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Rzechorzek NM, Thrippleton MJ, Chappell FM, Mair G, Ercole A, Cabeleira M, Rhodes J, Marshall I, O'Neill JS. A daily temperature rhythm in the human brain predicts survival after brain injury. Brain 2022; 145:2031-2048. [PMID: 35691613 PMCID: PMC9336587 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients undergo interventions to achieve a 'normal' brain temperature; a parameter that remains undefined for humans. The profound sensitivity of neuronal function to temperature implies the brain should be isothermal, but observations from patients and non-human primates suggest significant spatiotemporal variation. We aimed to determine the clinical relevance of brain temperature in patients by establishing how much it varies in healthy adults. We retrospectively screened data for all patients recruited to the Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) High Resolution Intensive Care Unit Sub-Study. Only patients with direct brain temperature measurements and without targeted temperature management were included. To interpret patient analyses, we prospectively recruited 40 healthy adults (20 males, 20 females, 20-40 years) for brain thermometry using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Participants were scanned in the morning, afternoon, and late evening of a single day. In patients (n = 114), brain temperature ranged from 32.6 to 42.3°C and mean brain temperature (38.5 ± 0.8°C) exceeded body temperature (37.5 ± 0.5°C, P < 0.0001). Of 100 patients eligible for brain temperature rhythm analysis, 25 displayed a daily rhythm, and the brain temperature range decreased in older patients (P = 0.018). In healthy participants, brain temperature ranged from 36.1 to 40.9°C; mean brain temperature (38.5 ± 0.4°C) exceeded oral temperature (36.0 ± 0.5°C) and was 0.36°C higher in luteal females relative to follicular females and males (P = 0.0006 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Temperature increased with age, most notably in deep brain regions (0.6°C over 20 years, P = 0.0002), and varied spatially by 2.41 ± 0.46°C with highest temperatures in the thalamus. Brain temperature varied by time of day, especially in deep regions (0.86°C, P = 0.0001), and was lowest at night. From the healthy data we built HEATWAVE-a 4D map of human brain temperature. Testing the clinical relevance of HEATWAVE in patients, we found that lack of a daily brain temperature rhythm increased the odds of death in intensive care 21-fold (P = 0.016), whilst absolute temperature maxima or minima did not predict outcome. A warmer mean brain temperature was associated with survival (P = 0.035), however, and ageing by 10 years increased the odds of death 11-fold (P = 0.0002). Human brain temperature is higher and varies more than previously assumed-by age, sex, menstrual cycle, brain region, and time of day. This has major implications for temperature monitoring and management, with daily brain temperature rhythmicity emerging as one of the strongest single predictors of survival after brain injury. We conclude that daily rhythmic brain temperature variation-not absolute brain temperature-is one way in which human brain physiology may be distinguished from pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Thrippleton
- Edinburgh Imaging (Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh) Facility, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Francesca M Chappell
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Grant Mair
- Edinburgh Imaging (Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh) Facility, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Ari Ercole
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Box 93 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Manuel Cabeleira
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Box 167, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Jonathan Rhodes
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, NHS Lothian, Room No. S8208 (2nd Floor), Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Ian Marshall
- Edinburgh Imaging (Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh) Facility, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - John S O'Neill
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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Zhao Z, Xu G, Shen Z, Grunebaum M, Li X, Sun B, Li S, Xu Y, Huang M, Xu D. The Effect of Auditory Verbal Hallucinations on the Relationship between Spontaneous Brain Activity and intraventricular Brain Temperature in Patients with Drug-Naïve Schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 2020; 729:134933. [PMID: 32325103 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Our recent study reported that adolescent-onset schizophrenia showed an uncoupling between intraventricular brain temperature (iBT) and local spontaneous brain activity (SBA). While auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are common in schizophrenia, the role of AVH in the iBT-SBA relationship is unclear. The current study recruited 24 drug-naïve schizophrenia patients with AVH, 20 patients without AVH and 30 matched healthy controls (HC). We used a diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) based thermometry method to calculate the iBT for each participant and used both regional homogeneity and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation methods to assess the SBA. One-way ANOVA was used to detect group differences in iBT, and a partial correlation analysis controlling for lateral ventricles volume, sex and age was applied to detect the relationships between iBT and SBA across the three groups. The results demonstrated that the AVH group showed a significant coupling between iBT and SBA in the bilateral lingual gyrus, left superior occipital gyrus and caudate compared with the other two groups, and no uncoupling was found in the two patients groups relative to HCs. These findings suggest that AVH may modulate the relationship between iBT and SBA in schizophrenia-related regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China; Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, Columbia University Department of Psychiatry & New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Guojun Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China; Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, Columbia University Department of Psychiatry & New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Zhe Shen
- College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 268, Kaixuan Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Michael Grunebaum
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, Columbia University Department of Psychiatry & New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Xuzhou Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China; Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, Columbia University Department of Psychiatry & New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Bin Sun
