1
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Handtke S, Brömstrup L, Hain J, Fischer F, Ossowski T, Hartwig S, Dröder K. Investigation of Recycled Expanded Polyamide Beads through Artificial Ageing and Mechanical Recycling as a Proof of Concept for Circular Economy. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1730. [PMID: 38932080 PMCID: PMC11207465 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Car manufacturers are currently challenged with increasing the sustainability of their products and production to comply with sustainability requirements and legislation. One way to enhance product sustainability is by reducing the carbon footprint of fossil-based plastic parts. Particle foams are a promising solution to achieve the goal of using lightweight parts with minimal material input. Ongoing developments involve the use of expanded particle foam beads made from engineering plastics such as polyamide (EPA). To achieve this, a simulated life cycle was carried out on virgin EPA, including mechanical recycling. The virgin material was processed into specimens using a steam-free method. One series was artificially aged to replicate automotive life cycle stresses, while the other series was not. The mechanical recycling and re-foaming of the minipellets were then carried out, resulting in an EPA particle foam with 100% recycled content. Finally, the thermal and chemical material properties were comparatively analysed. The study shows that the recycled EPA beads underwent polymer degradation during the simulated life cycle, as evidenced by their material properties. For instance, the recycled beads showed a more heterogeneous molecular weight distribution (an increase in PDI from two to three), contained carbonyl groups, and exhibited an increase in the degree of crystallization from approximately 24% to 36%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Handtke
- Volkswagen AG, Berliner Ring 2, 38440 Wolfsburg, Germany
| | - Lena Brömstrup
- Institute of Joining and Welding, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 8, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jörg Hain
- Volkswagen AG, Berliner Ring 2, 38440 Wolfsburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Fischer
- Volkswagen AG, Berliner Ring 2, 38440 Wolfsburg, Germany
| | - Tim Ossowski
- Institute of Machine Tools and Production Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 19b, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven Hartwig
- Institute of Joining and Welding, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 8, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klaus Dröder
- Institute of Machine Tools and Production Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 19b, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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2
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Mao X, Liu W, Li Z, Mei S, Zong B. Preparation of a Novel Branched Polyamide 6 (PA6) via Co-Polymerization of ε-Caprolactam and α-Amino-ε-Caprolactam. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1719. [PMID: 38932069 PMCID: PMC11207450 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel branched polyamide 6 has been synthesized via the hydrolytic ring-opening co-polymerization of ε-caprolactam (CPL) and α-Amino-ε-caprolactam (ACL). The NMR characterization proves the existence of a branched chain structure. The rheological test determines that there is a remarkable increase in the melt index (MFR), zero shear rate viscosity, and storage modulus in the low-frequency region. The shear-thinning phenomenon becomes more obvious. The thermal properties tested by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) show that the melting point and crystallinity of co-polymers decrease with the incorporation of ACL. However, the crystal structure of the samples only exhibits a slight change. When the ACL content in the feed is 1 wt%, the tensile strength and fracture elongation rate of the co-polymers show a significant enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Mao
- Research Center of Renewable Energy, Research Institute of Petroleum Progressing, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China; (X.M.); (W.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Wei Liu
- Research Center of Renewable Energy, Research Institute of Petroleum Progressing, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China; (X.M.); (W.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zeyang Li
- Research Center of Renewable Energy, Research Institute of Petroleum Progressing, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China; (X.M.); (W.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Shan Mei
- No. 22 Research Department, Research Institute of Petroleum Progressing, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Baoning Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Catalytic Material and Reaction Engineering, Research Institute of Petroleum Progressing, SINOPEC, 18th Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
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3
