1
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Dunbar RIM, Shultz S. Four errors and a fallacy: pitfalls for the unwary in comparative brain analyses. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1278-1309. [PMID: 37001905 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Comparative analyses are the backbone of evolutionary analysis. However, their record in producing a consensus has not always been good. This is especially true of attempts to understand the factors responsible for the evolution of large brains, which have been embroiled in an increasingly polarised debate over the past three decades. We argue that most of these disputes arise from a number of conceptual errors and associated logical fallacies that are the result of a failure to adopt a biological systems-based approach to hypothesis-testing. We identify four principal classes of error: a failure to heed Tinbergen's Four Questions when testing biological hypotheses, misapplying Dobzhansky's Dictum when testing hypotheses of evolutionary adaptation, poorly chosen behavioural proxies for underlying hypotheses, and the use of inappropriate statistical methods. In the interests of progress, we urge a more careful and considered approach to comparative analyses, and the adoption of a broader, rather than a narrower, taxonomic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin I M Dunbar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Anna Watts Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Susanne Shultz
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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2
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Qi XG, Wu J, Zhao L, Wang L, Guang X, Garber PA, Opie C, Yuan Y, Diao R, Li G, Wang K, Pan R, Ji W, Sun H, Huang ZP, Xu C, Witarto AB, Jia R, Zhang C, Deng C, Qiu Q, Zhang G, Grueter CC, Wu D, Li B. Adaptations to a cold climate promoted social evolution in Asian colobine primates. Science 2023; 380:eabl8621. [PMID: 37262163 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl8621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The biological mechanisms that underpin primate social evolution remain poorly understood. Asian colobines display a range of social organizations, which makes them good models for investigating social evolution. By integrating ecological, geological, fossil, behavioral, and genomic analyses, we found that colobine primates that inhabit colder environments tend to live in larger, more complex groups. Specifically, glacial periods during the past 6 million years promoted the selection of genes involved in cold-related energy metabolism and neurohormonal regulation. More-efficient dopamine and oxytocin pathways developed in odd-nosed monkeys, which may have favored the prolongation of maternal care and lactation, increasing infant survival in cold environments. These adaptive changes appear to have strengthened interindividual affiliation, increased male-male tolerance, and facilitated the stepwise aggregation from independent one-male groups to large multilevel societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Guang Qi
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinwei Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lan Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Paul A Garber
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Christopher Opie
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Yuan Yuan
- College of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Runjie Diao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kun Wang
- College of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruliang Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weihong Ji
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Zhi-Pang Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chunzhong Xu
- Shanghai Wild Animal Park Development Co., Shanghai, China
| | - Arief B Witarto
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pertahanan, Jabodetabek, Indonesia
| | - Rui Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Cheng Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Qiu
- College of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guojie Zhang
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Cyril C Grueter
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Dongdong Wu
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Baoguo Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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3
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Nautiyal H, Tanaka H, Huffman MA. Anti-predator strategies of adult male Central Himalayan Langurs (Semnopithecus schistaceus) in response to domestic dogs in a human-dominated landscape. Primates 2023; 64:361-379. [PMID: 37027070 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-023-01061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of predator-prey relationships is an important topic in primatology. Many aspects of primate society have been explained as a response to predation pressure. While predation has been discussed in broad theoretical terms, few systematically collected data exist on the subject. Furthermore, little information exists regarding the inter-male variation in responses to predators. To address this data gap, predatory dog-primate interactions were studied in a 78-member group of habituated, individually recognized Central Himalayan Langurs (CHL) (Semnopithecus schistaceus) living in a high-altitude subsistence agricultural landscape of northern India. We recorded 312 langur-dog interactions over 2 years. These predation events resulted in 15 serious attacks on adult females, infants, juveniles and sub-adults, in eight of which the prey was killed and consumed on the spot. In response to dog predation, adult males performed three types of anti-predator response behaviors: direct fighting with a predator, emitting alarm calls, fleeing and/or freezing. Differences were noted in each male's response to village dogs. The results showed that the likelihood of CHL adult males engaging in more costly counterattacks or attention getting alarm calls were better predicted by the level of investment in the group (genetic relatedness, duration of residency, social relationships), but not rank and mating rate. Long-duration resident adult males performed high and/or intermediate cost behaviors to protect vulnerable members of the group; their potential offspring, maternal siblings or cousins, and adult female social partners. Short-term residents or recent immigrant males exhibited two less energetically costly, more self-preserving behaviors, depending on their rank: (1) high-ranking short-tenure duration males, with high mating frequencies, performed flee and freeze responses; (2) low-ranking, low-mating-frequency males performed more alarm calls. Counterattacks and alarm calls were performed by adult males with relatively more experience with village dogs and were directed towards dogs with predatory histories significantly more often than dogs with non-predatory histories. Natural selection and kin selection have both contributed to the evolution of CHL anti-predator tactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Nautiyal
- Kyoto University, Primate Research Institute, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan.