- College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 268, Kaixuan Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shangda Li
- College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 268, Kaixuan Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Manli Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Dongrong Xu
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, Columbia University Department of Psychiatry & New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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Sugg MM, Dixon PG, Runkle JD. Crisis support-seeking behavior and temperature in the United States: Is there an association in young adults and adolescents? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 669:400-411. [PMID: 30884264 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mounting evidence demonstrates the relationship between high temperatures and adverse mental health outcomes. Yet, no study has examined the influence of temperature on crisis support-seeking behavior among youth in large urban areas. METHODS Crisis Text Line (CTL) is a text messaging service that provides crisis interventions for support-seeking individuals for a range of mental-health outcomes in the United States. We applied a distributed lag non-linear modeling technique to assess the short-term impacts of daily maximum and minimum temperature on crisis-related events in four metropolitan locations in the USA. RESULTS There were multiple positive associations in three of the four study locations that demonstrate crisis help-seeking behavior increased during anomalously warm conditions. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that there is a significant association between high minimum or maximum temperatures and crisis help-seeking behaviors in young adults and adolescents in urban areas in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Sugg
- Department of Geography and Planning, Appalachian State University, P.O. Box 32066, Boone, NC 28608, United States of America.
| | - P Grady Dixon
- Werth College of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Fort Hays State University, 600 Park Street, Hays, KS 67601-4099, United States of America.
| | - Jennifer D Runkle
- North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, North Carolina State University, 151 Patton Avenue, Asheville, NC 28801, United States of America,.
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Altered coupling of spontaneous brain activities and brain temperature in patients with adolescent-onset, first-episode, drug-naïve schizophrenia. Neuroradiology 2019; 61:575-584. [PMID: 30843095 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-019-02181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A recent study has reported that schizophrenia patients show an uncoupled association between intraventricular brain temperature (BT) and cerebral blood flow (CBF). CBF has been found to be closely coupled with spontaneous brain activities (SBAs) derived from resting-state BOLD fMRI metrics. Yet, it is unclear so far whether the relationship between the intraventricular BT and the SBAs may change in patients with adolescent-onset schizophrenia (AOS) compared with that in healthy controls (HCs). METHODS The present study recruited 28 first-episode, drug-naïve AOS patients and 22 matched HCs. We measured the temperature of the lateral ventricles (LV) using diffusion-weighted imaging thermometry and measured SBAs using both regional homogeneity and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation methods. A nonparametric Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to detect the difference in intraventricular BT between AOS patients and HCs with LV volume, age, and sex as covariates. We also evaluated the relationship between the intraventricular BT and the SBAs using partial correlation analysis controlling for LV volume, age, and sex. RESULTS We found that HCs showed a significant negative correlation between the intraventricular BT and the local SBAs in the bilateral putamina and left superior temporal gyrus, while such a correlation was absent in AOS patients. Additionally, no significant difference between the two groups was found in the intraventricular BT. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that AOS patients may experience an uncoupling between intraventricular BT and SBAs in several schizophrenia-related brain areas, which may be associated with the altered relationships among intraventricular BT, CBF, and metabolism.
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Mintzopoulos D, Ratai EM, He J, Gonzalez RG, Kaufman MJ. Simian immunodeficiency virus transiently increases brain temperature in rhesus monkeys: detection with magnetic resonance spectroscopy thermometry. Magn Reson Med 2019; 81:2896-2904. [PMID: 30652349 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate brain temperature effects of early simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in rhesus macaques using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) thermometry (MRSt) and to determine whether temperature correlates with brain choline or myo-inositol levels. METHODS Brain temperature was retrospectively determined in serial MRS scans that had been acquired at baseline and at 2 and 4 weeks post-SIV infection (wpi) in 16 monkeys by calculating the chemical shift difference between N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and water peaks in sequentially acquired water-suppressed and unsuppressed point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) spectra. Frontal and parietal cortex, basal ganglia, and white matter spectra were analyzed. RESULTS At 2 wpi, brain and rectal temperatures increased relative to baseline and normalized at 4 wpi. Brain temperatures correlated with choline levels in several brain areas, but not with myo-inositol levels. CONCLUSION These data indicate that SIV transiently increases brain temperature soon after infection and that temperature is correlated with transient changes in choline levels. Given that choline levels are associated with brain inflammation in SIV-infected monkeys, our findings suggest that the SIV-induced temperature increase reflects brain inflammation. We conclude that MRSt may be informative in human immunodeficiency virus models and may be useful for assessing effects of treatments that reduce inflammation. This study also illustrates that existing MRS data sets containing unsuppressed water spectra can be used to measure tissue temperature, an important physiological parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionyssios Mintzopoulos
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eva-Maria Ratai
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julian He
