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Abbasi M, Gupta V, Chitranshi N, Moustardas P, Ranjbaran R, Graham SL. Molecular Mechanisms of Glaucoma Pathogenesis with Implications to Caveolin Adaptor Protein and Caveolin-Shp2 Axis. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.1012. [PMID: 37962455 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common retinal disorder characterized by progressive optic nerve damage, resulting in visual impairment and potential blindness. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor, but some patients still experience disease progression despite IOP-lowering treatments. Genome-wide association studies have linked variations in the Caveolin1/2 (CAV-1/2) gene loci to glaucoma risk. Cav-1, a key protein in caveolae membrane invaginations, is involved in signaling pathways and its absence impairs retinal function. Recent research suggests that Cav-1 is implicated in modulating the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway in retinal ganglion cells, which plays a critical role in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) health and protection against apoptosis. Understanding the interplay between these proteins could shed light on glaucoma pathogenesis and provide potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojdeh Abbasi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping Sweden
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Petros Moustardas
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping Sweden
| | - Reza Ranjbaran
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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2
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Hurst J, Attrodt G, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Mau-Holzmann UA, Spitzer MS, Schnichels S. A Case Study from the Past: "The RGC-5 vs. the 661W Cell Line: Similarities, Differences and Contradictions-Are They Really the Same?". Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13801. [PMID: 37762103 PMCID: PMC10531351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the pursuit of identifying the underlying pathways of ocular diseases, the use of cell lines such as (retinal ganglion cell-5) RGC-5 and 661W became a valuable tool, including pathologies like retinal degeneration and glaucoma. In 2001, the establishment of the RGC-5 cell line marked a significant breakthrough in glaucoma research. Over time, however, concerns arose about the true nature of RGC-5 cells, with conflicting findings in the literature regarding their identity as retinal ganglion cells or photoreceptor-like cells. This study aimed to address the controversy surrounding the RGC-5 cell line's origin and properties by comparing it with the 661W cell line, a known cone photoreceptor model. Both cell lines were differentiated according to two prior published redifferentiation protocols under the same conditions using 500 nM of trichostatin A (TSA) and investigated for their morphological and neuronal marker properties. The results demonstrated that both cell lines are murine, and they exhibited distinct morphological and neuronal marker properties. Notably, the RGC-5 cells showed higher expression of the neuronal marker β-III tubulin and increased Thy-1-mRNA compared with the 661W cells, providing evidence of their different properties. The findings emphasize the importance of verifying the authenticity of cell lines used in ocular research and highlight the risks of contamination and altered cell properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Hurst
- Center for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.-U.B.-S.); (S.S.)
| | - Gesine Attrodt
- Center for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.-U.B.-S.); (S.S.)
| | - Karl-Ulrich Bartz-Schmidt
- Center for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.-U.B.-S.); (S.S.)
| | - Ulrike Angelika Mau-Holzmann
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Center for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Stephan Spitzer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Sven Schnichels
- Center for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.-U.B.-S.); (S.S.)
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3
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Cell-Based Neuroprotection of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Animal Models of Optic Neuropathies. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111181. [PMID: 34827174 PMCID: PMC8615038 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) comprise a heterogenous group of projection neurons that transmit visual information from the retina to the brain. Progressive degeneration of these cells, as it occurs in inflammatory, ischemic, traumatic or glaucomatous optic neuropathies, results in visual deterioration and is among the leading causes of irreversible blindness. Treatment options for these diseases are limited. Neuroprotective approaches aim to slow down and eventually halt the loss of ganglion cells in these disorders. In this review, we have summarized preclinical studies that have evaluated the efficacy of cell-based neuroprotective treatment strategies to rescue retinal ganglion cells from cell death. Intraocular transplantations of diverse genetically nonmodified cell types or cells engineered to overexpress neurotrophic factors have been demonstrated to result in significant attenuation of ganglion cell loss in animal models of different optic neuropathies. Cell-based combinatorial neuroprotective approaches represent a potential strategy to further increase the survival rates of retinal ganglion cells. However, data about the long-term impact of the different cell-based treatment strategies on retinal ganglion cell survival and detailed analyses of potential adverse effects of a sustained intraocular delivery of neurotrophic factors on retina structure and function are limited, making it difficult to assess their therapeutic potential.
