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Portugal J, Bedia C, Amato F, Juárez-Facio AT, Stamatiou R, Lazou A, Campiglio CE, Elihn K, Piña B. Toxicity of airborne nanoparticles: Facts and challenges. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 190:108889. [PMID: 39042967 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Air pollution is one of the most severe environmental healthhazards, and airborne nanoparticles (diameter <100 nm) are considered particularly hazardous to human health. They are produced by various sources such as internal combustion engines, wood and biomass burning, and fuel and natural gas combustion, and their origin, among other parameters, determines their intrinsic toxicity for reasons that are not yet fully understood. Many constituents of the nanoparticles are considered toxic or at least hazardous, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metal compounds, in addition to gaseous pollutants present in the aerosol fraction, such as NOx, SO2, and ozone. All these compounds can cause oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, inflammation in the lungs and other tissues, and cellular organelles. Epidemiological investigations concluded that airborne pollution may affect the respiratory, cardiovascular, and nervous systems. Moreover, particulate matter has been linked to an increased risk of lung cancer, a carcinogenic effect not related to DNA damage, but to the cellular inflammatory response to the pollutants, in which the release of cytokines promotes the proliferation of pre-existing mutated cancer cells. The mechanisms behind toxicity can be investigated experimentally using cell cultures or animal models. Methods for gathering particulate matter have been explored, but standardized protocols are needed to ensure that the samples accurately represent chemical mixtures in the environment. Toxic constituents of nanoparticles can be studied in animal and cellular models, but designing realistic exposure settings is challenging. The air-liquid interface (ALI) system directly exposes cells, mimicking particle inhalation into the lungs. Continuous research and monitoring of nanoparticles and other airborne pollutants is essential for understanding their effects and developing active strategies to mitigate their risks to human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Portugal
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carmen Bedia
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fulvio Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana T Juárez-Facio
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11419 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodopi Stamatiou
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antigone Lazou
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chiara E Campiglio
- Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering, University of Bergamo, 24044 Dalmine, BG, Italy
| | - Karine Elihn
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11419 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Piña
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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de Lagarde VM, Chevalier L, Méausoone C, Cazier F, Dewaele D, Cazier-Dennin F, Janona M, Logie C, Achard S, André V, Rogez-Florent T, Monteil C, Corbiere C. Acute and repeated exposures of normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells culture to particles from a coloured pyrotechnic smoke. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 105:104327. [PMID: 38006978 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Coloured pyrotechnic smokes are frequently used in the military field and occasionally by civilians, but their health hazards have been little studied. The main concern could rise from inhalation of smoke particles. Our previous study showed that acute exposure to particles from a red signalling smoke (RSS) induced an antioxidant and inflammatory responses in small airway epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to further explore the toxicity of RSS particles at a more proximal level of the respiratory tract, using normal human bronchial epithelial cells grown at the Air-Liquid Interface. Acute exposure (24 h) induced an oxidative stress that persisted 24 h post-exposure, associated with particle internalization and epithelium morphological changes (cuboidal appearance and loss of cilia). Repeated exposures (4×16h) to RSS particles did not trigger oxidative stress but cell morphological changes occurred. Overall, this study provides a better overview of the toxic effects of coloured smoke particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurence Chevalier
- Université de Rouen Normandie, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, GPM-UMR6634, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Clémence Méausoone
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Université Caen Normandie, Normandie Univ, ABTEUR 4651, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Fabrice Cazier
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, CCM - Centre Commun de Mesures, 59 375 Dunkerque, France
| | - Dorothée Dewaele
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, CCM - Centre Commun de Mesures, 59 375 Dunkerque, France
| | - Francine Cazier-Dennin
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4492 - UCEIV - Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 417, 59 375 Dunkerque, France
| | - Marion Janona
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Université Caen Normandie, Normandie Univ, ABTEUR 4651, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Cathy Logie
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Université Caen Normandie, Normandie Univ, ABTEUR 4651, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Sophie Achard
- Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie, Inserm UMR1153 - CRESS, HERA " Health Environmental Risk Assessment ", 75005 Paris, France
| | - Véronique André
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Université Caen Normandie, Normandie Univ, ABTEUR 4651, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Tiphaine Rogez-Florent
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Université Caen Normandie, Normandie Univ, ABTEUR 4651, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Christelle Monteil
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Université Caen Normandie, Normandie Univ, ABTEUR 4651, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Cécile Corbiere
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Université Caen Normandie, Normandie Univ, ABTEUR 4651, F-76000 Rouen, France.
