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Chen Y, Nagib MM, Yasmen N, Sluter MN, Littlejohn TL, Yu Y, Jiang J. Neuroinflammatory mediators in acquired epilepsy: an update. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:683-701. [PMID: 36745211 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a group of chronic neurological disorders that have diverse etiologies but are commonly characterized by spontaneous seizures and behavioral comorbidities. Although the mechanisms underlying the epileptic seizures mostly remain poorly understood and the causes often can be idiopathic, a considerable portion of cases are known as acquired epilepsy. This form of epilepsy is typically associated with prior neurological insults, which lead to the initiation and progression of epileptogenesis, eventually resulting in unprovoked seizures. A convergence of evidence in the past two decades suggests that inflammation within the brain may be a major contributing factor to acquired epileptogenesis. As evidenced in mounting preclinical and human studies, neuroinflammatory processes, such as activation and proliferation of microglia and astrocytes, elevated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, blood-brain barrier breakdown, and upregulation of inflammatory signaling pathways, are commonly observed after seizure-precipitating events. An increased knowledge of these neuroinflammatory processes in the epileptic brain has led to a growing list of inflammatory mediators that can be leveraged as potential targets for new therapies of epilepsy and/or biomarkers that may provide valued information for the diagnosis and prognosis of the otherwise unpredictable seizures. In this review, we mainly focus on the most recent progress in understanding the roles of these inflammatory molecules in acquired epilepsy and highlight the emerging evidence supporting their candidacy as novel molecular targets for new pharmacotherapies of acquired epilepsy and the associated behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Marwa M Nagib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nelufar Yasmen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Madison N Sluter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Taylor L Littlejohn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Łukawski K, Czuczwar SJ. Emerging therapeutic targets for epilepsy: Preclinical insights. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:193-206. [PMID: 35130119 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2039120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Around 30% of patients with epilepsy suffer from drug-resistant seizures. Drug-resistant seizures may have significant consequences such as sudden death in epilepsy, injuries, memory disturbances, and childhood learning and developmental problems. Conventional and newer available antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) work via numerous mechanisms - mainly through inhibition of voltage-operated Na+ and/or Ca2+ channels, excitation of K+ channels, enhancement of GABA-mediated inhibition and/or blockade of glutamate-produced excitation. However, the discovery and development of novel brain targets may improve the future pharmacological management of epilepsy and hence is of pivotal importance. AREAS COVERED This article examines novel drug targets such as brain multidrug efflux transporters and inflammatory pathways; it progresses to discuss possible strategies for the management of drug-resistant seizures. Reduction of the consequences of blood brain barrier dysfunction and enhancement of anti-oxidative defense are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Novel drug targets comprise brain multidrug efflux transporters, TGF-β, Nrf2-ARE or m-TOR signaling and inflammatory pathways. Gene therapy and antagomirs seem the most promising targets. Epileptic foci may be significantly suppressed by viral-vector-mediated gene transfer, leading to an increased in situ concentration of inhibitory factors (for instance, galanin). Also, antagomirs offer a promising possibility of seizure inhibition by silencing micro-RNAs involved in epileptogenesis and possibly in seizure generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Łukawski
- Department of Physiopathology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.,Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Stanisław J Czuczwar
- Department of Physiopathology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.,Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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Vishwakarma S, Singh S, Singh TG. Pharmacological modulation of cytokines correlating neuroinflammatory cascades in epileptogenesis. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:1437-1452. [PMID: 34751915 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06896-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epileptic seizure-induced brain injuries include activation of neuroimmune response with activation of microglia, astrocytes cells releasing neurotoxic inflammatory mediators underlies the pathophysiology of epilepsy. A wide spectrum of neuroinflammatory pathways is involved in neurodegeneration along with elevated levels of inflammatory mediators indicating the neuroinflammation in the epileptic brain. Therefore, the neuroimmune response is commonly observed in the epileptic brain, indicating elevated cytokine levels, providing an understanding of the neuroinflammatory mechanism contributing to seizures recurrence. Clinical and experimental-based evidence suggested the elevated levels of cytokines responsible for neuronal excitation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunctioning causing the drug resistance in epilepsy. Therefore, the understanding of the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation in epilepsy, including migration of microglial cells releasing the inflammatory cytokines indicating the correlation of elevated levels of inflammatory mediators (interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) triggering the generation or recurrence of seizures. The current review summarized the knowledge regarding elevated inflammatory mediators as immunomodulatory response correlating multiple neuroinflammatory NF-kB, RIPK, MAPK, ERK, JNK, JAK-STAT signaling cascades in epileptogenesis. Further selective targeting of inflammatory mediators provides beneficial therapeutic strategies for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Vishwakarma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Shareen Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India.