- National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India.
- Sangam Vihar Chauras, Kilkileshwar, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, 249161, India.
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Kyoto University, Primate Research Institute, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
- Center for Ecological Research, Inuyama Campus, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Michael A Huffman
- Kyoto University, Primate Research Institute, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
- Wildlife Research Center, Inuyama Campus, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
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4
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Asensio N, Zandonà E, Dunn JC, Cristóbal-Azkarate J. Socioecological correlates of social play in adult mantled howler monkeys. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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5
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Feliu O, Masip M, Maté C, Sánchez-López S, Crailsheim D, Kalcher-Sommersguter E. Behavioural Development of Three Former Pet Chimpanzees a Decade after Arrival at the MONA Sanctuary. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:138. [PMID: 35049762 PMCID: PMC8772579 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimpanzees used as pets and in the entertainment industry endure detrimental living conditions from early infancy onwards. The preferred option for ending their existence as pet or circus chimpanzees is their rescue and transfer to a primate sanctuary that will provide them with optimal living and social conditions, so that they can thrive. In this case study, we had the rare opportunity to compare the activity budgets of three chimpanzees from their time as pets in 2004 to their time living at the MONA sanctuary in 2020, after almost a decade in the centre. We found their behaviour patterns changed in accordance with the sanctuaries' rehabilitation objectives. Resting periods increased considerably while vigilance simultaneously declined sharply. Moreover, the chimpanzees' social competence increased as allogrooming became the predominant social behaviour, and agonistic interactions diminished even though they were living within a larger social group at the sanctuary. All three chimpanzees expanded their allogrooming and proximity networks at the sanctuary, which included new group members, but they maintained the closest relationships to those conspecifics who they were rescued with. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the sanctuary environment and social group setting made it possible for these three chimpanzees to improve their social competence and increase their well-being over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Feliu
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Research Department, Fundació Mona, 17457 Girona, Spain; (M.M.); (D.C.)
| | - Marti Masip
- Research Department, Fundació Mona, 17457 Girona, Spain; (M.M.); (D.C.)
| | - Carmen Maté
- Department of Animal Rights, Barcelona City Council, C/Perez Galdós 24-26, 08012 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Sònia Sánchez-López
- Area of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain;
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6
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Leongómez JD, Havlíček J, Roberts SC. Musicality in human vocal communication: an evolutionary perspective. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20200391. [PMID: 34775823 PMCID: PMC8591388 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies show that specific vocal modulations, akin to those of infant-directed speech (IDS) and perhaps music, play a role in communicating intentions and mental states during human social interaction. Based on this, we propose a model for the evolution of musicality-the capacity to process musical information-in relation to human vocal communication. We suggest that a complex social environment, with strong social bonds, promoted the appearance of musicality-related abilities. These social bonds were not limited to those between offspring and mothers or other carers, although these may have been especially influential in view of altriciality of human infants. The model can be further tested in other species by comparing levels of sociality and complexity of vocal communication. By integrating several theories, our model presents a radically different view of musicality, not limited to specifically musical scenarios, but one in which this capacity originally evolved to aid parent-infant communication and bonding, and even today plays a role not only in music but also in IDS, as well as in some adult-directed speech contexts. This article is part of the theme issue 'Voice modulation: from origin and mechanism to social impact (Part II)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan David Leongómez
- Human Behaviour Lab, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Jan Havlíček
- Department of Zoology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - S. Craig Roberts
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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7
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Hess NH, Hagen EH. Competitive gossip: the impact of domain, resource value, resource scarcity and coalitions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200305. [PMID: 34601911 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Those with better reputations often obtain more resources than those with poorer reputations. Consequently, gossip might be an evolved strategy to compete for valuable and scarce material and social resources. Influenced by models of non-human primate competition, we test the hypotheses that gossip: (i) targets aspects of reputation relevant to the domain in which the competition is occurring, (ii) increases when contested resources are more valuable, and (iii) increases when resources are scarcer. We then test hypotheses derived from informational warfare theory, which proposes that coalitions strategically collect, analyse and disseminate gossip. Specifically, we test whether: (iv) coalitions deter negative gossip, and (v) whether they increase expectations of reputational harm to competitors. Using experimental methods in a Mechanical Turk sample (n = 600), and survey and ego network analysis methods in a sample of California sorority women (n = 74), we found that gossip content is specific to the context of the competition; that more valuable and scarcer resources cause gossip, particularly negative gossip, to intensify; and that allies deter negative gossip and increase expectations of reputational harm to an adversary. These results support social competition theories of gossip. This article is part of the theme issue 'The language of cooperation: reputation and honest signalling'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole H Hess
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Avenue, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA
