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Tewari BP, Woo AM, Prim CE, Chaunsali L, Patel DC, Kimbrough IF, Engel K, Browning JL, Campbell SL, Sontheimer H. Astrocytes require perineuronal nets to maintain synaptic homeostasis in mice. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:1475-1488. [PMID: 39020018 PMCID: PMC11303255 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01714-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are densely packed extracellular matrices that cover the cell body of fast-spiking inhibitory neurons. PNNs stabilize synapses inhibiting synaptic plasticity. Here we show that synaptic terminals of fast-spiking interneurons localize to holes in the PNNs in the adult mouse somatosensory cortex. Approximately 95% of holes in the PNNs contain synapses and astrocytic processes expressing Kir4.1, glutamate and GABA transporters. Hence, holes in the PNNs contain tripartite synapses. In the adult mouse brain, PNN degradation causes an expanded astrocytic coverage of the neuronal somata without altering the axon terminals. The loss of PNNs impairs astrocytic transmitter and potassium uptake, resulting in the spillage of glutamate into the extrasynaptic space. Our data show that PNNs and astrocytes cooperate to contain synaptically released signals in physiological conditions. Their combined action is altered in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy where PNNs are disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu P Tewari
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - AnnaLin M Woo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Courtney E Prim
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lata Chaunsali
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Dipan C Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ian F Kimbrough
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kaliroi Engel
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Susan L Campbell
- Department of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Harald Sontheimer
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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2
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Huber RE, Babbitt C, Peyton SR. Heterogeneity of brain extracellular matrix and astrocyte activation. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25356. [PMID: 38773875 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
From the blood brain barrier to the synaptic space, astrocytes provide structural, metabolic, ionic, and extracellular matrix (ECM) support across the brain. Astrocytes include a vast array of subtypes, their phenotypes and functions varying both regionally and temporally. Astrocytes' metabolic and regulatory functions poise them to be quick and sensitive responders to injury and disease in the brain as revealed by single cell sequencing. Far less is known about the influence of the local healthy and aging microenvironments on these astrocyte activation states. In this forward-looking review, we describe the known relationship between astrocytes and their local microenvironment, the remodeling of the microenvironment during disease and injury, and postulate how they may drive astrocyte activation. We suggest technology development to better understand the dynamic diversity of astrocyte activation states, and how basal and activation states depend on the ECM microenvironment. A deeper understanding of astrocyte response to stimuli in ECM-specific contexts (brain region, age, and sex of individual), paves the way to revolutionize how the field considers astrocyte-ECM interactions in brain injury and disease and opens routes to return astrocytes to a healthy quiescent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Huber
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Courtney Babbitt
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shelly R Peyton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Santos-Silva T, Colodete DAE, Lisboa JRF, Silva Freitas Í, Lopes CFB, Hadera V, Lima TSA, Souza AJ, Gomes FV. Perineuronal nets as regulators of parvalbumin interneuron function: Factors implicated in their formation and degradation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 134:614-628. [PMID: 38426366 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The brain extracellular matrix (ECM) has garnered increasing attention as a fundamental component of brain function in a predominantly "neuron-centric" paradigm. Particularly, the perineuronal nets (PNNs), a specialized net-like structure formed by ECM aggregates, play significant roles in brain development and physiology. PNNs enwrap synaptic junctions in various brain regions, precisely balancing new synaptic formation and long-term stabilization, and are highly dynamic entities that change in response to environmental stimuli, especially during the neurodevelopmental period. They are found mainly surrounding parvalbumin (PV)-expressing GABAergic interneurons, being proposed to promote PV interneuron maturation and protect them against oxidative stress and neurotoxic agents. This structural and functional proximity underscores the crucial role of PNNs in modulating PV interneuron function, which is critical for the excitatory/inhibitory balance and, consequently, higher-level behaviours. This review delves into the molecular underpinnings governing PNNs formation and degradation, elucidating their functional interactions with PV interneurons. In the broader physiological context and brain-related disorders, we also explore their intricate relationship with other molecules, such as reactive oxygen species and metalloproteinases, as well as glial cells. Additionally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies for modulating PNNs in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamyris Santos-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Debora A E Colodete
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Ícaro Silva Freitas
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Caio Fábio Baeta Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Victor Hadera
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Thaís Santos Almeida Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Adriana Jesus Souza
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Felipe V Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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François L, Romagnolo A, Luinenburg MJ, Anink JJ, Godard P, Rajman M, van Eyll J, Mühlebner A, Skelton A, Mills JD, Dedeurwaerdere S, Aronica E. Identification of gene regulatory networks affected across drug-resistant epilepsies. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2180. [PMID: 38467626 PMCID: PMC10928184 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46592-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic and heterogenous disease characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures, that are commonly resistant to antiseizure medications. This study applies a transcriptome network-based approach across epilepsies aiming to improve understanding of molecular disease pathobiology, recognize affected biological mechanisms and apply causal reasoning to identify therapeutic hypotheses. This study included the most common drug-resistant epilepsies (DREs), such as temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS), and mTOR pathway-related malformations of cortical development (mTORopathies). This systematic comparison characterized the global molecular signature of epilepsies, elucidating the key underlying mechanisms of disease pathology including neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity, brain extracellular matrix and energy metabolism. In addition, specific dysregulations in neuroinflammation and oligodendrocyte function were observed in TLE-HS and mTORopathies, respectively. The aforementioned mechanisms are proposed as molecular hallmarks of DRE with the identified upstream regulators offering opportunities for drug-target discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth François
- UCB Pharma, Early Solutions, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium.
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Alessia Romagnolo
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J Luinenburg
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper J Anink
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marek Rajman
- UCB Pharma, Early Solutions, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | | | - Angelika Mühlebner
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - James D Mills
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, Chalfont, UK
| | | | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands.
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Normoyle KP, Lillis KP, Staley KJ. Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Concentration-Independent Fluorescent Chloride Indicator, ABP-Dextran, Optimized for Extracellular Chloride Measurement. Biomolecules 2024; 14:77. [PMID: 38254677 PMCID: PMC10813347 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
GABA, the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, stimulates GABAA receptors (GABAARs) to increase the chloride conductance of the cytosolic membrane. The driving forces for membrane chloride currents are determined by the local differences between intracellular and extracellular chloride concentrations (Cli and Clo, respectively). While several strategies exist for the measurement of Cli, the field lacks tools for non-invasive measurement of Clo. We present the design and development of a fluorescent lifetime imaging (FLIM)-compatible small molecule, N(4-aminobutyl)phenanthridiunium (ABP) with the brightness, spectral features, sensitivity to chloride, and selectivity versus other anions to serve as a useful probe of Clo. ABP can be conjugated to dextran to ensure extracellular compartmentalization, and a second chloride-insensitive counter-label can be added for ratiometric imaging. We validate the utility of this novel sensor series in two sensor concentration-independent modes: FLIM or ratiometric intensity-based imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran P. Normoyle
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (K.P.N.); (K.P.L.)
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, 77 Louis Pasteur Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kyle P. Lillis
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (K.P.N.); (K.P.L.)
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, 77 Louis Pasteur Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin J. Staley
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (K.P.N.); (K.P.L.)
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, 77 Louis Pasteur Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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6
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Mohseni-Moghaddam P, Khaleghzadeh-Ahangar H, Atabaki R. Role of Necroptosis, a Regulated Cell Death, in Seizure and Epilepsy. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1-13. [PMID: 37646959 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease that is characterized by spontaneous and recurrent seizures. Regulated cell death is a controlled process and has been shown to be involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Necroptosis is a type of regulated cell death, and its association with epilepsy has been documented. Necroptosis signaling can be divided into two pathways: canonical and non-canonical pathways. Inhibition of caspase-8, dimerization of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1) and RIP3, activation of mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), movement of MLKL to the plasma membrane, and cell rupture occurred in these pathways. Through literature review, it has been revealed that there is a relationship between seizure, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. The seizure activity triggers the activation of various pathways within the central nervous system, including TNF-α/matrix metalloproteases, Neogenin and Calpain/ Jun N-terminal Kinase 1, which result in distinct responses in the brain. These responses involve the activation of neurons and astrocytes, consequently leading to an increase in the expression levels of proteins and genes such as RIP1, RIP3, and MLKL in a time-dependent manner in regions such as the hippocampus (CA1, CA3, dentate gyrus, and hilus), piriform cortex, and amygdala. Furthermore, the imbalance in calcium ions, depletion of adenosine triphosphate, and elevation of extracellular glutamate and potassium within these pathways lead to the progression of necroptosis, a reduction in seizure threshold, and increased susceptibility to epilepsy. Therefore, it is plausible that therapeutic targeting of these pathways could potentially provide a promising approach for managing seizures and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Mohseni-Moghaddam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Khaleghzadeh-Ahangar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Rabi Atabaki
- Shahid Fakouri High School, Department of Biology Education, Department of Education, Jouybar, Iran.