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Insights into Potential Targets for Therapeutic Intervention in Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228573. [PMID: 33202963 PMCID: PMC7697405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic brain disease that affects approximately 65 million people worldwide. However, despite the continuous development of antiepileptic drugs, over 30% patients with epilepsy progress to drug-resistant epilepsy. For this reason, it is a high priority objective in preclinical research to find novel therapeutic targets and to develop effective drugs that prevent or reverse the molecular mechanisms underlying epilepsy progression. Among these potential therapeutic targets, we highlight currently available information involving signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and zinc signaling), enzymes (carbonic anhydrase), proteins (erythropoietin, copine 6 and complement system), channels (Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1 (TRPV1) channel) and receptors (galanin and melatonin receptors). All of them have demonstrated a certain degree of efficacy not only in controlling seizures but also in displaying neuroprotective activity and in modifying the progression of epilepsy. Although some research with these specific targets has been done in relation with epilepsy, they have not been fully explored as potential therapeutic targets that could help address the unsolved issue of drug-resistant epilepsy and develop new antiseizure therapies for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Rawat C, Kukal S, Dahiya UR, Kukreti R. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors: future therapeutic strategies for epilepsy management. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:197. [PMID: 31666079 PMCID: PMC6822425 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1592-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy, a common multifactorial neurological disease, affects about 69 million people worldwide constituting nearly 1% of the world population. Despite decades of extensive research on understanding its underlying mechanism and developing the pharmacological treatment, very little is known about the biological alterations leading to epileptogenesis. Due to this gap, the currently available antiepileptic drug therapy is symptomatic in nature and is ineffective in 30% of the cases. Mounting evidences revealed the pathophysiological role of neuroinflammation in epilepsy which has shifted the focus of epilepsy researchers towards the development of neuroinflammation-targeted therapeutics for epilepsy management. Markedly increased expression of key inflammatory mediators in the brain and blood-brain barrier may affect neuronal function and excitability and thus may increase seizure susceptibility in preclinical and clinical settings. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an enzyme synthesizing the proinflammatory mediators, prostaglandins, has widely been reported to be induced during seizures and is considered to be a potential neurotherapeutic target for epilepsy management. However, the efficacy of such therapy involving COX-2 inhibition depends on various factors viz., therapeutic dose, time of administration, treatment duration, and selectivity of COX-2 inhibitors. This article reviews the preclinical and clinical evidences supporting the role of COX-2 in seizure-associated neuroinflammation in epilepsy and the potential clinical use of COX-2 inhibitors as a future strategy for epilepsy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Rawat
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India
| | - Samiksha Kukal
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India
| | - Ujjwal Ranjan Dahiya
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India.
