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Pham PT, Quan TC, Le QT, Bui MQ, Tran AH, Phung ATT, Hoang AQ, Minh TB, Tran-Lam TT, Tran HN, Tran TM. Quantification of parabens in marine fish samples by a rapid, simple, effective sample preparation method. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:16571-16582. [PMID: 38321276 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Parabens (p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters) commonly used preservatives (in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and foods) can pose potential effects on environmental health. In this study, seven parabens were quantified in marine fish samples using an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS/MS) system. Parabens in the fish samples were extracted and purified by a rapid, simple, and effective procedure comprising sample homogenization with solvent, solid-phase extraction clean-up, and solvent evaporation. Results demonstrated that the recoveries of seven compounds (with relative standard deviation < 15%) were 88-103% in matrix-spike samples and 86-105% in surrogate standards. The method detection limits and method quantification limits of seven parabens were 0.015-0.030 and 0.045-0.090 ng/g-ww (wet weight), respectively. The optimized method was applied to measure the concentration of parabens in the 37 marine fish samples collected from Vietnam coastal waters. The concentration ranges of seven parabens found in round scad and greater lizardfish samples were 6.82-25.3 ng/g ww and 6.21-17.2 ng/g-ww, respectively. Among parabens, methylparaben accounted for the highest contribution in both fish species (43.2 and 44.9%, respectively). Based on the measured concentrations of parabens in marine fish samples, the estimated daily intake was calculated for children and adults with the corresponding values of 0.0477 µg/kg/day and 0.0119 µg/kg/day, respectively. However, the presence of parabens in Vietnamese marine fish may not pose a significant risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Thi Pham
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Cam Quan
- Viet Tri University of Industry, 9 Tien Son, Tien Cat, Viet Tri, Phu Tho, 75000, Vietnam
| | - Quynh Thi Le
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Minh Quang Bui
- Center for High Technology Research and Development, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Anh Hoang Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Anh-Tuyet Thi Phung
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Anh Quoc Hoang
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Thanh-Thien Tran-Lam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
- Institute of Mechanics and Applied Informatics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 291 Dien Bien Phu, Ward 7, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Hai Nguyen Tran
- Center for Energy and Environmental Materials, Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang City, 550000, Vietnam
| | - Tri Manh Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam.
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Moorchilot VS, P A, Aravind UK, Aravindakumar CT. Human exposure to methyl and butyl parabens and their transformation products in settled dust collected from urban, semi-urban, rural, and tribal settlements in a tropical environment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 242:117805. [PMID: 38042518 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study involved monitoring the distribution of two widely consumed parabens (methyl paraben (MeP) and butyl paraben (BuP)) and their transformation products in indoor dust from different categories of settlement (urban, semi-urban, rural, and tribal homes). The results revealed a prevalent occurrence of parabens in all the settlement categories. A non-normal distribution pattern for MeP and BuP levels across the sampling sites was noted. While comparing the residence time of parabens in dust samples, it was found that the half-lives of the analytes were greater in the dust from urban (MeP t1/2: 47.510 h; BuP t1/2: 22.354 h) and rural (MeP t1/2: 27.725 h and BuP t1/2: 31.500 h) areas. The presence of paraben metabolites, such as hydroxy methylparaben (OH-MeP), para hydroxy benzoic acid (p-HBA), and benzoic acid (BA) in dust samples supports their transformation within indoor spaces. The average daily intake of parabens through dust ingestion and dermal absorption by children was higher than adults. BuP was the prime contributor (>85%) to the total estradiol equivalency quotient (tEEQ) in all the settlement categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu S Moorchilot
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Arun P
- Inter University Instrumentation Centre (IUIC), Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Usha K Aravind
- School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science & Technology (CUSAT), Kochi, 682022, Kerala, India
| | - Charuvila T Aravindakumar
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India; Inter University Instrumentation Centre (IUIC), Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India.
