degrade raw starch directly.
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16
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Hj Latip DN, Samsudin H, Utra U, Alias AK. Modification methods toward the production of porous starch: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2841-2862. [PMID: 32648775 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1789064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Starch is a complex carbohydrate formed by the repeating units of glucose structure connected by the alpha-glycosidic linkages. Starch is classified according to their derivatives such as cereals, legumes, tubers, palms, fruits, and stems. For decades, native starch has been widely utilized in various applications such as a thickener, stabilizer, binder, and coating agent. However, starches need to be modified to enhance their properties and to make them more functional in a wide range of applications. Porous starch is a modified starch product which has attracted interest of late. It consists of abundant pores that are distributed on the granule surface without compromising the integrity of its granular structure. Porous starch can be produced either by enzymatic, chemical, and physical methods or a combination thereof. The type of starch and selection of the modification method highly influence the formation of pore structure. By carefully choosing a suitable starch and modification method, the desired morphology of porous starch can be produced and applied accordingly for its intended application. Innovations and technologies related to starch modification methods have evolved over the years in terms of the structure, properties and modification effects of different starch varieties. Therefore, this article reviews recent modification methods in developing porous starch from various origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayang Norlaila Hj Latip
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hayati Samsudin
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Uthumporn Utra
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Abd Karim Alias
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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17
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Apostolidi ME, Kalantzi S, Hatzinikolaou DG, Kekos D, Mamma D. Catalytic and thermodynamic properties of an acidic α-amylase produced by the fungus Paecilomyces variotii ATHUM 8891. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:311. [PMID: 32582508 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02305-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An extracellular acid stable α-amylase from Paecilomyces variotii ATHUM 8891 (PV8891 α-amylase) was purified to homogeneity applying ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography and exhibited a reduced molecular weight of 75 kDa. The purified enzyme was optimally active at pH 5.0 and 60 °C and stable in acidic pH (3.0-6.0). K m, v max and k cat for starch hydrolysis were found 1.1 g L-1, 58.5 μmole min-1 (mg protein)-1, and 73.1 s-1, respectively. Amylase activity was marginally enhanced by Ca2+ and Fe2+ ions while Cu2+ ions strongly inhibited it. Thermodynamic parameters determined for starch hydrolysis (Ε α, ΔH*, ΔG*, ΔS*, Δ G E - S ∗ and Δ G E - T ∗ ) suggests an effective capacity of PV8891 α-amylase towards starch hydrolysis. Thermal stability of PV8891 α-amylase was assessed at different temperatures (30-80 οC). Thermodynamic parameters ( E a d , ΔH*, ΔG*, ΔS*) as well as the integral activity of a continuous system for starch hydrolysis by the PV8891 α-amylase revealed satisfactory thermostability up to 60 °C. The acidic nature and its satisfactory performance at temperatures lower than the industrially used amylases may represent potential applications of PV8891 α-amylase in starch processing industry.
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18
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In Silico Study and Optimization of Bacillus megaterium alpha-Amylases Production Obtained from Honey Sources. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:2593-2601. [PMID: 32424606 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to screen alpha-amylase producing microorganisms from honey as a low water activity medium, a suitable source for selecting stable and cost-beneficial bacterial enzyme production systems. Plackett-Burman method was used to select twelve effective factors including pH, inoculum size, temperature, time, corn starch, KH2PO4, peptone, MgSO4, CaCl2, NaCl, glycerin, and yeast extract concentrations on bacterial alpha-amylases production yield. The Box-Behnken method was utilized to optimize the level of selected significant factors. The stability of bacterial alpha-amylases was also determined in low pH and high-temperature conditions. In addition, in silico study was used to create the alpha-amylase structure and study the stability in high-temperature and low water available condition. Among all isolated and characterized microorganisms, Bacillus megaterium produced the highest amount of alpha-amylases. The in silico data showed the enzyme 3D structure similarity to alpha-amylase from Halothermothrix orenii and highly negative charge amino acids on its surface caused the enzyme activity and stability in low water conditions. Based on Box-Behnken results, the temperature 35 °C, pH 6 and starch 40 g/l were determined as the optimum level of significant factors to achieve the highest alpha-amylases unit (101.44 U/ml). This bacterial alpha-amylases enzyme showed stability at pH 5 and a range of temperatures from 40 to 60 °C that indicates this enzyme may possess the potential for using in industrial processes.
