1
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Melzi G, van Triel J, Durand E, Crayford A, Ortega IK, Barrellon-Vernay R, Duistermaat E, Delhaye D, Focsa C, Boom DHA, Kooter IM, Corsini E, Marinovich M, Gerlofs-Nijland M, Cassee FR. Toxicological evaluation of primary particulate matter emitted from combustion of aviation fuel. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142958. [PMID: 39069102 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Recently, Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) blends and novel combustion technologies have been introduced to reduce aircraft engine emissions. However, there is limited knowledge about the impact of combustion technology and fuel composition on toxicity of primary Particulate Matter (PM) emissions, comparable to regulated non-volatile PM (nvPM). In this study, primary PM was collected on filters using a standardised approach, from both a Rich-Quench-Lean (RQL) combustion rig and a bespoke liquid fuelled Combustion Aerosol Standard (CAST) Generator burning 12 aviation fuels including conventional Jet-A, SAFs, and blends thereof. The fuels varied in aromatics (0-25.2%), sulphur (0-3000 ppm) and hydrogen (13.43-15.31%) contents. Toxicity of the collected primary PM was studied in vitro utilising Air-Liquid Interface (ALI) exposure of lung epithelial cells (Calu-3) in monoculture and co-culture with macrophages (differentiated THP-1 cells). Cells were exposed to PM extracted from filters and nebulised from suspensions using a cloud-based ALI exposure system. Toxicity readout parameters were analysed 24 h after exposure. Results showed presence of genotoxicity and changes in gene expression at dose levels which did not induce cytotoxicity. DNA damage was detected through Comet assay in cells exposed to CAST generated samples. Real-Time PCR performed to investigate the expression profile of genes involved in oxidative stress and DNA repair pathways showed different behaviours after exposure to the various PM samples. No differences were found in pro-inflammatory interleukin-8 secretion. This study indicates that primary PM toxicity is driven by wider factors than fuel composition, highlighting that further work is needed to substantiate the full toxicity of aircraft exhaust PM inclusive of secondary PM emanating from numerous engine technologies across the power range burning conventional Jet-A and SAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Melzi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB) "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Jos van Triel
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Eliot Durand
- Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Wales, CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Andrew Crayford
- Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Wales, CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Ismael K Ortega
- Multi-Physics for Energetics Department, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, Palaiseau, F-91123, France
| | - Rafael Barrellon-Vernay
- Multi-Physics for Energetics Department, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, Palaiseau, F-91123, France; University of Lille, CNRS, UMR, 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Evert Duistermaat
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - David Delhaye
- Multi-Physics for Energetics Department, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, Palaiseau, F-91123, France
| | - Cristian Focsa
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR, 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Devin H A Boom
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ingeborg M Kooter
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB) "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Marinovich
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB) "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Miriam Gerlofs-Nijland
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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2
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Santibáñez-Andrade M, Quezada-Maldonado EM, Quintana-Belmares R, Morales-Bárcenas R, Rosas-Pérez I, Amador-Muñoz O, Miranda J, Sánchez-Pérez Y, García-Cuellar CM. Sampling, composition, and biological effects of Mexico City airborne particulate matter from multiple periods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171933. [PMID: 38522535 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Air pollution is a worldwide environmental problem with an impact on human health. Particulate matter of ten micrometers or less aerodynamic diameter (PM10) as well as its fine fraction (PM2.5) is related to multiple pulmonary diseases. The impact of air pollution in Mexico City, and importantly, particulate matter has been studied and considered as a risk factor for two decades ago. Previous studies have reported the composition of Mexico City particulate matter, as well as the biological effects induced by this material. However, material collected and used in previous studies is a limited resource, and sampling and particle recovery techniques have been improved. In this study, we describe the methods used in our laboratory for Mexico City airborne particulate matter PM10 and PM2.5 sampling, considering the years 2017, 2018 and 2019. We also analyzed the PM10 and PM2.5 samples obtained to determine their composition. Finally, we exposed lung cell line cultures to PM10 and PM2.5 to evaluate the biological effect of the material in terms of cell viability, cell death, inflammatory response, and cytogenetic alterations. Our results showed that PM10 composition includes inorganic, organic and biological compounds, while PM2.5 is a mixture of more enriched organic compounds. PM10 and PM2.5 treatment in lung cells does not significantly impact cell viability/cell death. However, PM10 and PM2.5 increase the secretion levels of IL-6. Moreover, PM10 as well as PM2.5 induce cytogenetic alterations, such as micronuclei, anaphase bridges, trinucleated cells and apoptotic cells in lung cells. Our results update the evidence of the composition and biological effects of Mexico City particulate matter and provide us a reliable basis for future approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Santibáñez-Andrade
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Subdirección de Investigación Básica, San Fernando No. 22, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Ericka Marel Quezada-Maldonado
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Subdirección de Investigación Básica, San Fernando No. 22, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Raúl Quintana-Belmares
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Subdirección de Investigación Básica, San Fernando No. 22, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Rocío Morales-Bárcenas
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Subdirección de Investigación Básica, San Fernando No. 22, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Irma Rosas-Pérez
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Investigación Científica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Coyoacán, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Omar Amador-Muñoz
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Investigación Científica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Coyoacán, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Javier Miranda
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito Investigación Científica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Coyoacán, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Yesennia Sánchez-Pérez
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Subdirección de Investigación Básica, San Fernando No. 22, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico.
| | - Claudia M García-Cuellar
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Subdirección de Investigación Básica, San Fernando No. 22, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico.