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4
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Hurst J, Fietz A, Tsai T, Joachim SC, Schnichels S. Organ Cultures for Retinal Diseases. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:583392. [PMID: 33324149 PMCID: PMC7724035 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.583392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful development of novel therapies is closely linked with understanding the underlying pathomechanisms of a disease. To do so, model systems that reflect human diseases and allow for the evaluation of new therapeutic approaches are needed. Yet, preclinical animal studies often have limited success in predicting human physiology, pathology, and therapeutic responses. Moreover, animal testing is facing increasing ethical and bureaucratic hurdles, while human cell cultures are limited in their ability to represent in vivo situations due to the lack of the tissue microenvironment, which may alter cellular responses. To overcome these struggles, organ cultures, especially those of complex organs such as the retina, can be used to study physiological reactions to substances or stressors. Human and animal organ cultures are now well established and recognized. This mini-review discusses how retinal organ cultures can be used to preserve tissue architecture more realistically and therefore better represent disease-related changes. It also shows how molecular biological, biochemical, and histological techniques can be combined to investigate how anatomical localization may alter cellular responses. Examples for the use of retinal organ cultures, including models to study age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), central artery occlusion (CRAO), and glaucoma are presented, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. We conclude that organ cultures significantly improve our understanding of complex retinal diseases and may advance treatment testing without the need for animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Hurst
- Center for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Agnes Fietz
- Center for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Teresa Tsai
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sven Schnichels
- Center for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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5
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Schnichels S, Paquet-Durand F, Löscher M, Tsai T, Hurst J, Joachim SC, Klettner A. Retina in a dish: Cell cultures, retinal explants and animal models for common diseases of the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 81:100880. [PMID: 32721458 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For many retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy (DR), the exact pathogenesis is still unclear. Moreover, the currently available therapeutic options are often unsatisfactory. Research designed to remedy this situation heavily relies on experimental animals. However, animal models often do not faithfully reproduce human disease and, currently, there is strong pressure from society to reduce animal research. Overall, this creates a need for improved disease models to understand pathologies and develop treatment options that, at the same time, require fewer or no experimental animals. Here, we review recent advances in the field of in vitro and ex vivo models for AMD, glaucoma, and DR. We highlight the difficulties associated with studies on complex diseases, in which both the initial trigger and the ensuing pathomechanisms are unclear, and then delineate which model systems are optimal for disease modelling. To this end, we present a variety of model systems, ranging from primary cell cultures, over organotypic cultures and whole eye cultures, to animal models. Specific advantages and disadvantages of such models are discussed, with a special focus on their relevance to putative in vivo disease mechanisms. In many cases, a replacement of in vivo research will mean that several different in vitro models are used in conjunction, for instance to analyze and validate causative molecular pathways. Finally, we argue that the analytical decomposition into appropriate cell and tissue model systems will allow making significant progress in our understanding of complex retinal diseases and may furthermore advance the treatment testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Schnichels
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany.