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19
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Xu Y, Ding J, Gong S, Li M, Yang T, Zhang J. Physicochemical properties of potato starch fermented by amylolytic Lactobacillus plantarum. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 158:656-661. [PMID: 32387358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of fermentation by Lactobacillus plantarum CGMCC 14177 strain on physicochemical properties and morphological characteristics of potato starch. The maximum total amylase and α-amylase production of L. plantarum CGMCC 14177 were 286.8 and 208.1 U/g, respectively. Fermented granules clearly exhibited pocked and dimpled surfaces. The granule properties changed to have a 1.9% increase in relative crystallinity. Overall the starch changed to have slight increases in onset and peak temperature, but resulted decreases of conclusion temperature and enthalpy. Fermentation decreased peak viscosity and breakdown value, while increased trough viscosity, final viscosity, and setback. Further analysis showed that fermentation increased the gel hardness and chewiness of the potato starch, but made little differences in the springiness, cohesiveness and resilience. Collectively, these results provide insight on how Lactobacillus strains can be used to modify the physicochemical properties of potato starch in ways that extend its use in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Xu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingyu Ding
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenhuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shengxiang Gong
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Meng Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Wilmar Oleo Co., Ltd., 118 Gaodong Road, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Tiankui Yang
- Wilmar Oleo Co., Ltd., 118 Gaodong Road, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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20
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Pranay K, Padmadeo SR, Prasad B. Production of amylase from Bacillus subtilis sp. strain KR1 under solid state fermentation on different agrowastes. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Karim KMR, Husaini A, Sing NN, Tasnim T, Mohd Sinang F, Hussain H, Hossain MA, Roslan H. Characterization and expression in Pichia pastoris of a raw starch degrading glucoamylase (GA2) derived from Aspergillus flavus NSH9. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 164:105462. [PMID: 31351992 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.105462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Aspergillus flavus NSH9 gene, encoding a pH and thermostable glucoamylase with a starch binding domain (SBD), was expressed in Pichia pastoris to produce recombinant glucoamylase (rGA2). The full-length glucoamylase gene (2039 bp), and cDNA (1839 bp) encode a 612 amino acid protein most similar to glucoamylase from Aspergillus oryzae RIB40; the first 19 amino acids are presumed to be a signal peptide for secretion, and the SBD is at the C-terminal. The cDNA was successfully secreted by Pichia at 8.23 U mL-1, and the rGA2 was found to be: a 80 kDa monomer, stable from pH 3.0-9.0, with optimum catalytic activity at pH 5.0, active at temperatures up to 80°C (rGA2 retained 58% of its activity after 60 min of incubation at 70°C), and metal ions such as Na+, K+, Ca++ and Mg++ enhanced rGA2 enzyme activity. The starch degrading ability of rGA2 was also observed on raw sago starch and where prolonged incubation generated larger, deeper, holes on the starch granules, indicating rGA2 is an excellent candidate for industrial starch processing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Husaini
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota, Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Ngieng Ngui Sing
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota, Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Tasmia Tasnim
- Department of Nutrition and Food Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Fazia Mohd Sinang
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota, Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Hasnain Hussain
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota, Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Md Anowar Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Hairul Roslan
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota, Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Lee J, Xiang L, Byambabaatar S, Kim H, Jin KS, Ree M. Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase: Structural feature in a biomimetic solution and structural changes in extrinsic conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 127:286-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Porras MA, Ramos FD, Diaz MS, Cubitto MA, Villar MA. Modeling the bioconversion of starch to P(HB-co-HV) optimized by experimental design using Bacillus megaterium BBST4 strain. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:1185-1202. [PMID: 29243993 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1418436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (P(HB-co-HV)) is a prominent biopolymer as a potential candidate for use in the biomedical area. Several Bacillus spp. strains show promising characteristics in the use of several carbon sources and are an interesting alternative for the production of P(HB-co-HV). Sewage from the agricultural and food processing industries can be used to obtain abundantly starch as a carbon source for PHA production. The aim of the present study was to optimize by response surface methodology and desirability, the production of PHA by a Bacillus megaterium strain using starch as the sole carbon source. Two optimal conditions were determined without sporulation and were used to perform new experiments to calibrate and validate a mechanistic model, developed to simulate the dynamics of PHA and biomass production. The developed model successfully represents the kinetics of the microorganism. Employing different characterization techniques, it was determined that the PHA produced by the strain is a copolymer composed of different HB:HV proportions. Using starch as the sole carbon source in a minimal salt medium, this work shows the first reports in the literature of: 1) a mathematical model for predicting growth kinetic and PHA production for B. megaterium strain and 2) a Bacillus spp. producing P(HB-co-HV) copolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A Porras
- a Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia , Universidad Nacional del Sur , Bahía Blanca , Argentina
- b Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química, PLAPIQUI (UNS-CONICET) , Bahía Blanca , Argentina
| | - Fernando D Ramos
- b Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química, PLAPIQUI (UNS-CONICET) , Bahía Blanca , Argentina
- c Departamento de Ingeniería Química , Universidad Nacional del Sur , Bahía Blanca , Argentina
| | - María S Diaz
- b Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química, PLAPIQUI (UNS-CONICET) , Bahía Blanca , Argentina
- c Departamento de Ingeniería Química , Universidad Nacional del Sur , Bahía Blanca , Argentina
| | - María A Cubitto
- a Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia , Universidad Nacional del Sur , Bahía Blanca , Argentina
- d Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida, CERZOS (UNS-CONICET) , Bahía Blanca , Argentina
| | - Marcelo A Villar
- b Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química, PLAPIQUI (UNS-CONICET) , Bahía Blanca , Argentina
- c Departamento de Ingeniería Química , Universidad Nacional del Sur , Bahía Blanca , Argentina