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3
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Vallabani NVS, Gruzieva O, Elihn K, Juárez-Facio AT, Steimer SS, Kuhn J, Silvergren S, Portugal J, Piña B, Olofsson U, Johansson C, Karlsson HL. Toxicity and health effects of ultrafine particles: Towards an understanding of the relative impacts of different transport modes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116186. [PMID: 37224945 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been associated with a wide range of adverse health effects, but it is still unclear how particles from various transport modes differ in terms of toxicity and associations with different human health outcomes. This literature review aims to summarize toxicological and epidemiological studies of the effect of ultrafine particles (UFPs), also called nanoparticles (NPs, <100 nm), from different transport modes with a focus on vehicle exhaust (particularly comparing diesel and biodiesel) and non-exhaust as well as particles from shipping (harbor), aviation (airport) and rail (mainly subway/underground). The review includes both particles collected in laboratory tests and the field (intense traffic environments or collected close to harbor, airport, and in subway). In addition, epidemiological studies on UFPs are reviewed with special attention to studies aimed at distinguishing the effects of different transport modes. Results from toxicological studies indicate that both fossil and biodiesel NPs show toxic effects. Several in vivo studies show that inhalation of NPs collected in traffic environments not only impacts the lung, but also triggers cardiovascular effects as well as negative impacts on the brain, although few studies compared NPs from different sources. Few studies were found on aviation (airport) NPs, but the available results suggest similar toxic effects as traffic-related particles. There is still little data related to the toxic effects linked to several sources (shipping, road and tire wear, subway NPs), but in vitro results highlighted the role of metals in the toxicity of subway and brake wear particles. Finally, the epidemiological studies emphasized the current limited knowledge of the health impacts of source-specific UFPs related to different transport modes. This review discusses the necessity of future research for a better understanding of the relative potencies of NPs from different transport modes and their use in health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olena Gruzieva
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karine Elihn
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sarah S Steimer
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jana Kuhn
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanna Silvergren
- Environment and Health Administration, 104 20, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - José Portugal
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benjamin Piña
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ulf Olofsson
- Department of Machine Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Johansson
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418, Stockholm, Sweden; Environment and Health Administration, 104 20, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna L Karlsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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Lau YS, Poon HY, Organ B, Chuang HC, Chan MN, Guo H, Ho SSH, Ho KF. Toxicological effects of fresh and aged gasoline exhaust particles in Hong Kong. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 441:129846. [PMID: 36063712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exhaust emissions from gasoline vehicles are one of the major contributors to aerosol particles observed in urban areas. It is well-known that these tiny particles are associated with air pollution, climate forcing, and adverse health effects. However, their toxicity and bioreactivity after atmospheric ageing are less constrained. The aim of the present study was to investigate the chemical and toxicological properties of fresh and aged particulate matter samples derived from gasoline exhaust emissions. Chemical analyses showed that both fresh and aged PM samples were rich in organic carbon, and the dominating chemical species were n-alkane and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Comparisons between fresh and aged samples revealed that the latter contained larger amounts of oxygenated compounds. In most cases, the bioreactivity induced by the aged PM samples was significantly higher than that induced by the fresh samples. Moderate to weak correlations were identified between chemical species and the levels of biomarkers in the fresh and aged PM samples. The results of the stepwise regression analysis suggested that n-alkane and alkenoic acid were major contributors to the increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in the fresh samples, while polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and monocarboxylic acid were the main factors responsible for such increase in the aged samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yik-Sze Lau
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Now at: International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health (ILAQR), Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Hon-Yin Poon
- Earth System Science Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Bruce Organ
- Jockey Club Heavy Vehicle Emissions Testing and Research Centre, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Man-Nin Chan
- Earth System Science Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hai Guo
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmosphere Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States; Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Cheung Sha Wan, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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5
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Landwehr KR, Nabi MN, Rasul MG, Kicic A, Mullins BJ. Biodiesel Exhaust Toxicity with and without Diethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether Fuel Additive in Primary Airway Epithelial Cells Grown at the Air-Liquid Interface. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14640-14648. [PMID: 36177943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel usage is increasing steadily worldwide as the push for renewable fuel sources increases. The increased oxygen content in biodiesel fuel is believed to cause decreased particulate matter (PM) and increased nitrous oxides within its exhaust. The addition of fuel additives to further increase the oxygen content may contribute to even further benefits in exhaust composition. The aim of this study was to assess the toxicity of 10% (v/v) diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DGDME) added as a biodiesel fuel additive. Primary human airway epithelial cells were grown at the air-liquid interface and exposed to diluted exhaust from an engine running on either grapeseed, bran, or coconut biodiesel or the same three biodiesels with 10% (v/v) DGDME added to them; mineral diesel and air were used as controls. Exhaust properties, culture permeability, epithelial cell damage, and IL-6 and IL-8 release were measured postexposure. The fuel additive DGDME caused a decrease in PM and nitrous oxide concentrations. However, exhaust exposure with DGDME also caused decreased permeability, increased epithelial cell damage, and increased release of IL-6 and IL-8 (p < 0.05). Despite the fuel additive having beneficial effects on the exhaust properties of the biodiesel, it was found to be more toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Landwehr
- Occupation, Environment & Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Md Nurun Nabi
- School of Engineering and Technology, Fuel and Energy Research Group, Central Queensland University, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia
| | - Mohammad G Rasul