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7
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Whitebirch AC, Santoro B, Barnett A, Lisgaras CP, Scharfman HE, Siegelbaum SA. Reduced Cholecystokinin-Expressing Interneuron Input Contributes to Disinhibition of the Hippocampal CA2 Region in a Mouse Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. J Neurosci 2023; 43:6930-6949. [PMID: 37643861 PMCID: PMC10573827 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2091-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients experience drug-resistant seizures associated with mesial temporal sclerosis, in which there is extensive cell loss in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 subfields, with a relative sparing of dentate gyrus granule cells and CA2 pyramidal neurons (PNs). A role for CA2 in seizure generation was suggested based on findings of a reduction in CA2 synaptic inhibition (Williamson and Spencer, 1994) and the presence of interictal-like spike activity in CA2 in resected hippocampal tissue from TLE patients (Wittner et al., 2009). We recently found that in the pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (PILO-SE) mouse model of TLE there was an increase in CA2 intrinsic excitability associated with a loss of CA2 synaptic inhibition. Furthermore, chemogenetic silencing of CA2 significantly reduced seizure frequency, consistent with a role of CA2 in promoting seizure generation and/or propagation (Whitebirch et al., 2022). In the present study, we explored the cellular basis of this inhibitory deficit using immunohistochemical and electrophysiological approaches in PILO-SE male and female mice. We report a widespread decrease in the density of pro-cholecystokinin-immunopositive (CCK+) interneurons and a functional impairment of CCK+ interneuron-mediated inhibition of CA2 PNs. We also found a disruption in the perisomatic perineuronal net in the CA2 stratum pyramidale. Such pathologic alterations may contribute to an enhanced excitation of CA2 PNs and CA2-dependent seizure activity in the PILO-SE mouse model.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Impaired synaptic inhibition in hippocampal circuits has been identified as a key feature that contributes to the emergence and propagation of seizure activity in human patients and animal models of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Among the hippocampal subfields, the CA2 region is particularly resilient to seizure-associated neurodegeneration and has been suggested to play a key role in seizure activity in TLE. Here we report that perisomatic inhibition of CA2 pyramidal neurons mediated by cholecystokinin-expressing interneurons is selectively reduced in acute hippocampal slices from epileptic mice. Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons, in contrast, appear relatively conserved in epileptic mice. These findings advance our understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying inhibitory disruption in hippocampal circuits in a mouse model of spontaneous recurring seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Whitebirch
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10027
| | - Bina Santoro
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10027
| | - Anastasia Barnett
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10027
| | - Christos Panagiotis Lisgaras
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York 10016
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York 10016
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York 10016
- The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York 10962
| | - Helen E Scharfman
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York 10016
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York 10016
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York 10016
- The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York 10962
| | - Steven A Siegelbaum
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10027
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Carceller H, Gramuntell Y, Klimczak P, Nacher J. Perineuronal Nets: Subtle Structures with Large Implications. Neuroscientist 2023; 29:569-590. [PMID: 35872660 DOI: 10.1177/10738584221106346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are specialized structures of the extracellular matrix that surround the soma and proximal dendrites of certain neurons in the central nervous system, particularly parvalbumin-expressing interneurons. Their appearance overlaps the maturation of neuronal circuits and the closure of critical periods in different regions of the brain, setting their connectivity and abruptly reducing their plasticity. As a consequence, the digestion of PNNs, as well as the removal or manipulation of their components, leads to a boost in this plasticity and can play a key role in the functional recovery from different insults and in the etiopathology of certain neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Here we review the structure, composition, and distribution of PNNs and their variation throughout the evolutive scale. We also discuss methodological approaches to study these structures. The function of PNNs during neurodevelopment and adulthood is discussed, as well as the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on these specialized regions of the extracellular matrix. Finally, we review current data on alterations in PNNs described in diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), focusing on psychiatric disorders. Together, all the data available point to the PNNs as a promising target to understand the physiology and pathologic conditions of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Carceller
- Neurobiology Unit, Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Imaging Unit FISABIO-CIPF, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yaiza Gramuntell
- Neurobiology Unit, Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Patrycja Klimczak
- Neurobiology Unit, Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Nacher
- Neurobiology Unit, Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
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9
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Woo AM, Sontheimer H. Interactions between astrocytes and extracellular matrix structures contribute to neuroinflammation-associated epilepsy pathology. FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2023; 3:1198021. [PMID: 39086689 PMCID: PMC11285605 DOI: 10.3389/fmmed.2023.1198021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Often considered the "housekeeping" cells of the brain, astrocytes have of late been rising to the forefront of neurodegenerative disorder research. Identified as crucial components of a healthy brain, it is undeniable that when astrocytes are dysfunctional, the entire brain is thrown into disarray. We offer epilepsy as a well-studied neurological disorder in which there is clear evidence of astrocyte contribution to diseases as evidenced across several different disease models, including mouse models of hippocampal sclerosis, trauma associated epilepsy, glioma-associated epilepsy, and beta-1 integrin knockout astrogliosis. In this review we suggest that astrocyte-driven neuroinflammation, which plays a large role in the pathology of epilepsy, is at least partially modulated by interactions with perineuronal nets (PNNs), highly structured formations of the extracellular matrix (ECM). These matrix structures affect synaptic placement, but also intrinsic neuronal properties such as membrane capacitance, as well as ion buffering in their immediate milieu all of which alters neuronal excitability. We propose that the interactions between PNNs and astrocytes contribute to the disease progression of epilepsy vis a vis neuroinflammation. Further investigation and alteration of these interactions to reduce the resultant neuroinflammation may serve as a potential therapeutic target that provides an alternative to the standard anti-seizure medications from which patients are so frequently unable to benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- AnnaLin M. Woo
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Neuroscience Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Harald Sontheimer
- Neuroscience Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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10
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Amontree M, Deasy S, Turner RS, Conant K. Matrix disequilibrium in Alzheimer's disease and conditions that increase Alzheimer's disease risk. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1188065. [PMID: 37304012 PMCID: PMC10250680 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1188065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and related dementias are a leading cause of death globally and are predicted to increase in prevalence. Despite this expected increase in the prevalence of AD, we have yet to elucidate the causality of the neurodegeneration observed in AD and we lack effective therapeutics to combat the progressive neuronal loss. Throughout the past 30 years, several non-mutually exclusive hypotheses have arisen to explain the causative pathologies in AD: amyloid cascade, hyper-phosphorylated tau accumulation, cholinergic loss, chronic neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial and cerebrovascular dysfunction. Published studies in this field have also focused on changes in neuronal extracellular matrix (ECM), which is critical to synaptic formation, function, and stability. Two of the greatest non-modifiable risk factors for development of AD (aside from autosomal dominant familial AD gene mutations) are aging and APOE status, and two of the greatest modifiable risk factors for AD and related dementias are untreated major depressive disorder (MDD) and obesity. Indeed, the risk of developing AD doubles for every 5 years after ≥ 65, and the APOE4 allele increases AD risk with the greatest risk in homozygous APOE4 carriers. In this review, we will describe mechanisms by which excess ECM accumulation may contribute to AD pathology and discuss pathological ECM alterations that occur in AD as well as conditions that increase the AD risk. We will discuss the relationship of AD risk factors to chronic central nervous system and peripheral inflammation and detail ECM changes that may follow. In addition, we will discuss recent data our lab has obtained on ECM components and effectors in APOE4/4 and APOE3/3 expressing murine brain lysates, as well as human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from APOE3 and APOE4 expressing AD individuals. We will describe the principal molecules that function in ECM turnover as well as abnormalities in these molecular systems that have been observed in AD. Finally, we will communicate therapeutic interventions that have the potential to modulate ECM deposition and turnover in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Amontree
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Samantha Deasy
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - R. Scott Turner
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Katherine Conant
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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11
