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Teijido R, Ruiz-Rubio L, Lanceros-Méndez S, Zhang Q, Vilas-Vilela JL. Sustainable Bio-Based Epoxy Resins with Tunable Thermal and Mechanic Properties and Superior Anti-Corrosion Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4180. [PMID: 37896424 PMCID: PMC10610945 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-based epoxy thermoset resins have been developed from epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) cured with tannic acid (TA). These two substances of vegetable origin have been gathering attention due to their accessibility, favorable economic conditions, and convenient chemical functionalization. TA's suitable high phenolic functionalization has been used to crosslink ESO by adjusting the -OH (from TA):epoxy (from ESO) molar ratio from 0.5:1 to 2.5:1. By means of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, resulting in thermosets that evidenced optimal curing properties under moderate conditions (150-160 °C). The thermogravimetric analysis of the cured resins showed thermal stability up to 261 °C, with modulable mechanical and thermal properties determined by differential scanning calorimetry, dynamical mechanical thermal analysis, and tensile testing. Water contact angle measurements (83-87°) and water absorption tests (0.6-4.5 initial weight% intake) were performed to assess the suitability of the resins as waterproof coatings. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were performed to characterize the anti-corrosive capability of these coatings on carbon steel substrates. Excellent barrier properties have been demonstrated due to the high electrical isolation and water impermeability of these oil-based coatings, without signs of deterioration over 6 months of immersion in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. These results demonstrate the suitability of the developed materials as anti-corrosion coatings for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Teijido
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (LQM), Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain;
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (S.L.-M.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Leire Ruiz-Rubio
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (LQM), Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain;
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (S.L.-M.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (S.L.-M.); (Q.Z.)
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi, 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Qi Zhang
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (S.L.-M.); (Q.Z.)
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi, 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - José Luis Vilas-Vilela
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (LQM), Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain;
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (S.L.-M.); (Q.Z.)
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2
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Armanasco F, D'hers S, Chiacchiarelli LM. Kinetic and chemorheological modeling of thermosetting polyurethanes obtained from an epoxidized soybean oil polyol crosslinked with glycerin. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franco Armanasco
- Instituto de Tecnología de Polímeros y Nanotecnología (ITPN) CONICET‐UBA CABA Argentina
| | - Sebastián D'hers
- Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica CABA Argentina
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3
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Styrene-Free Bio-Based Thermosetting Resins with Tunable Properties Starting from Vegetable Oils and Terpenes. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194185. [PMID: 36236131 PMCID: PMC9572440 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The substitution of fossil-based monomers in the thermosetting formulations is a fundamental issue to face the environmental concerns related to the use of traditional resins. In this paper, styrene-free thermosetting resins were prepared to start from vegetable oils with different compositions and unsaturation degrees, namely soybean, hempseed, and linseed oils. Using terpenic comonomers such as limonene and β-myrcene allows one to prepare thermosets avoiding the traditional fossil-based diluents such as styrene, thus obtaining an outstanding gain in terms of both environmental and safety concerns. Furthermore, the materials obtained reveal tunable physical properties upon the proper choice of the monomers, with glass transition temperature ranging from 40 to 80 °C and Young's modulus ranging from 200 to 1800 MPa. The possibility of preparing composite materials starting from the resins prepared in this way and natural fibres has also been explored due to the potential applications of bio-based composites in several industrial sectors.