| | - Edward H Hagen
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Avenue, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA
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8
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Xia W, Grueter CC, Ren B, Zhang D, Yuan X, Li D. Determinants of Harem Size in a Polygynous Primate: Reproductive Success and Social Benefits. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102915. [PMID: 34679936 PMCID: PMC8532613 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We used long-term data on the variation in harem size in Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys to research the effects of harem size on reproductive success and the ratio of grooming received to given (RGRG). The results suggest that harem holders derive reproductive benefits commensurate with harem size, whereas the females' reproductive success is unaffected by harem size. Males of larger harems groomed less and had higher RGRG than males of smaller harems. In the case of females, grooming given increased, and RGRG decreased with an increase in harem size. The males' reproductive success seems to be a driver of harem size maximization. From the females' perspective, dwindling social benefits appear to set the upper limit for harem enlargement. We also showed that males of monogamous units ('single-female harems') invested more into grooming their female, presumably to prevent unit disintegration and loss of mating privileges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wancai Xia
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China;
- Institute of Rare Animals and Plants, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Cyril C. Grueter
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
| | - Baoping Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Dejun Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China; (D.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaoxia Yuan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China; (D.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Dayong Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China;
- Institute of Rare Animals and Plants, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
- Correspondence:
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9
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Lee ZH, Ang A, Ruppert N. First record of interspecies grooming between Raffles’ Banded Langur and Long-tailed Macaque. JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2021. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.7510.13.9.19246-19253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In primates, observations of interspecies grooming are not uncommon, especially between species of the same genus. However, little is reported about grooming between different genera and less is discussed about its ecological significance. Here, we report the first sighting of Long-tailed Macaques grooming the Critically Endangered and rare Raffles’ Banded Langur during two independent events at Gunung Lambak Recreational Forest in Kluang, Malaysia.
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10
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Crailsheim D, Romani T, Llorente M, Kalcher-Sommersguter E. Assessing the sociability of former pet and entertainment chimpanzees by using multiplex networks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20969. [PMID: 33262388 PMCID: PMC7708499 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the field of social network analysis facilitate the creation of multiplex networks where several interaction types can be analysed simultaneously. In order to test the potential benefits of this approach, we investigated the sociability of atypically raised chimpanzees by constructing and analysing 4-layered multiplex networks of two groups of former pet and entertainment chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). These networks are based on four social interaction types (stationary vicinity, affiliative behaviour, allogrooming, passive close proximity) representing low- to high-level interaction types in terms of sociability. Using the tools provided by the MuxViz software, we could assess and compare the similarity and information gain of each these social interaction types. We found some social interaction types to be more similar than other ones. However, each social interaction type imparted different information. We also tested for a possible impact of the chimpanzees’ biographical background on the social interaction types and found affiliative behaviour as well as allogrooming to be affected by adverse early life experiences. We conclude that this multiplex approach provides a more realistic framework giving detailed insight into the sociability of these chimpanzees and can function as a tool to support captive care management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Crailsheim
- Unitat de Recerca i Etologia, Fundació MONA, Riudellots de La Selva, Spain. .,Facultat d'Educació i Psicologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.
| | - Toni Romani
- Faculty of Artes Liberales, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miquel Llorente
- Unitat de Recerca i Etologia, Fundació MONA, Riudellots de La Selva, Spain.,Facultat d'Educació i Psicologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca i Estudis en Primatologia - IPRIM, Girona, Spain
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11
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Guo ST, He SJ, Zhang H, Bai RF, Zhang SM, Hou R, Grueter CC, Chapman CA, Dunn DW, Li BG. Male social rank and food competition in a primate multi-level society. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:630-642. [PMID: 32918292 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Social animals often have dominance hierarchies, with high rank conferring preferential access to resources. In primates, competition among males is often assumed to occur predominantly over reproductive opportunities. However, competition for food may occur during food shortages, such as in temperate species during winter. Higher-ranked males may thus gain preferential access to high-profitability food, which would enable them to spend longer engaged in activities other than feeding. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a field experiment with a breeding band of golden snub-nosed monkeys, a species that lives in a multi-level society in high-altitude forests in central China. We provisioned monkey's high-profitability food during winter when natural foods are limited, and then recorded the times individual adult males spent engaged in different behaviors. RESULTS Higher-ranking males spent less time feeding overall and fed on provisioned foods at a higher rate than lower-ranking males. Higher-ranking males therefore had more time to spend on alternative behaviors. We found no significant difference according to rank in times spent moving or resting. However, high-ranking males spend significantly longer on affiliative behaviors with other members of their social sub-units, especially grooming and being groomed, behaviors known to promote social cohesion in primates. DISCUSSION We show that preferential access to high-profitability foods likely relaxes time-budget constraints to higher-ranking males. High-ranking males thus spend more time on non-feeding activities, especially grooming, which may enhance social cohesion within their social sub-unit. We discuss the potential direct and indirect benefits to high-ranking males associated with preferential access to high-value food during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Tao Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shu-Jun He