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3
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Mumtaz B, Nair A, Mishra P. Toxicity of benzyl paraben on aquatic as well as terrestrial life. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 32:1272-1284. [PMID: 38063998 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-023-02717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are derivatives of alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and come in different classes. These compounds are primarily used as antimicrobial preservative agents in many commercial products, including cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Accordingly, Benzyl paraben (BeP) is known to be a potential endocrine disruptor. The aim of this study was to determine the toxicity of benzyl paraben (BeP) on aquatic and terrestrial organisms, specifically Scenedesmus sp., Moina macrocopa, and Eisenia fetida. All the organisms were treated with different concentrations of BeP (0.025 mg/L and 1000 mg/L), and LC25, LC50, and LC90 values were used to measure the toxicity levels. Results showed the LC values of BeP for M. macrocopa (3.3 mg/L, 4.7 mg/L, 7.3 mg/L) and E. fetida (173.2 mg/L, 479.8 mg/L, 1062 mg/L), respectively. Toxicity tests on green algae (Scenedesmus sp.) were conducted, the green algae were subjected to various BeP concentration. At 50 mg/L of BeP, cell viability was reduced to 56.2% and the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay indicated 35.4% viable cells. The chlorophyll value and the biochemical parameters of the algal cells were corroborative with the cell viability test. Lethal indices (LC50) for M. macrocopa and E. fetida were evaluated for their toxicity on biochemical properties and were found to be catalase (0.111 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L), lipid peroxidation (0.072 mg/L, 0.056 mg/L), and total protein (0.309 mg/L, 0.314 mg/L), respectively. Overall, this study demonstrated the toxic impact of BeP on non-target aquatic as well as terrestrial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begum Mumtaz
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Anju Nair
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Prabhakar Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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Rodríguez-Aguilar BA, Martínez-Rivera LM, Rojas-Mayorga CK, Ceballos-Magaña SG, Aguayo-Villarreal IA, Muñiz-Valencia R, Peregrina-Lucano AA. Occurrence and temporal distribution of oxandrolone and meclizine in surface water, sediments, fish muscle and otter feces of the Ayuquila-Armería basin, Mexico. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 895:165130. [PMID: 37379920 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic ecosystems worldwide are strongly influenced by the productive activities of a region. These activities can generate pollution by compounds with little-known or unknown characteristics and without regulation. Emerging contaminants are a group of compounds that have worldwide begun to be frequently detected in the environment, raising concern about their possible adverse effects on human and environmental health. Thus, it is important to generate a broader panorama of the dissemination of contaminants of emerging concern in the environment, implement actions to regulate their usage. This study aims to evaluate the occurrence and temporal distribution of oxandrolone and meclizine in surface water, sediments, tilapia muscle, and otter feces of the Ayuquila-Armería river, Mexico. Oxandrolone was detected in 55 % of the total analyzed samples, while meclizine was present in 12 %. In surface water, oxandrolone was present in 56 % of the samples, while meclizine in 8 %. In sediments, oxandrolone was detected in 45 % and meclizine was not detected. In tilapia muscle, oxandrolone was present in 47 % of samples and meclizine was not detected. In otters feces samples, oxandrolone and meclizine were present in 100 %. Regardless of the season (wet or dry), oxandrolone was detected in all four sample types, while meclizine was only detected in surface water and otter feces samples. Oxandrolone in the aquatic ecosystem of the Ayuquila-Armería basin showed that season variation generates a significant effect on their concentrations, especially in surface water and sediments. Meclizine did not show temporal variations either in seasons or between years. Particularly, oxandrolone concentrations presented an influence with respect to the sites that present continuous residual discharges to the river. In this sense, this study could be considered as a starting point for further routine monitoring of emerging contaminants to support regulation policies regarding their use and disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Rodríguez-Aguilar