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Jia Y, Hu X, Kang W, Dong X. Unveiling Microbial Nitrogen Metabolism in Rivers using a Machine Learning Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:6605-6615. [PMID: 38566483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Microbial nitrogen metabolism is a complicated and key process in mediating environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions in rivers. However, the interactive drivers of microbial nitrogen metabolism in rivers have not been identified. Here, we analyze the microbial nitrogen metabolism patterns in 105 rivers in China driven by 26 environmental and socioeconomic factors using an interpretable causal machine learning (ICML) framework. ICML better recognizes the complex relationships between factors and microbial nitrogen metabolism than traditional linear regression models. Furthermore, tipping points and concentration windows were proposed to precisely regulate microbial nitrogen metabolism. For example, concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) below tipping points of 6.2 and 4.2 mg/L easily reduce bacterial denitrification and nitrification, respectively. The concentration windows for NO3--N (15.9-18.0 mg/L) and DOC (9.1-10.8 mg/L) enabled the highest abundance of denitrifying bacteria on a national scale. The integration of ICML models and field data clarifies the important drivers of microbial nitrogen metabolism, supporting the precise regulation of nitrogen pollution and river ecological management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Jia
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiangang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Weilu Kang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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4
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Rothmann MH, Møller P, Essig YJ, Gren L, Malmborg VB, Tunér M, Pagels J, Krais AM, Roursgaard M. Genotoxicity by rapeseed methyl ester and hydrogenated vegetable oil combustion exhaust products in lung epithelial (A549) cells. Mutagenesis 2023; 38:238-249. [PMID: 37232551 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gead016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofuel is an attractive substitute for petrodiesel because of its lower environmental footprint. For instance, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) emission per fuel energy content is lower for rapeseed methyl ester (RME) than for petrodiesel. This study assesses genotoxicity by extractable organic matter (EOM) of exhaust particles from the combustion of petrodiesel, RME, and hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) in lung epithelial (A549) cells. Genotoxicity was assessed as DNA strand breaks by the alkaline comet assay. EOM from the combustion of petrodiesel and RME generated the same level of DNA strand breaks based on the equal concentration of total PAH (i.e. net increases of 0.13 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.002, 0.25, and 0.12 [95% CI: 0.01, 0.24] lesions per million base pairs, respectively). In comparison, the positive control (etoposide) generated a much higher level of DNA strand breaks (i.e. 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72, 0.97) lesions per million base pairs. Relatively low concentrations of EOM from RME and HVO combustion particles (<116 ng/ml total PAH) did not cause DNA strand breaks in A549 cells, whereas benzo[a]pyrene and PAH-rich EOM from petrodiesel combusted using low oxygen inlet concentration were genotoxic. The genotoxicity was attributed to high molecular weight PAH isomers with 5-6 rings. In summary, the results show that EOM from the combustion of petrodiesel and RME generate the same level of DNA strand breaks on an equal total PAH basis. However, the genotoxic hazard of engine exhaust from on-road vehicles is lower for RME than petrodiesel because of lower PAH emission per fuel energy content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Hezareh Rothmann
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Yona J Essig
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Louise Gren
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Vilhelm B Malmborg
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Tunér
- Division of Combustion Engines, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Joakim Pagels
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Annette M Krais
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
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Gea M, Macrì M, Marangon D, Pitasi FA, Fontana M, Schilirò T, Bonetta S. Biological effects of particulate matter samples during the COVID-19 pandemic: a comparison with the pre-lockdown period in Northwest Italy. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2023; 16:1-16. [PMID: 37359393 PMCID: PMC10243887 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-023-01381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, containment measures were applied inducing potential changes in air pollutant concentrations and thus in air toxicity. This study evaluates the role of restrictions on biological effects of particulate matter (PM) in different Northwest Italy sites: urban background, urban traffic, rural, and incinerator. Daily PM samples collected in 2020 were pooled according to restrictions: January/February (no restrictions), March and April (first lockdown), May/June and July/August/September (low restrictions), October/November/December (second lockdown). The 2019 samples (pre-pandemic period) were pooled as 2020 for comparison. Pools were extracted with organic solvents and extracts were tested to assess cytotoxicity (WST-1 assay) and genotoxicity (comet assay) on BEAS-2B cells, mutagenicity (Ames test) on TA98 and TA100 Salmonella typhimurium strains, and estrogenic activity (gene reporter assay) on MELN cells. Pollutant concentrations were also analyzed (PM10, PM2.5, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). No difference was observed for PM and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations between 2020 and 2019. During lockdown months (2020), PM cytotoxicity/genotoxicity was significantly lower in some sites than during 2019, while considering PM mutagenicity/estrogenic activity some differences were detected but without statistical significance. PM extract effects decreased in some sites during 2020; this may be due to lockdowns that reduced/modified pollutant emissions and may be related also to complex PM origin/formation and to meteorological conditions. In conclusion, the study confirms that PM biological effects cannot be assessed considering only the PM concentration and suggests to include a battery of bioassay for air quality monitoring in order to protect human health from air pollution effects. Graphical Abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11869-023-01381-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gea
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Via Santena 5 Bis, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Manuela Macrì
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Daniele Marangon
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of Piedmont (ARPA Piemonte), Via Sabaudia 164, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Francesco Antonio Pitasi
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of Piedmont (ARPA Piemonte), Via Sabaudia 164, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Marco Fontana
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of Piedmont (ARPA Piemonte), Via Sabaudia 164, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Tiziana Schilirò
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Via Santena 5 Bis, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Bonetta
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Via Santena 5 Bis, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Piccini I, Macrì M, Gea M, Dessì L, Bonetta S, Schilirò T, Santovito A, Bonelli S. Genotoxic effects of particulate matter on larvae of a common and widespread butterfly along an urbanization gradient. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 252:114638. [PMID: 36791502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity is currently declining worldwide. Several threats have been identified such as habitat loss and climate change. It is unknown if and how air pollution can work in addition or in synergy to these threats, contributing to the decline of current species and/or local extinction. Few studies have investigated the effects of particulate matter (PM), the main component of air pollution, on insects, and no studies have investigated its genotoxic effects through Micronucleus assay. Butterflies play an important role in the environment, as herbivores during larval stages, and as pollinators as adults. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic effects of PM10 from different sites along a gradient of population urbanization, on a common cabbage butterfly species (Pieris brassicae). PM10 was collected from April to September in an urban (Turin, Italy), a suburban (Druento, Italy) and a mountain site (Ceresole Reale, Italy) with different urbanization levels. P. brassicae larvae (n = 218) were reared in the laboratory under controlled conditions (26 °C, L:D 15:9) on cabbage plants (average 9.2 days), and they were exposed to PM10 organic extracts (20 and 40 m3/mL) or dimethyl sulfoxide (controls) through vaporization. After exposure, larvae were dissected and cells were used for the Micronucleus (MN) assay. Results showed that all PM extracts induced significant DNA damage in exposed larvae compared to controls, and that increasing the PM dose (from 20 to 40 m3/mL) increased genotoxic effects. However, we did not detect any significant differences between sites with different urbanization levels. In conclusion, PM at different concentrations induced genotoxic effects on larvae of a common butterfly species. More alarmingly, PM could work in addition to and/or in synergy with other compounds (e.g. pesticides) and, especially on species already threatened by other factors (e.g. fragmentation), thus affecting the vitality of populations, leading to local extinctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Piccini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Manuela Macrì
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marta Gea
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Dessì
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Bonetta
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Tiziana Schilirò
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alfredo Santovito
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Simona Bonelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Macrì M, Gea M, Piccini I, Dessì L, Santovito A, Bonelli S, Schilirò T, Bonetta S. Cabbage butterfly as bioindicator species to investigate the genotoxic effects of PM 10. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:45285-45294. [PMID: 36705823 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25510-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pollution poses a serious threat to environment and human health, and particulate matter (PM) is one of the major contributors. Biological effects induced by PM are investigated through in vitro assays using cells and by in vivo tests with laboratory model animals. However, also the estimation of adverse effects of pollutants, including airborne ones, on wild animals, such as insects, is an essential component of environmental risk assessment. Among insects, butterflies are sensitive to environmental changes and are important wild pollinators, so they might be suitable as environmental bioindicator species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of a wild cabbage butterfly species (Pieris brassicae) as a bioindicator organism to assess the genotoxic effects of PM10 collected in different sites. PM10 was collected from April to September in urban, suburban, and rural sites. P. brassicae larvae were reared in laboratory under controlled conditions on cabbage plants and exposed to PM10 organic extracts or dimethyl sulfoxide (controls) through vaporization. After exposure, larvae were dissected, and cells were used for comet assay. All PM extracts induced significant DNA damage in exposed larvae compared to controls and the extract collected in the most polluted site caused the highest genotoxic effect. In conclusion, the study suggested that butterflies, such as P. brassicae, could be applied as sensitive and promising bioindicators to investigate air quality and PM genotoxicity. Indeed, the use of these organisms allows the detection of genotoxic effects induced by PM sampled also in low-polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Macrì
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Gea
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Via Santena 5 Bis, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Irene Piccini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Dessì
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Alfredo Santovito
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Simona Bonelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Tiziana Schilirò
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Via Santena 5 Bis, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Sara Bonetta
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Via Santena 5 Bis, 10126, Torino, Italy.