- School of Engineering and Technology, Fuel and Energy Research Group, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland 4701, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Occupation, Environment & Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Department of of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Mullins
- Occupation, Environment & Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia
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6
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Landwehr KR, Hillas J, Mead-Hunter R, King A, O'Leary RA, Kicic A, Mullins BJ, Larcombe AN. Toxicity of different biodiesel exhausts in primary human airway epithelial cells grown at air-liquid interface. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:155016. [PMID: 35381248 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is created through the transesterification of fats/oils and its usage is increasing worldwide as global warming concerns increase. Biodiesel fuel properties change depending on the feedstock used to create it. The aim of this study was to assess the different toxicological properties of biodiesel exhausts created from different feedstocks using a complex 3D air-liquid interface (ALI) model that mimics the human airway. Primary human airway epithelial cells were grown at ALI until full differentiation was achieved. Cells were then exposed to 1/20 diluted exhaust from an engine running on Diesel (ULSD), pure or 20% blended Canola biodiesel and pure or 20% blended Tallow biodiesel, or Air for control. Exhaust was analysed for various physio-chemical properties and 24-h after exposure, ALI cultures were assessed for permeability, protein release and mediator response. All measured exhaust components were within industry safety standards. ULSD contained the highest concentrations of various combustion gases. We found no differences in terms of particle characteristics for any of the tested exhausts, likely due to the high dilution used. Exposure to Tallow B100 and B20 induced increased permeability in the ALI culture and the greatest increase in mediator response in both the apical and basal compartments. In contrast, Canola B100 and B20 did not impact permeability and induced the smallest mediator response. All exhausts but Canola B20 induced increased protein release, indicating epithelial damage. Despite the concentrations of all exhausts used in this study meeting industry safety regulations, we found significant toxic effects. Tallow biodiesel was found to be the most toxic of the tested fuels and Canola the least, both for blended and pure biodiesel fuels. This suggests that the feedstock biodiesel is made from is crucial for the resulting health effects of exhaust exposure, even when not comprising the majority of fuel composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Landwehr
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Jessica Hillas
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ryan Mead-Hunter
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew King
- Fluid Dynamics Research Group, School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca A O'Leary
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Perth 6151, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Mullins
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alexander N Larcombe
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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7
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Zerboni A, Rossi T, Bengalli R, Catelani T, Rizzi C, Priola M, Casadei S, Mantecca P. Diesel exhaust particulate emissions and in vitro toxicity from Euro 3 and Euro 6 vehicles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 297:118767. [PMID: 34974087 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Incomplete combustion processes in diesel engines produce particulate matter (PM) that significantly contributes to air pollution. Currently, there remains a knowledge gap in relation to the physical and chemical characteristics and also the biological reactivity of the PM emitted from old- and new-generation diesel vehicles. In this study, the emissions from a Euro 3 diesel vehicle were compared to those from a Euro 6 car during the regeneration of a diesel particulate filter (DPF). Different driving cycles were used to collect two types of diesel exhaust particles (DEPs). The particle size distribution was monitored using an engine exhaust particle sizer spectrometer and an electrical low-pressure impactor. Although the Euro 6 vehicle emitted particulates only during DPF regeneration that primarily occurs for a few minutes at high speeds, such emissions are characterized by a higher number of ultrafine particles (<0.1 μm) compared to those from the Euro 3 diesel vehicle. The emitted particles possess different characteristics. For example, Euro 6 DEPs exhibit a lower PAH content than do Euro 3 samples; however, they are enriched in metals that were poorly detected or undetected in Euro 3 emissions. The biological effects of the two DEPs were investigated in human bronchial BEAS-2B cells exposed to 50 μg/mL of PM (corresponding to 5.2 μg/cm2), and the results revealed that Euro 3 DEPs activated the typical inflammatory and pro-carcinogenic pathways induced by combustion-derived particles, while Euro 6 DEPs were less effective in regard to activating such biological responses. Although further investigations are required, it is evident that the different in vitro effects elicited by Euro 3 and Euro 6 DEPs can be correlated with the variable chemical compositions (metals and PAHs) of the emitted particles that play a pivotal role in the inflammatory and carcinogenic potential of airborne PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Zerboni
- Polaris Research Centre, Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126, Milan, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Rossi
- Innovhub-SSI Fuels Department, Via Galileo Galilei, 1, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Rossella Bengalli
- Polaris Research Centre, Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziano Catelani
- Microscopy Facility, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristiana Rizzi
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Priola
- Innovhub-SSI Fuels Department, Via Galileo Galilei, 1, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Casadei
- Innovhub-SSI Fuels Department, Via Galileo Galilei, 1, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Paride Mantecca
- Polaris Research Centre, Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
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8
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Bedford R, Perkins E, Clements J, Hollings M. Recent advancements and application of in vitro models for predicting inhalation toxicity in humans. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 79:105299. [PMID: 34920082 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Animals have been indispensable in testing chemicals that can pose a risk to human health, including those delivered by inhalation. In recent years, the combination of societal debate on the use of animals in research and testing, the drive to continually enhance testing methodologies, and technology advancements have prompted a range of initiatives to develop non-animal alternative approaches for toxicity testing. In this review, we discuss emerging in vitro techniques being developed for the testing of inhaled compounds. Advanced tissue models that are able to recreate the human response to toxic exposures alongside examples of their ability to complement in vivo techniques are described. Furthermore, technology being developed that can provide multi-organ toxicity assessments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bedford
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK.
| | - E Perkins
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK.
| | - J Clements
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK.
| | - M Hollings
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK.