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4
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Kerosenewala J, Vaidya P, Ozarkar V, Shirapure Y, More AP. Eugenol: extraction, properties and its applications on incorporation with polymers and resins—a review. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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5
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Jadhav NC, Jadhav AC. Synthesis of acrylate epoxidized rice bran oil (AERBO) and its modification using styrene & Shellac to study its properties as a composite material. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Kouznetsov VV, Vargas Méndez LY. Synthesis of eugenol‐based monomers for sustainable epoxy thermoplastic polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V. Kouznetsov
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Biomolecular, CMN, Parque Tecnológico Guatiguara, Universidad Industrial de Santander Bucaramanga Colombia
| | - Leonor Y. Vargas Méndez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Biomolecular, CMN, Parque Tecnológico Guatiguara, Universidad Industrial de Santander Bucaramanga Colombia
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7
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8
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Jadhav NC, Kale RD. Mustard oil thermosets using N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone as crosslinking agent for scrap paper composites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03519-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Lee UJ, Shin SR, Noh H, Song HB, Kim J, Lee DS, Kim BG. Rationally Designed Eugenol-Based Chain Extender for Self-Healing Polyurethane Elastomers. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:28848-28858. [PMID: 34746577 PMCID: PMC8567349 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bio-based polyurethane (PU) has recently drawn our attention due to the increasing interest in sustainability and the risks involved with petroleum depletion. Herein, bio-based self-healing PU with a novel polyol, i.e., eugenol glycol dimer (EGD), was synthesized and characterized for the first time. EGD was designed to have pairs of primary, secondary, and aromatic alcohols, which all are able to be involved in urethane bond formation and to show self-healing and antioxidant effects. EGD was incorporated into a mixture of the prepolymer of polyol (tetramethylene ether glycol) and 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate to synthesize PU. EGD-PU showed excellent self-healing properties (99.84%), and it maintained its high self-healing property (84.71%) even after three repeated tests. This dramatic self-healing was induced through transcarbamoylation by the pendant hydroxyl groups of EGD-PU. The excellent antioxidant effect of EGD-PU was confirmed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl analysis. Eugenol-based EGD is a promising polyol chain extender that is required in the production of bio-based, self-healing, and recyclable polyurethane; therefore, EGD-PU can be applied to bio-based self-healable films or coating materials as a substitute for petroleum-based PU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uk-Jae Lee
- School
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul
National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Ra Shin
- Research
Institute, Jungwoo Fine Co., Ltd., #63-8, Seogam-ro 1-gil, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54586, Republic of Korea
| | - Heewon Noh
- School
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul
National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Bit Song
- School
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul
National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Junyeob Kim
- School
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul
National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Dai-Soo Lee
- Research
Institute, Jungwoo Fine Co., Ltd., #63-8, Seogam-ro 1-gil, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54586, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- School
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul
National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
- Institute
of Bioengineering in Bio-Max, Seoul National
University, Gwanak-ro
1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute
for Sustainable Development(ISD), Seoul
National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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10
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Ramdani N, Zaimeche H, Derradji M. Biobased thermally-stable aromatic cyanate ester thermosets: A review. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Morales-Cerrada R, Molina-Gutierrez S, Lacroix-Desmazes P, Caillol S. Eugenol, a Promising Building Block for Biobased Polymers with Cutting-Edge Properties. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3625-3648. [PMID: 34464094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biobased materials, derived from biomass building blocks, are essential in the pursuit of sustainable materials. Eugenol, a natural phenol obtained from clove oil, but also from lignin depolymerization, possesses a chemical structure that allows its easy modification to obtain a broad and versatile platform of biobased monomers. In this Perspective, an overview of the variety of reactions that have been executed on the allylic double bond, phenol hydroxyl group, aromatic ring, and methoxy group is given, focusing our attention on those to obtain monomers suitable for different polymerization reactions. Furthermore, possible applications and perspectives on the eugenol-derived materials are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sylvain Caillol
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34000, France
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12
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Qian Z, Li Q, Wang L, Fu F, Liu X. The chemical effect of furfuryl amide on the enhanced performance of the diphenolic acid derived bio‐polybenzoxazine resin. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zizhao Qian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Lujie Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Feiya Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
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13
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Application of Bacterial Cellulose in the Textile and Shoe Industry: Development of Biocomposites. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/polysaccharides2030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies report the potential of bacterial cellulose (BC) in the fashion and leather industries. This work aimed at the development of BC-based composites containing emulsified acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) that are polymerized with the redox initiator system hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and L-ascorbic acid and ferrous sulfate as a catalyst. BC was fermented under static culture. The polymerization of the emulsified organic droplets was tested before and after their incorporation into BC by exhaustion. The composites were then finished with an antimicrobial agent (benzalkonium chloride) and dyed. The obtained composites were characterized in terms of wettability, water vapor permeability (WVP), mechanical, thermal and antimicrobial properties. When AESO emulsion was polymerized prior to the exhaustion process, the obtained composites showed higher WVP, tensile strength and thermal stability. Meanwhile, post-exhaustion polymerized AESO conferred the composite higher hydrophobicity and elongation. The composites finished with the antimicrobial agent showed activity against S. aureus. Finally, intense colors were obtained more uniformly when they were incorporated simultaneously with the emulsified AESO with all the dyes tested.