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8
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Naimabadi A, Ghasemi A, Mohtashami M, Saeidi J, Bakaeian M, Haddad Mashadrizeh A, Azimi-Nezhad M, Mohammadi AA. Heavy metal analysis in of indoor and outdoor dust extracts and cytotoxicity evaluation and inflammation factors on lung, gastric and skin cell lines. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12414. [PMID: 36593833 PMCID: PMC9803783 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dust particles (DPs) are one of the most important public health concerns in the urban environment. The presence of heavy metals (HMs) on the surface of DPs might increase the health risk of exposure to the DPs. Accordingly, The purpose of this study was to examine the content of HMs in the outdoor and indoor DPs in Neyshabur city and assess the cytotoxic effects of DPs exposure on lung, gastric, and skin cell lines. To this end, the city was divided into three areas, high-traffic, medium-traffic, and low-traffic (rural). The average concentration of the HMs in the indoor DPs were as follows, 655.5 μg g-1 for Zn, 114.6 μg g-1 for Cu, 77.7 μg g-1 for Cr, 108.6 μg g-1 for Ni, 52 μg g-1 for Pb, 12 μg g-1 for Co, and 3.3 μg g-1 for Cd, while the average concentration of Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Co, Cd in the outdoor DPs were 293.7 μg g-1, 200.6 μg g-1, 100.7 μg g-1, 68.4 μg g-1, 44.7 μg g-1, 18.6 μg g-1, 0.25 μg g-1, respectively. A higher concentration of HMs, as well as cytotoxicity, were revealed in the indoor samples compared to outdoor ones. The degree of cytotoxicity of DPs collected from high-traffic areas was higher than that of low and medium-traffic ones. In addition, treatment of AGS and L929 cells with indoor dust samples induced the expression level of inflammatory agents such as TNFα, IL6, and, CYP1A1 genes more than in outdoor dust samples (P < 0.05). Briefly, a higher level of HMs concentration and cytotoxicity effect on the given cell lines was observed in the samples taken from indoor environments and high-traffic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Naimabadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghasemi
- Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Mohtashami
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Science, Neyshabur Brench, Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Jafar Saeidi
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Science, Neyshabur Brench, Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bakaeian
- Instructor of Psychiatric Nursing, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Haddad Mashadrizeh
- Industrial Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences Research, Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran,Corresponding author.
| | - Ali Akbar Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran,Corresponding author.
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9
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Wang J, Wang W, Zhang W, Wang J, Huang Y, Hu Z, Chen Y, Guo X, Deng F, Zhang L. Co-exposure to multiple air pollutants and sleep disordered breathing in patients with or without obstructive sleep apnea: A cross-sectional study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113155. [PMID: 35351455 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution may be a contributing risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, the health effects of co-exposure to multiple air pollutants on OSA patients remain unclear. OBJECTIVES To assess the joint effect of multi-pollutant on sleep disordered breathing (SDB) parameters in patients with or without OSA and identify the dominant pollutants. METHODS A total of 2524 outpatients from April 2020 to May 2021 were recruited in this cross-sectional study. Ambient air pollutant data were obtained from the nearest central monitoring stations to participants' residential address. SDB parameters were measured by the ApneaLink devices, including apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), hypopnea index (HI), oxygen desaturation index (ODI), average oxygen saturation (SpO2), percentage sleep time with <90% saturation (T90), and desaturation. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) was applied to evaluate the effects of multiple pollutants. RESULTS Significant associations were observed between air pollutants and SDB parameters (including increases in AHI, HI, ODI, and desaturation) among patients with OSA. Co-exposure to air pollutants was positively correlated with AHI, HI, and ODI. PM10 and O3 dominated the effects of pollutant mixtures on OSA, with the highest posterior inclusion probability (PIP) values of 0.592 and 0.640, respectively. Stratified analysis showed that, compared to male patients with OSA, stronger effects on the SDB parameters were observed in female patients. Stronger associations were also found in the warm season than those in the cold season. CONCLUSION Co-exposure to air pollutants was associated with SDB parameters among patients with OSA, PM10 and O3 might play the dominant roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wanzhou Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wenlou Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jianli Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yongwei Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zixuan Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yahong Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xinbiao Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Furong Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
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10
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Santibáñez-Andrade M, Sánchez-Pérez Y, Chirino YI, Morales-Bárcenas R, Quintana-Belmares R, García-Cuellar CM. Particulate matter (PM 10) destabilizes mitotic spindle through downregulation of SETD2 in A549 lung cancer cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133900. [PMID: 35134396 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution represents an environmental problem, impacting negatively in human health. Particulate matter of 10 μm or less in diameter (PM10) is related to pulmonary diseases, including lung cancer. Mitotic spindle is made up by chromosome-microtubule (MT) interactions, where SETD2 plays an important role in MT stability. SETD2 binds and activates α-TUBULIN sub-unit and promotes MT polymerization. Alongside this mechanism, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) senses the adequate mitotic progression through proteins such as BUBR1, AURORA B and SURVIVIN. Alterations in MT dynamics as well as in SAC cause aneuploidy and chromosomal instability, a common phenotype in cancer cells. In this study, we evaluated the effect of PM10 in the expression and protein levels of SETD2, as well as the effect in the expression and protein levels of SAC and mitotic components involved in chromosomal segregation/mitosis, using the A549 lung cancer cell line. A549 cell cultures were exposed to PM10 (10 μg/cm2) for 24 h to evaluate the expression and protein levels of SETD2 (SETD2), TUBA1A (α-TUBULIN), CCNB1 (CYCLIN B1), BUB1B (BUBR1), AURKB (AURORA B) and BIRC5 (SURVIVIN). We observed that PM10 decreases the expression and protein levels of SETD2, α-TUBULIN and BUBR1 and increases the levels of AURORA B and SURVIVIN in A549 cells, compared with non-treated cells. PM10 also caused a decrease in mitotic index and in the percentage of cells in G2/M when compared with control group. Co-localization of SETD2/α -TUB was lower in PM10-treated cells in comparison with non-treated cells. Finally, micronuclei (MN) frequency was higher in PM10-treated cells in contrast with non-treated cells, being whole chromosomes more common in PM10-treated MN than in non-treated MN. Our results suggest that PM10 causes missegregation and aneuploidy through downregulation of SETD2 and SAC components, inducing aneuploidy and predisposing to the generation of chromosomal instability in transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Santibáñez-Andrade
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan CP, 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yesennia Sánchez-Pérez
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan CP, 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yolanda I Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla CP, 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Rocío Morales-Bárcenas
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan CP, 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Raúl Quintana-Belmares
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan CP, 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Claudia M García-Cuellar
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan CP, 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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11
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Rahmatinia T, Kermani M, Farzadkia M, Jonidi Jafari A, Delbandi AA, Rashidi N, Fanaei F. The effect of PM 2.5-related hazards on biomarkers of bronchial epithelial cells (A549) inflammation in Karaj and Fardis cities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:2172-2182. [PMID: 34363174 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15723-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fine particles (especially PM2.5 particles) in ambient air can cause irreversible effects on human health. In the present study, seasonal variations in toxicity PM2.5 (cell viability and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines) were exposed human lung cells (A549) to concentrations of PM2.5 samples in summer (sPM2.5) and winter (wPM2.5) seasons. Cells were separately exposed to three concentrations of PM2.5 (25, 50, and 100 μg/mL) and three times (12 h, 1 and 2 days). We evaluated cell viability by MTT assay [3- (4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] and liberation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and interleukin-8) by the ELISA method. The toxicological results of this study showed that increasing the concentration of PM2.5 particulates and contact time with it reduces cell viability and increases inflammatory responses. Seasonal cytotoxicity of PM2.5 particles in high-traffic areas at summer season compared to winter season was lower. The lowest percent of viability at 2 days of exposure and 100 μg/mL exposure in the winter sample was observed. Also, PM2.5 particles were influential in the amount of interleukins 8 and 6. The average release level of IL-6 and IL-8 in the cold season (winter) and the enormous exposure time and concentrations (2 days-100 μg/mL) was much higher than in the hot season (summer). These values were twice as high for winter PM2.5 samples as for summer samples. The compounds in PM2.5 at different seasons can cause some biological effects. The samples' chemical characteristics in two seasons displayed that the PMs were diverse in chemical properties. In general, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were more in the winter samples. However, the samples of wPM2.5 had a lower mass quota of metals such as aluminum, iron, copper, zinc, and magnesium. Concentrations of chromium, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, nickel, and lead were more significant in the sample of wPM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Rahmatinia
