4
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Mohammadi MR, Alavi SS, Ahmadi N, Khaleghi A, Kamali K, Ahmadi A, Hooshyari Z, Mohamadian F, Jaberghaderi N, Nazaribadie M, Sajedi Z, Farshidfar Z, Kaviani N, Davasazirani R, Shahbakhsh AJ, Rad MR, Shahbazi K, Khodaverdloo RR, Tehrani LN, Nasiri M, Naderi F, Kiani A, Chegeni M, Hashemi Nasab SM, Ghaneian M, Parsamehr H, Nilforoushan N, Amiri S, Fooladi MF, Mohammadzadeh S, Ahmadipour A, Sarraf N, Hojjat SK, Nadermohammadi M, Mostafavi SA, Zarafshan H, Salmanian M, Shakiba A, Ashoori S. The prevalence, comorbidity and socio-demographic factors of depressive disorder among Iranian children and adolescents: To identify the main predictors of depression. J Affect Disord 2019; 247:1-10. [PMID: 30640024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressive disorders are a major public health problem in developed and developing countries. Recently, several risk factors have been described for depressive disorders in children and adolescents. The aim of the present study was to identify the main risk factors that can affect the incidence of depression in Iranian children and adolescents. METHODS A total of 30,546 children and adolescents (between 6 and 18 years of age) participated in a cross-sectional study to identify the predictors of depressive disorders. Depressive disorders were assessed using the Persian version of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS-PL). In addition, a demographic characteristics questionnaire was completed by parents of the participants. The data was analyzed using the SPSS22 software via performing the descriptive analysis and the multiple logistic regression analysis methods. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS Results showed that a higher age (15-18), being female, and the father's unemployment were associated with an increased odds ratio for depressive disorders. The age of 10-14 (OR = 2.1; 95% CI, 1.57-2.81), the age of 15-18 (OR = 4.44; 95% CI, 3.38-5.83), female gender (OR = 1.44; 95% CI, 1.2-1.73) and the father's unemployment (OR = 1.59; 95% CI, 1.01-2.5) were significant positive predictors, whereas, the mother's job (as a housewife) (OR = 0.66; 95% CI, 0.45-0.96) and a history of psychiatric hospitalization of the father and mother (OR = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.15-0.78 and OR = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.14-0.84) were negative predictors for depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION Depressive symptoms are common in children and adolescents and are correlated with age and gender. The assessment of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, especially the depressive disorders and their comorbidities, may help to prevent mood disorders in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Mohammadi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyyed Salman Alavi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nastran Ahmadi
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Ali Khaleghi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Koorosh Kamali
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Ameneh Ahmadi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Hooshyari
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fathola Mohamadian
- Department of Psychology, Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran.
| | - Nasrin Jaberghaderi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Marzieh Nazaribadie
- Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Zahra Sajedi
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Semnan, Semnan, Iran.
| | | | - Nahid Kaviani
- Health Deputy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Reza Davasazirani
- Community Mental Health and Addiction Health Department of Khuzestan Province, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fatemeh Naderi
- Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Hormozgan, Iran.
| | - Arezou Kiani
- Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | | | | | - Mahnaz Ghaneian
- Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch, Najafabad, Iran.
| | - Hosein Parsamehr
- Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Imam Reza Psychiatric Hospital, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | | | - Shahrokh Amiri
- Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mahbod Fadaei Fooladi
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Soleiman Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Ahmadipour
- Department of Psychiatry, Booshehr University of Medical Sciences, Khalij-E Fars Hospital. Booshehr, Iran.
| | - Nasrin Sarraf
- Department of Child and Adolescents Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Seyed Kaveh Hojjat
- Addiction and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.