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Liao SM, Liang G, Zhu J, Lu B, Peng LX, Wang QY, Wei YT, Zhou GP, Huang RB. Influence of Calcium Ions on the Thermal Characteristics of α-amylase from Thermophilic Anoxybacillus sp. GXS-BL. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:148-157. [PMID: 30652633 PMCID: PMC6416487 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190116162958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND α-Amylases are starch-degrading enzymes and used widely, the study on thermostability of α-amylase is a central requirement for its application in life science and biotechnology. OBJECTIVE In this article, our motivation is to study how the effect of Ca2+ ions on the structure and thermal characterization of α-amylase (AGXA) from thermophilic Anoxybacillus sp.GXS-BL. METHODS α-Amylase activity was assayed with soluble starch as the substrate, and the amount of sugar released was determined by DNS method. For AGXA with calcium ions and without calcium ions, optimum temperature (Topt), half-inactivation temperature (T50) and thermal inactivation (halflife, t1/2) was evaluated. The thermal denaturation of the enzymes was determined by DSC and CD methods. 3D structure of AGXA was homology modeled with α-amylase (5A2A) as the template. RESULTS With calcium ions, the values of Topt, T50, t1/2, Tm and ΔH in AGXA were significantly higher than those of AGXA without calcium ions, showing calcium ions had stabilizing effects on α-amylase structure with the increased temperature. Based on DSC measurements AGXA underwent thermal denaturation by adopting two-state irreversible unfolding processes. Based on the CD spectra, AGXA without calcium ions exhibited two transition states upon unfolding, including α- helical contents increasing, and the transition from α-helices to β-sheet structures, which was obviously different in AGXA with Ca2+ ions, and up to 4 Ca2+ ions were located on the inter-domain or intra-domain regions according to the modeling structure. CONCLUSION These results reveal that Ca2+ ions have pronounced influences on the thermostability of AGXA structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guo-Ping Zhou
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; E-mail: , Gordon Life Science Institute, 53 South Cottage Road Belmont, MA, 02478, USA; Tel/Fax: +1-9199875774/ +1-9195215550; E-mail:
| | - Ri-Bo Huang
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; E-mail: , Gordon Life Science Institute, 53 South Cottage Road Belmont, MA, 02478, USA; Tel/Fax: +1-9199875774/ +1-9195215550; E-mail:
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25
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Fang W, Xue S, Deng P, Zhang X, Wang X, Xiao Y, Fang Z. AmyZ1: a novel α-amylase from marine bacterium Pontibacillus sp. ZY with high activity toward raw starches. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:95. [PMID: 31044008 PMCID: PMC6477751 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1432-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch is an inexpensive and renewable raw material for numerous industrial applications. However, most starch-based products are not cost-efficient due to high-energy input needed in traditional enzymatic starch conversion processes. Therefore, α-amylase with high efficiency to directly hydrolyze high concentration raw starches at a relatively lower temperature will have a profound impact on the efficient application of starch. RESULTS A novel raw starch digesting α-amylase (named AmyZ1) was screened and cloned from a deep-sea bacterium Pontibacillus sp. ZY. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AmyZ1 was a member of subfamily 5 of glycoside hydrolase family 13. When expressed in Escherichia coli, the recombinant AmyZ1 showed high activity at pH 6.0-7.5 and 25-50 °C. Its optimal pH and temperature were 7.0 and 35 °C, respectively. Similar to most α-amylases, AmyZ1 activity was enhanced (2.4-fold) by 1.0 mM Ca2+. Its half-life time at 35 °C was also extended from about 10 min to 100 min. In comparison, AmyZ1 showed a broad substrate specificity toward raw starches, including those derived from rice, corn, and wheat. The specific activity of AmyZ1 towards raw rice starch was 12,621 ± 196 U/mg, much higher than other reported raw starch hydrolases. When used in raw starch hydrolyzing process, AmyZ1 hydrolyzed 52%, 47% and 38% of 30% (w/v) rice, corn, and wheat starch after 4 h incubation. It can also hydrolyze marine raw starch derived from Chlorella pyrenoidosa, resulting in 50.9 mg/g DW (dry weight of the biomass) of reducing sugars after 4 h incubation at 35 °C. Furthermore, when hydrolyzing raw corn starch using the combination of AmyZ1 and commercial glucoamylase, the hydrolysis rate reached 75% after 4.5 h reaction, notably higher than that obtained in existing starch-processing industries. CONCLUSIONS As a novel raw starch-digesting α-amylase with high specific activity, AmyZ1 efficiently hydrolyzed raw starches derived from both terrestrial and marine environments at near ambient temperature, suggesting its application potential in starch-based industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601 Anhui China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601 Anhui China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601 Anhui China
| | - Saisai Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601 Anhui China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601 Anhui China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601 Anhui China
| | - Pengjun Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601 Anhui China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601 Anhui China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601 Anhui China
| | - Xuecheng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601 Anhui China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601 Anhui China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601 Anhui China
| | - Xiaotang Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 USA
| | - Yazhong Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601 Anhui China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601 Anhui China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601 Anhui China
| | - Zemin Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601 Anhui China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601 Anhui China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601 Anhui China
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Qiang R, Yang S, Hou K, Wang J. Synthesis of carbon quantum dots with green luminescence from potato starch. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02291k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are synthesized via an acid assisted ultrasonic route using the biomass carbon precursor of potato starch as the raw material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibin Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Shengrong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Kaiming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Jinqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
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27
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Enhancing the hydrolysis of corn starch using optimal amylases in a high-adjunct-ratio malt mashing process. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 26:1227-1233. [PMID: 30263656 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Incompletely degraded corn starch particles often seriously inhibit wort filtration and decrease a brewery's beer productivity. Herein, the inhibiting factors of starch hydrolysis and the application of amylases to degrade residual starch were evaluated. The results showed that resistant starch and the amylopectin of corn starch were not the inhibiting factors. Almost all residual starch left in the spent grain layer was proved to be degradable by amylases. Mesophilic α-amylase was selected through a comparison of nine amylases, which increased the wort filtration rate by 44%. However, >6% of corn starch was still left after mashing when a high ratio of corn starch to water (>1:3.5) was used in liquefaction. The low water content in liquefaction was proved to be the key inhibiting factor. Considering the existing equipment and brewing technology, the application of mesophilic α-amylases should be a simple and effective method for enhancing the hydrolysis of corn starch and accelerating the wort lautering process during a high-adjunct-ratio beer brewing process.