| | - François Paquet-Durand
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marina Löscher
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Teresa Tsai
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - José Hurst
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexa Klettner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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6
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Proteomic Profile of Mouse Brain Aging Contributions to Mitochondrial Dysfunction, DNA Oxidative Damage, Loss of Neurotrophic Factor, and Synaptic and Ribosomal Proteins. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5408452. [PMID: 32587661 PMCID: PMC7301248 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5408452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The deleterious effects of aging on the brain remain to be fully elucidated. In the present study, proteomic changes of young (4-month) and aged (16-month) B6129SF2/J male mouse hippocampus and cerebral cortex were investigated by using nano liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (NanoLC-ESI-MS/MS) combined with tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling technology. Compared with the young animals, 390 hippocampal proteins (121 increased and 269 decreased) and 258 cortical proteins (149 increased and 109 decreased) changed significantly in the aged mouse. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that these proteins are mainly involved in mitochondrial functions (FIS1, DRP1), oxidative stress (PRDX6, GSTP1, and GSTM1), synapses (SYT12, GLUR2), ribosome (RPL4, RPS3), cytoskeletal integrity, transcriptional regulation, and GTPase function. The mitochondrial fission-related proteins FIS1 and DRP1 were significantly increased in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of the aged mice. Further results in the hippocampus showed that ATP content was significantly reduced in aged mice. A neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF), a protein closely related with synaptic plasticity and memory, was also significantly decreased in the hippocampus of the aged mice, with the tendency of synaptic protein markers including complexin-2, synaptophysin, GLUR2, PSD95, NMDAR2A, and NMDAR1. More interestingly, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a marker of DNA oxidative damage, increased as shown by immunofluorescence staining. In summary, we demonstrated that aging is associated with systemic changes involving mitochondrial dysfunction, energy reduction, oxidative stress, loss of neurotrophic factor, synaptic proteins, and ribosomal proteins, as well as molecular deficits involved in various physiological/pathological processes.
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7
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Determination of Electrical Stimuli Parameters To Transdifferentiate Genetically Engineered Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Neuronal or Glial Lineages. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-019-00126-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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8
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Ding SSL, Subbiah SK, Khan MSA, Farhana A, Mok PL. Empowering Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Ocular Degenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1784. [PMID: 30974904 PMCID: PMC6480671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been employed in numerous pre-clinical and clinical settings for various diseases. MSCs have been used in treating degenerative disorders pertaining to the eye, for example, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, diabetic retinopathy, and optic neuritis. Despite the known therapeutic role and mechanisms of MSCs, low cell precision towards the targeted area and cell survivability at tissue needing repair often resulted in a disparity in therapeutic outcomes. In this review, we will discuss the current and feasible strategy options to enhance treatment outcomes with MSC therapy. We will review the application of various types of biomaterials and advances in nanotechnology, which have been employed on MSCs to augment cellular function and differentiation for improving treatment of visual functions. In addition, several modes of gene delivery into MSCs and the types of associated therapeutic genes that are important for modulation of ocular tissue function and repair will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Suet Lee Ding
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Suresh Kumar Subbiah
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammed Safwan Ali Khan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
| | - Aisha Farhana
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, P.O. Box 2014, Aljouf Province, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Pooi Ling Mok
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, P.O. Box 2014, Aljouf Province, Saudi Arabia.
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9
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Preclinical Evaluation of Long-Term Neuroprotective Effects of BDNF-Engineered Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as Intravitreal Therapy for Chronic Retinal Degeneration in Rd6 Mutant Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030777. [PMID: 30759764 PMCID: PMC6387230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether the transplantation of genetically engineered bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) to overexpress brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) could rescue the chronic degenerative process of slow retinal degeneration in the rd6 (retinal degeneration 6) mouse model and sought to identify the potential underlying mechanisms. Rd6 mice were subjected to the intravitreal injection of lentivirally modified MSC-BDNF or unmodified MSC or saline. In vivo morphology, electrophysiological retinal function (ERG), and the expression of apoptosis-related genes, as well as BDNF and its receptor (TrkB), were assessed in retinas collected at 28 days and three months after transplantation. We observed that cells survived for at least three months after transplantation. MSC-BDNF preferentially integrated into the outer retinal layers and considerably rescued damaged retinal cells, as evaluated by ERG and immunofluorescence staining. Additionally, compared with controls, the therapy with MSC-BDNF was associated with the induction of molecular changes related to anti-apoptotic signaling. In conclusion, BDNF overexpression observed in retinas after MSC-BDNF treatment could enhance the neuroprotective properties of transplanted autologous MSCs alone in the chronically degenerated retina. This research provides evidence for the long-term efficacy of genetically-modified MSC and may represent a strategy for treating various forms of degenerative retinopathies in the future.