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Farzadkia
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali-Akbar Delbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nesa Rashidi
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Fanaei
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Rahmatinia T, Kermani M, Farzadkia M, Nicknam MH, Soleimanifar N, Mohebbi B, Jafari AJ, Shahsavani A, Fanaei F. Potential cytotoxicity of PM2.5-bound PAHs and toxic metals collected from areas with different traffic densities on human lung epithelial cells (A549). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:1701-1712. [PMID: 34900299 PMCID: PMC8617124 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00724-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory and epidemiological researches have indicated that ambient air particulate matter have a plays critical role in causing diseases. The current research evaluated the chemical attributes of PM2.5 in the ambient air of the cities of Karaj and Fardis and determined its toxicological effects on human lung epithelial cells (A549). In the study city, 16 points were selected from the two high-traffic and low-traffic points for sampling. A sampling of ambient air was carried out in spring, summer, autumn, and winter 2018-19. Air sampling was performed for 24 h according to the EPA-TO/13A guidelines. To analyze of toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), ICP-OES and GC-MS were used, respectively, and for cell toxicity analysis, an ELISA reader was used. Then from SPSS, Excel and R software were used for statistical analysis. The results of the current study indicated that the concentration of PAHs carcinogenic in the autumn season in high-traffic stations was the highest and equal to 9.3 ng/m3, and in the spring season in the low-traffic stations, it was the lowest and equal to 5.82 ng/m3. In general, during the period of study, Heavy metals including Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu, and Al had the highest concentration compared to other metals. However, Hg, Cr, As, Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn were higher concentration in the winter and autumn seasons than in the spring and summer seasons. Cell viability measurements by using MTT showed that low-traffic and high-traffic stations had the highest toxicity in autumn season compared to other seasons. (p < 0.05). In general, high-traffic stations had the highest toxicity than low-traffic stations. The general conclusion of the present study was that PM2.5-bound PAHs and toxic metals, due to their high concentration, were toxic pollutants in air for residents of Karaj and Fardis. Also, the high concentration of PM2.5 caused the mitochondrial activity of A549 cells to stop and this stop was more significant in cold seasons and high-traffic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Rahmatinia
- Research Center of Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Research Center of Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Farzadkia
- Research Center of Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Narjes Soleimanifar
- Molecular Immunology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Mohebbi
- Molecular Immunology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
- Research Center of Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Air Quality and Climate Change Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Fanaei
- Research Center of Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Zani C, Donato F, Ceretti E, Pedrazzani R, Zerbini I, Gelatti U, Feretti D. Genotoxic Activity of Particulate Matter and In Vivo Tests in Children Exposed to Air Pollution. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105345. [PMID: 34067860 PMCID: PMC8156021 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to investigate the relationship between micronuclei and DNA damage in children's buccal mucosa cells and the genotoxicity and mutagenicity of the different sized fractions of particulate matter as well as the concentration of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and metals in particulate matter. Air particulate matter was collected by high volume samplers located near the schools attended by the children on the same days of biological samplings. The mutagenic activity was assessed in different cells in in vitro tests (Ames test on bacteria and comet test on leukocytes). Our study showed weak positive correlations between (a) the mutagenicity of the PM0.5 fraction and PAHs and (b) the micronuclei test of children's buccal cells and PAHs detected in PM0.5 and PM0.5-3 fractions. A positive correlation was also found between in vitro comet test on leukocytes and PAHs in the PM3-10 fraction. No correlation was observed for metal concentrations in each PM fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Zani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.Z.); (E.C.); (I.Z.); (U.G.); (D.F.)
| | - Francesco Donato
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.Z.); (E.C.); (I.Z.); (U.G.); (D.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-030-3717689
| | - Elisabetta Ceretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.Z.); (E.C.); (I.Z.); (U.G.); (D.F.)
| | - Roberta Pedrazzani
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, 38 via Branze, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Ilaria Zerbini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.Z.); (E.C.); (I.Z.); (U.G.); (D.F.)
| | - Umberto Gelatti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.Z.); (E.C.); (I.Z.); (U.G.); (D.F.)
| | - Donatella Feretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.Z.); (E.C.); (I.Z.); (U.G.); (D.F.)
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14
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Marangon D, Traversi D, D'Agostino AM, Gea M, Fontana M, Schilirò T. The North-western Italy air quality monitoring network: Improving experience of PM2.5 assessment with mutagenicity assay. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110699. [PMID: 33539832 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The finest fraction of Particulate Matter (PM2.5) carries a large number of pollutants, some of which are assessed as genotoxic, such as some Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). In many countries, PM2.5 in combination with some PAHs are monitored to assess the concentrations of pollutants, while the air quality is rarely assessed by means of biological assays. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a significant correlation between these two pollutants and human adverse effects, in particular on the respiratory system. Nevertheless, other air pollutants can induce a biological effect and the cumulative effect of the PM2.5 complex mixture may not be easily deduced by PM2.5 and PAH levels. This study aimed to combine the legislative monitoring of PM2.5 with the study of its mutagenicity. During a full year, daily air samples were collected in nine sites of the North-western Italy air quality monitoring network (Piedmont Region) and PM2.5 and PAH concentrations were assessed. Monthly pooled organic extracts were tested with the Salmonella assay using TA98 and TA100 strains, with and without metabolic activation (±S9), and using TA98NR and YG1021 strains. In all sites, a positive response was observed for TA98 and TA100 especially without S9. A significant mutagenic seasonal variation was detected, with higher mutagenicity in winter and lower responses in summer (average total mutagenicity ratio 27:1). The response of TA98NR and YG1021 compared with TA98 suggested a significant contribution of nitro-compounds to the mutagenicity. No significant differences were found between urban background and rural sites denoting the spread of pollution. A mutagenicity increase, 1.28 Total Mutagenicity Factor/20 m3, was observed for each PM2.5 μg increment. PAH levels and corresponding Toxic Equivalent Factors were highly correlated to mutagenicity results. This work confirms that complex environmental mixtures can be appropriately assessed through the implementation of physical-chemical analyzes with bioassays able to evaluate synergistic and antagonistic effects, especially for highest and lowest pollution settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Marangon
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of Piedmont (ARPA Piemonte), Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Deborah Traversi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Anna Maria D'Agostino
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of Piedmont (ARPA Piemonte), Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Marta Gea
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Marco Fontana
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of Piedmont (ARPA Piemonte), Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Tiziana Schilirò
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, Torino, 10126, Italy.