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - He Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui-Feng Bai
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Si-Meng Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rong Hou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cyril C Grueter
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali, China.,Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Derek W Dunn
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bao-Guo Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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12
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Abstract
Music comprises a diverse category of cognitive phenomena that likely represent both the effects of psychological adaptations that are specific to music (e.g., rhythmic entrainment) and the effects of adaptations for non-musical functions (e.g., auditory scene analysis). How did music evolve? Here, we show that prevailing views on the evolution of music - that music is a byproduct of other evolved faculties, evolved for social bonding, or evolved to signal mate quality - are incomplete or wrong. We argue instead that music evolved as a credible signal in at least two contexts: coalitional interactions and infant care. Specifically, we propose that (1) the production and reception of coordinated, entrained rhythmic displays is a co-evolved system for credibly signaling coalition strength, size, and coordination ability; and (2) the production and reception of infant-directed song is a co-evolved system for credibly signaling parental attention to secondarily altricial infants. These proposals, supported by interdisciplinary evidence, suggest that basic features of music, such as melody and rhythm, result from adaptations in the proper domain of human music. The adaptations provide a foundation for the cultural evolution of music in its actual domain, yielding the diversity of musical forms and musical behaviors found worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Mehr
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138, ; https://; https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/epl
- Data Science Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington6012, New Zealand
| | - Max M Krasnow
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138, ; https://; https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/epl
| | - Gregory A Bryant
- Department of Communication, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095, ; https://gabryant.bol.ucla.edu
- Center for Behavior, Evolution, & Culture, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Edward H Hagen
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA98686, USA. ; https://anthro.vancouver.wsu.edu/people/hagen
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13
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Okumura T, Nemoto K, Chapman CA, Matsuda I. Infant Pelage Color Change and Infant Handling in Captive Black-and-White Colobus. MAMMAL STUDY 2020. [DOI: 10.3106/ms2019-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kei Nemoto
- Japan Monkey Centre, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., U.S.A
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14
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Fröhlich M, Kunz J, Fryns C, Falkner S, Rukmana E, Schuppli M, Knief U, Utami Atmoko SS, Schuppli C, van Noordwijk MA. Social interactions and interaction partners in infant orang-utans of two wild populations. Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Tkaczynski PJ, Mielke A, Samuni L, Preis A, Wittig RM, Crockford C. Long-term repeatability in social behaviour suggests stable social phenotypes in wild chimpanzees. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200454. [PMID: 32968512 PMCID: PMC7481694 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Consistent individual differences in social phenotypes have been observed in many animal species. Changes in demographics, dominance hierarchies or ecological factors, such as food availability or disease prevalence, are expected to influence decision-making processes regarding social interactions. Therefore, it should be expected that individuals show flexibility rather than stability in social behaviour over time to maximize the fitness benefits of social living. Understanding the processes that create and maintain social phenotypes requires data encompassing a range of socioecological settings and variation in intrinsic state or life-history stage or strategy. Using observational data spanning up to 19 years for some individuals, we demonstrate that multiple types of social behaviour are repeatable over the long term in wild chimpanzees, a long-lived species with complex fission-fusion societies. We controlled for temporal, ecological and demographic changes, limiting pseudo-repeatability. We conclude that chimpanzees living in natural ecological settings have relatively stable long-term social phenotypes over years that may be independent of life-history or reproductive strategies. Our results add to the growing body of the literature suggesting consistent individual differences in social tendencies are more likely the rule rather than the exception in group-living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Tkaczynski
- Department of Human Behaviour, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Mielke
- School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Liran Samuni
- Department of Human Behaviour, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Anna Preis
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Roman M. Wittig
- Department of Human Behaviour, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Catherine Crockford
- Department of Human Behaviour, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