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10
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Genetic Manipulation and Selection of Mouse Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Delivery of Therapeutic Factors In Vivo. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1940:143-155. [PMID: 30788823 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9086-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential as an ex vivo cellular system for delivery of therapeutic proteins to the diseased or damaged central nervous system (CNS). This adult stem cell population has considerable translational potential for autologous transplantation due to lack of ethical concerns, accessibility, multipotent nature, and plasticity. Here we describe a methodology and outline a strategy using lentiviral vectors for producing lines of MSCs hypersecreting neurotrophic growth factors (e.g., brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and/or glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)) together with a reporter protein such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) that may be used for in vitro and in vivo neuroprotection bioassays. This approach provides exciting opportunities for basic research and proof-of-concept studies.
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11
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Del Valle Bessone C, Fajreldines HD, de Barboza GED, Tolosa de Talamoni NG, Allemandi DA, Carpentieri AR, Quinteros DA. Protective role of melatonin on retinal ganglionar cell: In vitro an in vivo evidences. Life Sci 2018; 218:233-240. [PMID: 30605647 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress triggers ocular neurodegenerative diseases, such as glaucoma or macular degeneration. The increase of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) causes damage to the structure and function of the axons that make up the optic nerve, leading to cell death arising from apoptosis, necrosis or autophagy in the RCGs. The use of antioxidants to prevent visual neurodegenerative pathologies is a novel and possibly valuable therapeutic strategy. To investigate in vitro and in vivo neuroprotective efficacy of melatonin (MEL) in RGCs, we used a model of oxidative glutamate (GLUT) toxicity in combination with l-butionin-S, R-sulfoximine (BSO), which induces cell death by apoptosis through cytotoxicity and oxidative stress mechanisms. Histological sectioning and immunohistochemical assays using the TUNEL technique were performed to determine the damage generated in affected cells and to observe the death process of RGCs. Whit BSO-GLUT the results revealed a progressive RGCs death without any significant evidence of a decreased retinal function after 9 days of treatment. In this way, we were able to develop a retinal degeneration model in vivo to carry out treatment with MEL and observed an increase in the survival percentage of RGCs, showing that BSO-GLUT could not exert an oxidant effect on cells to counteract the effect of MEL. These findings reveal that MEL has a neuroprotective and antiapoptotic effect as evidenced by the reduction of oxidative stress damage. MEL demonstrated in this model makes it a promising neuroprotective agent for the treatment of ocular neurodegenerative diseases when administered locally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Del Valle Bessone
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Hugo Diaz Fajreldines
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurociencias Córdoba, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | | | - Daniel Alberto Allemandi
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Agata Rita Carpentieri
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA)/CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba and Cátedra B de Química Biológica, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Argentina.