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Erdmann R, Rennert M, Meins T. Influence of Epoxy Functional Chain-Extenders on the Thermal and Rheological Properties of Bio-Based Polyamide 10.10. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3571. [PMID: 37688199 PMCID: PMC10489988 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-based polyamide 10.10 (PA 10.10) has excellent properties compared to other bio-based polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) or polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and is therefore used in more technical applications where higher strength is required. For foam and filament extrusion, a good balance between strength and stiffness of the polymer is needed. Therefore, two commercial chain-extenders (Joncryl® ADR types) with different epoxy functionalities are used to modify the melt properties of PA 10.10. The chain-extenders are used in a concentration range up to 1.25 wt.%. The range of glass transition temperature widens with increasing Joncryl® content, and the apparent activation energy shows a maximum at a concentration of 0.5 wt.%. Furthermore, the melting temperatures are constant and the crystallinity decreases with increasing chain-extender content due to the formation of branches. During the second heating run, a bimodal melting peak appeared, consisting of α-triclinic and pseudo γ-hexagonal crystals. The weight average molar masses (Mw) measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) increased linearly with increasing ADR 4400 content. In contrast, the compounds containing ADR 4468 show a maximum at 0.5 wt.% and it begins to decrease thereafter. The rheological data show an increase in viscosity with increasing chain-extender content due to branch formation. ATR spectra of the compounds show a decrease at the wavelength of the primary (3301 cm-1) and secondary (1634 cm-1) (-NH stretching in PA 10.10) amine, indicating that chain-extension, e.g., branching, takes place during compounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Erdmann
- Institute for Circular Economy of Bio:Polymers at Hof University (ibp), Hof University of Applied Sciences, Alfons-Goppel-Platz 1, 95028 Hof, Germany; (M.R.); (T.M.)
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4
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Li S, Jiang T, Zeng X, Zhu N, Shen C, Gong W, Zhang C, He L. The Effect of α-Olefin-Maleic Anhydride Copolymer on the Rheological and Crystalline Properties and Microcellular Foaming Behavior of Polyamide 6. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092056. [PMID: 37177202 PMCID: PMC10180843 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The α-olefin-maleic anhydride copolymer DIA as a chain extender was used to modify polyamide 6 (PA6) during melt blending. The ability to modulate this modification for PA6 has been shown to be dependent on the effects of its content on the molecular weight distribution, rheological properties, crystalline properties, mechanical properties, and foaming behavior of foam samples. By increasing the DIA content, the viscoelasticity, water contact angle, and elongation at break improved as a result of a significant decrease in water absorption and melt flow rate. Compared with raw PA6, the modified PA6 presented a relatively wider molecular weight distribution. However, the crystallinity of modified PA6 samples decreased, the double melting peaks became one peak, and the α crystallites at 20.3° gradually disappeared with increasing DIA content. The morphologies of composite foams with different contents were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the cell size of different PA6 samples decreased from 160 μm to 83 μm and the cell density increased from 1.1 × 105 cells/cm3 to 5.9 × 105 cells/cm3 when the content of DIA increased from 0 wt% to 5 wt%. Meanwhile, the cell morphology obviously improved and the cell size distribution became narrow. Thus, a preparation technology based on foaming materials with excellent performance, such as better bubble quality and low water absorption, was developed for further research and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550016, China
| | - Tuanhui Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550016, China
| | - Xiangbu Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550016, China
| | - Nenggui Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550016, China
| | - Chao Shen
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550016, China
| | - Wei Gong
- Institute of Materials and Construction, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- School of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Li He
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550016, China
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5