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Espitia-Contreras JP, Fedigan LM, Turner SE. Social grooming efficiency and techniques are influenced by manual impairment in free-ranging Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228978. [PMID: 32084169 PMCID: PMC7034802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals born with physical impairments may particularly require behavioural flexibility and innovation to survive and carry out social activities, such as grooming. Studies on free-ranging Japanese macaques on Awaji Island, Japan, have shown that individuals with congenital limb malformations exhibited compensatory behaviours while grooming, such as increased mouth and elbow use for removing ectoparasites. The aim of this study is to explore disabled and nondisabled grooming techniques to determine whether and to what extent disabled monkeys develop novel grooming techniques, and if there is disability-associated variation in grooming efficiency. We hypothesized that modified grooming techniques used by disabled monkeys fulfilled the social and relaxing functions of grooming, however, that grooming by manually impaired individuals may still carry a hygienic cost to the recipients. Grooming behavioural data were collected by video in 2007 on 27 adult females (11 with CLMs). With a detailed grooming-related ethogram, we transcribed 216 2-minute continuous grooming video samples. We analyzed the data using generalized linear mixed effects models in R. We found that monkeys with manual impairment were less efficient groomers, as measured by removal and movement efficiency during grooming. However, there were no significant differences associated with the number of grooming movements per sample among the focal animals. Additionally, with a behavioural sequential analysis, we isolated 8 distinct grooming techniques and 3 novel disability-specific movements. Our results indicate that innovation and modification of movement types does not entirely compensate for manual disability, and that manual impairment carries a cost to the hygienic function of grooming. However, for the grooming recipient, the experience of being groomed by a disabled or nondisabled groomer is likely similar, and through movement compensation, disabled monkeys are able to engage in the social aspect of grooming without incurring any disability-associated costs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda M. Fedigan
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah E. Turner
- Department of Geography, Planning and Environment, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Singletary B, Tecot S. Multimodal pair-bond maintenance: A review of signaling across modalities in pair-bonded nonhuman primates. Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23105. [PMID: 32011759 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Only a handful of primate species exhibit the social relationship of pair-bonding. Efficient communication is critical for behavioral coordination within pair-bonds to maintain proximity and respond appropriately to extra-pair individuals, and possibly coordinate infant care. The use of complex signaling across modalities may help individuals improve communicative outcomes. We review many ways that pair-bonded species use signals to communicate and maintain bonds, though little previous research has taken a truly multimodal approach within a single species. We make a call for further investigation into pair-bonded communication using a multimodal approach to better understand how these species use all their senses to build, maintain, and advertise their bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stacey Tecot
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Laboratory for the Evolutionary Endocrinology of Primates, School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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18
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Crailsheim D, Stüger HP, Kalcher-Sommersguter E, Llorente M. Early life experience and alterations of group composition shape the social grooming networks of former pet and entertainment chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226947. [PMID: 31940322 PMCID: PMC6961849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term effects of early life adversities on social capacities have been documented in humans and wild-caught former laboratory chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). However, former pet and entertainment chimpanzees have received little attention to date. This study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of early life experience on 18 former pet and entertainment chimpanzees, based on social grooming data collected at a primate rescue centre over a 12-year period. Moreover, we also focused on the possible short-term effects that alterations to group composition might have on grooming patterns. For this purpose, we compared stable and unstable periods (i.e. where alterations to group composition occurred). We used two individual social network measures to analyse the grooming activity and the distribution of grooming among group mates for each individual. We could show that wild-caught chimpanzees were significantly more selective regarding their grooming partners and spent less time grooming when compared to their captive born companions. We also found that individuals who were predominantly housed without conspecifics during infancy spent less time grooming compared to those who were predominantly housed with conspecifics during infancy. Furthermore, we found that alterations to the group composition had short-term effects on the distribution of social grooming from a more equal distribution during periods with a stable group composition towards a more unequal and selective distribution during unstable periods. Thus, we conclude that the social grooming networks of former pet and entertainment chimpanzees are shaped not only by long-term effects such as early life experience, but also by short-term effects such as alterations to group composition. Remarkably, we found not only captive born chimpanzees but also wild-caught individuals to adjust their grooming to socially challenging situations by modifying their grooming distribution in a similar way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Crailsheim
- Unitat de Recerca i Etologia, Fundació MONA, Riudellots de la Selva, Spain
- Facultat d’Educació i Psicologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Hans Peter Stüger
- Department of Statistics and Analytical Epidemiology, AGES - Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Miquel Llorente
- Unitat de Recerca i Etologia, Fundació MONA, Riudellots de la Selva, Spain
- Facultat d’Educació i Psicologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
- IPRIM - Institut de Recerca i Estudis en Primatologia, Girona, Spain