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Soles A, Selimovic A, Sbrocco K, Ghannoum F, Hamel K, Moncada EL, Gilliat S, Cvetanovic M. Extracellular Matrix Regulation in Physiology and in Brain Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7049. [PMID: 37108212 PMCID: PMC10138624 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounds cells in the brain, providing structural and functional support. Emerging studies demonstrate that the ECM plays important roles during development, in the healthy adult brain, and in brain diseases. The aim of this review is to briefly discuss the physiological roles of the ECM and its contribution to the pathogenesis of brain disease, highlighting the gene expression changes, transcriptional factors involved, and a role for microglia in ECM regulation. Much of the research conducted thus far on disease states has focused on "omic" approaches that reveal differences in gene expression related to the ECM. Here, we review recent findings on alterations in the expression of ECM-associated genes in seizure, neuropathic pain, cerebellar ataxia, and age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Next, we discuss evidence implicating the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) in regulating the expression of ECM genes. HIF-1 is induced in response to hypoxia, and also targets genes involved in ECM remodeling, suggesting that hypoxia could contribute to ECM remodeling in disease conditions. We conclude by discussing the role microglia play in the regulation of the perineuronal nets (PNNs), a specialized form of ECM in the central nervous system. We show evidence that microglia can modulate PNNs in healthy and diseased brain states. Altogether, these findings suggest that ECM regulation is altered in brain disease, and highlight the role of HIF-1 and microglia in ECM remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Soles
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Adem Selimovic
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kaelin Sbrocco
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ferris Ghannoum
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Katherine Hamel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Emmanuel Labrada Moncada
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Stephen Gilliat
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marija Cvetanovic
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2101 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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12
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Tewari BP, Woo AM, Prim CE, Chaunsali L, Kimbrough IF, Engel K, Browning JL, Campbell SL, Sontheimer H. Perineuronal nets support astrocytic ion and glutamate homeostasis at tripartite synapses. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2501039. [PMID: 36778342 PMCID: PMC9915772 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2501039/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are dense, negatively charged extracellular matrices that cover the cell body of fast-spiking inhibitory neurons. Synapses can be embedded and stabilized by PNNs believed to prevent synaptic plasticity. We find that in cortical fast-spiking interneurons synaptic terminals localize to perforations in the PNNs, 95% of which contain either excitatory or inhibitory synapses or both. The majority of terminals also colocalize with astrocytic processes expressing Kir4.1 as well as glutamate (Glu) and GABA transporters, hence can be considered tripartite synapses. In the adult brain, degradation of PNNs does not alter axonal terminals but causes expansion of astrocytic coverage of the neuronal somata. However, loss of PNNs impairs astrocytic transmitter and K+ uptake and causes spillage of synaptic Glu into the extrasynaptic space. This data suggests a hitherto unrecognized role of PNNs, to synergize with astrocytes to contain synaptically released signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu P. Tewari
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - AnnaLin M. Woo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Courtney E. Prim
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lata Chaunsali
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ian F. Kimbrough
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kaliroi Engel
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Harald Sontheimer
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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13
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Benbenishty A, Peled-Hajaj S, Krishnaswamy VR, Har-Gil H, Havusha-Laufer S, Ruggiero A, Slutsky I, Blinder P, Sagi I. Longitudinal in vivo imaging of perineuronal nets. NEUROPHOTONICS 2023; 10:015008. [PMID: 36970015 PMCID: PMC10037344 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.10.1.015008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix structures implicated in learning, memory, information processing, synaptic plasticity, and neuroprotection. However, our understanding of mechanisms governing the evidently important contribution of PNNs to central nervous system function is lacking. A primary cause for this gap of knowledge is the absence of direct experimental tools to study their role in vivo. AIM We introduce a robust approach for quantitative longitudinal imaging of PNNs in brains of awake mice at subcellular resolution. APPROACH We label PNNs in vivo with commercially available compounds and monitor their dynamics with two-photon imaging. RESULTS Using our approach, we show that it is possible to longitudinally follow the same PNNs in vivo while monitoring degradation and reconstitution of PNNs. We demonstrate the compatibility of our method to simultaneously monitor neuronal calcium dynamics in vivo and compare the activity of neurons with and without PNNs. CONCLUSION Our approach is tailored for studying the intricate role of PNNs in vivo, while paving the road for elucidating their role in different neuropathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Benbenishty
- The Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shany Peled-Hajaj
- Tel Aviv University, Neurobiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics School, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel Aviv University, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Hagai Har-Gil
- Tel Aviv University, Neurobiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics School, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel Aviv University, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sapir Havusha-Laufer
- The Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Antonella Ruggiero
- Tel Aviv University, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inna Slutsky
- Tel Aviv University, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel Aviv University, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Pablo Blinder
- Tel Aviv University, Neurobiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics School, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel Aviv University, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Irit Sagi
- The Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Rehovot, Israel
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14
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John U, Patro N, Patro I. Perineuronal nets: Cruise from a honeycomb to the safety nets. Brain Res Bull 2022; 190:179-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Tewari BP, Chaunsali L, Prim CE, Sontheimer H. A glial perspective on the extracellular matrix and perineuronal net remodeling in the central nervous system. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1022754. [PMID: 36339816 PMCID: PMC9630365 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1022754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A structural scaffold embedding brain cells and vasculature is known as extracellular matrix (ECM). The physical appearance of ECM in the central nervous system (CNS) ranges from a diffused, homogeneous, amorphous, and nearly omnipresent matrix to highly organized distinct morphologies such as basement membranes and perineuronal nets (PNNs). ECM changes its composition and organization during development, adulthood, aging, and in several CNS pathologies. This spatiotemporal dynamic nature of the ECM and PNNs brings a unique versatility to their functions spanning from neurogenesis, cell migration and differentiation, axonal growth, and pathfinding cues, etc., in the developing brain, to stabilizing synapses, neuromodulation, and being an active partner of tetrapartite synapses in the adult brain. The malleability of ECM and PNNs is governed by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Glial cells are among the major extrinsic factors that facilitate the remodeling of ECM and PNN, thereby acting as key regulators of diverse functions of ECM and PNN in health and diseases. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of PNNs and how glial cells are central to ECM and PNN remodeling in normal and pathological states of the CNS.
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16
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Altered Extracellular Matrix as an Alternative Risk Factor for Epileptogenicity in Brain Tumors. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102475. [PMID: 36289737 PMCID: PMC9599244 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures are one of the most common symptoms of brain tumors. The incidence of seizures differs among brain tumor type, grade, location and size, but paediatric-type diffuse low-grade gliomas/glioneuronal tumors are often highly epileptogenic. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is known to play a role in epileptogenesis and tumorigenesis because it is involved in the (re)modelling of neuronal connections and cell-cell signaling. In this review, we discuss the epileptogenicity of brain tumors with a focus on tumor type, location, genetics and the role of the extracellular matrix. In addition to functional problems, epileptogenic tumors can lead to increased morbidity and mortality, stigmatization and life-long care. The health advantages can be major if the epileptogenic properties of brain tumors are better understood. Surgical resection is the most common treatment of epilepsy-associated tumors, but post-surgery seizure-freedom is not always achieved. Therefore, we also discuss potential novel therapies aiming to restore ECM function.
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17
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Fabisiak T, Patel M. Crosstalk between neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in epilepsy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:976953. [PMID: 36035987 PMCID: PMC9399352 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.976953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of both neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of epilepsy have begun to receive considerable attention in recent years. However, these concepts are predominantly studied as separate entities despite the evidence that neuroinflammatory and redox-based signaling cascades have significant crosstalk. Oxidative post-translational modifications have been demonstrated to directly influence the function of key neuroinflammatory mediators. Neuroinflammation can further be controlled on the transcriptional level as the transcriptional regulators NF-KB and nrf2 are activated by reactive oxygen species. Further, neuroinflammation can induce the increased expression and activity of NADPH oxidase, leading to a highly oxidative environment. These factors additionally influence mitochondria function and the metabolic status of neurons and glia, which are already metabolically stressed in epilepsy. Given the implication of this relationship to disease pathology, this review explores the numerous mechanisms by which neuroinflammation and oxidative stress influence one another in the context of epilepsy. We further examine the efficacy of treatments targeting oxidative stress and redox regulation in animal and human epilepsies in the literature that warrant further investigation. Treatment approaches aimed at rectifying oxidative stress and aberrant redox signaling may enable control of neuroinflammation and improve patient outcomes.