| | - Daniela Alejandra Quinteros
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
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12
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González‐Rodríguez P, Ugidos IF, Pérez‐Rodríguez D, Anuncibay‐Soto B, Santos‐Galdiano M, Font‐Belmonte E, Gonzalo‐Orden JM, Fernández‐López A. Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor alleviates the oxidative stress induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation in an ex vivo brain slice model. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:9592-9604. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene F. Ugidos
- Área de Biología Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina, University of León León Spain
| | | | - Berta Anuncibay‐Soto
- Área de Biología Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina, University of León León Spain
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13
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Wei W, Huang Y, Li D, Gou HF, Wang W. Improved therapeutic potential of MSCs by genetic modification. Gene Ther 2018; 25:538-547. [PMID: 30254305 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-018-0041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), well-studied adult stem cells in various tissues, possess multi-lineage differentiation potential and anti-inflammatory properties. MSCs have been approved to regenerate lineage-specific cells to replace injured cells in tissues. MSCs are approved to treat inflammatory diseases. With the discovery of genes important for the repair of damaged tissues, MSCs genetically modified by such genes hold improved therapeutic potential. In this review, we summarised the uses of genetically modified MSCs to treat different diseases, including bone diseases, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, central nervous system disorders, and cancer. To better understand the exact role of genetically modified MSCs, key mechanisms determining, which genes are selected to be used for modifying MSCs and improvements in post-genetic modification are discussed. Therapeutic benefits enhanced by genetic modifications are to be documented by further clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Emergency, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Emergency, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Emergency, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Feng Gou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Emergency, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
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14
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Abbasi M, Gupta V, Chitranshi N, You Y, Dheer Y, Mirzaei M, Graham SL. Regulation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Growth Factor Signaling Pathways by Tyrosine Phosphatase Shp2 in the Retina: A Brief Review. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:85. [PMID: 29636665 PMCID: PMC5880906 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
SH2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase-2 (PTPN11 or Shp2) is a ubiquitously expressed protein that plays a key regulatory role in cell proliferation, differentiation and growth factor (GF) signaling. This enzyme is well expressed in various retinal neurons and has emerged as an important player in regulating survival signaling networks in the neuronal tissues. The non-receptor phosphatase can translocate to lipid rafts in the membrane and has been implicated to regulate several signaling modules including PI3K/Akt, JAK-STAT and Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathways in a wide range of biochemical processes in healthy and diseased states. This review focuses on the roles of Shp2 phosphatase in regulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) neurotrophin signaling pathways and discusses its cross-talk with various GF and downstream signaling pathways in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojdeh Abbasi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuyi You
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yogita Dheer
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Bierlein De la Rosa M, Sharma AD, Mallapragada SK, Sakaguchi DS. Transdifferentiation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-secreting mesenchymal stem cells significantly enhance BDNF secretion and Schwann cell marker proteins. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:572-582. [PMID: 28694020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of genetically modified mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a rapidly growing area of research targeting delivery of therapeutic factors for neuro-repair. Cells can be programmed to hypersecrete various growth/trophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and nerve growth factor (NGF) to promote regenerative neurite outgrowth. In addition to genetic modifications, MSCs can be subjected to transdifferentiation protocols to generate neural cell types to physically and biologically support nerve regeneration. In this study, we have taken a novel approach by combining these two unique strategies and evaluated the impact of transdifferentiating genetically modified MSCs into a Schwann cell-like phenotype. After 8 days in transdifferentiation media, approximately 30-50% of transdifferentiated BDNF-secreting cells immunolabeled for Schwann cell markers such as S100β, S100, and p75NTR. An enhancement was observed 20 days after inducing transdifferentiation with minimal decreases in expression levels. BDNF production was quantified by ELISA, and its biological activity tested via the PC12-TrkB cell assay. Importantly, the bioactivity of secreted BDNF was verified by the increased neurite outgrowth of PC12-TrkB cells. These findings demonstrate that not only is BDNF actively secreted by the transdifferentiated BDNF-MSCs, but also that it has the capacity to promote neurite sprouting and regeneration. Given the fact that BDNF production remained stable for over 20 days, we believe that these cells have the capacity to produce sustainable, effective, BDNF concentrations over prolonged time periods and should be tested within an in vivo system for future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metzere Bierlein De la Rosa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Anup D Sharma