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14
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Abdou A, Elmakssoudi A, El Amrani A, JamalEddine J, Dakir M. Recent advances in chemical reactivity and biological activities of eugenol derivatives. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02712-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Fernandes H, Filgueiras JG, de Azevedo ER, Lima-Neto BS. Real time monitoring by time-domain NMR of ring opening metathesis copolymerization of norbornene-based red palm olein monomer with norbornene. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Acid-free epoxidation of soybean oil with hydrogen peroxide to epoxidized soybean oil over titanium silicalite-1 zeolite supported cadmium catalysts. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Xue X, Xiao T, Liu Y, Ran Q. Time–temperature–transformation (TTT) and TTT–viscosity diagrams of a typical benzoxazine resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Xue
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Tianming Xiao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Qichao Ran
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
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18
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Chen J, Liu H, Zhang W, Lv L, Liu Z. Thermosets resins prepared from soybean oil and lignin derivatives with high biocontent, superior thermal properties, and biodegradability. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junying Chen
- Key Laboratory for Specially Functional Polymers and Related Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Hua Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of New Anticorrosion Material Shanghai 200237 China
- Sino Polymer Co., Ltd. Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Specially Functional Polymers and Related Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Lina Lv
- Key Laboratory for Specially Functional Polymers and Related Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Zuozhen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Specially Functional Polymers and Related Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of New Anticorrosion Material Shanghai 200237 China
- Sino Polymer Co., Ltd. Shanghai 200237 China
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19
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Madbouly SA, Kessler MR. Preparation of Nanoscale Semi-IPNs with an Interconnected Microporous Structure via Cationic Polymerization of Bio-Based Tung Oil in a Homogeneous Solution of Poly(ε-caprolactone). ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:9977-9984. [PMID: 32391485 PMCID: PMC7203953 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale semi-interpenetrating polymer networks of bio-based poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and polymerized tung oil have been prepared via in situ cationic polymerization and compatibilization in a homogeneous solution. This novel blending technique produced a nanoscale morphology of poly(ε-caprolactone) with average particle sizes as small as 100 nm dispersed in a cross-linked tung oil matrix for 20 and 30 wt % PCL blend compositions. In addition, the exothermic cationic polymerization of tung oil in the presence of the PCL homogeneous solution created a microporous morphology with open three-dimensional interconnected cluster structures. The porous morphology was found to be composition-dependent (the pore size and interconnectivity decreased with increasing PCL content in the blend). The values of the cross-link density and storage modulus in the glassy state for fully cured samples increased significantly and reached a maximum for the 20 wt % PCL blend. This simple, versatile, low-cost strategy for preparing nanoscale and interconnected three-dimensional cluster structures with a microporous morphology and desired properties should be widely applicable for new polymer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy A. Madbouly
- School
of Engineering, Penn State Behrend, Erie, Pennsylvania16563, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo
University, Orman, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Michael R. Kessler
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, North Dakota
State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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20
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Self-Healing and Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Eugenol-Based Phenoxy Resin Blends via Exchange Reactions. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051011. [PMID: 32353941 PMCID: PMC7284341 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The possibility of exchange reactions and thermal self-healing in blends of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and phenoxy resin was investigated herein. The analyses were based on characterization obtained via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and tensile test. A new phenoxy resin was synthesized from eugenol, and blends with different types of TPU were prepared to investigate the exchange reaction, thermal self-healing, and mechanical properties. The influence of phenoxy resin content on the mechanical behavior and healing efficiency was studied. Improvement of storage modulus owing to the increase of phenoxy resin content was observed. Results suggest that the exchange reaction between phenoxy- and ester-type TPU occurred during thermal treatment. However, little exchange occurred between phenoxy resin and ether-type TPU. Specifically, only ester-type TPU exhibited a significant exchange reaction in the phenoxy resin blend. Furthermore, in the presence of a catalyst (e.g., zinc acetate), the exchange reaction readily occurred, and the healing efficiency improved by the addition of the catalyst and increase in the phenoxy content.