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9
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Landwehr KR, Hillas J, Mead-Hunter R, Brooks P, King A, O'Leary RA, Kicic A, Mullins BJ, Larcombe AN. Fuel feedstock determines biodiesel exhaust toxicity in a human airway epithelial cell exposure model. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126637. [PMID: 34329109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biodiesel is promoted as a sustainable replacement for commercial diesel. Biodiesel fuel and exhaust properties change depending on the base feedstock oil/fat used during creation. The aims of this study were, for the first time, to compare the exhaust exposure health impacts of a wide range of biodiesels made from different feedstocks and relate these effects with the corresponding exhaust characteristics. METHOD Primary airway epithelial cells were exposed to diluted exhaust from an engine running on conventional diesel and biodiesel made from Soy, Canola, Waste Cooking Oil, Tallow, Palm and Cottonseed. Exhaust properties and cellular viability and mediator release were analysed post exposure. RESULTS The exhaust physico-chemistry of Tallow biodiesel was the most different to diesel as well as the most toxic, with exposure resulting in significantly decreased cellular viability (95.8 ± 6.5%) and increased release of several immune mediators including IL-6 (+223.11 ± 368.83 pg/mL) and IL-8 (+1516.17 ± 2908.79 pg/mL) above Air controls. In contrast Canola biodiesel was the least toxic with exposure only increasing TNF-α (4.91 ± 8.61). CONCLUSION This study, which investigated the toxic effects for the largest range of biodiesels, shows that exposure to different exhausts results in a spectrum of toxic effects in vitro when combusted under identical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Landwehr
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Jessica Hillas
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ryan Mead-Hunter
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Brooks
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew King
- Fluid Dynamics Research Group, School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca A O'Leary
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Perth 6000, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Mullins
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alexander N Larcombe
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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10
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Scholten RH, Essig YJ, Roursgaard M, Jensen A, Krais AM, Gren L, Dierschke K, Gudmundsson A, Wierzbicka A, Møller P. Inhalation of hydrogenated vegetable oil combustion exhaust and genotoxicity responses in humans. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:3407-3416. [PMID: 34468814 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Biofuels from vegetable oils or animal fats are considered to be more sustainable than petroleum-derived diesel fuel. In this study, we have assessed the effect of hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) exhaust on levels of DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as primary outcome, and oxidative stress and inflammation as mediators of genotoxicity. In a randomized cross-over study, healthy humans were exposed to filtered air, inorganic salt particles, exhausts from combustion of HVO in engines with aftertreatment [i.e. emission with nitrogen oxides and low amounts of particulate matter less than 2.5 µm (approximately 1 µg/m3)], or without aftertreatment (i.e. emission with nitrogen oxides and 93 ± 13 µg/m3 of PM2.5). The subjects were exposed for 3 h and blood samples were collected before, within 1 h after the exposure and 24 h after. None of the exposures caused generation of DNA strand breaks and oxidatively damaged DNA, or affected gene expression of factors related to DNA repair (Ogg1), antioxidant defense (Hmox1) or pro-inflammatory cytokines (Ccl2, Il8 and Tnfa) in PBMCs. The results from this study indicate that short-term HVO exhaust exposure is not associated with genotoxic hazard in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Harnung Scholten
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Yona J Essig
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Annie Jensen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Annette M Krais
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Louise Gren
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Katrin Dierschke
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Gudmundsson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Aneta Wierzbicka
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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11
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Wang B, Lau YS, Huang Y, Organ B, Chuang HC, Ho SSH, Qu L, Lee SC, Ho KF. Chemical and toxicological characterization of particulate emissions from diesel vehicles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 405:124613. [PMID: 33301973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a detailed chemical and toxicological characterization of the diesel particulate matter (PM) emitted from diesel vehicles running on a chassis dynamometer under different driving conditions. Chemical analyses were performed to characterize the contents of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and 31 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the collected PM samples. The OC-EC analysis results revealed that PM emissions from diesel vehicles in this study were dominated by OC and that the emission of vehicles equipped with diesel particulate filters had high OC/EC ratios. The PAH analysis results revealed that 4- and 5-ring PAHs were the dominant PAHs in the OC fraction of the PM samples. Particle toxicity was evaluated through three toxicological markers in human A549 cells, namely (1) acellular 2,7-dichlorofluorescein (DCFH) for oxidative potential, (2) interleukin-6 (IL-6) for inflammation, and (3) glutathione (GSH) for antioxidation after exposure. Statistical analyses revealed that vehicle sizes have statistically significant effects on the concentrations of the markers. Correlation analysis between PAHs and toxicological markers revealed that significant correlations existed between specific compounds and markers. Our results can be used as a reference by policy makers to formulate emission control strategies and as a dataset for other modeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wang
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yik-Sze Lau
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuhan Huang
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Bruce Organ
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; Jockey Club Heavy Vehicle Emissions Testing and Research Centre, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmosphere Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States; Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Cheung Sha Wan, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Linli Qu
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Cheung Sha Wan, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shun-Cheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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12