| | | | - Seyed-Ali Mostafavi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hadi Zarafshan
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Salmanian
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alia Shakiba
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Simin Ashoori
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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5
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Karacetin G, Arman AR, Fis NP, Demirci E, Ozmen S, Hesapcioglu ST, Oztop D, Tufan AE, Tural U, Aktepe E, Aksu H, Ardic UA, Basgul S, Bilac O, Coskun M, Celik GG, Demirkaya SK, Dursun OB, Durukan I, Fidan T, Gencoglan S, Gokcen C, Gokten ES, Gorker I, Gormez V, Gundogdu OY, Gurkan CK, Herguner S, Kandemir H, Kilic BG, Kilincaslan A, Mutluer T, Nasiroglu S, Ozcan OO, Ozturk M, Sapmaz SY, Suren S, Sahin N, Tahiroglu AY, Toros F, Unal F, Vural P, Yazici IP, Yazici KU, Yildirim V, Yulaf Y, Yuce M, Yuksel T, Akdemir D, Altun H, Ayik B, Bilgic A, Bozkurt OH, Cakir ED, Ceri V, Demir NU, Dinc G, Irmak MY, Karaman D, Kinik MF, Mazlum B, Memik NC, Ozdemir DF, Sinir H, Tasdelen BI, Taskin B, Ugur C, Uran P, Uysal T, Uneri OS, Yilmaz S, Yilmaz SS, Acikel B, Aktas H, Alaca R, Alic BG, Almbaidheen M, Ari FP, Aslan C, Atabay E, Ay MG, Aydemir H, Ayranci G, Babadagi Z, Bayar H, Bayhan PC, Bayram O, Bektas ND, Berberoglu KK, Bostan R, Cakan Y, Canli MA, Cansiz MA, Ceylan C, Coskun N, Coskun S, Demir I, Demir N, Demirdogen EY, Dogan B, Donmez YE, Donder F, Efe A, Eray S, Erbilgin S, Erden S, Ersoy EG, Eseroglu T, Firat SK, Gok EE, Goksoy SC, Guler G, Gules Z, Gunay G, Gunes S, Gunes A, Guven G, Horozcu H, Irmak A, Isik U, Kahraman O, Kalayci BM, Karaaslan U, Karadag M, Kilic HT, Kilicaslan F, Kinay D, Koc EB, Kocael O, Mutlu RK, San Z, Nalbant K, Okumus N, Ozbek F, Ozdemir FA, Ozdemir H, Ozgur BG, Ozkan S, Ozyurt EY, Polat B, Polat H, Sekmen E, Sertcelik M, Sevgen FH, Sevince O, Shamkhalova U, Suleyman F, Simsek NE, Tanir Y, Tekden M, Temtek S, Topal M, Topal Z, Turk T, Ucar HN, Ucar F, Uygun D, Uzun N, Vatansever Z, Yazgili NG, Yildiz DM, Yildiz N, Ercan ES. Prevalence of Childhood Affective disorders in Turkey: An epidemiological study. J Affect Disord 2018; 238:513-521. [PMID: 29936389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the prevalence of affective disorders in Turkey among a representative sample of Turkish population. METHODS This study was conducted as a part of the "The Epidemiology of Childhood Psychopathology in Turkey" (EPICPAT-T) Study, which was designed by the Turkish Association of Child and Adolescent Mental Health. The inclusion criterion was being a student between the second and fourth grades in the schools assigned as study centers. The assessment tools used were the K-SADS-PL, and a sociodemographic form that was designed by the authors. Impairment was assessed via a 3 point-Likert type scale independently rated by a parent and a teacher. RESULTS A total of 5842 participants were included in the analyses. The prevalence of affective disorders was 2.5 % without considering impairment and 1.6 % when impairment was taken into account. In our sample, the diagnosis of bipolar disorder was lacking, thus depressive disorders constituted all the cases. Among depressive disorders with impairment, major depressive disorder (MDD) (prevalence of 1.06%) was the most common, followed by dysthymia (prevalence of 0.2%), adjustment disorder with depressive features (prevalence of 0.17%), and depressive disorder-NOS (prevalence of 0.14%). There were no statistically significant gender differences for depression. Maternal psychopathology and paternal physical illness were predictors of affective disorders with pervasive impairment. CONCLUSION MDD was the most common depressive disorder among Turkish children in this nationwide epidemiological study. This highlights the severe nature of depression and the importance of early interventions. Populations with maternal psychopathology and paternal physical illness may be the most appropriate targets for interventions to prevent and treat depression in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul Karacetin
- University of Health Sciences, Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ayse Rodopman Arman
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nese Perdahli Fis
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Esra Demirci
- Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Sevgi Ozmen
- Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Selma Tural Hesapcioglu
- Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Didem Oztop
- Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Ali Evren Tufan
- Abant Izzet Baysal University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bolu, Turkey.