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18
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Brandenburg C, Blatt GJ. Region-Specific Alterations of Perineuronal Net Expression in Postmortem Autism Brain Tissue. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:838918. [PMID: 35493330 PMCID: PMC9043328 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.838918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variance in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is often associated with mechanisms that broadly fall into the category of neuroplasticity. Parvalbumin positive neurons and their surrounding perineuronal nets (PNNs) are important factors in critical period plasticity and have both been implicated in ASD. PNNs are found in high density within output structures of the cerebellum and basal ganglia, two regions that are densely connected to many other brain areas and have the potential to participate in the diverse array of symptoms present in an ASD diagnosis. The dentate nucleus (DN) and globus pallidus (GP) were therefore assessed for differences in PNN expression in human postmortem ASD brain tissue. While Purkinje cell loss is a consistent neuropathological finding in ASD, in this cohort, the Purkinje cell targets within the DN did not show differences in number of cells with or without a PNN. However, the density of parvalbumin positive neurons with a PNN were significantly reduced in the GP internus and externus of ASD cases, which was not dependent on seizure status. It is unclear whether these alterations manifest during development or are a consequence of activity-dependent mechanisms that lead to altered network dynamics later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Brandenburg
- Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Cheryl Brandenburg,
| | - Gene J. Blatt
- Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore, MD, United States
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19
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Martín-de-Saavedra MD, Santos MD, Penzes P. Intercellular signaling by ectodomain shedding at the synapse. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:483-498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Herrmann T, Gerth M, Dittmann R, Pensold D, Ungelenk M, Liebmann L, Hübner CA. Disruption of KCC2 in Parvalbumin-Positive Interneurons Is Associated With a Decreased Seizure Threshold and a Progressive Loss of Parvalbumin-Positive Interneurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:807090. [PMID: 35185464 PMCID: PMC8850922 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.807090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
GABAA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels, which are predominantly permeable for chloride. The neuronal K-Cl cotransporter KCC2 lowers the intraneuronal chloride concentration and thus plays an important role for GABA signaling. KCC2 loss-of-function is associated with seizures and epilepsy. Here, we show that KCC2 is expressed in the majority of parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PV-INs) of the mouse brain. PV-INs receive excitatory input from principle cells and in turn control principle cell activity by perisomatic inhibition and inhibitory input from other interneurons. Upon Cre-mediated disruption of KCC2 in mice, the polarity of the GABA response of PV-INs changed from hyperpolarization to depolarization for the majority of PV-INs. Reduced excitatory postsynaptic potential-spike (E-S) coupling and increased spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic current (sIPSC) frequencies further suggest that PV-INs are disinhibited upon disruption of KCC2. In vivo, PV-IN-specific KCC2 knockout mice display a reduced seizure threshold and develop spontaneous sometimes fatal seizures. We further found a time dependent loss of PV-INs, which was preceded by an up-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes upon disruption of KCC2.
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21
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Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are condensed extracellular matrix (ECM) assemblies of
polyanionic chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, hyaluronan, and tenascins that
primarily wrap around GABAergic parvalbumin (PV) interneurons. During
development, PNN formation terminates the critical period of neuroplasticity, a
process that can be reversed by experimental disruption of PNNs. Perineuronal
nets also regulate the intrinsic properties of the enclosed PV neurons thereby
maintaining their inhibitory activity. Recent studies have implicated PNNs in
central nervous system diseases as well as PV neuron dysfunction; consequently,
they have further been associated with altered inhibition, particularly in the
genesis of epilepsy. A wide range of seizure presentations in human and rodent
models exhibit ECM remodeling with PNN disruption due to elevated protease
activity. Inhibition of PNN proteolysis reduces seizure activity suggesting that
PNN degrading enzymes may be potential novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lata Chaunsali
- School of Neuroscience Graduate Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Glial Biology in Health, Disease, and Cancer Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Bhanu P Tewari
- Glial Biology in Health, Disease, and Cancer Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Harald Sontheimer
- Glial Biology in Health, Disease, and Cancer Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
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22
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Broekaart DW, Bertran A, Jia S, Korotkov A, Senkov O, Bongaarts A, Mills JD, Anink JJ, Seco J, Baayen JC, Idema S, Chabrol E, Becker AJ, Wadman WJ, Tarragó T, Gorter JA, Aronica E, Prades R, Dityatev A, van Vliet EA. The matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor IPR-179 has antiseizure and antiepileptogenic effects. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:138332. [PMID: 33141761 DOI: 10.1172/jci138332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are synthesized by neurons and glia and released into the extracellular space, where they act as modulators of neuroplasticity and neuroinflammatory agents. Development of epilepsy (epileptogenesis) is associated with increased expression of MMPs, and therefore, they may represent potential therapeutic drug targets. Using quantitative PCR (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry, we studied the expression of MMPs and their endogenous inhibitors tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in patients with status epilepticus (SE) or temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and in a rat TLE model. Furthermore, we tested the MMP2/9 inhibitor IPR-179 in the rapid-kindling rat model and in the intrahippocampal kainic acid mouse model. In both human and experimental epilepsy, MMP and TIMP expression were persistently dysregulated in the hippocampus compared with in controls. IPR-179 treatment reduced seizure severity in the rapid-kindling model and reduced the number of spontaneous seizures in the kainic acid model (during and up to 7 weeks after delivery) without side effects while improving cognitive behavior. Moreover, our data suggest that IPR-179 prevented an MMP2/9-dependent switch-off normally restraining network excitability during the activity period. Since increased MMP expression is a prominent hallmark of the human epileptogenic brain and the MMP inhibitor IPR-179 exhibits antiseizure and antiepileptogenic effects in rodent epilepsy models and attenuates seizure-induced cognitive decline, it deserves further investigation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diede Wm Broekaart
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Shaobo Jia
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anatoly Korotkov
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Oleg Senkov
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anika Bongaarts
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - James D Mills
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jasper J Anink
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jesús Seco
- Accure Therapeutics S.L., Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johannes C Baayen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander Idema
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elodie Chabrol
- UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Albert J Becker
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wytse J Wadman
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Jan A Gorter
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, Netherlands
| | | | - Alexander Dityatev
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS) Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Erwin A van Vliet
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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23
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Extracellular Metalloproteinases in the Plasticity of Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082055. [PMID: 34440823 PMCID: PMC8391609 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term synaptic plasticity is shaped by the controlled reorganization of the synaptic proteome. A key component of this process is local proteolysis performed by the family of extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In recent years, considerable progress was achieved in identifying extracellular proteases involved in neuroplasticity phenomena and their protein substrates. Perisynaptic metalloproteinases regulate plastic changes at synapses through the processing of extracellular and membrane proteins. MMP9 was found to play a crucial role in excitatory synapses by controlling the NMDA-dependent LTP component. In addition, MMP3 regulates the L-type calcium channel-dependent form of LTP as well as the plasticity of neuronal excitability. Both MMP9 and MMP3 were implicated in memory and learning. Moreover, altered expression or mutations of different MMPs are associated with learning deficits and psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, addiction, or stress response. Contrary to excitatory drive, the investigation into the role of extracellular proteolysis in inhibitory synapses is only just beginning. Herein, we review the principal mechanisms of MMP involvement in the plasticity of excitatory transmission and the recently discovered role of proteolysis in inhibitory synapses. We discuss how different matrix metalloproteinases shape dynamics and turnover of synaptic adhesome and signal transduction pathways in neurons. Finally, we discuss future challenges in exploring synapse- and plasticity-specific functions of different metalloproteinases.