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28
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Santos FCD, Barbosa-Tessmann IP. Recombinant expression, purification, and characterization of a cyclodextrinase from Massilia timonae. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 154:74-84. [PMID: 30149121 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Some microorganisms can produce cyclodextrin glycosyltransferases, which degrades starch by catalyzing cyclization and giving rise to cyclodextrin. Thus, to fully degrade starch, microorganisms can also synthesize cyclodextrinases, which hydrolyze cyclodextrins. In this work, a truncated gene, without the signal peptide coding sequence, encoding a cyclodextrinase from Massilia timonae was PCR amplified, cloned, and expressed in E. coli. The histidine-tagged recombinant enzyme was purified by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. The purified protein was found to be a tetramer of about 260 kDa, with monomers of about 65 kDa, as estimated by gel filtration and SDS-PAGE, respectively. The enzyme presented an optimum temperature of 40 °C, optimum pH of 7.0, and remained stable after 30 min of incubation at 45 °C, with a T50 of 48.45 °C. The enzyme showed a higher activity toward β-cyclodextrin compared to that for maltodextrin and starch. KM for β-cyclodextrin was 2.1 mM, Vmax was 0.084 μmol/min, kcat was 8326 min-1, and kcat/KM was 4.1 × 106 M-1min-1. Calcium acted as an activator and SDS, CTAB, several cations, and EDTA acted as strong inhibitors. The purified cyclodextrinase produced glucose and maltose as final products by hydrolysis of β-cyclodextrin, maltotetraose, and maltoheptaose. This novel cyclodextrinase could be a promising alternative for the enzymatic hydrolysis of starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiane Cristina Dos Santos
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Department of Biochemistry, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Ione Parra Barbosa-Tessmann
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Department of Biochemistry, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
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29
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Purification of an alpha amylase from Aspergillus flavus NSH9 and molecular characterization of its nucleotide gene sequence. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:204. [PMID: 29607285 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, an alpha-amylase enzyme from a locally isolated Aspergillus flavus NSH9 was purified and characterized. The extracellular α-amylase was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and anion-exchange chromatography at a final yield of 2.55-fold and recovery of 11.73%. The molecular mass of the purified α-amylase was estimated to be 54 kDa using SDS-PAGE and the enzyme exhibited optimal catalytic activity at pH 5.0 and temperature of 50 °C. The enzyme was also thermally stable at 50 °C, with 87% residual activity after 60 min. As a metalloenzymes containing calcium, the purified α-amylase showed significantly increased enzyme activity in the presence of Ca2+ ions. Further gene isolation and characterization shows that the α-amylase gene of A. flavus NSH9 contained eight introns and an open reading frame that encodes for 499 amino acids with the first 21 amino acids presumed to be a signal peptide. Analysis of the deduced peptide sequence showed the presence of three conserved catalytic residues of α-amylase, two Ca2+-binding sites, seven conserved peptide sequences, and several other properties that indicates the protein belongs to glycosyl hydrolase family 13 capable of acting on α-1,4-bonds only. Based on sequence similarity, the deduced peptide sequence of A. flavus NSH9 α-amylase was also found to carry two potential surface/secondary-binding site (SBS) residues (Trp 237 and Tyr 409) that might be playing crucial roles in both the enzyme activity and also the binding of starch granules.