| | - Umit Tural
- Kocaeli University, Department of Psychiatry, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Evrim Aktepe
- Suleyman Demirel University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Hatice Aksu
- Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aydin, Turkey.
| | - Ulku Akyol Ardic
- Denizli State Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Denizli, Turkey.
| | - Senem Basgul
- Hasan Kalyoncu University, Department of Psychology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Oznur Bilac
- Manisa Mental Health and Diseases Hospital Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Manisa, Turkey.
| | - Murat Coskun
- Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Gonca Gul Celik
- Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Sevcan Karakoc Demirkaya
- Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aydin, Turkey.
| | - Onur Burak Dursun
- Ataturk University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Ibrahim Durukan
- University of Health Sciences Gulhane Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Tulin Fidan
- Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - Salih Gencoglan
- Yuzuncu Yil University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Van, Turkey.
| | - Cem Gokcen
- Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Gaziantep, Turkey.
| | - Emel Sari Gokten
- University of Health Sciences, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Isık Gorker
- Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Edirne, Turkey.
| | - Vahdet Gormez
- Istanbul Medeniyet University, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ozlem Yildiz Gundogdu
- Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Cihat Kagan Gurkan
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Sabri Herguner
- Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Hasan Kandemir
- Harran University Faculty of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
| | - Birim Gunay Kilic
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ayse Kilincaslan
- Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Tuba Mutluer
- Van Training and Research Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Van, Turkey.
| | - Serhat Nasiroglu
- Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Ozlem Ozel Ozcan
- Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Malatya, Turkey.
| | - Mucahit Ozturk
- Hasan Kalyoncu University, Department of Psychology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Sermin Yalin Sapmaz
- Celal Bayar University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Manisa, Turkey.
| | - Serkan Suren
- Samsun Medical Park Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Nilfer Sahin
- Mugla Sitki Kocman University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mugla, Turkey.
| | - Aysegul Yolga Tahiroglu
- Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Fevziye Toros
- Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Fatih Unal
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Pinar Vural
- Uludag University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bursa, Turkey.
| | | | - Kemal Utku Yazici
- Firat University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Elazig, Turkey.
| | - Veli Yildirim
- Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Yasemin Yulaf
- Private Practice, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tekirdag, Turkey.
| | - Murat Yuce
- Ondokuz Mayis University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Tugba Yuksel
- Dicle University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
| | - Devrim Akdemir
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Hatice Altun
- Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kahramanmaras, Turkey..
| | - Basak Ayik
- University of Health Sciences, Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ayhan Bilgic
- Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Ozlem Hekim Bozkurt
- University of Health Sciences, Ankara Child Health and Diseases Hematology and Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Emine Demirbas Cakir
- Abant Izzet Baysal University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bolu, Turkey.
| | - Veysi Ceri
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nagehan Ucok Demir
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Gulser Dinc
- University of Health Sciences, Ankara Child Health and Diseases Hematology and Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Yasin Irmak
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Dursun Karaman
- University of Health Sciences Gulhane Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Fatih Kinik
- Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Betul Mazlum
- Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nursu Cakin Memik
- Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Dilsad Foto Ozdemir
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Hayati Sinir
- Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kahramanmaras, Turkey..