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15
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Santibáñez-Andrade M, Sánchez-Pérez Y, Chirino YI, Morales-Bárcenas R, García-Cuellar CM. Long non-coding RNA NORAD upregulation induced by airborne particulate matter (PM 10) exposure leads to aneuploidy in A549 lung cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:128994. [PMID: 33250223 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a worldwide problem that affects human health predominantly in the largest cities. Particulate matter of 10 μm or less in diameter (PM10) is considered a risk factor for multiple diseases, including lung cancer. The long non-coding RNA NORAD and the components of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) ensure proper chromosomal segregation. Alterations in the SAC cause aneuploidy, a feature associated with carcinogenesis. In this study, we demonstrated that PM10 treatment increased the expression levels of NORAD as well as those of SAC components mitotic arrest deficient 1 (MAD1L1), mitotic arrest deficient 2 (MAD2L1), BubR1 (BUB1B), aurora B (AURKB), and survivin (BIRC5) in the lung A549 cell line. We also demonstrated that MAD1L1, MAD2L1, and BUB1B expression levels were reduced when cells were transfected with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against NORAD. Interestingly, the expression levels of AURKB and BIRC5 (survivin) were not affected by transfection with NORAD siRNAs. Cells treated with PM10 exhibited a decrease in mitotic arrest and an increase in micronuclei frequency in synchronized A549 cells. PM10 exposure induced aneuploidy events as a result of SAC deregulation. We also observed a reduction in the protein levels of Pumilio 1 after PM10 treatment. Our results provide novel clues regarding the effect of PM10 in the generation of chromosomal instability, a phenotype observed in lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Santibáñez-Andrade
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, CP 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yesennia Sánchez-Pérez
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, CP 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yolanda I Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Rocío Morales-Bárcenas
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, CP 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Claudia M García-Cuellar
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, CP 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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16
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Mazuryk O, Stochel G, Brindell M. Variations in Reactive Oxygen Species Generation by Urban Airborne Particulate Matter in Lung Epithelial Cells-Impact of Inorganic Fraction. Front Chem 2021; 8:581752. [PMID: 33392147 PMCID: PMC7773840 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.581752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is associated with numerous negative effects on human health. The toxicity of organic components of air pollution is well-recognized, while the impact of their inorganic counterparts in the overall toxicity is still a matter of various discussions. The influence of airborne particulate matter (PM) and their inorganic components on biological function of human alveolar-like epithelial cells (A549) was investigated in vitro. A novel treatment protocol based on covering culture plates with PM allowed increasing the studied pollutant concentrations and prolonging their incubation time without cell exposure on physical suffocation and mechanical disturbance. PM decreased the viability of A549 cells and disrupted their mitochondrial membrane potential and calcium homeostasis. For the first time, the difference in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) profiles generated by organic and inorganic counterparts of PM was shown. Singlet oxygen generation was observed only after treatment of cells with inorganic fraction of PM, while hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide anion radical were induced after exposure of A549 cells to both PM and their inorganic fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Mazuryk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grazyna Stochel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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17
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Di A, Wu Y, Chen M, Nie D, Ge X. Chemical Characterization of Seasonal PM 2.5 Samples and Their Cytotoxicity in Human Lung Epithelial Cells (A549). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124599. [PMID: 32604837 PMCID: PMC7345009 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the toxicity of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) sourced from different seasons on human health, we collected PM2.5 samples quarterly from March 2016 to February 2017 in Nanjing, China. The component analysis results showed that high proportions of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), SO42−, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were found in the summer samples, while high proportions of NO3−, NH4+ and heavy metals were observed in the spring and winter samples. Then human lung epithelial cells (A549) were exposed to the PM2.5 samples. The toxicological results indicated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the spring and winter samples was higher than that in the summer and fall samples, which was related to the contribution of some heavy metals and inorganic ions (e.g., Pb and NO3−). However, the apoptosis rates of the cells showed the opposite seasonal changes as what the ROS did, which might be caused by the higher WSOC content in the summer. In addition, regression analysis also showed the importance of the PM2.5 components in ROS production and apoptosis. Particularly, Zn had the strongest correlation with ROS production (R = 0.863) and cell apoptosis (R = 0.675); thus, the specific toxicity of Zn in PM2.5 deserves further investigation. Our results could be beneficial for assessing the health risks and controlling the toxic components of PM2.5 in Nanjing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Di
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (A.D.); (X.G.)
| | - Yun Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (A.D.); (X.G.)
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (M.C.); Tel.: +86-25-5873-1089 (M.C.)
| | - Mindong Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (A.D.); (X.G.)
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (M.C.); Tel.: +86-25-5873-1089 (M.C.)
| | - Dongyang Nie
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (A.D.); (X.G.)
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Santovito A, Gendusa C, Cervella P, Traversi D. In vitro genomic damage induced by urban fine particulate matter on human lymphocytes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8853. [PMID: 32483266 PMCID: PMC7264132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65785-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban air pollution represents a global problem, since everyday many mutagenic and carcinogens compounds are emitted into the atmosphere, with consequent adverse health effects on humans and biota. Specifically, particulate matter air pollution was associated with increased risks in human mortality and morbidity. In this paper, we analyse the genomic effects on human lymphocytes of different concentrations of annual Turin PM2.5 extract by an in vitro micronuclei assay. Samplings were collected from an urban meteorological-chemical station positioned in Turin (Italy), one of the most polluted cities in Europe. PM2.5 sampled on filters was used for organic extraction in monthly pools and successively aggregated to produce a mixture representative for a full year PM2.5 collection. Lymphocytes were exposed to four concentrations of PM2.5: 5, 10, 15 and 20 μg/mL and micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds were scored. With respect to controls, PM2.5 significantly increased the frequencies of all analysed biomarkers at all tested concentrations, whereas the CBPI index was significantly reduced only at the concentration of 20 μg/mL. Such in vitro effects can both to stimulate local authorities to adopt efficient measures for air pollution mitigation and to improve human monitoring to detect early precancer lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Santovito
- University of Turin, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Torino, Italy.
| | - Claudio Gendusa
- University of Turin, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Torino, Italy
| | - Piero Cervella
- University of Turin, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Torino, Italy
| | - Deborah Traversi
- University of Turin, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Torino, Italy
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19
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Gea M, Bonetta S, Iannarelli L, Giovannozzi AM, Maurino V, Bonetta S, Hodoroaba VD, Armato C, Rossi AM, Schilirò T. Shape-engineered titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs): cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in bronchial epithelial cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 127:89-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Bocchi C, Bazzini C, Fontana F, Pinto G, Martino A, Cassoni F. Characterization of urban aerosol: Seasonal variation of genotoxicity of the water-soluble portion of PM 2.5 and PM 1. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 841:23-30. [PMID: 31138407 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Urban particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of several classes of chemicals: elemental carbon, ammonium, sulfates, nitrates, organic compounds and metals. For a long time, numerous studies had shown that PM causes health problems and, in 2013, it has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as carcinogenic to humans (group 1). Furthermore, it's known that the fine fraction of PM is the most genotoxic, and that smaller particles are retained by the lower respiratory system, making fine particles a public health concern. In this study we characterize the water-soluble portion of urban aerosol from Bologna, a county town of Emilia-Romagna in the north of Italy, by collecting the finest fractions of airborne particles, PM2.5 and PM1, in three different seasons (winter, summer and autumn) over a three-year period. The genotoxicity of the water-soluble extracts was evaluated, both by a standard and a enzyme-modified Comet assay and also by the Micronucleus test, with lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (A549). In the same extracts, water-soluble metals (V, Ni, Cu, Cr, Fe) were detected and associations between the physicochemical parameters of PM and genotoxicity were evaluated. DNA strand breaks were found in summer and winter samples in the Comet experiments, whereas oxidative damage was induced by autumn extracts; winter samples induced chromosome breakage or loss in A549 cells. Iron and copper were the most abundant transition metals in both fractions and both were associated with micronuclei induction, whereas chromium is linked with oxidative damage. This study also shows that the water-soluble fraction of PM contributes to global genotoxicity and that transition metals play a role, therefore both organic and water-soluble fractions should be considered in an air-quality monitoring program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bocchi
- Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione Ambiente Energia dell'Emilia-Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Italy.