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Møller P, Scholten RH, Roursgaard M, Krais AM. Inflammation, oxidative stress and genotoxicity responses to biodiesel emissions in cultured mammalian cells and animals. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:383-401. [PMID: 32543270 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1762541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biodiesel fuels are alternatives to petrodiesel, especially in the transport sector where they have lower carbon footprint. Notwithstanding the environmental benefit, biodiesel fuels may have other toxicological properties than petrodiesel. Particulate matter (PM) from petrodiesel causes cancer in the lung as a consequence of delivery of genotoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, oxidative stress and inflammation. We have reviewed articles from 2002 to 2019 (50% of the articles since 2015) that have described toxicological effects in terms of genotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation of biodiesel exhaust exposure in humans, animals and cell cultures. The studies have assessed first generation biodiesel from different feedstock (e.g. rapeseed and soy), certain second generation fuels (e.g. waste oil), and hydrogenated vegetable oil. It is not possible to rank the potency of toxicological effects of specific biodiesel fuels. However, exposure to biodiesel exhaust causes oxidative stress, inflammation and genotoxicity in cell cultures. Three studies in animals have not indicated genotoxicity in lung tissue. The database on oxidative stress and inflammation in animal studies is larger (13 studies); ten studies have reported increased levels of oxidative stress biomarkers or inflammation, although the effects have been modest in most studies. The cell culture and animal studies have not consistently shown a different potency in effect between biodiesel and petrodiesel exhausts. Both increased and decreased potency have been reported, which might be due to differences in feedstock or combustion conditions. In conclusion, combustion products from biodiesel and petrodiesel fuel may evoke similar toxicological effects on genotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Harnung Scholten
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Annette M Krais
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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13
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Huff RD, Carlsten C, Hirota JA. An update on immunologic mechanisms in the respiratory mucosa in response to air pollutants. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 143:1989-2001. [PMID: 31176381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Every day, we breathe in more than 10,000 L of air that contains a variety of air pollutants that can pose negative consequences to lung health. The respiratory mucosa formed by the airway epithelium is the first point of contact for air pollution in the lung, functioning as a mechanical and immunologic barrier. Under normal circumstances, airway epithelial cells connected by tight junctions secrete mucus, airway surface lining fluid, host defense peptides, and antioxidants and express innate immune pattern recognition receptors to respond to inhaled foreign substances and pathogens. Under conditions of air pollution exposure, the defenses of the airway epithelium are compromised by reductions in barrier function, impaired host defense to pathogens, and exaggerated inflammatory responses. Central to the mechanical and immunologic changes induced by air pollution are activation of redox-sensitive pathways and a role for antioxidants in normalizing these negative effects. Genetic variants in genes important in epithelial cell function and phenotype contribute to a diversity of responses to air pollution in the population at the individual and group levels and suggest a need for personalized approaches to attenuate the respiratory mucosal immune responses to air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Huff
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chris Carlsten
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jeremy A Hirota
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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14
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Gómez-Budia M, Konttinen H, Saveleva L, Korhonen P, Jalava PI, Kanninen KM, Malm T. Glial smog: Interplay between air pollution and astrocyte-microglia interactions. Neurochem Int 2020; 136:104715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Tan Y, Wang Y, Zou Y, Zhou C, Yi Y, Ling Y, Liao F, Jiang Y, Peng X. LncRNA LOC101927514 regulates PM2.5-driven inflammation in human bronchial epithelial cells through binding p-STAT3 protein. Toxicol Lett 2020; 319:119-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Godri Pollitt KJ, Chhan D, Rais K, Pan K, Wallace JS. Biodiesel fuels: A greener diesel? A review from a health perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 688:1036-1055. [PMID: 31726536 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesels have been promoted as a greener alternative to diesel with decreased emissions and health effects. To investigate the scientific basis of the suggested environmental and health benefits offered by biodiesel, this review examines the current state of knowledge and key uncertainties of pollutant profiles of biodiesel engine exhaust and the associated the respiratory and cardiovascular outcomes. The ease and low cost of biodiesel production has facilitated greater distribution and commercial use. The pollutant profile of biodiesel engine exhaust is distinct from diesel, characterised by increased NOx and aldehyde emissions but decreased CO and CO2. Lower engine-out particulate matter mass concentrations have also been observed over a range of feedstocks. However, these reduced emissions have been attributable to a shift towards smaller sized particulate emissions. The toxicity of biodiesel engine exhaust has been investigated in vitro using various lung cell, in vivo evaluating responses induced in animals and through several human exposure studies. Discrepancies exist across results reported by in vitro and in vivo studies, which may be attributable to differences in biodiesel feedstocks, engine characteristics, operating conditions or use of aftertreatment systems across test scenarios. The limited human testing further suggests short-term exposure to biodiesel engine exhaust is associated with cardiopulmonary outcomes that are comparable to diesel. Additional information about the health effects of biodiesel engine exhaust exposure is required for effective public health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 444, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Dany Chhan
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Khaled Rais
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kang Pan
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James S Wallace
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Landwehr KR, Hillas J, Mead-Hunter R, O'Leary RA, Kicic A, Mullins BJ, Larcombe AN. Soy Biodiesel Exhaust is More Toxic than Mineral Diesel Exhaust in Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11437-11446. [PMID: 31453689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As global biodiesel production increases, there are concerns over the potential health impact of exposure to the exhaust, particularly in regard to young children who are at high risk because of their continuing lung development. Using human airway epithelial cells obtained from young children, we compared the effects of exposure to exhaust generated by a diesel engine with Euro V/VI emission controls running on conventional diesel (ultra-low-sulfur mineral diesel, ULSD), soy biodiesel (B100), or a 20% blend of soy biodiesel with diesel (B20). The exhaust output of biodiesel was found to contain significantly more respiratory irritants, including NOx, CO, and CO2, and a larger overall particle mass. Exposure to biodiesel exhaust resulted in significantly greater cell death and a greater release of immune mediators compared to both air controls and ULSD exhaust. These results have concerning implications for potential global health impacts, particularly for the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Landwehr
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Public Health , Curtin University , P.O. Box U1987, Perth , Western Australia 6845 , Australia
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Telethon Kids Institute , Perth Children's Hospital , Nedlands, Perth , Western Australia 6009 , Australia
| | - Jessica Hillas
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Telethon Kids Institute , Perth Children's Hospital , Nedlands, Perth , Western Australia 6009 , Australia
| | - Ryan Mead-Hunter
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Public Health , Curtin University , P.O. Box U1987, Perth , Western Australia 6845 , Australia
| | - Rebecca A O'Leary