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Colima, Colima-Coquimatlán km 9, 28400 Coquimatlán, Colima, Mexico
| | - Luis M Martínez-Rivera
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resources, University Center of the South Coast, University of Guadalajara, Independencia Nacional 151, 48900 Autlán de Navarro, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Cintia K Rojas-Mayorga
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Colima, Colima-Coquimatlán km 9, 28400 Coquimatlán, Colima, Mexico
| | | | - Ismael A Aguayo-Villarreal
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Colima, Colima-Coquimatlán km 9, 28400 Coquimatlán, Colima, Mexico
| | - Roberto Muñiz-Valencia
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Colima, Colima-Coquimatlán km 9, 28400 Coquimatlán, Colima, Mexico; Center for Research in Natural Resources and Sustainability, University Bernardo O Higgins, Fabrica 1990, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Alejandro A Peregrina-Lucano
- Department of Pharmacobiology, University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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Dos Santos Gonçalves Nascimento GC, Dusman E, da Silva Gonzalez R, Nicola JV, de Souza Moura MA, de Oliveira KM, Oliveira AKG, Bressani PA, Santo DE, Filipi ÁCK, Gomes EMV, Pokrywiecki JC, de Souza DC, Peron AP. Toxicity of methylparaben and its chlorinated derivatives to Allium cepa L. and Eisenia fetida Sav. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:57850-57861. [PMID: 36971943 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26539-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Methylparaben, chloro-methylparaben, and dichloro-methylparaben were evaluated in Allium cepa at 5, 10, 50, and 100 μg/L and in Eisenia fetida at 10 and 100 μg/L. In A. cepa roots, 100 μg/L methylparaben and 50 and 100 μg/L chlorinated methylparabens reduced cell proliferation, caused cellular changes, and reduced cell viability in meristems, which caused a reduction in root growth. Furthermore, they caused drastic inhibition of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase; activated guaiacol peroxidase and promoted lipid peroxidation in meristematic root cells. In earthworms, after 14 days exposure to the three compounds, there were no deaths, and catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase were not inhibited. However, guaiacol peroxidase activity and lipid peroxidation were observed in animals exposed to dichloro-methylparaben. Soils with dichloro-methylparaben also caused the escape of earthworms. It is inferred that the recurrent contamination of soils with these methylparabens, with emphasis on chlorinated derivatives, can negatively impact different species that depend directly or indirectly on soil to survive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisângela Dusman
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Regiane da Silva Gonzalez
- Academic Department of Chemistry, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - João Victor Nicola
- Environmental Engineering Program, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Karine Mares de Oliveira
- Environmental Engineering Program, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Patricia Aline Bressani
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Diego Espirito Santo
- Environmental Engineering Program, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ádila Cristina Krukoski Filipi
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Michel Vieira Gomes
- Academic Department of Physics, Statistics and Mathematics, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Juan Carlos Pokrywiecki
- Academic Department of Engineering (DAENG), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Débora Cristina de Souza
- Academic Department of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Peron
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil.
- Academic Department of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Technological Innovations, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campo Mourão, Via Rosalina Maria dos Santos, 1233, Paraná, 87.301-899, Brazil.