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ramon Gilberto Gonzalez
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marc J Kaufman
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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6
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Posporelis S, Coughlin JM, Marsman A, Pradhan S, Tanaka T, Wang H, Varvaris M, Ward R, Higgs C, Edwards JA, Ford CN, Kim PK, Lloyd AM, Edden RAE, Schretlen DJ, Cascella NG, Barker PB, Sawa A. Decoupling of Brain Temperature and Glutamate in Recent Onset of Schizophrenia: A 7T Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2018; 3:248-254. [PMID: 29486866 PMCID: PMC5836506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Converging evidence suggests that cerebral metabolic and cellular homeostasis is altered in patients with recent onset of schizophrenia. As a possible marker of metabolic changes that might link to altered neurotransmission, we used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to estimate brain temperature, and we evaluated its relationship to a relevant metabolite, glutamate, within this study population. METHODS Using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 7T, 20 patients with recent onset (≤24 months after first psychotic symptoms) of schizophrenia and 20 healthy control subjects were studied. We measured levels of N-acetylaspartate and glutamate and estimated brain temperature in a noninvasive manner. RESULTS Healthy control subjects showed a significant negative correlation between glutamate and brain temperature in the anterior cingulate cortex. In contrast, the physiological correlation between glutamate and brain temperature was lost in patients with recent onset of schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the hypothesized disrupted relationship between brain metabolism and neurotransmission in patients with recent onset of schizophrenia. The findings include mechanistic implications that are to be followed up in both preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Posporelis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer M Coughlin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anouk Marsman
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Subechhya Pradhan
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Teppei Tanaka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hongxing Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark Varvaris
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rebecca Ward
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cecilia Higgs
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jamie A Edwards
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Candice N Ford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pearl K Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ashley M Lloyd
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David J Schretlen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nicola G Cascella
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peter B Barker
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.
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7
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Peng Z, Wang Q, Kan H, Chen R, Wang W. Effects of ambient temperature on daily hospital admissions for mental disorders in Shanghai, China: A time-series analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 590-591:281-286. [PMID: 28274603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence for extreme ambient temperature effects on the risk of mental disorders (MDs) is limited. In this study, we evaluated the short-term effects of daily mean temperature on hospital admissions of MDs in Shanghai, China. METHODS We obtained daily hospital admission data for MDs, daily meteorological and ambient pollution data in Shanghai from January 2008 to December 2015. Adjusted for time trend, air pollution, relative humidity and other confounders, a quasi-Poisson generalized additive model (GAM) combined with a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was used to analyze the lag-exposure-response relationship between daily mean temperature and hospital admissions for MDs. RESULTS Total daily hospital admissions for MDs during the study period were 93,971. With a reference of median temperature (18.3°C), there was a significant positive association between the temperature above threshold (24.6°C) and MD hospital admission visits at a lag of 0-1days. The relative risks of extreme hot temperatures (33.1°C, 99% percentile) over the lag 0-1days compared to median temperature were 1.266 (95% confidence intervals: 1.074-1.493). No effect of cold weather on the hospital admissions for MDs was observed. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that extreme hot temperature poses significant risks on MD; health counseling and cooling measures should be considered for the susceptible population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoxin Peng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weibing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai, China.
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Altered coupling of regional cerebral blood flow and brain temperature in schizophrenia compared with bipolar disorder and healthy subjects. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1868-72. [PMID: 25182665 PMCID: PMC4269739 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that schizophrenia patients have dysfunctional thermoregulation. The aim of this study was to examine whether brain temperature (BT) in schizophrenia patients differs from that in patients with bipolar disorder and healthy subjects by using magnetic resonance imaging. We also evaluated the possible relationship between BT and cerebral blood flow (CBF). We analyzed the temperature of lateral ventricles as the mean BT using diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) thermometry, and evaluated the relationships between the BT and the CBF using pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) among 3 diagnostic groups, 22 male patients with schizophrenia, 19 male patients with bipolar disorder, and 23 healthy male subjects. There were significant positive correlations between BT in the lateral ventricles and CBF in both the patients with bipolar disorder and healthy subjects. By contrast, there were significant negative correlations in patients with schizophrenia. We could not detect the significant difference in the surrogates of BT among three diagnostic groups. We showed that patients with schizophrenia, but not those with bipolar disorder, have dysfunctional thermoregulation in the brain. Brain temperature is highly dependent on cerebral metabolism and CBF, and thus uncoupling of cerebral metabolism and CBF may occur in schizophrenics.
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