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Yu Y, Nguyen DT, Jiang J. G protein-coupled receptors in acquired epilepsy: Druggability and translatability. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 183:101682. [PMID: 31454545 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As the largest family of membrane proteins in the human genome, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the targets of more than one-third of all modern medicinal drugs. In the central nervous system (CNS), widely distributed GPCRs in neuronal and nonneuronal cells mediate numerous essential physiological functions via regulating neurotransmission at the synapses. Whereas their abnormalities in expression and activity are involved in various neuropathological processes. CNS conditions thus remain highly represented among the indications of GPCR-targeted agents. Mounting evidence from a large number of animal studies suggests that GPCRs play important roles in the regulation of neuronal excitability associated with epilepsy, a common CNS disease afflicting approximately 1-2% of the population. Surprisingly, none of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved (>30) antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) suppresses seizures through acting on GPCRs. This disparity raises concerns about the translatability of these preclinical findings and the druggability of GPCRs for seizure disorders. The currently available AEDs intervene seizures predominantly through targeting ion channels and have considerable limitations, as they often cause unbearable adverse effects, fail to control seizures in over 30% of patients, and merely provide symptomatic relief. Thus, identifying novel molecular targets for epilepsy is highly desired. Herein, we focus on recent progresses in understanding the comprehensive roles of several GPCR families in seizure generation and development of acquired epilepsy. We also dissect current hurdles hindering translational efforts in developing GPCRs as antiepileptic and/or antiepileptogenic targets and discuss the counteracting strategies that might lead to a potential cure for this debilitating CNS condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Drug Discovery Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Davis T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Drug Discovery Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Drug Discovery Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Impact of a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, on cortical excitability and electrophysiological properties of the brain in healthy volunteers: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212689. [PMID: 30794658 PMCID: PMC6386435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response is considered a defence mechanism against physical or infectious insults and is prevalent within the central nervous system. Seizures also result in a robust inflammatory cascade, leading to enhanced activation of excitatory synaptic networks. Ample evidence based on animal models of epilepsy has demonstrated that celecoxib, a highly selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2, has anticonvulsant effects. We aimed to evaluate the impact of celecoxib on the cortical excitability and electrophysiological properties of the brain in healthy humans. Electroencephalography (EEG) or transmagnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to measure neurophysiological activity. Forty healthy volunteers were randomized to 4 groups (n = 10 in each group): 1) celecoxib and EEG, 2) placebo and EEG, 3) celecoxib and TMS, and 4) placebo and TMS. For the EEG study, resting EEG was performed at baseline just before administering 400 mg of celecoxib or placebo and repeated 4 hours after administration. The subjects took 200 mg of celecoxib or placebo twice a day for 7 subsequent days, and a third EEG was conducted 4 hours after the final dose. Power spectra were compared at each time point. For the TMS study, the resting motor threshold (RMT), motor evoked potential (MEP) peak-to-peak amplitude, and cortical silent period (CSP) were measured at baseline and after taking 200 mg of celecoxib or placebo twice a day for 7 days. Celecoxib did not significantly change brain activity in the EEG study. However, the sum of power recorded from all electrodes tended to increase in the celecoxib group only at 4 hours after administration (p = 0.06). In detail, one dose of celecoxib (400 mg) transiently and significantly increased the alpha band power recorded in the frontal and parietal areas as well as in the whole brain (p = 0.049, 0.017, and 0.014, respectively) and the beta frequency in the central and parietal regions (p = 0.013 and 0.005, respectively), whereas the placebo did not. This effect was abolished after 7 days of treatment. In the TMS study, we found no statistically significant change in the RMT, MEP peak-to-peak amplitude or CSP. This evidence suggests that celecoxib transiently alters the electrophysiological properties of the brain but does not suppress neuronal excitability in healthy humans.
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Zhou L, Zhou L, Su LD, Cao SL, Xie YJ, Wang N, Shao CY, Wang YN, Zhou JH, Cowell JK, Shen Y. Celecoxib Ameliorates Seizure Susceptibility in Autosomal Dominant Lateral Temporal Epilepsy. J Neurosci 2018; 38:3346-3357. [PMID: 29491011 PMCID: PMC5884462 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3245-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant lateral temporal epilepsy (ADLTE) is an inherited syndrome caused by mutations in the leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) gene. It is known that glutamatergic transmission is altered in LGI1 mutant mice, and seizures can be reduced by restoring LGI1 function. Yet, the mechanism underlying ADLTE is unclear. Here, we propose that seizures in male LGI1-/- mice are due to nonsynaptic epileptiform activity in cortical neurons. We examined the intrinsic excitability of pyramidal neurons in the temporal cortex of male LGI1-/- mice and found that the voltage-gated K+ channel Kv1.2 was significantly downregulated. We also found that cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2)-cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox2) signaling was enhanced in LGI1-/- mice. Interestingly, Cox2 inhibition effectively restored the dysregulated Kv1.2 and reduced the intrinsic excitability of pyramidal neurons. Moreover, in vivo injection of celecoxib, an FDA-approved nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, rescued the defective Kv1.2 (an ∼1.9-fold increase), thereby alleviating the seizure susceptibility and extending the life of LGI1-/- mice by 5 d. In summary, we conclude that LGI1 deficiency dysregulates cPLA2-Cox2 signaling to cause hyperexcitability of cortical pyramidal neurons, and celecoxib is a potential agent to manage human ADLTE.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Haploinsufficiency of the leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) gene is the major pathogenic basis for ADLTE, an inherited syndrome with no cure to date. Existing studies suggest that altered glutamatergic transmission in the hippocampus causes this disease, but the data are paradoxical. We demonstrate that the loss of LGI1 decreases Kv1.2 expression, enhances intrinsic excitability, and thereby causes epilepsy. Interestingly, for the first time, we show that an FDA-approved drug, celecoxib, rescues the Kv1.2 defect and alleviates seizure susceptibility in LGI1-/- mice, as well as improving their survival. Thus, we suggest that celecoxib is a promising drug for the treatment of ADLTE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | - Sheng-Long Cao