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6
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Gonkowski S, Martín J, Aparicio I, Santos JL, Alonso E, Rytel L. Evaluation of Parabens and Bisphenol A Concentration Levels in Wild Bat Guano Samples. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1928. [PMID: 36767313 PMCID: PMC9916121 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Parabens and bisphenol A are synthetic compounds found in many everyday objects, including bottles, food containers, personal care products, cosmetics and medicines. These substances may penetrate the environment and living organisms, on which they have a negative impact. Till now, numerous studies have described parabens and BPA in humans, but knowledge about terrestrial wild mammals' exposure to these compounds is very limited. Therefore, during this study, the most common concentration levels of BPA and parabens were selected (such as methyl paraben-MeP, ethyl paraben-EtP, propyl paraben-PrP and butyl paraben-BuP) and analyzed in guano samples collected in summer (nursery) colonies of greater mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis) using liquid chromatography with the tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method. MeP has been found in all guano samples and its median concentration levels amounted to 39.6 ng/g. Other parabens were present in smaller number of samples (from 5% for BuP to 62.5% for EtP) and in lower concentrations. Median concentration levels of these substances achieved 0.95 ng/g, 1.45 ng/g and 15.56 ng/g for EtP, PrP and BuP, respectively. BPA concentration levels did not exceed the method quantification limit (5 ng/g dw) in any sample. The present study has shown that wild bats are exposed to parabens and BPA, and guano samples are a suitable matrix for studies on wild animal exposure to these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Street Oczapowskiego 14, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Julia Martín
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Virgen de África, 7, E-41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Irene Aparicio
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Virgen de África, 7, E-41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Santos
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Virgen de África, 7, E-41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Esteban Alonso
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Virgen de África, 7, E-41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Liliana Rytel
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 14, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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In vitro study of the ecotoxicological risk of methylisothiazolinone and chloroxylenol towards soil bacteria. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19068. [PMID: 36352006 PMCID: PMC9645328 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22981-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) and chloroxylenol (PCMX) are popular disinfectants often used in personal care products (PCPs). The unregulated discharge of these micropollutants into the environment, as well as the use of sewage sludge as fertilizer and reclaimed water in agriculture, poses a serious threat to ecosystems. However, research into their ecotoxicity towards nontarget organisms is very limited. In the present study, for the first time, the ecotoxicity of biocides to Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas moorei, Sphingomonas mali, and Bacillus subtilis was examined. The toxicity of MIT and PCMX was evaluated using the microdilution method, and their influence on the viability of bacterial cells was investigated by the AlamarBlue® test. The ability of the tested bacteria to form biofilms was examined by a microtiter plate assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured with CM-H2DCFDA. The effect of MIT and PCMX on phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production was determined by spectrophotometry and LC‒MS/MS techniques. The permeability of bacterial cell membranes was studied using the SYTOX Green assay. Changes in the phospholipid profile were analysed using LC‒MS/MS. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) values ranged from 3.907 to 15.625 mg L-1 for MIT and 62.5 to 250 mg L-1 for PCMX, indicating that MIT was more toxic. With increasing concentrations of MIT and PCMX, the cell viability, biofilm formation ability and phytohormone synthesis were maximally inhibited. Moreover, the growth of bacterial cell membrane permeability and a significantly increased content of ROS were observed, indicating that the exposure caused serious oxidative stress and homeostasis disorders. Additionally, modifications in the phospholipid profile were observed in response to the presence of sublethal concentrations of the chemicals. These results prove that the environmental threat posed by MIT and PCMX must be carefully monitored, especially as their use in PCPs is still growing.