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Zhao Y, Zheng J, Guo P, Wang C, Guo M, Xin C, He Y. Study on Chain Extension Blending Modification and Foaming Behavior of Thermoplastic Polyamide Elastomer. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:9832-9842. [PMID: 36969475 PMCID: PMC10034832 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve the melt foaming properties of thermoplastic polyamide elastomers and reduce the shrinkage rate of foamed materials, acid anhydride chain extenders SMA (styrene maleic anhydride copolymer) are used in this paper to in situ reactive blending thermoplastic polyamide elastomers (TPAE) and polyamide 6 (PA6). The rheological and crystalline properties of the modified samples were characterized by a rotational rheometer and differential scanning calorimeter, and the melt batch foaming experiment with CO2 as the foaming agent was carried out. The results showed that the melting enthalpy of modified TPAE reduced with the addition of content of PA6, which implied that the crystallinity of the hard phase of the system was depressed. Nevertheless, the reduction of crystallinity was beneficial to improve the penetration of gas and reduce the effect of the pressure difference inside and outside the cell on foam shrinkage. Additionally, the microcross-linked structure formed with the increase of PA6 content enhanced the storage modulus of modified TPAE, which could accelerate recovery of strain. The foaming temperature zone and recovery performance of all modified TPAE samples were significantly improved. The overall shrinkage rate was reduced to less than 10%, the maximum expansion ratio could reach 11-13 times with a more complete and uniform cell structure, and the resilience was improved by about 12%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyin Zhao
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Jiaxin Zheng
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Pei Guo
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Congxiao Wang
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Menghao Guo
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Chunling Xin
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing100029, China
- Engineering
Research Center for Polymer Processing Equipment, Ministry of Education, Beijing100029, China
| | - Yadong He
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing100029, China
- Engineering
Research Center for Polymer Processing Equipment, Ministry of Education, Beijing100029, China
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6
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Lai J, Huang F, Huang A, Liu T, Peng X, Wu J, Geng L. Foaming behavior of polyamide 1212 elastomers/polyurethane composites with improved melt strength and interfacial compatibility via chain extension. POLYM ENG SCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lai
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - An Huang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Tong Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou China
| | - Xiangfang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Jianming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Lihong Geng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
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7
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Zhao X, Pelfrey A, Pellicciotti A, Koelling K, Vodovotz Y. Synergistic effects of chain extenders and natural rubber on PLA thermal, rheological, mechanical and barrier properties. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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8
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Xue K, Chen P, Yang C, Xu Z, Zhao L, Hu D. Low-shrinkage biodegradable PBST/PBS foams fabricated by microcellular foaming using CO2 & N2 as co-blowing agents. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Brütting C, Dreier J, Bonten C, Altstädt V, Ruckdäschel H. Glass transition of PLA-CO 2 mixtures after solid-state saturation. J CELL PLAST 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x221144543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polymer foams offer high sustainable performance in terms of their lightweight potential, insulation and high specific mechanical properties. The foaming of polymers depends on the properties of gas-laden solids or liquids. For foaming in the solid state, the foaming temperature must be higher than the glass transition temperature of the saturated polymer system. Moreover, the knowledge of sorption conditions and thermal properties is crucial for foam formation. In this study, the correlation between the glass transition temperature and the sorption conditions was investigated. This comparison was made by determining the sorption behavior for different pressure levels and the corresponding glass transition temperature using a high-pressure differential scanning calorimetry. The time, pressure and CO2 content were varied. For the first time, the Chow model could be verified for PLA with a coordination number of 3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Dreier
- Institut für Kunststofftechnik, University of Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Bonten
- Institut für Kunststofftechnik, University of Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, Germany
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10
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Zhong W, Yu Z, Xiu Zhang Z. Development of polyamide12 composite foam by supercritical CO2: The effect of flame retardants on foaming behavior and properties. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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11