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development , Perth , Western Australia 6151 , Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Public Health , Curtin University , P.O. Box U1987, Perth , Western Australia 6845 , Australia
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Telethon Kids Institute , Perth Children's Hospital , Nedlands, Perth , Western Australia 6009 , Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine , Perth Children's Hospital , Nedlands, Perth , Western Australia 6009 , Australia
| | - Benjamin J Mullins
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Public Health , Curtin University , P.O. Box U1987, Perth , Western Australia 6845 , Australia
| | - Alexander N Larcombe
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Public Health , Curtin University , P.O. Box U1987, Perth , Western Australia 6845 , Australia
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Telethon Kids Institute , Perth Children's Hospital , Nedlands, Perth , Western Australia 6009 , Australia
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18
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Toxicity of Exhaust Fumes (CO, NOx) of the Compression-Ignition (Diesel) Engine with the Use of Simulation. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11082188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays more and more emphasis is placed on the protection of the natural environment. Scientists notice that global warming is associated with an increase of carbon dioxide emissions, which results inter alia from the combustion of gasoline, oil, and coal. To reduce the problem of pollution from transport, the EU is introducing increasingly stringent emission standards which should correspond to sustainable conditions of the environment during the operation of motor vehicles. The emissivity value of substances, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), as well as solid particles, was determined. The aim of this paper was to examine, by means of simulation in the Scilab program, the exhaust emissions generated by the 1.3 MultiJet Fiat Panda diesel engine, and in particular, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides (verified on the basis of laboratory tests). The Fiat Panda passenger car was selected for the test. The fuels supplied to the tested engine were diesel and FAME (fatty acid methyl esters). The Scilab program, which simulated the diesel engine operation, was the tool for analyzing the exhaust toxicity test. The combustion of biodiesel does not necessarily mean a smaller amount of exhaust emissions, as could be concluded on the basis of information contained in the subject literature. The obtained results were compared with the currently valid EURO-6 standard, for which the limit value for CO is 0.5 g/km, and for NOx − 0.08 g/km, and it can be seen that the emission of carbon monoxide did not exceed the standards in any case examined. Unfortunately, when analyzing the total emissions of nitrogen oxides, the situation was completely the opposite and the emissions were exceeded by 20–30%.
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19
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Shang Y, Wu M, Zhou J, Zhang X, Zhong Y, An J, Qian G. Cytotoxicity comparison between fine particles emitted from the combustion of municipal solid waste and biomass. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 367:316-324. [PMID: 30599404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fine particles (PM2.5) emitted from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) contain high amounts of toxic compounds and pose a serious threat to environment and human health. In this study, entire particles as well as extracted water-soluble and -insoluble fractions of PM2.5 collected from MSWI and biomass incineration (BMI) were subjected to physiochemical characterization and cytotoxic tests in A549 and BEAS-2B cells. MSWI PM2.5 had higher contents of heavy metals (including Pb, Zn, and Cu) and dioxins (PCDD/Fs) than did BMI PM2.5. The metals were enriched in the water-insoluble fraction, as measured by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. BMI PM2.5 had a higher content of endotoxin, which was also enriched in the water-insoluble fraction. MSWI PM2.5 caused more serious cell injuries, as indicated by the lower viability, higher ROS generation, and DNA damage, whereas BMI PM2.5 presented higher pro-inflammatory potential, as indicated by increased mRNA levels of interleukin 6. Normal human BEAS-2B cells were more sensitive than A549 cells in all these tests. Toxic effects caused by MSWI and BMI PM2.5 were mostly attributable to their water-insoluble fractions. Our results indicate different chemical and biological compositions in MSWI and BMI PM2.5 probably dominate in different toxic endpoints in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Meiying Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jizhi Zhou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yufang Zhong
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jing An
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Guangren Qian
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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20
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Magnusson P, Dziendzikowska K, Oczkowski M, Øvrevik J, Eide DM, Brunborg G, Gutzkow KB, Instanes C, Gajewska M, Wilczak J, Sapierzynski R, Kamola D, Królikowski T, Kruszewski M, Lankoff A, Mruk R, Duale N, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J, Myhre O. Lung effects of 7- and 28-day inhalation exposure of rats to emissions from 1st and 2nd generation biodiesel fuels with and without particle filter - The FuelHealth project. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 67:8-20. [PMID: 30685595 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Increased use of 1st and 2nd generation biofuels raises concerns about health effects of new emissions. We analyzed cellular and molecular lung effects in Fisher 344 rats exposed to diesel engine exhaust emissions (DEE) from a Euro 5-classified diesel engine running on B7: petrodiesel fuel containing 7% fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), or SHB20 (synthetic hydrocarbon biofuel): petrodiesel fuel containing 7% FAME and 13% hydrogenated vegetable oil. The Fisher 344 rats were exposed for 7 consecutive days (6 h/day) or 28 days (6 h/day, 5 days/week), both with and without diesel particle filter (DPF) treatment of the exhaust in whole body exposure chambers (n = 7/treatment). Histological analysis and analysis of cytokines and immune cell numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) did not reveal adverse pulmonary effects after exposure to DEE from B7 or SHB20 fuel. Significantly different gene expression levels for B7 compared to SHB20 indicate disturbed redox signaling (Cat, Hmox1), beta-adrenergic signaling (Adrb2) and xenobiotic metabolism (Cyp1a1). Exhaust filtration induced higher expression of redox genes (Cat, Gpx2) and the chemokine gene Cxcl7 compared to non-filtered exhaust. Exposure time (7 versus 28 days) also resulted in different patterns of lung gene expression. No genotoxic effects in the lungs were observed. Overall, exposure to B7 or SHB20 emissions suggests only minor effects in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål Magnusson
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | | | - Michał Oczkowski
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Dag M Eide
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Kristine B Gutzkow
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Christine Instanes
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | | | - Jacek Wilczak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Rafał Sapierzynski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kamola
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Tomasz Królikowski
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Lankoff
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland; Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Remigiusz Mruk
- Faculty of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Nur Duale
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | | | - Oddvar Myhre
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway.