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30
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Vaikundamoorthy R, Rajendran R, Selvaraju A, Moorthy K, Perumal S. Development of thermostable amylase enzyme from Bacillus cereus for potential antibiofilm activity. Bioorg Chem 2018; 77:494-506. [PMID: 29454827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The marine bacterial strain Bacillus cereus was used to produce amylase enzyme and has excellent alkali-stable and thermostable enzymatic activity. The combined effects of pH, temperature and incubation time on amylase activity were studied using response surface methodology. The amylase enzyme activity was also determined in the presence of various metal ions, chelating agents, detergents and the results showed that the maximum enzyme activity was observed in the presence of calcium chloride (96.1%), EDTA (63.4%) and surf excel (90.6%). The amylase enzyme exhibited excellent antibiofilm activity against marine derived biofilm forming bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in microtiter plate assay and congo red assay. Light and confocal laser scanning microscopic (CLSM) analysis were also used to confirm the potential biofilm activity of amylase enzyme. The CLSM analysis showed the inhibition of complete biofilm formation on amylase enzyme treated glass surface. Further in vivo toxicity analysis of amylase enzyme was determined against marine organisms Dioithona rigida and Artemia salina. The results showed that there is no morphological changes were observed due to the minimal toxicity of amylase enzyme. Overall these findings suggested that marine bacterial derived amylase enzyme could be developed as potential antibiofilm agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramalingam Vaikundamoorthy
- DNA Barcoding and Marine Genomics Laboratory, Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajaram Rajendran
- DNA Barcoding and Marine Genomics Laboratory, Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Ananth Selvaraju
- Marine Planktonology and Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kaviyarasan Moorthy
- Marine Planktonology and Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Santhanam Perumal
- Marine Planktonology and Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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31
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Awasthi MK, Wong JWC, Kumar S, Awasthi SK, Wang Q, Wang M, Ren X, Zhao J, Chen H, Zhang Z. Biodegradation of food waste using microbial cultures producing thermostable α-amylase and cellulase under different pH and temperature. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 248:160-170. [PMID: 28709882 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the biodegradation of food waste employing thermostable α-amylase and cellulase enzymes producing bacteria. Four potential isolates were identified which were capable of producing maximum amylase and cellulase and belong to the amylolytic strains, Brevibacillus borstelensis and Bacillus licheniformis; cellulolytic strains, Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus licheniformis, respectively. These strains were selected based on its higher cell density, enzymatic activities and stability at a wide range of pH and temperature compared to other strains. The results indicated that 1:1 ratio of pre and post consumed food wastes (FWs) were helpful to facilitate the degradation employing bacterial consortium. In addition, organic matter decomposition and chemical parameters of the end product quality also indicated that bacterial consortium was very effective for 1:1 ratio of FWs degradation as compared to the other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Department of Biotechnology, Amicable Knowledge Solution University, Satna, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Jonathan W C Wong
- Sino-Forest Applied Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environment and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur 440 020, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Quan Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meijing Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiuna Ren
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junchao Zhao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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32
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Wu X, Wang Y, Tong B, Chen X, Chen J. Purification and biochemical characterization of a thermostable and acid-stable alpha-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis B4-423. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 109:329-337. [PMID: 29233713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel thermostable amylase need to be continuously explored with the improvement of industrial requirements. A new acidophilic and thermostable amylase producing bacterium isolated from spring was identified as Bacillus strain on the basis of 16S rDNA. The amylase was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, gel chromatography and anion exchange chromatography. SDS-PAGE revealed that the enzyme was monomeric with a molecular weight of 58 kDa. The amylase exhibited optimal activity at pH 5.0 and temperature 100 °C. Then the enzyme showed high stability in pH ranges 4.0-10.0 and more than 90% of maximal activity was found from 20 °C to 80 °C. Apart from good stability toward SDS and non-ionic detergent, the purified enzyme exhibited high compatibility with some inhibitors such as urea and EDTA. The results demonstrated the stability of the enzyme in different organic solvents. Moreover, we determined the amylase gene, compared the structure with α-amylase BAA and BLA and found some thermostability determinants in our enzyme. Overall, presenting various properties were including high thermostability, Ca2+-independency, broad temperature and pH profiles, organic-solvent tolerance as well as excellent stability with detergents. Such characteristics have not been reported for this type of enzyme, and the α-amylase will be a suitable candidate in industrial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuxia Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bending Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangs u Cancer Hospital, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xianghua Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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33
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The Importance of Surface-Binding Site towards Starch-Adsorptivity Level in α-Amylase: A Review on Structural Point of View. Enzyme Res 2017; 2017:4086845. [PMID: 29359041 PMCID: PMC5735674 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4086845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is a polymeric carbohydrate composed of glucose. As a source of energy, starch can be degraded by various amylolytic enzymes, including α-amylase. In a large-scale industry, starch processing cost is still expensive due to the requirement of high temperature during the gelatinization step. Therefore, α-amylase with raw starch digesting ability could decrease the energy cost by avoiding the high gelatinization temperature. It is known that the carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) and the surface-binding site (SBS) of α-amylase could facilitate the substrate binding to the enzyme's active site to enhance the starch digestion. These sites are a noncatalytic module, which could interact with a lengthy substrate such as insoluble starch. The major interaction between these sites and the substrate is the CH/pi-stacking interaction with the glucose ring. Several mutation studies on the Halothermothrix orenii, SusG Bacteroides thetaiotamicron, Barley, Aspergillus niger, and Saccharomycopsis fibuligera α-amylases have revealed that the stacking interaction through the aromatic residues at the SBS is essential to the starch adsorption. In this review, the SBS in various α-amylases is also presented. Therefore, based on the structural point of view, SBS is suggested as an essential site in α-amylase to increase its catalytic activity, especially towards the insoluble starch.