| | - Bedia Ince Tasdelen
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Beril Taskin
- Private Doctor, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Cagatay Ugur
- University of Health Sciences, Ankara Child Health and Diseases Hematology and Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Pınar Uran
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Taciser Uysal
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Ozden Sukran Uneri
- University of Health Sciences, Ankara Child Health and Diseases Hematology and Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Savas Yilmaz
- Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Sultan Seval Yilmaz
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Burak Acikel
- Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Huseyin Aktas
- Dicle University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
| | - Rumeysa Alaca
- Dicle University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
| | - Betul Gul Alic
- University of Health Sciences, Ankara Child Health and Diseases Hematology and Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mahmoud Almbaidheen
- University of Health Sciences Gulhane Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Pinar Ari
- Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - Cihan Aslan
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ender Atabay
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Merve Gunay Ay
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Hilal Aydemir
- University of Health Sciences, Ankara Child Health and Diseases Hematology and Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Gülseda Ayranci
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Zehra Babadagi
- Ondokuz Mayis University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Hasan Bayar
- Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Gaziantep, Turkey.
| | - Pelin Con Bayhan
- Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Malatya, Turkey.
| | - Ozlem Bayram
- Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Nese Dikmeer Bektas
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Kivanc Kudret Berberoglu
- Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Edirne, Turkey.
| | - Recep Bostan
- Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Yasemin Cakan
- Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Merve Arici Canli
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Akif Cansiz
- Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Cansin Ceylan
- Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Edirne, Turkey.
| | - Nese Coskun
- Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Seyma Coskun
- Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Gaziantep, Turkey.
| | - Ibrahim Demir
- University of Health Sciences, Ankara Child Health and Diseases Hematology and Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Nuran Demir
- Abant Izzet Baysal University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bolu, Turkey.
| | - Esen Yildirim Demirdogen
- Ataturk University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Busra Dogan
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Yunus Emre Donmez
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Funda Donder
- Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Aysegul Efe
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Safak Eray
- Uludag University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Seda Erbilgin
- Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Semih Erden
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Elif Gokce Ersoy
- Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - Tugba Eseroglu
- University of Health Sciences, Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Sumeyra Kina Firat
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ezgi Eynalli Gok
- Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Seyda Celik Goksoy
- Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Gulen Guler
- Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Zafer Gules
- Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aydin, Turkey.
| | - Gulay Gunay
- University of Health Sciences, Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Serkan Gunes
- Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Adem Gunes
- Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Gokcen Guven
- Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Havvana Horozcu
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ayse Irmak
- Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Umit Isik
- Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Ozlem Kahraman
- Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Bilge Merve Kalayci
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Umut Karaaslan
- Dicle University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Karadag
- Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Gaziantep, Turkey.
| | - Hilal Tugba Kilic
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Fethiye Kilicaslan
- Harran University Faculty of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
| | - Duygu Kinay
- Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Esra Bulanik Koc
- University of Health Sciences, Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Omer Kocael
- Uludag University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Rahime Kadir Mutlu
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Zejnep San
- Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Kevser Nalbant
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Nilufer Okumus
- Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Fatih Ozbek
- University of Health Sciences, Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Akkus Ozdemir
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Hanife Ozdemir
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Borte Gurbuz Ozgur
- Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aydin, Turkey.
| | - Selcuk Ozkan
- University of Health Sciences Gulhane Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Esra Yildirim Ozyurt
- Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Berna Polat
- Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Hatice Polat
- Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Ebru Sekmen
- University of Health Sciences, Ankara Child Health and Diseases Hematology and Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Sertcelik
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Feyza Hatice Sevgen
- Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kahramanmaras, Turkey..
| | - Oguz Sevince
- Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Ulker Shamkhalova
- Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Funda Suleyman
- Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nurcan Eren Simsek
- Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Yasar Tanir
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Tekden
- University of Health Sciences, Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Seyhan Temtek
- University of Health Sciences, Ankara Child Health and Diseases Hematology and Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Melike Topal
- University of Health Sciences, Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Zehra Topal
- Abant Izzet Baysal University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bolu, Turkey.
| | - Tugba Turk
- University of Health Sciences, Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Halit Necmi Ucar
- Uludag University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Filiz Ucar
- Ondokuz Mayis University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Duygu Uygun
- University of Health Sciences, Ankara Child Health and Diseases Hematology and Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Necati Uzun
- Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Zeynep Vatansever
- Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Neslihan Gokce Yazgili
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Dilsad Miniksar Yildiz
- Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Malatya, Turkey.
| | - Nazike Yildiz
- Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Edirne, Turkey.
| | - Eyup Sabri Ercan
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Izmir, Turkey.
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