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Zaidel DW. Coevolution of language and symbolic meaning: Co-opting meaning underlying the initial arts in early human culture. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2019; 11:e1520. [PMID: 31502423 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many of language's components, including communicating symbolic meaning, have neurobiological roots that go back millions of years in evolutionary time. The intersection with the human social survival strategy spawned additional adaptive meaning systems. Under conditions threatening survival in socially oriented human groups, extra-language meaning systems co-opted and adapted to facilitate unity, including the early formats of the arts. They would have percolated into cultural practice for this social purpose and ultimately survival. With evolutionary pressures tapping into biologically inherited, physiologically functioning sensory-motor pathways, anchored specifically in rhythm cognition and motor synchrony output, initial art practice conveyed symbolic group cohesion through communal, all-inclusive synchronously moving dance formations and rhythmically produced vocal or percussion sounds. As with the sounds of language in the deep past, and numerous other cultural behaviors, such nonmaterial early art formats would not have left marks in the archeological record but their evolutionary driven practice would have contributed to adaptive genetic factors woven into brain-behavior evolution. Their practice is likely to have well predated unearthed art-related objects. Consolidation of evidence and notions from language evolution, genetics, human physiology, comparative animal communication, archeology, and climate history in the distant past of early humans in Africa supports the evolutionary driven practice of initial nonmaterial art formats conveying symbolic expressions optimizing group survival. This article is categorized under: Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition Linguistics > Evolution of Language Psychology > Comparative Psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahlia W Zaidel
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
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Canteloup C, Borgeaud C, Wubs M, Waal E. The effect of social and ecological factors on the time budget of wild vervet monkeys. Ethology 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Canteloup
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Inkawu Vervet Project Mawana Game Reserve KwaZulu Natal South Africa
| | - Christèle Borgeaud
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Inkawu Vervet Project Mawana Game Reserve KwaZulu Natal South Africa
| | - Matthias Wubs
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Erica Waal
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Inkawu Vervet Project Mawana Game Reserve KwaZulu Natal South Africa
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21
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Wolovich CK, Tapanes E, Evans S. Allogrooming in Male-Female Pairs of Captive Owl Monkeys ( Aotus nancymaae). Folia Primatol (Basel) 2018; 88:483-496. [DOI: 10.1159/000485134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Podlipniak P. The Role of the Baldwin Effect in the Evolution of Human Musicality. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:542. [PMID: 29056895 PMCID: PMC5635050 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
From the biological perspective human musicality is the term referred to as a set of abilities which enable the recognition and production of music. Since music is a complex phenomenon which consists of features that represent different stages of the evolution of human auditory abilities, the question concerning the evolutionary origin of music must focus mainly on music specific properties and their possible biological function or functions. What usually differentiates music from other forms of human sound expressions is a syntactically organized structure based on pitch classes and rhythmic units measured in reference to musical pulse. This structure is an auditory (not acoustical) phenomenon, meaning that it is a human-specific interpretation of sounds achieved thanks to certain characteristics of the nervous system. There is historical and cross-cultural diversity of this structure which indicates that learning is an important part of the development of human musicality. However, the fact that there is no culture without music, the syntax of which is implicitly learned and easily recognizable, suggests that human musicality may be an adaptive phenomenon. If the use of syntactically organized structure as a communicative phenomenon were adaptive it would be only in circumstances in which this structure is recognizable by more than one individual. Therefore, there is a problem to explain the adaptive value of an ability to recognize a syntactically organized structure that appeared accidentally as the result of mutation or recombination in an environment without a syntactically organized structure. The possible solution could be explained by the Baldwin effect in which a culturally invented trait is transformed into an instinctive trait by the means of natural selection. It is proposed that in the beginning musical structure was invented and learned thanks to neural plasticity. Because structurally organized music appeared adaptive (phenotypic adaptation) e.g., as a tool of social consolidation, our predecessors started to spend a lot of time and energy on music. In such circumstances, accidentally one individual was born with the genetically controlled development of new neural circuitry which allowed him or her to learn music faster and with less energy use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Podlipniak
- Institute of Musicology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
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23
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Henderson K, Pantinople J, McCabe K, Richards HL, Milne N. Forelimb bone curvature in terrestrial and arboreal mammals. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3229. [PMID: 28462036 PMCID: PMC5408721 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has recently been proposed that the caudal curvature (concave caudal side) observed in the radioulna of terrestrial quadrupeds is an adaptation to the habitual action of the triceps muscle which causes cranial bending strains (compression on cranial side). The caudal curvature is proposed to be adaptive because longitudinal loading induces caudal bending strains (increased compression on the caudal side), and these opposing bending strains counteract each other leaving the radioulna less strained. If this is true for terrestrial quadrupeds, where triceps is required for habitual elbow extension, then we might expect that in arboreal species, where brachialis is habitually required to maintain elbow flexion, the radioulna should instead be cranially curved. This study measures sagittal curvature of the ulna in a range of terrestrial and arboreal primates and marsupials, and finds that their ulnae are curved in opposite directions in these two locomotor categories. This study also examines sagittal curvature in the humerus in the same species, and finds differences that can be attributed to similar adaptations: the bone is curved to counter the habitual muscle action required by the animal’s lifestyle, the difference being mainly in the distal part of the humerus, where arboreal animals tend have a cranial concavity, thought to be in response the carpal and digital muscles that pull cranially on the distal humerus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Henderson
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jess Pantinople
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kyle McCabe
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hazel L Richards