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34
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Yusuf *M, Baroroh *U, Hasan K, Rachman SD, Ishmayana S, Subroto T. Computational Model of the Effect of a Surface-Binding Site on the Saccharomycopsis fibuligera R64 α-Amylase to the Substrate Adsorption. Bioinform Biol Insights 2017; 11:1177932217738764. [PMID: 29162975 PMCID: PMC5676498 DOI: 10.1177/1177932217738764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Amylase is one of the important enzymes in the starch-processing industry. However, starch processing requires high temperature, thus resulting in high cost. The high adsorptivity of α-amylase to the substrate allows this enzyme to digest the starch at a lower temperature. α-Amylase from Saccharomycopsis fibuligera R64 (Sfamy R64), a locally sourced enzyme from Indonesia, has a high amylolytic activity but low starch adsorptivity. The objective of this study was to design a computational model of Sfamy R64 with increased starch adsorptivity using bioinformatics method. The model structure of Sfamy R64 was compared with the positive control, ie, Aspergillus niger α-amylase. The structural comparison showed that Sfamy R64 lacks the surface-binding site (SBS). An SBS was introduced to the structure of Sfamy R64 by S383Y/S386W mutations. The dynamics and binding affinity of the SBS of mutant to the substrate were also improved and comparable with that of the positive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- *Muhammad Yusuf
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
- Research Center of Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - *Umi Baroroh
- Master of Biotechnology Program, Postgraduate School, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Khomaini Hasan
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Cimahi, Indonesia
| | - Saadah Diana Rachman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Safri Ishmayana
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Toto Subroto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
- Research Center of Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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35
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Montor-Antonio JJ, Hernández-Heredia S, Ávila-Fernández Á, Olvera C, Sachman-Ruiz B, Del Moral S. Effect of differential processing of the native and recombinant α-amylase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens JJC33M on specificity and enzyme properties. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:336. [PMID: 28955633 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0954-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AmyJ33, an α-amylase isolated from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens JJC33M, has been characterized as a non-metalloenzyme that hydrolyzes raw starch. In this work, the gene that codifies for AmyJ33 was isolated and cloned. The recombinant α-amylase (AmyJ33r) produced had a molecular weight of 72 kDa, 25 kDa higher than the native α-amylase (AmyJ33). Our results suggest that the C-terminal was processed in a different way in the native and the recombinant enzyme causing the difference observed in the molecular weight. Additionally, the enzyme activity, specificity and biochemical behavior were affected by this larger C-terminal extra region in AmyJ33r, since the enzyme lost the ability to hydrolyze raw starch compared to the native but increased its thermal stability and pH stability, and modified the profile of activity toward alkaline pH. It is suggested that the catalytic domain in recombinant enzyme, AmyJ33r, could be interfered or blocked by the amino acids involved in the C-terminal additional region producing changes in the enzyme properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Montor-Antonio
- División de Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad del Papaloapan, Circuito Central 200, CP 68400 Tuxtepec, Oaxaca Mexico
| | - Sarahi Hernández-Heredia
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad del Papaloapan, Circuito Central 200, CP 68400 Tuxtepec, Oaxaca Mexico
| | - Ángela Ávila-Fernández
- Centro de Investigación, DACS-Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Av. Gregorio Méndez no. 2838-A. Col. Tamulté, CP 86150 Villahermosa, Centro, Tabasco Mexico
| | - Clarita Olvera
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, CP 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos Mexico
| | - Bernardo Sachman-Ruiz
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, CP 62550 Jiutepec, Morelos Mexico
| | - Sandra Del Moral
- División de Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad del Papaloapan, Circuito Central 200, CP 68400 Tuxtepec, Oaxaca Mexico
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36
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Wu S, Lu M, Fang Y, Wu L, Xu Y, Wang S. Degradation of Potato Starch and the Antioxidant Activity of the Hydrolysates. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengjun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute; Lianyungang Jiangsu 222005 China
- School of Marine Science and Technology; Huaihai Institute of Technology; 59 Cangwu Road Xinpu 222005 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening; Huaihai Institute of Technology; Lianyungang 222005 China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology; Lianyungang 222005 China
| | - Mingsheng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute; Lianyungang Jiangsu 222005 China
- School of Marine Science and Technology; Huaihai Institute of Technology; 59 Cangwu Road Xinpu 222005 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening; Huaihai Institute of Technology; Lianyungang 222005 China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology; Lianyungang 222005 China
| | - Yaowei Fang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute; Lianyungang Jiangsu 222005 China
- School of Marine Science and Technology; Huaihai Institute of Technology; 59 Cangwu Road Xinpu 222005 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening; Huaihai Institute of Technology; Lianyungang 222005 China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology; Lianyungang 222005 China
| | - Leilei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute; Lianyungang Jiangsu 222005 China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute; Lianyungang Jiangsu 222005 China
| | - Shujun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute; Lianyungang Jiangsu 222005 China
- School of Marine Science and Technology; Huaihai Institute of Technology; 59 Cangwu Road Xinpu 222005 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening; Huaihai Institute of Technology; Lianyungang 222005 China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology; Lianyungang 222005 China
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37
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Maiti S, Sahoo S, Roy S. Production and Partial Purification of Hyperthermostable Alkaline Amylase in a Newly Isolated Bacillus cereus (sm-sr14) from Hot-spring Water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/jm.2017.187.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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38
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Amylase Production from Thermophilic Bacillus sp. BCC 021-50 Isolated from a Marine Environment. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation3020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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39