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Yang F, Dong H, Zhang F, Shao J, Wang Y, Deng H, Tang G, Zhang X, Li B, Liu S. A rapid and environmentally friendly method for determination of parabens preservatives in flavors by supercritical fluid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3043-3053. [PMID: 35621260 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A rapid method for determination of parabens preservatives (methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, isopropyl paraben, propyl paraben, isobutyl paraben, and butyl paraben) in flavors was established by using supercritical fluid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry combined with dispersive solid phase extraction. After adding methanol and primary secondary amine to the sample simultaneously, high extraction efficiency and good sample cleanup could be obtained by simple shaking. Parabens were well separated on a Chiralpak IG-3 column in 6 min by gradient elution. Recoveries from spiked blank samples at 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 mg/kg were determined to be 88.3-106.6%with relative standard deviations less than 8.0%. All analytes achieved good linear relation (r≥0.999 2). The limits of detection for all analytes ranged from 0.03 to 0.09 mg/kg and the limits of quantification from 0.11 to 0.31 mg/kg, respectively. A total of 20 actual samples were successfully analyzed by taking the proposed method. Being simple, rapid, green and reliable, this method can be taken for the determination of parabens preservatives in flavors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Hao Dong
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Fengmei Zhang
- China tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd, Kunming, 650231, China
| | - Jimin Shao
- Sichuan Tobacco Quality Supervision and Testing Station, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ying Wang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Huimin Deng
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Gangling Tang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- China tobacco Guizhou Industrial Co. Ltd, Guiyang, 550009, China
| | - Bo Li
- Guangdong Tobacco Quality Supervision and Testing Station, Guangzhou, 510610, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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Makowska K, Martín J, Rychlik A, Aparicio I, Santos JL, Alonso E, Gonkowski S. Biomonitoring parabens in dogs using fur sample analysis - Preliminary studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150757. [PMID: 34619184 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are widely used in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry and are widespread in the environment. As endocrine disruptors, parabens have adverse effects on living organisms. However, knowledge of the exposure of domestic animals to parabens is extremely scarce. Therefore, this study assessed the exposure level of dogs to three parabens commonly used in industry (i.e. methylparaben - MeP, ethylparaben - EtP and propylparaben - PrP) using fur sample analysis in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The presence of parabens has been noted in the samples collected from all dogs included in the study (n = 30). Mean concentrations of MeP, EtP and PrP in the fur of dogs were 176 (relative standard deviation - RSD = 127.48%) ng/g dry weight (dw), 48.4 (RSD = 163.64%) ng/g dw and 79.8 ng/g dw (RSD = 151.89%), respectively. The highest concentrations were found for MeP (up to 1023 ng/g dw). Concentrations of MeP and EtP in males were statistically higher than those in females (p < 0.05). Statistically significantly higher concentration levels of PrP in young animals (up to three years old) were also found. This is the first study concerning the use of fur samples to evaluate the exposure of domestic animals to parabens. The results indicate that an analysis of the fur may be a useful tool of paraben biomonitoring in dogs. The presence of parabens in the canine fur also suggests that these substances may play a role in veterinary toxicology. However, many aspects connected with this issue are not clear and require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Makowska
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Julia Martín
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África, 7, E-41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Andrzej Rychlik
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Irene Aparicio
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África, 7, E-41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Santos
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África, 7, E-41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Esteban Alonso
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África, 7, E-41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sławomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
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Wojtkiewicz J, Tzatzarakis M, Vakonaki E, Makowska K, Gonkowski S. Evaluation of human exposure to parabens in north eastern Poland through hair sample analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23673. [PMID: 34880378 PMCID: PMC8654909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Parabens (PBs) are a group of substances commonly used in industry. They also pollute the environment, penetrate into living organisms and adversely affect various internal organs. During this study, the degree of exposure of people living in Olsztyn, a city in north eastern Poland, to selected parabens most often used in industry was studied. The chemicals under investigation included: methyl paraben—MePB, ethyl paraben—EtPB, propyl paraben—PrPB, benzyl paraben BePB and butyl paraben -BuPB. To this aim, hair samples collected from the scalps of 30 volunteers were analyzed using a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry technique. All PBs studied were present in a high percentage of analyzed samples (from 76.7% in the case of BePB to 100% in the case of MePB and PrPB). The mean concentration levels were 4425.3 pg/mg for MeBP, 704.0 pg/mg for EtPB, 825.7 pg/mg for PrPB, 135.2 pg/mg for BePB and 154.5 pg/mg for BuPB. Significant differences in PB concentration levels between particular persons were visible. On the other hand, gender, age and artificial hair coloring did not cause statistically significant differences in PB levels. Obtained results have clearly indicated that people living in north eastern Poland are exposed to various PBs, and therefore these substances may affect their health status. However, the evaluation of PBs influence on human health requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wojtkiewicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Manolis Tzatzarakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medicine School, University of Crete, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Elena Vakonaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medicine School, University of Crete, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Krystyna Makowska
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Slawomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-957, Olsztyn, Poland
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