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Chen Y, Lee Y, Rwei S. Synthesis and characterization of trace aromatic copolyamide 6 with tunable mechanical and viscoelastic behavior. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Hao Chen
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology National Taipei University of Technology Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Yi‐Huan Lee
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology National Taipei University of Technology Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Syang‐Peng Rwei
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology National Taipei University of Technology Taipei City Taiwan
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12
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Ma Y, Wen H, Xin C, He Y. Chain extension of thermoplastic polyamide elastomer and its foaming performance. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Ma
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Hui Wen
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Chunling Xin
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Engineering Research Center for Polymer Processing Equipment Ministry of Education Beijing China
| | - Yadong He
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Engineering Research Center for Polymer Processing Equipment Ministry of Education Beijing China
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13
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Effect of the crystallization of modified polybutylene terephthalate on its foaming using supercritical CO2: Transition from microcellular to nanocellular foam. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Li S, Jiang S, Gong S, Ma S, Yang H, Pan K, Deng J. Preparation Methods, Performance Improvement Strategies, and Typical Applications of Polyamide Foams. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Engineering of polybutylene succinate with long-chain branching toward high foamability and degradation. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Lee YH, Lee CW, Chou CH, Lin CH, Chen YH, Chen CW, Way TF, Rwei SP. Sustainable polyamide elastomers from a bio-based dimer diamine for fabricating highly expanded and facilely recyclable microcellular foams via supercritical CO2 foaming. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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17
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Zhang T, Kang HJ. Enhancement of the Processability and Properties of Nylon 6 by Blending with Polyketone. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193403. [PMID: 34641218 PMCID: PMC8512074 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyketones (PKs) having strong hydrogen bonding properties and a chain extender are used as additives in the melt processing of nylon 6 (PA6). Their effect on the chain structure and properties of PA6 is studied to enhance the processability of PA6 in melt processing. The addition of the chain extender to PA6 increases the melt viscosity by forming branches on the backbone. The addition of PKs results in an additional increase in viscosity through the hydrogen bonding between N-H of PA6 and C=O of PK. The change in the N-H bond FT-IR peak of PA6 and the swelling data of the PA6/PK blend containing a chain extender, styrene maleic anhydride copolymer (ADR), suggest that incorporation of chain extender and PK in the melt processing of PA6 results in physical crosslinks through hydrogen bonding between the branched PA6 formed by the addition of chain extender and PK chains. This change in the chain structure of PA6 not only increases the melt strength of PA6 but also increases randomness resulting in decreased crystallinity.
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18
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Ranganathan P, Chen CW, Tasi MC, Rwei SP, Lee YH. Biomass Thermoplastic (Co)polyamide Elastomers Synthesized from a Fatty Dimer Acid: a Sustainable Route toward a New Era of Uniform and Bimodal Foams. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Palraj Ranganathan
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road., Taipei 10608, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chin-Wen Chen
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road., Taipei 10608, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Chung Tasi
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road., Taipei 10608, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Syang-Peng Rwei
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road., Taipei 10608, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Huan Lee
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road., Taipei 10608, Taiwan, Republic of China
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19
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Han S, Jiang C, Mi J, Wang Y, Chen S, Wang X. Influence of fibrillated poly(tetrafluoroethylene) on microcellular foaming of polyamide 6 in the presence of supercritical
CO
2
. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Han