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Ya-Jun Xie
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China, and
| | - Chong-Yu Shao
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ya-Nan Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jia-Huan Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - John K Cowell
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- GRU Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China,
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van Vliet EA, Aronica E, Vezzani A, Ravizza T. Review: Neuroinflammatory pathways as treatment targets and biomarker candidates in epilepsy: emerging evidence from preclinical and clinical studies. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2018; 44:91-111. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. A. van Vliet
- Department of (Neuro)pathology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - E. Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)pathology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences; Center for Neuroscience; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN); Cruquius The Netherlands
| | - A. Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience; IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; Milano Italy
| | - T. Ravizza
- Department of Neuroscience; IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; Milano Italy
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Berdichevsky Y, Saponjian Y, Park K, Roach B, Pouliot W, Lu K, Swiercz W, Dudek FE, Staley KJ. Staged anticonvulsant screening for chronic epilepsy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2016; 3:908-923. [PMID: 28097203 PMCID: PMC5224819 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Current anticonvulsant screening programs are based on seizures evoked in normal animals. One-third of epileptic patients do not respond to the anticonvulsants discovered with these models. We evaluated a tiered program based on chronic epilepsy and spontaneous seizures, with compounds advancing from high-throughput in vitro models to low-throughput in vivo models. METHODS Epileptogenesis in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures was quantified by lactate production and lactate dehydrogenase release into culture media as rapid assays for seizure-like activity and cell death, respectively. Compounds that reduced these biochemical measures were retested with in vitro electrophysiological confirmation (i.e., second stage). The third stage involved crossover testing in the kainate model of chronic epilepsy, with blinded analysis of spontaneous seizures after continuous electrographic recordings. RESULTS We screened 407 compound-concentration combinations. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor, celecoxib, had no effect on seizures evoked in normal brain tissue but demonstrated robust antiseizure activity in all tested models of chronic epilepsy. INTERPRETATION The use of organotypic hippocampal cultures, where epileptogenesis occurs on a compressed time scale, and where seizure-like activity and seizure-induced cell death can be easily quantified with biomarker assays, allowed us to circumvent the throughput limitations of in vivo chronic epilepsy models. Ability to rapidly screen compounds in a chronic model of epilepsy allowed us to find an anticonvulsant that would be missed by screening in acute models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeny Berdichevsky
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Bioengineering ProgramLehigh UniversityBethlehemPennsylvania18015
| | - Yero Saponjian
- Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusetts02129
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts02129
| | - Kyung‐Il Park
- Department of NeurologySeoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam CenterSeoulSouth Korea06236
| | - Bonnie Roach
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtah84108
| | - Wendy Pouliot
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtah84108
| | - Kimberly Lu
- Boston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusetts02119
| | - Waldemar Swiercz
- Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusetts02129
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts02129
| | - F. Edward Dudek
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtah84108
| | - Kevin J. Staley
- Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusetts02129
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts02129
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Dey A, Kang X, Qiu J, Du Y, Jiang J. Anti-Inflammatory Small Molecules To Treat Seizures and Epilepsy: From Bench to Bedside. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:463-484. [PMID: 27062228 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As a crucial component of brain innate immunity, neuroinflammation initially contributes to neuronal tissue repair and maintenance. However, chronic inflammatory processes within the brain and associated blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment often cause neurotoxicity and hyperexcitability. Mounting evidence points to a mutual facilitation between inflammation and epilepsy, suggesting that blocking the undesired inflammatory signaling within the brain might provide novel strategies to treat seizures and epilepsy. Neuroinflammation is primarily characterized by the upregulation of proinflammatory mediators in epileptogenic foci, among which cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) have been extensively studied. Small molecules that specifically target these key proinflammatory perpetrators have been evaluated for antiepileptic and antiepileptogenic effects in animal models. These important preclinical studies provide new insights into the regulation of inflammation in epileptic brains and guide drug discovery efforts aimed at developing novel anti-inflammatory therapies for seizures and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Dey
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Xu Kang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Jiange Qiu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Yifeng Du
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA.