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nick Milne
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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24
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Jaeggi AV, Kramer KL, Hames R, Kiely EJ, Gomes C, Kaplan H, Gurven M. Human grooming in comparative perspective: People in six small-scale societies groom less but socialize just as much as expected for a typical primate. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 162:810-816. [PMID: 28164267 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Grooming has important utilitarian and social functions in primates but little is known about grooming and its functional analogues in traditional human societies. We compare human grooming to typical primate patterns to test its hygienic and social functions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were used to derive expected human grooming time given the potential associations between grooming, group size, body size, terrestriality, and several climatic variables across 69 primate species. This was compared against observed times dedicated to grooming, other hygienic behavior, and conversation among the Maya, Pumé, Sanöma, Tsimane', Yanomamö, and Ye'kwana (mean number of behavioral scans = 23,514). RESULTS Expected grooming time for humans was 4% (95% Credible Interval = 0.07%-14%), similar to values observed in primates, based largely on terrestriality and phylogenetic signal (mean λ = 0.56). No other covariates strongly associated with grooming across primates. Observed grooming time across societies was 0.8%, lower than 89% of the expected values. However, the observed times dedicated to any hygienic behavior (3.0%) or "vocal grooming," that is conversation (7.3%), fell within the expected range. CONCLUSIONS We found (i) that human grooming may be a (recent) phylogenetic outlier when defined narrowly as parasite removal but not defined broadly as personal hygiene, (ii) there was no support for thermoregulatory functions of grooming, and (iii) no support for the "vocal grooming" hypothesis of language having evolved as a less time-consuming means of bonding. Thus, human grooming reflects decreased hygienic needs, but similar social needs compared to primate grooming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian V Jaeggi
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322
| | - Karen L Kramer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | - Raymond Hames
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588
| | - Evan J Kiely
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322
| | - Cristina Gomes
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, 33124
| | - Hillard Kaplan
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131
| | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106
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25
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Snyder-Mackler N, Kohn JN, Barreiro LB, Johnson ZP, Wilson ME, Tung J. Social status drives social relationships in groups of unrelated female rhesus macaques. Anim Behav 2016; 111:307-317. [PMID: 26769983 PMCID: PMC4707678 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Strong social relationships confer health and fitness benefits in a number of species, motivating the need to understand the processes through which they arise. In female cercopithecine primates, both kinship and dominance rank are thought to influence rates of affiliative behaviour and social partner preference. Teasing apart the relative importance of these factors has been challenging, however, as female kin often occupy similar positions in the dominance hierarchy. Here, we isolated the specific effects of rank on social relationships in female rhesus macaques by analysing grooming patterns in 18 social groups that did not contain close relatives, and in which dominance ranks were experimentally randomized. We found that grooming was asymmetrically directed towards higher-ranking females and that grooming bouts temporarily decreased the likelihood of aggression between grooming partners, supporting the idea that grooming is associated with social tolerance. Even in the absence of kin, females formed the strongest grooming relationships with females adjacent to them in rank, a pattern that was strongest for the highest-ranking females. Using simulations, we show that three rules for allocating grooming based on dominance rank recapitulated most of the relationships we observed. Finally, we evaluated whether a female's tendency to engage in grooming behaviour was stable across time and social setting. We found that one measure, the rate of grooming females provided to others (but not the rate of grooming females received), exhibited modest stability after accounting for the primary effect of dominance rank. Together, our findings indicate that dominance rank has strong effects on social relationships in the absence of kin, suggesting the importance of considering social status and social connectedness jointly when investigating their health and fitness consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan N. Kohn
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A
| | - Luis B. Barreiro
- Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zachary P. Johnson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A
| | - Mark E. Wilson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A
| | - Jenny Tung
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, U.S.A
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, U.S.A
- Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- Duke Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, U.S.A
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26
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McFarland R, Henzi SP, Barrett L, Wanigaratne A, Coetzee E, Fuller A, Hetem RS, Mitchell D, Maloney SK. Thermal consequences of increased pelt loft infer an additional utilitarian function for grooming. Am J Primatol 2015; 78:456-461. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard McFarland
- Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg Gauteng South Africa
- Department of Anthropology; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin
| | - S. Peter Henzi
- Department of Psychology; University of Lethbridge; Lethbridge Alberta Canada
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit; University of South Africa; Pretoria Gauteng South Africa
| | - Louise Barrett
- Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg Gauteng South Africa
- Department of Psychology; University of Lethbridge; Lethbridge Alberta Canada
| | - Anuradha Wanigaratne
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology; University of Western Australia; Crawley Perth Australia
| | - Elsie Coetzee
- National Metrology Institute of South Africa; Pretoria Gauteng South Africa
| | - Andrea Fuller
- Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg Gauteng South Africa
| | - Robyn S. Hetem
- Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg Gauteng South Africa