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24
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Hayes AJ, Melrose J. Neural Tissue Homeostasis and Repair Is Regulated via CS and DS Proteoglycan Motifs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:696640. [PMID: 34409033 PMCID: PMC8365427 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.696640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is the most abundant and widely distributed glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in the human body. As a component of proteoglycans (PGs) it has numerous roles in matrix stabilization and cellular regulation. This chapter highlights the roles of CS and CS-PGs in the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS/PNS). CS has specific cell regulatory roles that control tissue function and homeostasis. The CNS/PNS contains a diverse range of CS-PGs which direct the development of embryonic neural axonal networks, and the responses of neural cell populations in mature tissues to traumatic injury. Following brain trauma and spinal cord injury, a stabilizing CS-PG-rich scar tissue is laid down at the defect site to protect neural tissues, which are amongst the softest tissues of the human body. Unfortunately, the CS concentrated in gliotic scars also inhibits neural outgrowth and functional recovery. CS has well known inhibitory properties over neural behavior, and animal models of CNS/PNS injury have demonstrated that selective degradation of CS using chondroitinase improves neuronal functional recovery. CS-PGs are present diffusely in the CNS but also form denser regions of extracellular matrix termed perineuronal nets which surround neurons. Hyaluronan is immobilized in hyalectan CS-PG aggregates in these perineural structures, which provide neural protection, synapse, and neural plasticity, and have roles in memory and cognitive learning. Despite the generally inhibitory cues delivered by CS-A and CS-C, some CS-PGs containing highly charged CS disaccharides (CS-D, CS-E) or dermatan sulfate (DS) disaccharides that promote neural outgrowth and functional recovery. CS/DS thus has varied cell regulatory properties and structural ECM supportive roles in the CNS/PNS depending on the glycoform present and its location in tissue niches and specific cellular contexts. Studies on the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have provided insightful information on neural interconnectivity and the role of the ECM and its PGs in neural development and in tissue morphogenesis in a whole organism environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Hayes
- Bioimaging Research Hub, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St. Leonard’s, NSW, Australia
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25
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Costine-Bartell B, Price G, Shen J, McGuone D, Staley K, Duhaime AC. A perfect storm: The distribution of tissue damage depends on seizure duration, hemorrhage, and developmental stage in a gyrencephalic, multi-factorial, severe traumatic brain injury model. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 154:105334. [PMID: 33753291 PMCID: PMC8135256 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of extensive cortical tissue destruction observed in hemispheric hypodensity, a severe type of brain injury observed in young children, is unknown. Here, we utilize our unique, large animal model of hemispheric hypodensity with multifactorial injuries and insults to understand the pathophysiology of this severe type of traumatic brain injury, testing the effect of different stages of development. Piglets developmentally similar to human infants (1 week old, “infants”) and toddlers (1 month old, “toddlers”) underwent injuries and insults scaled to brain volume: cortical impact, creation of mass effect, placement of a subdural hematoma, seizure induction, apnea, and hypoventilation or a sham injury while anesthetized with a seizure-permissive regimen. Piglets receiving model injuries required overnight intensive care. Hemispheres were evaluated for damage via histopathology. The pattern of damage was related to seizure duration and hemorrhage pattern in “toddlers” resulting in a unilateral hemispheric pattern of damage ipsilateral to the injuries with sparing of the deep brain regions and the contralateral hemisphere. While “infants” had the equivalent duration of seizures as “toddlers”, damage was less than “toddlers”, not correlated to seizure duration, and was bilateral and patchy as is often observed in human infants. Subdural hemorrhage was associate with adjacent focal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The percentage of the hemisphere covered with subarachnoid hemorrhage was positively correlated with damage in both developmental stages. In “infants”, hemorrhage over the cortex was associated with damage to the cortex with sparing of the deep gray matter regions; without hemorrhage, damage was directed to the hippocampus and the cortex was spared. “Infants” had lower neurologic scores than “toddlers”. This multifactorial model of severe brain injury caused unilateral, wide-spread destruction of the cortex in piglets developmentally similar to toddlers where both seizure duration and hemorrhage covering the brain were positively correlated to tissue destruction. Inherent developmental differences may affect how the brain responds to seizure, and thus, affects the extent and pattern of damage. Study into specifically how the “infant” brain is resistant to the effects of seizure is currently underway and may identify potential therapeutic targets that may reduce evolution of tissue damage after severe traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Costine-Bartell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - George Price
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - John Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Declan McGuone
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Kevin Staley
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ann-Christine Duhaime
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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An Extracellular Perspective on CNS Maturation: Perineuronal Nets and the Control of Plasticity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052434. [PMID: 33670945 PMCID: PMC7957817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During restricted time windows of postnatal life, called critical periods, neural circuits are highly plastic and are shaped by environmental stimuli. In several mammalian brain areas, from the cerebral cortex to the hippocampus and amygdala, the closure of the critical period is dependent on the formation of perineuronal nets. Perineuronal nets are a condensed form of an extracellular matrix, which surrounds the soma and proximal dendrites of subsets of neurons, enwrapping synaptic terminals. Experimentally disrupting perineuronal nets in adult animals induces the reactivation of critical period plasticity, pointing to a role of the perineuronal net as a molecular brake on plasticity as the critical period closes. Interestingly, in the adult brain, the expression of perineuronal nets is remarkably dynamic, changing its plasticity-associated conditions, including memory processes. In this review, we aimed to address how perineuronal nets contribute to the maturation of brain circuits and the regulation of adult brain plasticity and memory processes in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Ueno H, Suemitsu S, Murakami S, Kitamura N, Wani K, Takahashi Y, Matsumoto Y, Okamoto M, Ishihara T. Pentylenetetrazol kindling induces cortical astrocytosis and increased expression of extracellular matrix molecules in mice. Brain Res Bull 2020; 163:120-134. [PMID: 32726668 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological disorders with a prevalence of approximately 1.0 %, the underlying pathophysiology remains to be elucidated. Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the development of epilepsy is important for the development of appropriate therapeutic strategy. In this study, we investigated the effects of status epilepticus on astrocytes, microglia, and extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules in the somatosensory cortex and piriform cortex of mice. Activation of astrocytes was observed in many cortices except the retrosplenial granular cortex after pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced kindling in mice. Activated astrocytes in the cortex were found in layers 1-3 but not in layers 4-6. In the somatosensory and piriform cortices, no change was observed in the number of parvalbumin (PV)-positive neurons and PV-positive neurons covered with perineuronal nets. However, the amount of ECM in the extracellular space increased. The expression of VGLUT1- and GAD67-positive synapses also increased. Thus, in the PTZ-kindling epilepsy mice model, an increase in the number of ECM molecules and activation of astrocytes were observed in the somatosensory cortex and piriform cortex. These results indicate that PTZ-induced seizures affect not only the hippocampus but also other cortical areas. Our study findings may help to develop new therapeutic approaches to prevent seizures or their sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueno
- Department of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, 701-0193, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Suemitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Shinji Murakami
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Naoya Kitamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Kenta Wani
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Yu Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Matsumoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Motoi Okamoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Ishihara
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan.
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Cai X, Long L, Zeng C, Ni G, Meng Y, Guo Q, Chen Z, Li Z. LncRNA ILF3-AS1 mediated the occurrence of epilepsy through suppressing hippocampal miR-212 expression. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:8413-8422. [PMID: 32404536 PMCID: PMC7244033 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increased expression of some matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is closely associated with epilepsy. However, factors that promote their expression have not been clarified. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in the development of human diseases, including various cancers, but its potential function in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) has remained unexplored. In this study, we showed that hippocampal and serum ILF3-AS1 levels are higher in TLE patients than in matched controls. Interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α induced ILF3-AS1 expression in astrocytes, while ectopic expression of ILF3-AS1 enhanced IL-6 and TNF-α expression. Ectopic ILF3-AS1 in astrocytes also increased expression of MMP2, MMP3, MMP9 and MMP14, but suppressed expression of miR-212. Consistent with that finding, miR-212 levels were lower in the hippocampus and serum of TLE patients than their controls. This suggests that ILF3-AS1 promotes expression of inflammatory cytokines and MMPs by targeting miR-212 and that ILF3-AS1 plays a crucial role in the development of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Cai
- Department of Neurology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Long
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Zeng
- Department of Pathology, The Eight Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guanzhong Ni
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Meng
- Department of Neurology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong 999 Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyi Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Department of Neurology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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GABRG2 Deletion Linked to Genetic Epilepsy with Febrile Seizures Plus Affects the Expression of GABA A Receptor Subunits and Other Genes at Different Temperatures. Neuroscience 2020; 438:116-136. [PMID: 32418750 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor (GABAA) subunits and sodium channel genes, especially GABRG2 and SCN1A, have been reported to be associated with febrile seizures (FS) and genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+). GEFS+ is a well-known family of epileptic syndrome with autosomal dominant inheritance in children. Its most common phenotypes are febrile seizures often with accessory afebrile generalized tonic-clonic seizures, febrile seizures plus (FS+), severe epileptic encephalopathy, as well as other types of generalized or localization-related seizures. However, the pathogenesis of febrile seizures remains largely unknown. Here, we generated a GABRG2 gene knockout cell line (HT22GABRG2KO) by applying the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genomic deletion in HT-22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line to explore the function of GABRG2 in vitro. With mRNA-seq, we found significant changes in the expression profiles of several epilepsy-related genes when GABRG2 was knockout, some of them showing temperature-induced changes as well. Kyoto Encyclopedia Gene and Genomic (KEGG) analysis revealed a significant alteration in the MAPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. We also observed an up-regulation of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) family after GABRG2 knockout. Furthermore, the significant decrease in expression of GABRA1 and CACNA1A (but not others) with an increase in temperature is a novel finding. In summary, mutations in the GABAA receptor can lead to a decrease in numbers of receptors, which may cause the impairment of GABAergic pathway signaling. This data has been the first time to reveal that GABRG2 mutations would affect the function of other genes, and based on this finding we hope this work would also provide a new direction for the research of GABRG2 in GEFS+. It also may provide a molecular basis for the severity of epilepsy, and guide the clinical medication for the treatment of the epilepsy focused on the function on GABAA receptors, which, might be a new strategy for genetic diagnosis and targeted treatment of epilepsy.