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Abstract
Posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) is one of the most common and devastating complications of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Currently, the etiopathology and mechanisms of PTE are poorly understood and as a result, there is no effective treatment or means to prevent it. Antiepileptic drugs remain common preventive strategies in the management of TBI to control acute posttraumatic seizures and to prevent the development of PTE, although their efficacy in the latter case is disputed. Different strategies of PTE prophylaxis have been showing promise in preclinical models, but their translation to the clinic still remains elusive due in part to the variability of these models and the fact they do not recapitulate all complex pathologies associated with human TBI. TBI is a multifaceted disorder reflected in several potentially epileptogenic alterations in the brain, including mechanical neuronal and vascular damage, parenchymal and subarachnoid hemorrhage, subsequent toxicity caused by iron-rich hemoglobin breakdown products, and energy disruption resulting in secondary injuries, including excitotoxicity, gliosis, and neuroinflammation, often coexisting to a different degree. Several in vivo models have been developed to reproduce the acute TBI cascade of events, to reflect its anatomical pathologies, and to replicate neurological deficits. Although acute and chronic recurrent posttraumatic seizures are well-recognized phenomena in these models, there is only a limited number of studies focused on PTE. The most used mechanical TBI models with documented electroencephalographic and behavioral seizures with remote epileptogenesis include fluid percussion, controlled cortical impact, and weight-drop. This chapter describes the most popular models of PTE-induced TBI models, focusing on the controlled cortical impact and the fluid percussion injury models, the methods of behavioral and electroencephalogram seizure assessments, and other approaches to detect epileptogenic properties, and discusses their potential application for translational research.
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Role of the prostaglandin E2 EP1 receptor in traumatic brain injury. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113689. [PMID: 25426930 PMCID: PMC4245217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain injuries promote upregulation of so-called proinflammatory prostaglandins, notably prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), leading to overactivation of a class of its cognate G-protein-coupled receptors, including EP1, which is considered a promising target for treatment of ischemic stroke. However, the role of the EP1 receptor is complex and depends on the type of brain injury. This study is focused on the investigation of the role of the EP1 receptor in a controlled cortical impact (CCI) model, a preclinical model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The therapeutic effects of post-treatments with a widely studied EP1 receptor antagonist, SC-51089, were examined in wildtype and EP1 receptor knockout C57BL/6 mice. Neurological deficit scores (NDS) were assessed 24 and 48 h following CCI or sham surgery, and brain immunohistochemical pathology was assessed 48 h after surgery. In wildtype mice, CCI resulted in an obvious cortical lesion and localized hippocampal edema with an associated significant increase in NDS compared to sham-operated animals. Post-treatments with the selective EP1 receptor antagonist SC-51089 or genetic knockout of EP1 receptor had no significant effects on cortical lesions and hippocampal swelling or on the NDS 24 and 48 h after CCI. Immunohistochemistry studies revealed CCI-induced gliosis and microglial activation in selected ipsilateral brain regions that were not affected by SC-51089 or in the EP1 receptor-deleted mice. This study provides further clarification on the respective contribution of the EP1 receptor in TBI and suggests that, under this experimental paradigm, the EP1 receptor would have limited effects in modulating acute neurological and anatomical pathologies following contusive brain trauma. Findings from this protocol, in combination with previous studies demonstrating differential roles of EP1 receptor in ischemic, neurotoxic, and hemorrhagic conditions, provide scientific background and further clarification of potential therapeutic application of prospective prostaglandin G-protein-coupled receptor drugs in the clinic for treatment of TBI and other acute brain injuries.