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21
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Synthesis of acrylated cardanol diphenyl phosphate for UV curable flame-retardant coating application. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Fernandes M, Souto AP, Gama M, Dourado F. Bacterial Cellulose and Emulsified AESO Biocomposites as an Ecological Alternative to Leather. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9121710. [PMID: 31795479 PMCID: PMC6955754 DOI: 10.3390/nano9121710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This research investigated the development of bio-based composites comprising bacterial cellulose (BC), as obtained by static culture, and acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) as an alternative to leather. AESO was first emulsified; polyethylene glycol (PEG), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and perfluorocarbon-based polymers were also added to the AESO emulsion, with the mixtures being diffused into the BC 3D nanofibrillar matrix by an exhaustion process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that the tested polymers penetrated well and uniformly into the bulk of the BC matrix. The obtained composites were hydrophobic and thermally stable up to 200 °C. Regarding their mechanical properties, the addition of different polymers lead to a decrease in the tensile strength and an increase in the elongation at break, overall presenting satisfactory performance as a potential alternative to leather.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fernandes
- 2C2T-Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (M.F.); (A.P.S.)
| | - António Pedro Souto
- 2C2T-Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (M.F.); (A.P.S.)
| | - Miguel Gama
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-253-604-418
| | - Fernando Dourado
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
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23
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Lebedevaite M, Ostrauskaite J, Skliutas E, Malinauskas M. Photocross‐linked polymers based on plant‐derived monomers for potential application in optical 3D printing. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Migle Lebedevaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and TechnologyKaunas University of Technology Radvilenu Road 19 Kaunas LT‐50254 Lithuania
| | - Jolita Ostrauskaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and TechnologyKaunas University of Technology Radvilenu Road 19 Kaunas LT‐50254 Lithuania
| | - Edvinas Skliutas
- Laser Research CenterVilnius University Sauletekio Avenue 10 Vilnius LT‐10223 Lithuania
| | - Mangirdas Malinauskas
- Laser Research CenterVilnius University Sauletekio Avenue 10 Vilnius LT‐10223 Lithuania
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24
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Wu Y, Fei M, Qiu R, Liu W, Qiu J. A Review on Styrene Substitutes in Thermosets and Their Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11111815. [PMID: 31694245 PMCID: PMC6918274 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, tremendous interest and technological development have been poured into thermosets and their composites. The thermosets and composites with unsaturated double bonds curing system are especially concerned due to their versatility. To further exploit such resins, reactive diluents (RDs) with unsaturated sites are usually incorporated to improve their processability and mechanical properties. Traditional RD, styrene, is a toxic volatile organic compound and one of the anticipated carcinogens warned by the National Institute of Health, USA. Most efforts have been conducted on reducing the usage of styrene in the production of thermosets and their composites, while very few works have systematically summarized these literatures. Herein, recent developments regarding styrene substitutes in thermosets and their composites are reviewed. Potential styrene alternatives, such as vinyl derivatives of benzene and (methyl)acrylates are discussed in details. Emphasis is focused on the strategies on developing novel RD monomers through grafting unsaturated functional groups on renewable feedstocks such as carbohydrates, lignin, and fatty acids. This review also highlights the development and characteristics of RD monomers and their influence on processability and mechanical performance of the resulting thermosets and composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Wu
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Y.W.); (M.F.)