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Muñoz-Manchado AB, Bengtsson Gonzales C, Zeisel A, Munguba H, Bekkouche B, Skene NG, Lönnerberg P, Ryge J, Harris KD, Linnarsson S, Hjerling-Leffler J. Diversity of Interneurons in the Dorsal Striatum Revealed by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing and PatchSeq. Cell Rep 2020; 24:2179-2190.e7. [PMID: 30134177 PMCID: PMC6117871 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatal locally projecting neurons, or interneurons, act on nearby circuits and shape functional output to the rest of the basal ganglia. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing of striatal cells enriching for interneurons. We find seven discrete interneuron types, six of which are GABAergic. In addition to providing specific markers for the populations previously described, including those expressing Sst/Npy, Th, Npy without Sst, and Chat, we identify two small populations of cells expressing Cck with or without Vip. Surprisingly, the Pvalb-expressing cells do not constitute a discrete cluster but rather are part of a larger group of cells expressing Pthlh with a spatial gradient of Pvalb expression. Using PatchSeq, we show that Pthlh cells exhibit a continuum of electrophysiological properties correlated with expression of Pvalb. Furthermore, we find significant molecular differences that correlate with differences in electrophysiological properties between Pvalb-expressing cells of the striatum and those of the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Muñoz-Manchado
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carolina Bengtsson Gonzales
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amit Zeisel
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hermany Munguba
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Bekkouche
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nathan G Skene
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Peter Lönnerberg
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Ryge
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth D Harris
- UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; UCL Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6DE, UK
| | - Sten Linnarsson
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jens Hjerling-Leffler
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Patel DC, Tewari BP, Chaunsali L, Sontheimer H. Neuron-glia interactions in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:282-297. [PMID: 30792501 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder afflicting ~65 million people worldwide. It is caused by aberrant synchronized firing of populations of neurons primarily due to imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. Hence, the historical focus of epilepsy research has been neurocentric. However, the past two decades have enjoyed an explosion of research into the role of glia in supporting and modulating neuronal activity, providing compelling evidence of glial involvement in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. The mechanisms by which glia, particularly astrocytes and microglia, may contribute to epilepsy and consequently could be harnessed therapeutically are discussed in this Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipan C Patel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Glial Biology in Health, Disease, and Cancer Center, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Bhanu P Tewari
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Glial Biology in Health, Disease, and Cancer Center, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Lata Chaunsali
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Glial Biology in Health, Disease, and Cancer Center, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Harald Sontheimer
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Glial Biology in Health, Disease, and Cancer Center, Roanoke, VA, USA. .,School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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Extracellular Vesicles in the Forebrain Display Reduced miR-346 and miR-331-3p in a Rat Model of Chronic Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:1674-1687. [PMID: 31813125 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01797-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An initial precipitating injury in the brain, such as after status epilepticus (SE), evolves into chronic temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). We investigated changes in the miRNA composition of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the forebrain after the establishment of SE-induced chronic TLE. We induced SE in young Fischer 344 rats through graded intraperitoneal injections of kainic acid, which resulted in consistent spontaneous recurrent seizures at ~ 3 months post-SE. We isolated EVs from the entire forebrain of chronically epileptic rats and age-matched naïve control animals through an ultracentrifugation method and performed miRNA-sequencing studies to discern changes in the miRNA composition of forebrain-derived EVs in chronic epilepsy. EVs from both naïve and epileptic forebrains displayed spherical or cup-shaped morphology, a comparable size range, and CD63 expression but lacked the expression of a deep cellular marker GM130. However, miRNA-sequencing studies suggested downregulation of 3 miRNAs (miR-187-5p, miR-346, and miR-331-3p) and upregulation of 4 miRNAs (miR-490-5p, miR-376b-3p, miR-493-5p, and miR-124-5p) in EVs from epileptic forebrains with fold changes ranging from 1.5 to 2.4 (p < 0.0006; FDR < 0.05). By using geNorm and Normfinder software, we identified miR-487 and miR-221 as the best combination of reference genes for measurement of altered miRNAs found in the epileptic forebrain through qRT-PCR studies. The validation revealed that only miR-346 and miR-331-3p were significantly downregulated in EVs from the epileptic forebrain. The enrichment pathway analysis of these miRNAs showed an overrepresentation of signaling pathways that are linked to molecular mechanisms underlying chronic epilepsy, including GABA-ergic (miR-346 targets) and mTOR (miR-331-3p targets) systems. Thus, the packaging of two miRNAs into EVs in neural cells is considerably altered in chronic epilepsy. Functional studies on these two miRNAs may uncover their role in the pathophysiology and treatment of TLE.
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Bozzelli PL, Caccavano A, Avdoshina V, Mocchetti I, Wu JY, Conant K. Increased matrix metalloproteinase levels and perineuronal net proteolysis in the HIV-infected brain; relevance to altered neuronal population dynamics. Exp Neurol 2019; 323:113077. [PMID: 31678140 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) continue to persist despite effective control of viral replication. Although the mechanisms underlying HAND are poorly understood, recent attention has focused on altered neuronal population activity as a correlate of impaired cognition. However, while alterations in neuronal population activity in the gamma frequency range are noted in the setting of HAND, the underlying mechanisms for these changes is unclear. Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are a specialized extracellular matrix that surrounds a subset of inhibitory neurons important to the expression of neuronal oscillatory activity. In the present study, we observe that levels of PNN-degrading matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are elevated in HIV-infected post-mortem human brain tissue. Furthermore, analysis of two PNN components, aggrecan and brevican, reveals increased proteolysis in HIV-infected brains. In addition, local field potential recordings from ex vivo mouse hippocampal slices demonstrate that the power of carbachol-induced gamma activity is increased following PNN degradation. Together, these results provide a possible mechanism whereby increased MMP proteolysis of PNNs may stimulate altered neuronal oscillatory activity and contribute to HAND symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lorenzo Bozzelli
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Adam Caccavano
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Valeria Avdoshina
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Italo Mocchetti
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jian-Young Wu
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Katherine Conant
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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The roles of perineuronal nets and the perinodal extracellular matrix in neuronal function. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:451-465. [PMID: 31263252 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix (ECM) chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG)-containing structures that surround the soma and dendrites of various mammalian neuronal cell types. PNNs appear during development around the time that the critical periods for developmental plasticity end and are important for both their onset and closure. A similar structure - the perinodal ECM - surrounds the axonal nodes of Ranvier and appears as myelination is completed, acting as an ion-diffusion barrier that affects axonal conduction speed. Recent work has revealed the importance of PNNs in controlling plasticity in the CNS. Digestion, blocking or removal of PNNs influences functional recovery after a variety of CNS lesions. PNNs have further been shown to be involved in the regulation of memory and have been implicated in a number of psychiatric disorders.