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21
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Shukla A, Bunkar N, Kumar R, Bhargava A, Tiwari R, Chaudhury K, Goryacheva IY, Mishra PK. Air pollution associated epigenetic modifications: Transgenerational inheritance and underlying molecular mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 656:760-777. [PMID: 30530146 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is one of the leading causes of deaths in Southeast Asian countries including India. Exposure to air pollutants affects vital cellular mechanisms and is intimately linked with the etiology of a number of chronic diseases. Earlier work from our laboratory has shown that airborne particulate matter disturbs the mitochondrial machinery and causes significant damage to the epigenome. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species possess the ability to trigger redox-sensitive signaling mechanisms and induce irreversible epigenomic changes. The electrophilic nature of reactive metabolites can directly result in deprotonation of cytosine at C-5 position or interfere with the DNA methyltransferases activity to cause alterations in DNA methylation. In addition, it also perturbs level of cellular metabolites critically involved in different epigenetic processes like acetylation and methylation of histone code and DNA hypo or hypermethylation. Interestingly, these modifications may persist through downstream generations and result in the transgenerational epigenomic inheritance. This phenomenon of subsequent transfer of epigenetic modifications is mainly associated with the germ cells and relies on the germline stability of the epigenetic states. Overall, the recent literature supports, and arguably strengthens, the contention that air pollution might contribute to transmission of epimutations from gametes to zygotes by involving mitochondrial DNA, parental allele imprinting, histone withholding and non-coding RNAs. However, larger prospective studies using innovative, integrated epigenome-wide metabolomic strategy are highly warranted to assess the air pollution induced transgenerational epigenetic inheritance and associated human health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushi Shukla
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Neha Bunkar
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Rajat Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Arpit Bhargava
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Rajnarayan Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Koel Chaudhury
- School of Medical Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Irina Y Goryacheva
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - Pradyumna K Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India.
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22
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Selley L, Phillips DH, Mudway I. The potential of omics approaches to elucidate mechanisms of biodiesel-induced pulmonary toxicity. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:4. [PMID: 30621739 PMCID: PMC6504167 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-018-0284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combustion of biodiesels in place of fossil diesel (FD) has been proposed as a method of reducing transport-related toxic emissions in Europe. While biodiesel exhaust (BDE) contains fewer hydrocarbons, total particulates and carbon monoxide than FD exhaust (FDE), its high nitrogen oxide and ultrafine particle content may still promote pulmonary pathophysiologies. MAIN BODY Using a complement of in vitro and in vivo studies, this review documents progress in our understanding of pulmonary responses to BDE exposure. Focusing initially on hypothesis-driven, targeted analyses, the merits and limitations of comparing BDE-induced responses to those caused by FDE exposure are discussed within the contexts of policy making and exploration of toxicity mechanisms. The introduction and progression of omics-led workflows are also discussed, summarising the novel insights into mechanisms of BDE-induced toxicity that they have uncovered. Finally, options for the expansion of BDE-related omics screens are explored, focusing on the mechanistic relevance of metabolomic profiling and offering rationale for expansion beyond classical models of pulmonary exposure. CONCLUSION Together, these discussions suggest that molecular profiling methods have identified mechanistically informative, novel and fuel-specific signatures of pulmonary responses to biodiesel exhaust exposure that would have been difficult to detect using traditional, hypothesis driven approaches alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Selley
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN UK
| | - David H. Phillips
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King’s College London, London, SE1 9NH UK
- NIHR HPRU in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King’s College London, London, SE1 9NH UK
| | - Ian Mudway
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King’s College London, London, SE1 9NH UK
- NIHR HPRU in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King’s College London, London, SE1 9NH UK
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23
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Valand R, Magnusson P, Dziendzikowska K, Gajewska M, Wilczak J, Oczkowski M, Kamola D, Królikowski T, Kruszewski M, Lankoff A, Mruk R, Marcus Eide D, Sapierzyński R, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J, Duale N, Øvrevik J, Myhre O. Gene expression changes in rat brain regions after 7- and 28 days inhalation exposure to exhaust emissions from 1st and 2nd generation biodiesel fuels - The FuelHealth project. Inhal Toxicol 2018; 30:299-312. [DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2018.1520370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renate Valand
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Magnusson
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katarzyna Dziendzikowska
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Gajewska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Wilczak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Oczkowski
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kamola
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Królikowski
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Lankoff
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
- Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Remigiusz Mruk
- Faculty of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dag Marcus Eide
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rafał Sapierzyński
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Nur Duale
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oddvar Myhre
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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24