| | - Mingen Fei
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Y.W.); (M.F.)
| | - Renhui Qiu
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Y.W.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence: (R.Q.); (W.L.); Tel.: +86-591-8370-7685 (R.Q. & W.L.)
| | - Wendi Liu
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Y.W.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence: (R.Q.); (W.L.); Tel.: +86-591-8370-7685 (R.Q. & W.L.)
| | - Jianhui Qiu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 015-0055, Japan;
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Chang BP, Thakur S, Mohanty AK, Misra M. Novel sustainable biobased flame retardant from functionalized vegetable oil for enhanced flame retardancy of engineering plastic. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15971. [PMID: 31685842 PMCID: PMC6828712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The flame retardancy of an engineering plastic, poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), with a biobased flame retardant (FR) made from phosphorylated linseed oil (PLO) and phosphorylated downstream corn oil (PCO) was studied. Different phosphorus moieties were incorporated into the vegetable oil backbone through a ring-opening reaction. The chemical structure of the phosphorylated oil was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear resonance magnetic (NMR) spectroscopy. It was found that the incorporation of only 7.5 wt% of PLO was sufficient to change the UL-94 fire class of PBT from non-rating to V-0. The flame-retardancy mechanism of the PBT/PLO blends was evaluated from TGA-FTIR analysis. The combined effects of the gas phase mechanism and the dripping tendency of the blends aided to retard the flame propagation effectively. As the synthesized PLO and PCO contained high free fatty acids, the acid-ester exchange reaction occurred in the blends to form oligomers during the ignition. As a result, the blend dripped immediately and the drips carried all the heat to prevent fire. This work suggests that this sustainable biobased FR could be a desirable alternative to halogen-based FRs for PBT and other engineering polymers to develop more environmentally friendly FR products for various future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Peng Chang
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Suman Thakur
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Amar K Mohanty
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
- School of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Manjusri Misra
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
- School of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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26
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Enhancement of the processing window and performance of polyamide 1010/bio‐based high‐density polyethylene blends by melt mixing with natural additives. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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27
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Thermal and Flammability Characteristics of Blended Jatropha Bio-Epoxy as Matrix in Carbon Fiber–Reinforced Polymer. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs3010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This purpose of this paper was to reveal characteristics of a composite structure containing carbon fiber as a reinforcement and blended synthetic epoxy/bio-epoxy derived from crude jatropha oil as resin and compared with fully synthetic epoxy. The composite structure was prepared by the vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding technique and was left to cure for 24 h at room temperature. Both were characterized for their thermal, chemical, and flammable characteristics. The incorporation of jatropha bio-epoxy into the matrix significantly improved the thermal stability between 288–365 °C as obtained by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) test. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) curves showed slight diminution of performances and Tg from DMA tests confirmed well with the trend of Tg obtain by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves. On the other hand, the flammability property was rated horizontal burning (HB) which was the same as the fully synthetic composite, but the duration to self-extinguish was halved for the composite with jatropha bio-epoxy. Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FT-IR/ATR) was conducted to determine the difference of functional groups’ spectrum due to bonding type existing on both specimens. Overall, the composite specimen with blended bio-epoxy exhibited better thermal stability, comparable flammability characteristics, and performances. The aim of this paper was to introduce bio-based epoxy as a potential alternative epoxy and to compete with synthetic epoxy so as to minimize the footprint of non-renewable composite.