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Tewari BP, Sontheimer H. Protocol to quantitatively assess the structural integrity of Perineuronal Nets ex vivo. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3234. [PMID: 33654764 PMCID: PMC7854210 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix assemblies of highly negatively charged proteoglycans that wrap around fast-spiking parvalbumin (PV) expressing interneurons in the cerebral cortex. PNNs play important roles in neuronal plasticity and modulate biophysical properties of the enclosed interneurons. Various central nervous system diseases including schizophrenia, Alzheimer disease and epilepsy present with qualitative alteration in PNNs, however prior studies failed to quantitatively assess such changes at single PNN level and correlate them with functional changes in disease. We describe a method to quantify the structural integrity of PNNs using high magnification image analysis of Wisteria Floribunda Agglutinin (WFA)-labeled PNNs in combination with cell-type-specific marker such as PV and NeuN. A polyline intensity profile of WFA along the entire perimeter of cell shows alternate segments with and without WFA labeling, indicating the intact chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) and holes of PNN respectively. This line intensity profile defines CSPG peaks, where intact PNN is present, and CSPG valleys (holes) where the PNN is missing. The average number of peaks reflect the integrity of the lattice assembly of PNN. The average size of PNN holes can be readily computed using image analysis software. Furthermore, degradation of PNNs using a bacterial-derived enzyme, Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC), allows to experimentally manipulate PNNs in situ brain slices during which biophysical properties can be assessed by patch-clamp recordings. We describe optimized experimental parameters to degrade PNNs in brain slices before as well as during recordings to study the possible change in function in real time. Our protocols provide effective and appropriate methods to modulate and quantify the PNN's experimental manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu P. Tewari
- Glial Biology in Health, Disease, and Cancer Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, 2 Riverside Cir., Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Harald Sontheimer
- Glial Biology in Health, Disease, and Cancer Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, 2 Riverside Cir., Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- School of Neuroscience, College of Science, Virginia Tech, 300 Turner Street NW, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Walter S, Jumpertz T, Hüttenrauch M, Ogorek I, Gerber H, Storck SE, Zampar S, Dimitrov M, Lehmann S, Lepka K, Berndt C, Wiltfang J, Becker-Pauly C, Beher D, Pietrzik CU, Fraering PC, Wirths O, Weggen S. The metalloprotease ADAMTS4 generates N-truncated Aβ4-x species and marks oligodendrocytes as a source of amyloidogenic peptides in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:239-257. [PMID: 30426203 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1929-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain accumulation and aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides is a critical step in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Full-length Aβ peptides (mainly Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42) are produced through sequential proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretases. However, studies of autopsy brain samples from AD patients have demonstrated that a large fraction of insoluble Aβ peptides are truncated at the N-terminus, with Aβ4-x peptides being particularly abundant. Aβ4-x peptides are highly aggregation prone, but their origin and any proteases involved in their generation are unknown. We have identified a recognition site for the secreted metalloprotease ADAMTS4 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4) in the Aβ peptide sequence, which facilitates Aβ4-x peptide generation. Inducible overexpression of ADAMTS4 in HEK293 cells resulted in the secretion of Aβ4-40 but unchanged levels of Aβ1-x peptides. In the 5xFAD mouse model of amyloidosis, Aβ4-x peptides were present not only in amyloid plaque cores and vessel walls, but also in white matter structures co-localized with axonal APP. In the ADAMTS4-/- knockout background, Aβ4-40 levels were reduced confirming a pivotal role of ADAMTS4 in vivo. Surprisingly, in the adult murine brain, ADAMTS4 was exclusively expressed in oligodendrocytes. Cultured oligodendrocytes secreted a variety of Aβ species, but Aβ4-40 peptides were absent in cultures derived from ADAMTS4-/- mice indicating that the enzyme was essential for Aβ4-x production in this cell type. These findings establish an enzymatic mechanism for the generation of Aβ4-x peptides. They further identify oligodendrocytes as a source of these highly amyloidogenic Aβ peptides.
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Cattaud V, Bezzina C, Rey CC, Lejards C, Dahan L, Verret L. Early disruption of parvalbumin expression and perineuronal nets in the hippocampus of the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease can be rescued by enriched environment. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 72:147-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Perineuronal nets decrease membrane capacitance of peritumoral fast spiking interneurons in a model of epilepsy. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4724. [PMID: 30413686 PMCID: PMC6226462 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumor patients commonly present with epileptic seizures. We show that tumor-associated seizures are the consequence of impaired GABAergic inhibition due to an overall loss of peritumoral fast spiking interneurons (FSNs) concomitant with a significantly reduced firing rate of those that remain. The reduced firing is due to the degradation of perineuronal nets (PNNs) that surround FSNs. We show that PNNs decrease specific membrane capacitance of FSNs permitting them to fire action potentials at supra-physiological frequencies. Tumor-released proteolytic enzymes degrade PNNs, resulting in increased membrane capacitance, reduced firing, and hence decreased GABA release. These studies uncovered a hitherto unknown role of PNNs as an electrostatic insulator that reduces specific membrane capacitance, functionally akin to myelin sheaths around axons, thereby permitting FSNs to exceed physiological firing rates. Disruption of PNNs may similarly account for excitation-inhibition imbalances in other forms of epilepsy and PNN protection through proteolytic inhibition may provide therapeutic benefits.
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Li H, Zhou Y, Song W, Li J, Xu J. Expression of ADAMTS-1 mRNA in myocardium of viral heart disease mice and its clinical significance. Exp Ther Med 2018; 17:153-158. [PMID: 30651776 PMCID: PMC6307383 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of ADAMTS-1 mRNA in myocardium of viral heart disease (VHD) mice was investigated to explore its role in myocardial fibrosis. A total of 150 purebred inbred Balb/c mice were used in this study. According to the principle of similar body weight, 50 mice were selected to make an acute viral myocarditis (VMC) animal model (acute VMC group), and 50 mice were selected to make a chronic VMC animal model (chronic VMC group), and the remaining 50 mice were selected as a control group. RT-qPCR was used to detect the relative expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) mRNA and ADAMTS-1 mRNA in myocardial tissue of three groups of mice, and their relationship in myocardial fibrosis was analyzed. Compared with the control group, the collagen volume fraction (CVF) in the myocardial tissue of the acute VMC group was significantly increased, and the increase of CVF in the myocardial tissue of the chronic VMC group was the most significant (p<0.001). Compared with the control group, the relative expression of TGF-β1 mRNA and ADAMTS-1 mRNA in myocardial tissue of the mice in the acute and chronic VMC group were significantly increased (p<0.001). The relative expression of TGF-β1 mRNA and ADAMTS-1 mRNA in myocardial tissue of chronic VMC group was significantly higher than that of acute VMC group (p<0.001). Pearson's correlation test results showed that ADAMTS-1 mRNA was positively correlated with CVF and TGF-β1 mRNA, and the correlation coefficients were (r=0.351, p<0.01, r=0.401, p<0.01). ADAMTS-1 is involved in the occurrence and development of myocardial fibrosis, and it is positively correlated with CVF and TGF-β1. It may play a role in promoting myocardial fibrosis during the development of VHD. It can be used as a biological index for predicting myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 262500, P.R. China
| | - Yanchun Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 262500, P.R. China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Psychology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 262500, P.R. China
| | - Jianxiu Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 262500, P.R. China
| | - Jingtao Xu
- Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
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Yuan F, Yang F, Jia R, Li W, Jiang Y, Zhao J, Jiang W. Multimodal Predictions of Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus and Outcome in Status Epilepticus Due to Acute Encephalitis. Front Neurol 2018; 9:832. [PMID: 30349506 PMCID: PMC6186801 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Status epilepticus (SE) is one of the most critical symptoms of encephalitis. Studies on early predictions of progression to super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE) and poor outcome in SE due to acute encephalitis are scarce. We aimed to investigate the values of neuroimaging and continuous electroencephalogram (EEG) in the multimodal prediction. Methods: Consecutive patients with convulsive SE due to acute encephalitis were included in this study. Demographics, clinical features, neuro-imaging characteristics, medical interventions, and anti-epileptic treatment responses were collected. All the patients had EEG monitoring for at least 24 h. We determined the early predictors of SRSE and prognostic factors of 3-month outcome using multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results: From March 2008 to February 2018, 570 patients with acute encephalitis were admitted to neurological intensive care unit (N-ICU) of Xijing hospital. Among them, a total of 94 patients with SE were included in this study. The percentage of non-SRSE and SRSE were 76.6 and 23.4%. Cortical or hippocampal abnormality on neuroimaging (p = 0.002, OR 20.55, 95% CI 3.16-133.46) and END-IT score (p < 0.001, OR 4.07, 95% CI 1.91-8.67) were independent predictors of the progression to SRSE. At 3 months after N-ICU discharge, 56 (59.6%) patients attained good outcomes, and 38 (40.4%) patients had poor outcomes. The recurrence of clinical or EEG seizures within 2 h after the infusion rate of a single anesthetic drug >50% proposed maximal dose (p = 0.044, OR 4.52, 95% CI 1.04-19.68), tracheal intubation (p = 0.011, OR 4.99, 95% CI 1.37-11.69) and emergency resuscitation (p = 0.040, OR 9.80, 95% 1.11-86.47) predicted poor functional outcome. Interpretation: Initial neuro-imaging findings assist early identification of the progression to SRSE. Continuous EEG monitoring contributes to outcome prediction in SE due to acute encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruihua Jia
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongli Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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41
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Korotkov A, Broekaart DWM, van Scheppingen J, Anink JJ, Baayen JC, Idema S, Gorter JA, Aronica E, van Vliet EA. Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase 3 can be attenuated by inhibition of microRNA-155 in cultured human astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:211. [PMID: 30031401 PMCID: PMC6054845 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1245-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a chronic neurological disease, in which about 30% of patients cannot be treated adequately with anti-epileptic drugs. Brain inflammation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) seem to play a major role in TLE. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes largely responsible for the remodeling of the ECM. The inhibition of MMPs has been suggested as a novel therapy for epilepsy; however, available MMP inhibitors lack specificity and cause serious side effects. We studied whether MMPs could be modulated via microRNAs (miRNAs). Several miRNAs mediate inflammatory responses in the brain, which are known to control MMP expression. The aim of this study was to investigate whether an increased expression of MMPs after interleukin-1β (IL-1β) stimulation can be attenuated by inhibition of the inflammation-associated miR-155. Methods We investigated the expression of MMP2, MMP3, MMP9, and MMP14 in cultured human fetal astrocytes after stimulation with the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. The cells were transfected with miR-155 antagomiR, and the effect on MMP3 expression was investigated using real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting. Furthermore, we characterized MMP3 and miR-155 expression in brain tissue of TLE patients with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS) and during epileptogenesis in a rat TLE model. Results Inhibition of miR-155 by the antagomiR attenuated MMP3 overexpression after IL-1β stimulation in astrocytes. Increased expression of MMP3 and miR-155 was also evident in the hippocampus of TLE-HS patients and throughout epileptogenesis in the rat TLE model. Conclusions Our experiments showed that MMP3 is dynamically regulated by seizures as shown by increased expression in TLE tissue and during different phases of epileptogenesis in the rat TLE model. MMP3 can be induced by the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and is regulated by miR-155, suggesting a possible strategy to prevent epilepsy via reduction of inflammation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1245-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly Korotkov
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diede W M Broekaart
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jackelien van Scheppingen
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper J Anink
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes C Baayen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Idema
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A Gorter
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin A van Vliet
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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42
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Proteolytic Remodeling of Perineuronal Nets: Effects on Synaptic Plasticity and Neuronal Population Dynamics. Neural Plast 2018. [PMID: 29531525 PMCID: PMC5817213 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5735789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The perineuronal net (PNN) represents a lattice-like structure that is prominently expressed along the soma and proximal dendrites of parvalbumin- (PV-) positive interneurons in varied brain regions including the cortex and hippocampus. It is thus apposed to sites at which PV neurons receive synaptic input. Emerging evidence suggests that changes in PNN integrity may affect glutamatergic input to PV interneurons, a population that is critical for the expression of synchronous neuronal population discharges that occur with gamma oscillations and sharp-wave ripples. The present review is focused on the composition of PNNs, posttranslation modulation of PNN components by sulfation and proteolysis, PNN alterations in disease, and potential effects of PNN remodeling on neuronal plasticity at the single-cell and population level.