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Raudoniute J, Stasiulaitiene I, Kulvinskiene I, Bagdonas E, Garbaras A, Krugly E, Martuzevicius D, Bironaite D, Aldonyte R. Pro-inflammatory effects of extracted urban fine particulate matter on human bronchial epithelial cells BEAS-2B. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:32277-32291. [PMID: 30225694 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) constitutes the major part of urban air pollution and is a heterogeneous mixture of solid and liquid particles of different origin, size, and chemistry. Human exposure to PM in urban areas poses considerable and significant adverse effects on the respiratory system and human health in general. Major contributors to PM content are combustion-related sources such as diesel vehicles, household, and industrial heating. PM is composed of thousands of different high molecular weight organic compounds, including poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The aim of this study was to clarify the cytotoxic effects of the extract of actual urban PM1 with high benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) content collected in Eastern European mid-sized city during winter heating season on human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). Decreased cell viability, alteration of cell layer integrity, increased apoptosis, and oxidative stress were observed during the 3-day exposure to the PM extract. In addition, following PM exposure pro-inflammatory cytokine expression was upregulated at gene and protein levels. Morphology and motility changes, i.e., decreased cells' ability to cover scratch area, were also documented. We report here that the extract of urban PM1 may induce bronchial epithelium changes and render it pro-inflammatory and compromised within 3 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovile Raudoniute
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu 5, LT-08406, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Inga Stasiulaitiene
- Department of Environmental Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu 19, LT-50264, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ieva Kulvinskiene
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu 5, LT-08406, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Edvardas Bagdonas
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu 5, LT-08406, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Andrius Garbaras
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio av. 3, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Edvinas Krugly
- Department of Environmental Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu 19, LT-50264, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dainius Martuzevicius
- Department of Environmental Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu 19, LT-50264, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Daiva Bironaite
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu 5, LT-08406, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ruta Aldonyte
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu 5, LT-08406, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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25
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Dziendzikowska K, Gajewska M, Wilczak J, Mruk R, Oczkowski M, Żyła E, Królikowski T, Stachoń M, Øvrevik J, Myhre O, Kruszewski M, Wojewódzka M, Lankoff A, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J. The effects of 1st and 2nd generation biodiesel exhaust exposure on hematological and biochemical blood indices of Fisher344 male rats - The FuelHealth project. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 63:34-47. [PMID: 30142495 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust emissions (DEE), being one of the main causes of ambient air pollution, exert a detrimental effect on human health and increase morbidity and mortality related to cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate potential adverse effects of exhausts emissions from B7 fuel, the first-generation biofuel containing 7% of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), and SHB20 fuel, the second-generation biofuel containing 20% FAME/hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), after a whole-body exposure with and without diesel particle filter (DPF). The experiment was performed on 95 male Fischer 344 rats, divided into 10 groups (8 experimental, 2 control). Animals were exposed to DEE (diluted with charcoal-filtered room air to 2.1-2.2% (v/v)) for 7 or 28 days (6 h/day, 5 days/week) in an inhalation chamber. DEE originated from Euro 5 engine with or without DPF treatment, run on B7 or SHB20 fuel. Animals in the control groups were exposed to clean air. Our results showed that the majority of haematological and biochemical parameters examined in blood were at a similar level in the exposed and control animals. However, exposure to DEE from the SHB20 fuel caused an increase in the number of red blood cells (RBC) and haemoglobin concentration. Moreover, 7 days exposure to DEE from SHB20 fuel induced genotoxic effects manifested by increased levels of DNA single-strand breaks in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Furthermore, inhalation of both types of DEE induced oxidative stress and caused imbalance of anti-oxidant defence enzymes. In conclusion, exposure to DEE from B7, which was associated with higher exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, resulted in decreased number of T and NK lymphocytes, while DEE from SHB20 induced a higher level of DNA single-strand breaks, oxidative stress and increased red blood cells parameters. Additionally, DPF technology generated increased number of smaller PM and made the DEE more reactive and more harmful, manifested as deregulation of redox balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dziendzikowska
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland.
| | - M Gajewska
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - J Wilczak
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - R Mruk
- Department of Production Organization and Engineering, Faculty of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - M Oczkowski
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - E Żyła
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - T Królikowski
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - M Stachoń
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - J Øvrevik
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Infectious Disease Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - O Myhre
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Division of Infectious Disease Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Kruszewski
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medical Biology and Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management, Rzeszów, Poland; Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - M Wojewódzka
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Lankoff
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - J Gromadzka-Ostrowska
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
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