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing China
| | - Can Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing China
| | - Jianguo Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Yaqiao Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Shihong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing China
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20
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Xu M, Lu J, Zhao J, Wei L, Liu T, Zhao L, Park CB. Rheological and foaming behaviors of long-chain branched polyamide 6 with controlled branch length. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Ge Y, Liu T. Numerical simulation on bubble wall shape evolution and uniformity in poly(ethylene terephthalate) foaming process. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.116213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Alekseev ES, Alentiev AY, Belova AS, Bogdan VI, Bogdan TV, Bystrova AV, Gafarova ER, Golubeva EN, Grebenik EA, Gromov OI, Davankov VA, Zlotin SG, Kiselev MG, Koklin AE, Kononevich YN, Lazhko AE, Lunin VV, Lyubimov SE, Martyanov ON, Mishanin II, Muzafarov AM, Nesterov NS, Nikolaev AY, Oparin RD, Parenago OO, Parenago OP, Pokusaeva YA, Ronova IA, Solovieva AB, Temnikov MN, Timashev PS, Turova OV, Filatova EV, Philippov AA, Chibiryaev AM, Shalygin AS. Supercritical fluids in chemistry. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Zhang H, Liu T, Li B, Li H, Cao Z, Jin G, Zhao L, Xin Z. Foaming and dimensional stability of LDPE foams with N2, CO2, i-C4H10 and CO2 - N2 mixtures as blowing agents. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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25
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Cai J, Liu Z, Cao B, Guan X, Liu S, Zhao J. Simultaneous Improvement of the Processability and Mechanical Properties of Polyamide-6 by Chain Extension in Extrusion. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Bo Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Guan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Shumei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Guangdong High Property & Functional Polymer Materials, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Guangdong High Property & Functional Polymer Materials, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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26
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Song C, Luo Y, Liu Y, Li S, Xi Z, Zhao L, Cen L, Lu E. Fabrication of PCL Scaffolds by Supercritical CO 2 Foaming Based on the Combined Effects of Rheological and Crystallization Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040780. [PMID: 32252222 PMCID: PMC7240419 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds have recently been developed via efficient and green supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) melt-state foaming. However, previously reported gas-foamed scaffolds sometimes showed insufficient interconnectivity or pore size for tissue engineering. In this study, we have correlated the thermal and rheological properties of PCL scaffolds with their porous morphology by studying four foamed samples with varied molecular weight (MW), and particularly aimed to clarify the required properties for the fabrication of scaffolds with favorable interconnected macropores. DSC and rheological tests indicate that samples show a delayed crystallization and enhanced complex viscosity with the increasing of MW. After foaming, scaffolds (27 kDa in weight-average molecular weight) show a favorable morphology (pore size = 70–180 μm, porosity = 90% and interconnectivity = 96%), where the lowest melt strength favors the generation of interconnected macropore, and the most rapid crystallization provides proper foamability. The scaffolds (27 kDa) also possess the highest Young’s modulus. More importantly, owing to the sufficient room and favorable material transportation provided by highly interconnected macropores, cells onto the optimized scaffolds (27 kDa) perform vigorous proliferation and superior adhesion and ingrowth, indicating its potential for regeneration applications. Furthermore, our findings provide new insights into the morphological control of porous scaffolds fabricated by scCO2 foaming, and are highly relevant to a broader community that is focusing on polymer foaming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaobo Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Yunhan Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Yankai Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China;
| | - Zhenhao Xi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (L.C.)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (E.L.); Tel.: +86-21-6425-3042 (Z.X.); +86-21-5875-2345 (E.L.); Fax: +86-21-6425-3528 (Z.X.); +86-21-5839-4262 (E.L.)
| | - Ling Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (L.C.)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Lian Cen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Eryi Lu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (E.L.); Tel.: +86-21-6425-3042 (Z.X.); +86-21-5875-2345 (E.L.); Fax: +86-21-6425-3528 (Z.X.); +86-21-5839-4262 (E.L.)