| | - Cristina Bazzini
- Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione Ambiente Energia dell'Emilia-Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Fontana
- Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione Ambiente Energia dell'Emilia-Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Pinto
- Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione Ambiente Energia dell'Emilia-Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Italy
| | - Anna Martino
- Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione Ambiente Energia dell'Emilia-Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Cassoni
- Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione Ambiente Energia dell'Emilia-Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Italy
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21
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Goudarzi G, Shirmardi M, Naimabadi A, Ghadiri A, Sajedifar J. Chemical and organic characteristics of PM 2.5 particles and their in-vitro cytotoxic effects on lung cells: The Middle East dust storms in Ahvaz, Iran. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:434-445. [PMID: 30472645 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There are very few reports about the effect of PM2.5 particles carried by the Middle East dust storms on lung cells. This study aimed to investigate the chemical properties and in-vitro cytotoxic effects of PM2.5 extracts. Water-soluble fraction and organic solvent-extractable components of the samples collected from the city of Ahvaz, Khuzestan Province, Iran, during the normal and dust storm days of the winter of 2016 were analyzed and then applied on the human lung epithelial cell line (A549). The chemical properties and the cytotoxicity were analyzed by ICP-OES and Lactase Dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, respectively. The results of the independent t-test showed significantly higher mean cytotoxicity in the samples of normal days than that of dust storm days. It could be due to the fact that the cells were exposed to the same amount of water-soluble extract, whether it be from a normal day or a dust storm day, and since the normal air of Ahvaz is severely affected by traffic and industrial pollutants, its normal day samples showed stronger cytotoxic effect. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that cytotoxic effect increased with the particulate concentration. The highest cytotoxicity levels observed at 62, 125, and 250 μg/mL concentrations after 24-h incubation were 17% (belonging to a dust storm day), 37% (belonging to a normal day), and 47% (belonging to a dust storm day), respectively Since PAH compounds were measured in the particulate phase, their amount was naturally correlated with the quantity of particulates. However, it was observed that the samples of normal days contained the species with stronger human carcinogens ΣPAHs = 0.82 ng/m3.The results of one-way ANOVA showed a significant difference between the incubation times regarding the resulted cytotoxicity levels. In general, as the incubation duration increased, so did the cytotoxicity level. Although normal day particulates had a greater cytotoxic effect on A549 cell line, dust storm days are associated with higher levels of health risk; simply because during dust storms, people inhale much larger amounts of particulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shirmardi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Environmental Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Paramedical Sciences, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Naimabadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
| | - Ata Ghadiri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Javad Sajedifar
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
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22
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Çakmak G, Ertürk Arı P, Emerce E, Arı A, Odabaşı M, Schins R, Burgaz S, Gaga EO. Investigation of spatial and temporal variation of particulate matter in vitro genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in relation to the elemental composition. Mutat Res 2019; 842:22-34. [PMID: 31255223 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Even though the outdoor air pollution and its major component Particulate Matter (PM) are recently classified as human carcinogen, attempts to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of PM toxicity are still crucial and continuing with in vitro approaches in various environmental circumstances. Present study investigated the genotoxicity (Comet assay) and the cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and the water-soluble tetrazolium (WST-1) assays) of 30 daily PM2.5 samples collected in the Kütahya province, to address their daily variability in effects with season (i.e. winter versus summer) and location (i.e. rural versus urban) using A549 human lung cancer epithelial cell line, as well as in relation to their chemical composition, specifically trace elements, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC). The genotoxicity, measured by the percentage tail intensity (TI), of the daily PM2.5 samples at the traffic dense urban station was higher than that of the rural site for 80% of the parallel days. The genotoxicity was significant in the winter at the urban and in the summer at the rural site. Cytotoxicity was the highest for the winter urban samples. The PM2.5 mass, OC, and EC concentrations were not correlated to DNA damage, while there were correlations with Mn, Fe, Cu and Ba at the rural PM2.5 samples, and Mn, Co and Ni at the urban samples, respectively. The present study is confirming that the complex composition of PM2.5 originating from spatial and temporal changes can cause differences in the health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonca Çakmak
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Pelin Ertürk Arı
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Esra Emerce
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Akif Arı
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Odabaşı
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Roel Schins
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sema Burgaz
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Eftade O Gaga
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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23
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Gea M, Schilirò T, Iacomussi P, Degan R, Bonetta S, Gilli G. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of light emitted by incandescent, halogen, and LED bulbs on ARPE-19 and BEAS-2B cell lines. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:998-1014. [PMID: 30325709 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1510350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
LED technology has the extraordinary ability to reduce energy consumption, constituting an economic and ecological advantage, so it is planned to replace incandescent, halogen and other inefficient bulbs for public and domestic lighting with LEDs. LEDs present specific spectral and energetic characteristics compared with those of other domestic light sources, so the potential risks for human health of these bulbs need to be explored. The aim of this study was to assess cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of light emitted by different commercial light bulbs: incandescent, halogen, and two LED bulbs with different correlated color temperatures. The evaluation was done on ARPE-19 as a specific cell model for eye toxicity and on BEAS-2B as a good cell model for toxicology tests. Light induced mainly cytotoxic effects on ARPE-19 and DNA damage on BEAS-2B, so different cell lines showed different biological responses. Moreover, our findings indicate that among the four bulbs, cold LED caused the highest cytotoxic effect on ARPE-19 and the highest genotoxic and oxidative effect on BEAS-2B. Cold LED is probably able to cause more cellular damage because it contains more high-energy radiations (blue). These results suggest that LED technology could be a safe alternative to older technologies, but the use of warm LED should be preferred to cold LED, which can potentially cause adverse effects on retinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gea
- a Department of Public Health and Pediatrics , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Tiziana Schilirò
- a Department of Public Health and Pediatrics , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Paola Iacomussi
- b Italian National Metrological Institute , INRIM , Torino , Italy
| | - Raffaella Degan
- a Department of Public Health and Pediatrics , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Sara Bonetta
- a Department of Public Health and Pediatrics , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Giorgio Gilli
- a Department of Public Health and Pediatrics , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
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24
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Reis H, Reis C, Sharip A, Reis W, Zhao Y, Sinclair R, Beeson L. Diesel exhaust exposure, its multi-system effects, and the effect of new technology diesel exhaust. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 114:252-265. [PMID: 29524921 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) from vehicles and industry is hazardous and affects proper function of organ systems. DE can interfere with normal physiology after acute and chronic exposure to particulate matter (PM). Exposure leads to potential systemic disease processes in the central nervous, visual, hematopoietic, respiratory, cardiovascular, and renal systems. In this review, we give an overview of the epidemiological evidence supporting the harmful effects of diesel exhaust, and the numerous animal studies conducted to investigate the specific pathophysiological mechanisms behind DE exposure. Additionally, this review includes a summary of studies that used biomarkers as an indication of biological plausibility, and also studies evaluating new technology diesel exhaust (NTDE) and its systemic effects. Lastly, this review includes new approaches to improving DE emissions, and emphasizes the importance of ongoing study in this field of environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Reis
- Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Cesar Reis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, 24785 Stewart Street, Suite 204, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Akbar Sharip
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, 328 East Commercial Road, Suite 101, San Bernardino, CA 92408, USA
| | - Wenes Reis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, 24785 Stewart Street, Suite 204, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Yong Zhao