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Ongerth T, Russmann V, Fischborn S, Boes K, Siegl C, Potschka H. Targeting of microglial KCa3.1 channels by TRAM-34 exacerbates hippocampal neurodegeneration and does not affect ictogenesis and epileptogenesis in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy models. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 740:72-80. [PMID: 25016931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Blockade of KCa3.1 channels has been suggested as a novel strategy to reduce microglia activation. The concept has been confirmed by neuroprotective effects in a rat brain ischemia-reperfusion model and reduced microglia activation surrounding glioblastomas. Cumulating evidence exists that microglia activation significantly contributes to epileptogenesis as well as intrinsic severity in the chronic epileptic brain. Taken together these data raised the question whether the KCa3.1 channel blocker triarylmethane-34 (TRAM-34) might also exert beneficial effects in chronic epilepsy models. In a rat post-status epilepticus model TRAM-34 treatment following the insult did not result in neuroprotective effects. Whereas status epilepticus-associated neurodegeneration remained unaffected in the piriform cortex, loss of pyramidal cells in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3a region and of neuropeptide Y-positive interneurons in the hilus proved to be exacerbated by pharmacological KCa3.1 blockade. The development of spontaneous seizures and of behavioral and cognitive alterations was comparable in animals receiving TRAM-34 treatment or the respective vehicle. The kindling model of temporal lobe epilepsy with a massive stimulation paradigm with frequent seizure elicitation in fully kindled rats was used to assess a putative disease-modifying effect. However, sub-chronic TRAM-34 treatment failed to exert relevant effects on seizure generation and thresholds. In conclusion, the data obtained in two different chronic epilepsy models argue against using KCa3.1 blockers as disease-modifying or antiepileptogenic agents. Exacerbation of neuronal cell loss in TRAM-34 pre-treated epileptic animals rather indicates that translational development of the compound needs to carefully consider the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with different brain insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Ongerth
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Koeniginstr. 16,D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Vera Russmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Koeniginstr. 16,D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Fischborn
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Koeniginstr. 16,D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Boes
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Koeniginstr. 16,D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Siegl
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Koeniginstr. 16,D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Koeniginstr. 16,D-80539 Munich, Germany.
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15
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Commentary on Kaushik et al.: Prostaglandin D2 is crucial for seizure suppression and postictal sleep. Novel evidence supporting a role for prostanoid receptors in seizure control. Exp Neurol 2014; 257:157-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Zellinger C, Salvamoser JD, Soerensen J, van Vliet EA, Aronica E, Gorter J, Potschka H. Pre-treatment with the NMDA receptor glycine-binding site antagonist L-701,324 improves pharmacosensitivity in a mouse kindling model. Epilepsy Res 2014; 108:634-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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17
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Zellinger C, Salvamoser JD, Seeger N, Russmann V, Potschka H. Impact of the neural cell adhesion molecule-derived peptide FGL on seizure progression and cellular alterations in the mouse kindling model. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:185-93. [PMID: 24456603 DOI: 10.1021/cn400153g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural cell adhesion molecule peptide mimetic fibroblast growth loop (FGL) proved to exert neuroprotective, neurotrophic, and anti-inflammatory effects in different in vitro and in vivo experiments. Based on this beneficial efficacy profile, it is currently in clinical development for neurodegenerative diseases and brain insults. Here, we addressed the hypothesis that the peptide might affect development of seizures in a kindling paradigm, as well as associated behavioral and cellular alterations. Both doses tested, 2 and 10 mg/kg FGL, significantly reduced the number of stimulations necessary to induce a generalized seizure. FGL did not exert relevant effects on the behavioral patterns of kindled animals. As expected, kindling increased the hippocampal cell proliferation rate. Whereas the low dose of FGL did not affect this kindling-associated alteration, 10 mg/kg FGL proved to attenuate the expansion of the doublecortin-positive cell population. These data suggest that FGL administration might have an impact on disease-associated alterations in the hippocampal neuronal progenitor cell population. In conclusion, the effects of the peptide mimetic FGL in the kindling model do not confirm a disease-modifying effect with a beneficial impact on the development or course of epilepsy. The results obtained with FGL rather raise some concern regarding a putative effect, which might promote the formation of a hyperexcitable network. Future studies are required to further assess the risks in models with development of spontaneous seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Zellinger