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Simair AA, Qureshi AS, Khushk I, Ali CH, Lashari S, Bhutto MA, Mangrio GS, Lu C. Production and Partial Characterization of α-Amylase Enzyme from Bacillus sp. BCC 01-50 and Potential Applications. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9173040. [PMID: 28168200 PMCID: PMC5267059 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9173040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Amylase is an industrially important enzyme and applied in many industrial processes such as saccharification of starchy materials, food, pharmaceutical, detergent, and textile industries. This research work deals with the optimization of fermentation conditions for α-amylase production from thermophilic bacterial strain Bacillus sp. BCC 01-50 and characterization of crude amylase. The time profile of bacterial growth and amylase production was investigated in synthetic medium and maximum enzyme titer was observed after 60 h. In addition, effects of different carbon sources were tested as a substrate for amylase production and molasses was found to be the best. Various organic and inorganic compounds, potassium nitrate, ammonium chloride, sodium nitrate, urea, yeast extract, tryptone, beef extract, and peptone, were used and beef extract was found to be the best among the nitrogen sources used. Temperature, pH, agitation speed, and size of inoculum were also optimized. Highest enzyme activity was obtained when the strain was cultured in molasses medium for 60 h in shaking incubator (150 rpm) at 50°C and pH 8. Crude amylase showed maximal activity at pH 9 and 65°C. Enzyme remained stable in alkaline pH range 9-10 and 60-70°C. Crude amylase showed great potential for its application in detergent industry and saccharification of starchy materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf Ahmed Simair
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Abdul Sattar Qureshi
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Imrana Khushk
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Chaudhry Haider Ali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, KSK Campus, Lahore 54890, Pakistan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Institute of Applied Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Safia Lashari
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aqeel Bhutto
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Sughra Mangrio
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Changrui Lu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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40
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Mushtaq Q, Irfan M, Tabssum F, Iqbal Qazi J. Potato peels: A potential food waste for amylase production. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qudsia Mushtaq
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Zoology; University of the Punjab; New Campus Lahore 54590 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Biotechnology; University of Sargodha; Sargodha Pakistan
| | - Fouzia Tabssum
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Zoology; University of the Punjab; New Campus Lahore 54590 Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal Qazi
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Zoology; University of the Punjab; New Campus Lahore 54590 Pakistan
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Afrisham S, Badoei-Dalfard A, Namaki-Shoushtari A, Karami Z. Characterization of a thermostable, CaCl 2 -activated and raw-starch hydrolyzing alpha-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis AT70: Production under solid state fermentation by utilizing agricultural wastes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kocabay S, Çetinkaya S, Akkaya B, Yenidünya AF. Characterization of thermostable β-amylase isozymes from Lactobacillus fermentum. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93:195-202. [PMID: 27581558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A strain of Lactobacillus fermentum producing two isozymes of a 20kDa β-amylase was isolated from the faecal sample of a newborn. The starin was identified by sequencing its 16S rRNA gene. The two β-amylase isozymes were resolved and visualized by two dimensional protein gel electrophoresis (2-D gel electrophoresis). Some of the physical and biochemical properties of the enzymes were characterized. The β-amylase displayed two optimum pH s, 5.0 and 10.0 and two optimum temperatures, 45°C and 37°C, respectively. The isozymes hydrolyzed different substrates: glycogen at pH 5.0, and corn starch at pH 10.0. The activity did not require Ca2+, though the activity at pH 10.0 was enhanced in the presence of 5.0mM and 10.0mM CaCl2, 110% and 130%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samet Kocabay
- Inönü University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Serap Çetinkaya
- Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Birnur Akkaya
- Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Sivas, Turkey.
| | - Ali Fazil Yenidünya
- Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Sivas, Turkey
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Production of Ca2+-Independent and Acidstable Recombinant α-Amylase of Bacillus acidicola Extracellularly and its Applicability in Generating Maltooligosaccharides. Mol Biotechnol 2016; 58:707-717. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-016-9970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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44
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Mehta D, Satyanarayana T. Bacterial and Archaeal α-Amylases: Diversity and Amelioration of the Desirable Characteristics for Industrial Applications. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1129. [PMID: 27516755 PMCID: PMC4963412 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial enzyme market has been projected to reach US$ 6.2 billion by 2020. Major reasons for continuous rise in the global sales of microbial enzymes are because of increase in the demand for consumer goods and biofuels. Among major industrial enzymes that find applications in baking, alcohol, detergent, and textile industries are α-amylases. These are produced by a variety of microbes, which randomly cleave α-1,4-glycosidic linkages in starch leading to the formation of limit dextrins. α-Amylases from different microbial sources vary in their properties, thus, suit specific applications. This review focuses on the native and recombinant α-amylases from bacteria and archaea, their production and the advancements in the molecular biology, protein engineering and structural studies, which aid in ameliorating their properties to suit the targeted industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Mehta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi New Delhi, India
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Heterologous, Expression, and Characterization of Thermostable Glucoamylase Derived from Aspergillus flavus NSH9 in Pichia pastoris. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5962028. [PMID: 27504454 PMCID: PMC4967687 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5962028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel thermostable glucoamylase cDNA without starch binding domain (SBD) of Aspergillus flavus NSH9 was successfully identified, isolated, and overexpressed in Pichia pastoris GS115. The complete open reading frame of glucoamylase from Aspergillus flavus NSH9 was identified by employing PCR that encodes 493 amino acids lacking in the SBD. The first 17 amino acids were presumed to be a signal peptide. The cDNA was cloned into Pichia pastoris and the highest expression of recombinant glucoamylase (rGA) was observed after 8 days of incubation period with 1% methanol. The molecular weight of the purified rGA was about 78 kDa and exhibited optimum catalytic activity at pH 5.0 and temperature of 70°C. The enzyme was stable at higher temperature with 50% of residual activity observed after 20 min at 90°C and 100°C. Low concentration of metal (Mg++, Fe++, Zn++, Cu++, and Pb++) had positive effect on rGA activity. This rGA has the potential for use and application in the saccharification steps, due to its thermostability, in the starch processing industries.