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg Gauteng South Africa
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology; University of Western Australia; Crawley Perth Australia
| | - Shane K. Maloney
- Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg Gauteng South Africa
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology; University of Western Australia; Crawley Perth Australia
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27
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Abstract
The world of primate genomics is expanding rapidly in new and exciting ways owing to lowered costs and new technologies in molecular methods and bioinformatics. The primate order is composed of 78 genera and 478 species, including human. Taxonomic inferences are complex and likely a consequence of ongoing hybridization, introgression, and reticulate evolution among closely related taxa. Recently, we applied large-scale sequencing methods and extensive taxon sampling to generate a highly resolved phylogeny that affirms, reforms, and extends previous depictions of primate speciation. The next stage of research uses this phylogeny as a foundation for investigating genome content, structure, and evolution across primates. Ongoing and future applications of a robust primate phylogeny are discussed, highlighting advancements in adaptive evolution of genes and genomes, taxonomy and conservation management of endangered species, next-generation genomic technologies, and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Pecon-Slattery
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702; Current Affiliation: Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia 22630;
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28
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Matsuda I, Fukaya K, Pasquaretta C, Sueur C. Factors Influencing Grooming Social Networks: Insights from Comparisons of Colobines with Different Dispersal Patterns. DISPERSING PRIMATE FEMALES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-55480-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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29
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Ancillotto L, Allegrini C, Serangeli MT, Jones G, Russo D. Sociality across species: spatial proximity of newborn bats promotes heterospecific social bonding. Behav Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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30
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McFarland R, Barrett L, Boner R, Freeman NJ, Henzi SP. Behavioral flexibility of vervet monkeys in response to climatic and social variability. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 154:357-64. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard McFarland
- Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Louise Barrett
- Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
- Department of Psychology; University of Lethbridge; Lethbridge Canada
| | - Ria Boner
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystem Research Unit; University of South Africa; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Natalie J. Freeman
- Department of Psychology; University of Lethbridge; Lethbridge Canada
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystem Research Unit; University of South Africa; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - S. Peter Henzi
- Department of Psychology; University of Lethbridge; Lethbridge Canada
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystem Research Unit; University of South Africa; Johannesburg South Africa
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31
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32
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Grueter CC. No effect of inter-group conflict on within-group harmony in non-human primates. Commun Integr Biol 2013; 6:e26801. [PMID: 24563713 PMCID: PMC3917964 DOI: 10.4161/cib.26801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been a longstanding assumption that the threat of extra-group conflict can promote the expression of socio-positive behavior and cohesion within animal groups. I conducted a comparative analysis on the effect of inter-group conflict (indexed by home range overlap) on within-group affiliation levels (indexed by time engaged in allogrooming) in a sample of 48 primate species. There was no association between the 2 variables in a phylogenetic generalized least squares regression. I conclude that inter-group conflict may at best elicit short-term immediate changes in affiliation levels, but permanently elevated cohesion appears unique to humans with their large-scale social integration and scaled up inter-group conflict.
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33
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Yu Y, Xiang ZF, Yao H, Grueter CC, Li M. Female snub-nosed monkeys exchange grooming for sex and infant handling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74822. [PMID: 24086380 PMCID: PMC3783486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogrooming in primates has acquired an important social function beyond its original hygienic function and can be exchanged either for itself or used as a currency to obtain other benefits such as copulations, access to infants or agonistic support. We explore the strategic use of grooming as a social tool in semi-wild golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in central China, a species where two desirable resources, viz. reproductive males and infants, are restricted to the mating and birth season, respectively. We predict that females expend their grooming selectively to different individuals according to their "value". Our results show that in the mating season, females devoted more grooming to the resident male than in the birth season, and this effect was particularly strong in non-mothers (females without newborn infants). Moreover, females were more likely to groom the resident male after copulation than during baseline social conditions. In the birth season, females devoted more grooming to other females than in the mating season, and mothers (females with newborn infants) were the most valuable grooming partners. The mean rate of contact by non-mothers toward infants of other females was significantly higher after grooming the mothers than in baseline social conditions. In conclusion, our findings lend credence to the notion that primate females use grooming as a strategic tool to obtain limited resources such as males and infants and vary preference for particular individuals depending on the seasonal availability of valuable resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zuo-Fu Xiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Yao
- Key lab of Conservation Biology for Shennongjia Golden Monkey, Hubei Province, Shennongjia Forest District, Hubei, China
| | - Cyril C. Grueter
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Ming Li
- Key lab of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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