- Institute
of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Koeniginstrasse 16, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Josephine D. Salvamoser
- Institute
of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Koeniginstrasse 16, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Natalie Seeger
- Institute
of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Koeniginstrasse 16, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Vera Russmann
- Institute
of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Koeniginstrasse 16, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute
of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Koeniginstrasse 16, D-80539 Munich, Germany
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18
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Cyclooxygenase activity contributes to the monoaminergic damage caused by serial exposure to stress and methamphetamine. Neuropharmacology 2013; 72:96-105. [PMID: 23643743 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) is a widely abused psychostimulant that causes long-term dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) depletions. Stress and Meth abuse are comorbid events in society and stress exacerbates Meth-induced monoaminergic terminal damage. Stress is also known to produce neuroinflammation. This study examined the role of the neuroinflammatory mediator, cyclooxygenase (COX), in the depletions of monoamines caused by serial exposure to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) and Meth. CUS produced an increase in COX-2 protein expression and enhanced Meth-induced monoaminergic depletions in the striatum and hippocampus. The enhanced DA and 5-HT depletions in the striatum, but not the hippocampus, were prevented by pretreatment with COX inhibitor, ketoprofen, during stress or during Meth; however, ketoprofen did not attenuate the monoaminergic damage caused by Meth alone. The COX-dependent enhancement by stress of Meth-induced monoaminergic depletions was independent of hyperthermia, as ketoprofen did not attenuate Meth-induced hyperthermia. In addition, the EP1 receptor antagonist, SC-51089, did not attenuate DA or 5-HT depletions caused by stress and Meth. These findings illustrate that COX activity, but not activation of the EP1 receptor, is responsible for the potentiation of Meth-induced damage to striatal monoamine terminals by stress and suggests the use of anti-inflammatory drugs for mitigating the neurotoxic effects associated with the combination of stress and Meth.
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Mohan S, Ahmad AS, Glushakov AV, Chambers C, Doré S. Putative role of prostaglandin receptor in intracerebral hemorrhage. Front Neurol 2012; 3:145. [PMID: 23097645 PMCID: PMC3477820 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Each year, approximately 795,000 people experience a new or recurrent stroke. Of all strokes, 84% are ischemic, 13% are intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) strokes, and 3% are subarachnoid hemorrhage strokes. Despite the decreased incidence of ischemic stroke, there has been no change in the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke in the last decade. ICH is a devastating disease 37–38% of patients between the ages of 45 and 64 die within 30 days. In an effort to prevent ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes we and others have been studying the role of prostaglandins and their receptors. Prostaglandins are bioactive lipids derived from the metabolism of arachidonic acid. They sustain homeostatic functions and mediate pathogenic mechanisms, including the inflammatory response. Most prostaglandins are produced from specific enzymes and act upon cells via distinct G-protein coupled receptors. The presence of multiple prostaglandin receptors cross-reactivity and coupling to different signal transduction pathways allow differentiated cells to respond to prostaglandins in a unique manner. Due to the number of prostaglandin receptors, prostaglandin-dependent signaling can function either to promote neuronal survival or injury following acute excitotoxicity, hypoxia, and stress induced by ICH. To better understand the mechanisms of neuronal survival and neurotoxicity mediated by prostaglandin receptors, it is essential to understand downstream signaling. Several groups including ours have discovered unique roles for prostaglandin receptors in rodent models of ischemic stroke, excitotoxicity, and Alzheimer disease, highlighting the emerging role of prostaglandin receptor signaling in hemorrhagic stroke with a focus on cyclic-adenosine monophosphate and calcium (Ca2+) signaling. We review current ICH data and discuss future directions notably on prostaglandin receptors, which may lead to the development of unique therapeutic targets against hemorrhagic stroke and brain injuries alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekher Mohan
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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