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28
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Ding R, Du Y, Goncalves RB, Francis LF, Reineke TM. Sustainable near UV-curable acrylates based on natural phenolics for stereolithography 3D printing. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01652f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Photocured polymers have recently gained tremendous interest for a wide range of applications especially industrial prototyping/additive manufacturing. This work aims to develop natural phenolic-based (meth)acrylates to expand the use of sustainable and mechanically robust 3D printable formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Polymers
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | - Yuyang Du
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | | | - Lorraine F. Francis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Polymers
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
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29
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Kamjornsupamitr T, Hunt AJ, Supanchaiyamat N. Development of hyperbranched crosslinkers from bio-derived platform molecules for the synthesis of epoxidised soybean oil based thermosets. RSC Adv 2018; 8:37267-37276. [PMID: 35557790 PMCID: PMC9089395 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07133k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-based carboxyl-terminated hyperbranched crosslinkers have been synthesised by the facile esterification reaction of glycerol with succinic anhydride (Gly-SA). The Gly-SA crosslinking molecules have a large number of terminal carboxyl groups, which can crosslink through the epoxide of epoxidised soybean oil (ESO), making a highly flexible transparent film with excellent oxidative resistance. The effect of different molecular weights of Gly-SA cured ESO on the thermal and mechanical properties of the resulting films was also investigated. This study demonstrated that an increase in the molecular weights of Gly-SA, led to a decrease in the curing rate of mixtures, whilst the glass transition temperature (T g) of Gly-SA cured ESO increased due to the incorporation of the bulky crosslinker. The use of a Gly-SA crosslinker prepared at 150 °C, resulted in a film (EGS150) with a tensile strength 13 times greater than of the control film, exhibited more than a 220% increase in elongation at break and the Young's modulus quadrupled compared to the value obtained for the control sample. It is noteworthy that the tensile strength and elongation at break improved with increasing Gly-SA chain length, suggesting the pre-polymerised crosslinkers contribute to the enhanced mechanical properties of the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trin Kamjornsupamitr
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand
| | - Andrew J Hunt
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand
| | - Nontipa Supanchaiyamat
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand
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30
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Laurentino LS, Medeiros AM, Machado F, Costa C, Araújo PH, Sayer C. Synthesis of a biobased monomer derived from castor oil and copolymerization in aqueous medium. Chem Eng Res Des 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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31
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Zhang H, Yang Y, Shen M, Shang S, Song J, Jiang J, Song Z. Soybean oil-based thermoset reinforced with rosin-based monomer. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-018-0618-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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32
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Thakur VK, Gao Z, Gu J, Kessler MR. High‐performance thermosets with tailored properties derived from methacrylated eugenol and epoxy‐based vinyl ester. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Washington State University Pullman WA USA
| | - Yuzhan Li
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Washington State University Pullman WA USA
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Washington State University Pullman WA USA
- Enhanced Composites and Structures Center, School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University UK
| | - Zhenhua Gao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Jiyou Gu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Michael R Kessler
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Washington State University Pullman WA USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering North Dakota State University Fargo ND USA
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Thakur VK, Wang L, Gu J, Gao Z, Fan B, Wu Q, Kessler MR. Bio-based reactive diluents as sustainable replacements for styrene in MAESO resin. RSC Adv 2018; 8:13780-13788. [PMID: 35539344 PMCID: PMC9079840 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00339d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Four different biorenewable methacrylated/acrylated monomers, namely, methacrylated fatty acid (MFA), methacrylated eugenol (ME), isobornyl methacrylate (IM), and isobornyl acrylate (IA) were employed as reactive diluents (RDs) to replace styrene (St) in a maleinated acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (MAESO) resin to produce bio-based thermosetting resins using free radical polymerization. The curing kinetics, gelation times, double bond conversions, thermal–mechanical properties, and thermal stabilities of MAESO-RD resin systems were characterized using DSC, rheometer, FT-IR, DMA, and TGA. The results indicate that all four RD monomers possess high bio-based carbon content (BBC) ranging from 63.2 to 76.9% and low volatilities (less than 7 wt% loss after being held isothermally at 30 °C for 5 h). Moreover, the viscosity of the MAESO-RD systems can be tailored to acceptable levels to fit the requirements for liquid molding techniques. Because of the introduction of RDs to the MAESO resin, the reaction mixtures showed an improved reactivity and an accelerated reaction rate. FT-IR results showed that almost all the C