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; The Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ryan Sinclair
- Center for Community Resilience, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Lawrence Beeson
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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25
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Vicente AB, Juan P, Meseguer S, Díaz-Avalos C, Serra L. Variability of PM10 in industrialized-urban areas. New coefficients to establish significant differences between sampling points. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 234:969-978. [PMID: 29665637 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
One of the main problems that arise in the assessment of air quality in an area is to estimate the number of representative sampling points of each microenvironment within it. We present a new model that reduces the variability and increases the quality of the comparison of the sampling points. The study is based on the comparison between a city in eastern Spain, Vila-real, a macro city in México, Monterrey and the Piemonte region regarding the assessment of PM10 in microenvironments. Vila-real is located in the province of Castellón. This province is a strategic area in the framework of European Union (EU) pollution control. On the other hand, Monterrey in México, located in the northern state of Nuevo León, has several problems with particulate material in the atmosphere produced by the extraction of building materials in the hill that surround the city. Finally, the Piemonte region, which is located in the north of Italy, has to be in consideration due to higher concentrations of PM10 in the Po river basin. In the case of Vila-real the PM10 samples were collected by a medium volume sampler according to European regulations. Particle concentration levels were determined gravimetrically (EN 12341:1999). In the case of Monterrey the PM10 concentrations were determined by Beta Ray Attenuation according to US-EPA regulations. In the Piemonte region, the average concentration of PM10 was also obtained by means of the Beta Ray Attenuation as well as using gravimetric instruments. The methodology carried out in this paper is a useful tool for developing future Air Quality Plans in other industrialised areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Vicente
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Jaume I University, Campus Riu Sec s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - P Juan
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics Area. Jaume I University, Campus Riu Sec s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain; IMAC Jaume I University, Campus Riu Sec s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - S Meseguer
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Jaume I University, Campus Riu Sec s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - C Díaz-Avalos
- Department of Probability and Statistics, Institute of Research in Applied Mathematics and Systems, Universidad Nacional Autónoma, Mexico
| | - L Serra
- Center for Research in Occupational Health (CiSAL), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; IMIM Parc Salut Mar, Social Epidemiology and Occupational Health Group, Barcelona, Spain; Research Group on Statistics, Econometrics and Health (GRECS), Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
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26
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Zhou Q, Liu B, Chen Y, Han X, Wei X, Zhu Y, Zhou X, Chen J. Characterization of PAHs in size-fractionated submicron atmospheric particles and their association with the intracellular oxidative stress. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 182:1-7. [PMID: 28482256 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The submicron atmospheric particulate matters (PMs), consisting of 7 size-resolved fractions, were collected by two Dekati low pressure impactors from December 2015 to January 2016 in Hangzhou, China. The chemical analysis revealed the higher accumulation efficiency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the finer submicron PMs, and 77.0% of particulate PAHs in PM1 were associated with PM0.4. Moreover, the BaP equivalent concentrations (BaPeq) were evaluated for size-fractionated submicron PMs, indicating that 77.2% of carcinogenicity of particulate PAHs in PM1 were associated with PM0.4. In the cytotoxic tests, a significant size-dependent decrease of glutathione (GSH) level was observed in the PMs-exposed human pulmonary epithelial cells (A549), demonstrating the greater intracellular oxidative stress induced by the finer submicron PMs. The results also suggested that 82.4% of PM1-induced oxidative stress were associated with PM0.4, and the intracellular oxidative stress was significantly correlated with the particulate PAHs. Therefore, besides PM10, PM2.5 and PM1, special attentions should be given to PM0.4 as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baichen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yimei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqian Han
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuzhen Wei
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- College of Quality & Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- College of Atmospheric Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.
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MohseniBandpi A, Eslami A, Shahsavani A, Khodagholi F, Alinejad A. Physicochemical characterization of ambient PM 2.5 in Tehran air and its potential cytotoxicity in human lung epithelial cells (A549). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 593-594:182-190. [PMID: 28343038 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As air pollution is a major problem in Tehran, this study aimed to investigate the physicochemical characterization of the water-soluble and organic contents of ambient PM2.5 in Tehran and determine its in vitro toxicological impact on human lung epithelial cells (A549). A total of 11 sampling stations were selected, including three categories: traffic, urban, and suburban. All sampling was carried out in the spring and summer of 2015. Ion chromatography (IC), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), and GC-MS were used to analyze ionic compounds, heavy metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), respectively, and an ELISA reader was used for cytotoxicity analysis. The most prevalent ionic species found for all three categories was SO42-. PAH concentrations were 43.45±32.71, 50.51±37.27, and 29.13±33.29ng/m3 for traffic, urban, and suburban stations, respectively. For all sampling stations, Al and Fe had the highest values among the investigated heavy metals. Cell viability measurements, carried out using the MTT assay, showed that all three categories of samples cause cytotoxicity, although the urban station samples showed higher cytotoxicity than those from the other stations (p˂0.05). Based on the results of the present study, organic compounds and insoluble particles could be the main causes of cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoushiravan MohseniBandpi
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Eslami
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolazim Alinejad
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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28
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Mohseni Bandpi A, Eslami A, Shahsavani A, Khodagholi F, Aliaghaei A, Alinejad A. Water-soluble and organic extracts of ambient PM2.5 in Tehran air: assessment of genotoxic effects on human lung epithelial cells (A549) by the Comet assay. TOXIN REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2016.1259634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Eslami
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center,
| | - A. Shahsavani
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center,
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health,
| | | | - A. Aliaghaei
- Anatomy and Cell Biology Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A. Alinejad
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health,
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29
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Megido L, Negral L, Castrillón L, Marañón E, Fernández-Nava Y, Suárez-Peña B. Traffic tracers in a suburban location in northern Spain: relationship between carbonaceous fraction and metals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:8669-78. [PMID: 26797958 PMCID: PMC4850174 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5955-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
PM10 and black smoke were monitored at a suburban sampling station located in the northern Spanish city of Gijón. Thirty-two metals and total carbon (TC) (i.e., organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC)) were analyzed over a year. The study of air-mass origin based on 5-day back trajectories was carried out to assess its influence on the recovery data. Different strategies were implemented to infer the influence of traffic in the area. On average, TC accounted for 29 % of the PM10 fraction, with OC forming 77 % of this TC. The influence of traffic was clearly reduced during intense Atlantic advection episodes, when OC and EC decreased up to 0.39 and 0.22 μg C/m(3), respectively. In contrast, the highest values were reported during regional episodes, exceeding 10 μg C/m(3) of OC and 2 μg C/m(3) of EC. The correlation between EC and OC was found to notably improve when considering the days with high traffic flow (from R (2) = 0.46 to R (2) = 0.74). This pattern was also reproduced by black smoke and EC (from R (2) = 0.49 to R (2) = 0.59). Cu and Sn were found to be reliable traffic tracers given their high dependence on EC (R (2) = 0.82 and R (2) = 0.79, respectively). Nevertheless, Sn, Ba, and Sb showed a better correlation with Cu than EC, suggesting a common origin. In the case of Sn, R (2) improved from 0.79 to 0.91. The Cu/Sb ratio had a mean value of 6.6 which agrees with diagnostic criterions for brake wear particles. The relationships and ratios between EC, Cu, Sb, Sn, Ba, and Bi pointed out to non-exhaust emissions, playing a significant role in the chemical composition of PM10. Brake wear was presented as the most likely origin for Cu, Sb, and Sn.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Megido
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University Institute of Industrial Technology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Gijón Campus, 33203, Gijón, Spain
| | - L Negral
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University Institute of Industrial Technology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Gijón Campus, 33203, Gijón, Spain.