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43
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Lasek AW, Chen H, Chen WY. Releasing Addiction Memories Trapped in Perineuronal Nets. Trends Genet 2017; 34:197-208. [PMID: 29289347 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction can be conceptualized at a basic level as maladaptive learning and memory. Addictive substances elicit changes in brain circuitry involved in reward, cognition, and emotional state, leading to the formation and persistence of strong drug-associated memories that lead to craving and relapse. Recently, perineuronal nets (PNNs), extracellular matrix (ECM) structures surrounding neurons, have emerged as regulators of learning, memory, and addiction behaviors. PNNs do not merely provide structural support to neurons but are dynamically remodeled in an experience-dependent manner by metalloproteinases. They function in various brain regions through constituent proteins such as brevican that are implicated in neural plasticity. Understanding the function of PNN components in memory processes may lead to new therapeutic approaches to treating addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy W Lasek
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics and Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Hu Chen
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics and Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Wei-Yang Chen
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics and Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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44
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Ianov L, De Both M, Chawla MK, Rani A, Kennedy AJ, Piras I, Day JJ, Siniard A, Kumar A, Sweatt JD, Barnes CA, Huentelman MJ, Foster TC. Hippocampal Transcriptomic Profiles: Subfield Vulnerability to Age and Cognitive Impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:383. [PMID: 29276487 PMCID: PMC5727020 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study employed next-generation RNA sequencing to examine gene expression differences related to brain aging, cognitive decline, and hippocampal subfields. Young and aged rats were trained on a spatial episodic memory task. Hippocampal regions CA1, CA3, and the dentate gyrus were isolated. Poly-A mRNA was examined using two different sequencing platforms, Illumina, and Ion Proton. The Illumina platform was used to generate seed lists of genes that were statistically differentially expressed across regions, ages, or in association with cognitive function. The gene lists were then retested using the data from the Ion Proton platform. The results indicate hippocampal subfield differences in gene expression and point to regional differences in vulnerability to aging. Aging was associated with increased expression of immune response-related genes, particularly in the dentate gyrus. For the memory task, impaired performance of aged animals was linked to the regulation of Ca2+ and synaptic function in region CA1. Finally, we provide a transcriptomic characterization of the three subfields regardless of age or cognitive status, highlighting and confirming a correspondence between cytoarchitectural boundaries and molecular profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Ianov
- Departments of Neuroscience and Genetics and Genomics Program, Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Matt De Both
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Monica K Chawla
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Asha Rani
- Departments of Neuroscience and Genetics and Genomics Program, Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Andrew J Kennedy
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ignazio Piras
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Jeremy J Day
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ashley Siniard
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Departments of Neuroscience and Genetics and Genomics Program, Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - J David Sweatt
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Carol A Barnes
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Departments of Psychology, Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Matthew J Huentelman
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Thomas C Foster
- Departments of Neuroscience and Genetics and Genomics Program, Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Sun ZY, Bozzelli PL, Caccavano A, Allen M, Balmuth J, Vicini S, Wu JY, Conant K. Disruption of perineuronal nets increases the frequency of sharp wave ripple events. Hippocampus 2017; 28:42-52. [PMID: 28921856 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal sharp wave ripples (SWRs) represent irregularly occurring synchronous neuronal population events that are observed during phases of rest and slow wave sleep. SWR activity that follows learning involves sequential replay of training-associated neuronal assemblies and is critical for systems level memory consolidation. SWRs are initiated by CA2 or CA3 pyramidal cells (PCs) and require initial excitation of CA1 PCs as well as participation of parvalbumin (PV) expressing fast spiking (FS) inhibitory interneurons. These interneurons are relatively unique in that they represent the major neuronal cell type known to be surrounded by perineuronal nets (PNNs), lattice like structures composed of a hyaluronin backbone that surround the cell soma and proximal dendrites. Though the function of the PNN is not completely understood, previous studies suggest it may serve to localize glutamatergic input to synaptic contacts and thus influence the activity of ensheathed cells. Noting that FS PV interneurons impact the activity of PCs thought to initiate SWRs, and that their activity is critical to ripple expression, we examine the effects of PNN integrity on SWR activity in the hippocampus. Extracellular recordings from the stratum radiatum of horizontal murine hippocampal hemisections demonstrate SWRs that occur spontaneously in CA1. As compared with vehicle, pre-treatment (120 min) of paired hemislices with hyaluronidase, which cleaves the hyaluronin backbone of the PNN, decreases PNN integrity and increases SWR frequency. Pre-treatment with chondroitinase, which cleaves PNN side chains, also increases SWR frequency. Together, these data contribute to an emerging appreciation of extracellular matrix as a regulator of neuronal plasticity and suggest that one function of mature perineuronal nets could be to modulate the frequency of SWR events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yong Sun
- Jilin Women and Children's Health Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - P Lorenzo Bozzelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia.,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Adam Caccavano
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Megan Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia.,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jason Balmuth
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stefano Vicini
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jian-Young Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia.,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Katherine Conant
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia.,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
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46
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Miyata S, Kitagawa H. Formation and remodeling of the brain extracellular matrix in neural plasticity: Roles of chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017. [PMID: 28625420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain is rich in glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate (CS) and hyaluronan. These glycosaminoglycans are organized into either diffuse or condensed ECM. Diffuse ECM is distributed throughout the brain and fills perisynaptic spaces, whereas condensed ECM selectively surrounds parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory neurons (PV cells) in mesh-like structures called perineuronal nets (PNNs). The brain ECM acts as a non-specific physical barrier that modulates neural plasticity and axon regeneration. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here, we review recent progress in understanding of the molecular basis of organization and remodeling of the brain ECM, and the involvement of several types of experience-dependent neural plasticity, with a particular focus on the mechanism that regulates PV cell function through specific interactions between CS chains and their binding partners. We also discuss how the barrier function of the brain ECM restricts dendritic spine dynamics and limits axon regeneration after injury. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The brain ECM not only forms physical barriers that modulate neural plasticity and axon regeneration, but also forms molecular brakes that actively controls maturation of PV cells and synapse plasticity in which sulfation patterns of CS chains play a key role. Structural remodeling of the brain ECM modulates neural function during development and pathogenesis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Genetic or enzymatic manipulation of the brain ECM may restore neural plasticity and enhance recovery from nerve injury. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Neuro-glycoscience, edited by Kenji Kadomatsu and Hiroshi Kitagawa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Miyata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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