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C double bonds within MAESO-RD systems were converted. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the MAESO-RDs ranged from 44.8 to 100.8 °C, thus extending the range of application. More importantly, the Tg of MAESO-ME resin (98.1 °C) was comparable to that of MAESO-St resin (100.8 °C). Overall, this work provided four potential RDs candidates to completely replace styrene in the MAESO resin, with the ME monomer being the most promising one. This paper reports four promising, sustainable reactive diluents to completely replace styrene for a commercially available MAESO resin.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Zhang
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- Northeast Forestry University
- Harbin 150040
- P. R. China
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
| | - Yuzhan Li
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
- Enhanced Composites and Structures Center
| | - Liwei Wang
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
| | - Jiyou Gu
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- Northeast Forestry University
- Harbin 150040
- P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Gao
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- Northeast Forestry University
- Harbin 150040
- P. R. China
| | - Bo Fan
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- Northeast Forestry University
- Harbin 150040
- P. R. China
| | - Qiong Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
| | - Michael R. Kessler
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Yadav SK, Schmalbach KM, Kinaci E, Stanzione JF, Palmese GR. Recent advances in plant-based vinyl ester resins and reactive diluents. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Environmentally Friendly Compatibilizers from Soybean Oil for Ternary Blends of Poly(lactic acid)-PLA, Poly(ε-caprolactone)-PCL and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-PHB. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10111339. [PMID: 29165359 PMCID: PMC5706286 DOI: 10.3390/ma10111339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ternary blends of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with a constant weight percentage of 60%, 10% and 30% respectively were compatibilized with soybean oil derivatives epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), maleinized soybean oil (MSO) and acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO). The potential compatibilization effects of the soybean oil-derivatives was characterized in terms of mechanical, thermal and thermomechanical properties. The effects on morphology were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). All three soybean oil-based compatibilizers led to a noticeable increase in toughness with a remarkable improvement in elongation at break. On the other hand, both the tensile modulus and strength decreased, but in a lower extent to a typical plasticization effect. Although phase separation occurred, all three soybean oil derivatives led somewhat to compatibilization through reaction between terminal hydroxyl groups in all three biopolyesters (PLA, PHB and PCL) and the readily reactive groups in the soybean oil derivatives, that is, epoxy, maleic anhydride and acrylic/epoxy functionalities. In particular, the addition of 5 parts per hundred parts of the blend (phr) of ESO gave the maximum elongation at break while the same amount of MSO and AESO gave the maximum toughness, measured through Charpy’s impact tests. In general, the herein-developed materials widen the potential of ternary PLA formulations by a cost effective blending method with PHB and PCL and compatibilization with vegetable oil-based additives.
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Esmaeili N, Jahandideh A, Muthukumarappan K, Åkesson D, Skrifvars M. Synthesis and characterization of methacrylated star-shaped poly(lactic acid) employing core molecules with different hydroxyl groups. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nima Esmaeili
- Swedish Centre for Recourse Recovery, University of Borås; Borås 501 90 Sweden
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Bolton; Bolton BL3 5AB United Kingdom
| | - Arash Jahandideh
- Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department; South Dakota State University; Brookings South Dakota 57007
| | | | - Dan Åkesson
- Swedish Centre for Recourse Recovery, University of Borås; Borås 501 90 Sweden
| | - Mikael Skrifvars
- Swedish Centre for Recourse Recovery, University of Borås; Borås 501 90 Sweden
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Jahandideh A, Muthukumarappan K. Star-shaped lactic acid based systems and their thermosetting resins; synthesis, characterization, potential opportunities and drawbacks. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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39
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Synthesis, characterization and curing optimization of a biobased thermosetting resin from xylitol and lactic acid. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Castro-Cabado M, Casado A, San Román J. Bio-based thermosets: Effect of the structure of polycarboxylic acids on the thermal crosslinking of maltodextrins. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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41
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Medeiros AM, Machado F, Rubim JC. Synthesis and characterization of a magnetic bio-nanocomposite based on magnetic nanoparticles modified by acrylated fatty acids derived from castor oil. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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