| | - L Castrillón
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University Institute of Industrial Technology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Gijón Campus, 33203, Gijón, Spain
| | - E Marañón
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University Institute of Industrial Technology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Gijón Campus, 33203, Gijón, Spain
| | - Y Fernández-Nava
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University Institute of Industrial Technology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Gijón Campus, 33203, Gijón, Spain
| | - B Suárez-Peña
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgiscal Engineering, Polytechnic School of Engineering, University of Oviedo, Gijón Campus, 33203, Gijón, Spain
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30
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Naimabadi A, Ghadiri A, Idani E, Babaei AA, Alavi N, Shirmardi M, Khodadadi A, Marzouni MB, Ankali KA, Rouhizadeh A, Goudarzi G. Chemical composition of PM10 and its in vitro toxicological impacts on lung cells during the Middle Eastern Dust (MED) storms in Ahvaz, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 211:316-24. [PMID: 26774778 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Reports on the effects of PM10 from dust storm on lung cells are limited. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and in vitro toxicological impacts of PM10 suspensions, its water-soluble fraction, and the solvent-extractable organics extracted from Middle Eastern Dust storms on the human lung epithelial cell (A549). Samples of dust storms and normal days (PM10 < 200 μg m(-3)) were collected from December 2012 until June 2013 in Ahvaz, the capital of Khuzestan Province in Iran. The chemical composition and cytotoxicity were analyzed by ICP- OES and Lactase Dehydrogenase (LDH) reduction assay, respectively. The results showed that PM10 suspensions, their water-soluble fraction and solvent-extractable organics from both dust storm and normal days caused a decrease in the cell viability and an increase in LDH in supernatant in a dose-response manner. Although samples of normal days showed higher cytotoxicity than those of dust storm at the highest treated dosage, T Test showed no significant difference in cytotoxicity between normal days and dust event days (P value > 0.05). These results led to the conclusions that dust storm PM10 as well as normal day PM10 could lead to cytotoxicity, and the organic compounds (PAHs) and the insoluble particle-core might be the main contributors to cytotoxicity. Our results showed that cytotoxicity and the risk of PM10 to human lung may be more severe during dust storm than normal days due to inhalation of a higher mass concentration of airborne particles. Further research on PM dangerous fractions and the most responsible components to make cytotoxicity in exposed cells is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Naimabadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Health Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Ata Ghadiri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Idani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Babaei
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Health Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nadali Alavi
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shirmardi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Health Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Khodadadi
- Cancer, Petroleum and Environmental Pollutants Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Kambiz Ahmadi Ankali
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Rouhizadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Health Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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31
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Ferraz ERA, Rainho CR, Fernandes AS, Felzenszwalb I. Differential toxicity of an organic PM2.5 extract to human lung cells cultured in three dimensions (3D) and monolayers. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:221-231. [PMID: 26932779 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1143902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies have associated PM2.5 (particulate matter, aerodynamic diameter 2.5 µm) exposure with an increase in morbidity and mortality attributed to cardiopulmonary diseases. Based upon these observations and the growing effort to replace the use of animals in research, in vitro A549 cells cultured in three dimensions (3D), an alternative method to the use of animals, as well as monolayers were investigated to examine whether organic PM2.5 extract induced equivalent cytotoxic changes in vitro as compared to in vivo. PM2.5 was collected on Brazil Avenue, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from November 2010 to May 2011, except March, and analyzed for the ability to induce cytotoxicity in A549 cells using various established assays. Samples collected in all months significantly decreased viability of A549 cells using both types of cell death assays, and those collected in November showed lower cytotoxicity. It is worthwhile noting that for samples collected in all months except for April, PM2.5 induced greater toxicity in cells grown in monolayers than in 3D. Data demonstrated that cell behavior varied based upon type of culture system employed. Since the 3D cell culture mimics the architecture of in vivo tissue to a greater extent than monolayers, it is suggested that data from 3D studies resemble more closely human exposure conditions and thus may provide more reliable findings to be utilized in risk assessment following PM exposure than results obtained in traditional culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Raquel A Ferraz
- a Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenesis, Department of Biophysics and Biometry , University of the State of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
- b School of Pharmacy, Fluminense Federal University , Niteroi , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Claudia R Rainho
- a Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenesis, Department of Biophysics and Biometry , University of the State of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Andreia S Fernandes
- a Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenesis, Department of Biophysics and Biometry , University of the State of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Israel Felzenszwalb
- a Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenesis, Department of Biophysics and Biometry , University of the State of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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32
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Schilirò T, Alessandria L, Bonetta S, Carraro E, Gilli G. Inflammation response and cytotoxic effects in human THP-1 cells of size-fractionated PM10 extracts in a polluted urban site. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 145:89-97. [PMID: 26688243 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To contribute to a greater characterization of the airborne particulate matter's toxicity, size-fractionated PM10 was sampled during different seasons in a polluted urban site in Torino, a northern Italian city. Three main size fractions (PM10 - 3 μm; PM3 - 0.95 μm; PM < 0.95 μm) extracts (organic and aqueous) were assayed with THP-1 cells to evaluate their effects on cell proliferation, LDH activity, TNFα, IL-8 and CYP1A1 expression. The mean PM10 concentrations were statistically different in summer and in winter and the finest fraction PM<0.95 was always higher than the others. Size-fractionated PM10 extracts, sampled in an urban traffic meteorological-chemical station produced size-related toxicological effects in relation to season and particles extraction. The PM summer extracts induced a significant release of LDH compared to winter and produced a size-related effect, with higher values measured with PM10-3. Exposure to size-fractionated PM10 extracts did not induce significant expression of TNFα. IL-8 expression was influenced by exposure to size-fractionated PM10 extracts and statistically significant differences were found between kind of extracts for both seasons. The mean fold increases in CYP1A1 expression were statistically different in summer and in winter; winter fraction extracts produced a size-related effect, in particular for organic samples with higher values measured with PM<0.95 extracts. Our results confirm that the only measure of PM can be misleading for the assessment of air quality moreover we support efforts toward identifying potential effect-based tools (e.g. in vitro test) that could be used in the context of the different monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schilirò
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia, 94, 10126, Torino, Italy.
| | - L Alessandria
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia, 94, 10126, Torino, Italy.
| | - S Bonetta
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia, 94, 10126, Torino, Italy.
| | - E Carraro
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia, 94, 10126, Torino, Italy.
| | - G Gilli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia, 94, 10126, Torino, Italy.
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33
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Conterosito E, Milanesio M, Palin L, Gianotti V. Rationalization of liquid assisted grinding intercalation yields of organic molecules into layered double hydroxides by multivariate analysis. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17769g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PCA, coupled to molecular descriptors, proved to be an effective tool to rationalize the mechanochemical intercalation yields of layered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Conterosito
- Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro” Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica
- I-15121 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - M. Milanesio
- Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro” Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica
- I-15121 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - L. Palin
- Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro” Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica
- I-15121 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - V. Gianotti
- Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro” Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica
- I-15121 Alessandria
- Italy
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