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27
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Ni J, Yu K, Zhou H, Mi J, Chen S, Wang X. Morphological evolution of PLA foam from microcellular to nanocellular induced by cold crystallization assisted by supercritical CO2. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.104719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Yao S, Guo T, Liu T, Xi Z, Xu Z, Zhao L. Good extrusion foaming performance of long‐chain branched
PET
induced by its enhanced crystallization property. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Tianhao Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Tao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Zhenhao Xi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Zhimei Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xinjiang University Urumqi China
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29
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Han S, Jiang C, Yu K, Mi J, Chen S, Wang X. Influence of crystallization on microcellular foaming behavior of polyamide 6 in a supercritical CO
2
‐assisted route. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Han
- School of Materials and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Can Jiang
- School of Materials and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Kesong Yu
- School of Materials and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Shihong Chen
- School of Materials and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- School of Materials and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing People's Republic of China
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30
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Liang T, Cai J, Liu S, Lai H, Zhao J. Chain Extension and Synergistic Flame-Retardant Effect of Aromatic Schiff Base Diepoxide on Polyamide 6/Aluminum Diethylphosphinate Composites. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12142217. [PMID: 31295824 PMCID: PMC6678687 DOI: 10.3390/ma12142217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A way to suppress the deterioration in mechanical properties of polyamide 6 (PA6) is required, especially with high loading of flame retardants in the matrix. In this study, a novel aromatic Schiff base diepoxide (DES) was synthesized. It exhibited an efficient chain extension effect on PA6 and a synergistic flame-retardant effect with aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi) for PA6. The PA6 composite with 16 wt.% AlPi only passed UL-94 V-0 rating at 1.6 mm thickness, while the combination of 1.5 wt.% DES with 13 wt.% AlPi induced PA6 to achieve a UL-94 V-0 rating at 0.8 mm thickness. The tensile, flexural, and Izod notched impact strengths were increased by 16.2%, 16.5%, and 24.9%, respectively, compared with those of V-0 flame-retarded PA6 composites with 16 wt.% AlPi. The flame-retarded mechanism of PA6/AlPi/DES was investigated by cone calorimetry and infrared characterization of the char residues and pyrolysis products. These results showed that DES had a synergistic effect with AlPi in condensed-phase flame retardation by promoting the production of aluminum phosphorus oxides and polyphosphates in the char residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Shenzhen Halcyon New Materials Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Jianan Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shumei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hualin Lai
- Shenzhen Halcyon New Materials Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518116, China.
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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31
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Xu M, Chen Y, Liu T, Zhao L, Park CB. Determination of modified polyamide 6's foaming windows by bubble growth simulations based on rheological measurements. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Menglong Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Yichong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Toronto 5 King's College Road Toronto M5S 3G8 Ontario Canada
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32
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Auclerc M, Sahyoun J, Tauleigne A, Da Cruz-Boisson F, Vanhille Bergeron A, Garois N, Cassagnau P, Bounor-Legaré V. Development of Copolyamide-66/6 Cross-Linked Foams by a One-Step Reactive Extrusion Process. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Auclerc
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jihane Sahyoun
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Adrien Tauleigne
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fernande Da Cruz-Boisson
- Univ Lyon, INSA de Lyon, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 17 Av Jean Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Nicolas Garois
- Hutchinson, Centre de Recherche, Rue Gustave Nourry - B.P. 31, 45120 Chalette-sur-Loing, France
| | - Philippe Cassagnau
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Véronique Bounor-Legaré
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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33
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Liu Y, He M, Yan W, Zhang D, Zhao Q, Qin S, Yu J. P(N‐phenylmaleimide‐alt‐styrene) as a heat‐resistant agent in the application of nylon 6. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Liu
- Department of Polymer Material and EngineeringCollege of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials Guiyang 550014 China
| | - Min He
- Department of Polymer Material and EngineeringCollege of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Wei Yan
- School of Chemistry and MaterialsGuiyang University Guiyang 550005 China
| | - Daohai Zhang
- Department of Polymer Material and EngineeringCollege of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials Guiyang 550014 China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Polymer Material and EngineeringCollege of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Shuhao Qin
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials Guiyang 550014 China
| | - Jie Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials Guiyang 550014 China
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34
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Ge Y, Yao S, Xu M, Gao L, Fang Z, Zhao L, Liu T. Improvement of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Melt-Foamability by Long-Chain Branching with the Combination of Pyromellitic Dianhydride and Triglycidyl Isocyanurate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b04157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukai Ge
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Shun Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Menlong Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Liang Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Zhiying Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, XinJiang University, Urumqi 830046, PR China
| | - Tao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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35
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Yeh SK, Liu WH, Huang YM. Carbon Dioxide-Blown Expanded Polyamide Bead Foams with Bimodal Cell Structure. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Li B, Zhao G, Wang G, Zhang L, Gong J. Fabrication of high-expansion microcellular PLA foams based on pre-isothermal cold crystallization and supercritical CO2 foaming. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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