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Özdemir S, Okumus V, Ulutas MS, Dundar A, Akarsubasic AT, Dumontet S. Production and characterization of thermostable α-amylase from thermophilicAnoxybacillus flavithermussp. nov. SO-19. STARCH-STARKE 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201500071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadin Özdemir
- Department of Biology, Siirt University; Science and Arts Faculty, 56100 Siirt; Turkey
| | - Veysi Okumus
- Department of Biology, Siirt University; Science and Arts Faculty, 56100 Siirt; Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sefa Ulutas
- Department of Biology, Siirt University; Science and Arts Faculty, 56100 Siirt; Turkey
| | - Abdurrahman Dundar
- Medical Promotion and Marketing Program; Vocational Higher School of Health Services, Mardin Artuklu University, Mardin; Turkey
| | - Alper Tunga Akarsubasic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul; Turkey
| | - Stefano Dumontet
- Department of Environmental Science; Parthenope University, Naples; Italy
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Production of pullulan from raw potato starch hydrolysates by a new strain of Auerobasidium pullulans. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 82:740-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Xu QS, Yan YS, Feng JX. Efficient hydrolysis of raw starch and ethanol fermentation: a novel raw starch-digesting glucoamylase from Penicillium oxalicum. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:216. [PMID: 27777618 PMCID: PMC5069817 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0636-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch is a very abundant and renewable carbohydrate and is an important feedstock for industrial applications. The conventional starch liquefaction and saccharification processes are energy-intensive, complicated, and not environmentally friendly. Raw starch-digesting glucoamylases are capable of directly hydrolyzing raw starch to glucose at low temperatures, which significantly simplifies processing and reduces the cost of producing starch-based products. RESULTS A novel raw starch-digesting glucoamylase PoGA15A with high enzymatic activity was purified from Penicillium oxalicum GXU20 and biochemically characterized. The PoGA15A enzyme had a molecular weight of 75.4 kDa, and was most active at pH 4.5 and 65 °C. The enzyme showed remarkably broad pH stability (pH 2.0-10.5) and substrate specificity, and was able to degrade various types of raw starches at 40 °C. Its adsorption ability for different raw starches was consistent with its degrading capacities for the corresponding substrate. The cDNA encoding the enzyme was cloned and heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris. The recombinant enzyme could quickly and efficiently hydrolyze different concentrations of raw corn and cassava flours (50, 100, and 150 g/L) with the addition of α-amylase at 40 °C. Furthermore, when used in the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of 150 g/L raw flours to ethanol with the addition of α-amylase, the ethanol yield reached 61.0 g/L with a high fermentation efficiency of 95.1 % after 48 h when raw corn flour was used as the substrate. An ethanol yield of 57.0 g/L and 93.5 % of fermentation efficiency were achieved with raw cassava flour after 36 h. In addition, the starch-binding domain deletion analysis revealed that SBD plays a very important role in raw starch hydrolysis by the enzyme PoGA15A. CONCLUSIONS A novel raw starch-digesting glucoamylase from P. oxalicum, with high enzymatic activity, was biochemically, molecularly, and genetically identified. Its efficient hydrolysis of raw starches and its high efficiency during the direct conversion of raw corn and cassava flours via simultaneous saccharification and fermentation to ethanol suggests that the enzyme has a number of potential applications in industrial starch processing and starch-based ethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004 Guangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Si Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004 Guangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xun Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004 Guangxi People’s Republic of China
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Homaei A, Ghanbarzadeh M, Monsef F. Biochemical features and kinetic properties of α-amylases from marine organisms. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 83:306-14. [PMID: 26657843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Marine organisms have the ability of producing enzymes with unique properties compared to those of the same enzymes from terrestrial organisms. α-Amylases are among the most important extracellular enzymes found in various groups of organisms such as plants, animals and microorganisms. They play important roles in their carbohydrates metabolism of each organism. Microbial production of α-amylases is more effective than other sources of the enzyme. Many microorganisms are known to produce α-amylase including bacteria, yeasts, fungi and actinomycetes. However, enzymes from fungal and bacterial sources have dominated applications in industrial sectors. This review deals with what is known about the kinetics, biochemical properties and applications of these enzymes that have only been found in them and not in other α-amylases, and discussing their mechanistic and regulatory implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Hormozgan University, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Mehri Ghanbarzadeh
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Science, Hormozgan University, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ferial Monsef
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Science, Hormozgan University, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Overcoming hydrolysis of raw corn starch under industrial conditions with Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945a α-amylase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:2709-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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