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Surya K Mallapragada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Donald S Sakaguchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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16
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Meng B, Li H, Sun X, Qu W, Yang B, Cheng F, Shi L, Yuan H. σ-1 receptor stimulation protects against pressure-induced damage through InsR-MAPK signaling in human trabecular meshwork cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:617-624. [PMID: 28560459 PMCID: PMC5482118 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of the σ-1 receptor (Sig-1R) agonist (+)‑pentazocin (PTZ) on pressure-induced apoptosis and death of human trabecular meshwork cells (hTMCs). The expression levels of Sig‑1R and insulin receptor (InsR) were examined in hTMCs. Cells were cultured under a pressure of 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 mmHg for 48 h, and under 80 mmHg for 44 h, after which the cells were treated with (+)‑PTZ (20 µM), N-(2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl)-N‑methyl-2‑(dimethylamino) ethylamine (BD‑1063; 20 µM) administered 30 min prior to (+)‑PTZ, or BD‑1063 (20 µM) and then exposed to 80 mmHg again until the 48 h time‑point. The changes of the cells were observed by optical and electron microscopy, the apoptosis and death of hTMCs were detected by ethidium bromide/acridine orange dual staining assay and the expression of Sig‑1R and InsR by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. The phosphorylation of extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK), an important downstream protein of the InsR‑mitogen‑activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway, was also detected by western blot analysis when (+)‑PTZ and BD‑1063 were added to the 80 mmHg‑treated cells. Sig‑1Rs and InsRs were expressed in hTMCs. The apoptosis and death of hTMCs increased from 40 mmHg with 50% cell death when the pressure was at 80 mmHg and the structure of the cells noticeably changed. The expression of Sig‑1R and InsR increased along with the elevation of pressure. (+)‑PTZ decreased the apoptosis and death of hTMCs and increased the expression of Sig‑1R and InsR, and the phosphorylation of ERK. Such effects were blocked by BD‑1063. The present study suggested that Sig‑1R agonist (+)‑PTZ can protect hTMCs from pressure‑induced apoptosis and death by activating InsR and the MAPK signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Hongyi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital of Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, P.R. China
| | - Xian Sun
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Wei Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Binbin Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Fang Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Liping Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Huiping Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
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Hu ZL, Li N, Wei X, Tang L, Wang TH, Chen XM. Neuroprotective effects of BDNF and GDNF in intravitreally transplanted mesenchymal stem cells after optic nerve crush in mice. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:35-42. [PMID: 28149774 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.01.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the neuro-protective effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) following optic nerve crush in mice. METHODS C56BL/6J mice were treated with intravitreal injection of PBS, BMSCs, BDNF-interference BMSCs (BIM), and GDNF-interference BMSCs (GIM) following optic nerve crush, respectively. The number of surviving RGCs was determined by whole-mount retinas and frozen sections, while certain mRNA or protein was detected by q-PCR or ELISA, respectively. RESULTS The density (cell number/mm2) of RGCs was 410.77±56.70 in the retina 21d after optic nerve crush without any treatment, compared to 1351.39±195.97 in the normal control (P<0.05). RGCs in BMSCs treated eyes was 625.07±89.64/mm2, significantly higher than that of no or PBS treatment (P<0.05). While RGCs was even less in the retina with intravitreal injection of BIM (354.07+39.77) and GIM (326.67+33.37) than that without treatment (P<0.05). BMSCs injection improved the internal BDNF expression in retinas. CONCLUSION Optic nerve crush caused rust loss of RGCs and intravitreally transplanted BMSCs at some extent protected RGCs from death. The effect of BMSCs and level of BDNF in retinas are both related to BDNF and GDNF expression in BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Li Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ni Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Institute of Neurological Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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Luczkowski M. “No screams and cries will convince us that white is white and black is black”, an ode to the defenders of amyloid cascade hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Otsuka T, Shimazawa M, Inoue Y, Nakano Y, Ojino K, Izawa H, Tsuruma K, Ishibashi T, Hara H. Astaxanthin Protects Against Retinal Damage: Evidence from In Vivo and In Vitro Retinal Ischemia and Reperfusion Models. Curr Eye Res 2016; 41:1465-1472. [PMID: 27158842 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1127392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Astaxanthin exhibits various pharmacological activities, including anti-oxidative, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory effects, and is thought to exert a neuroprotective effect via these mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of astaxanthin on neuronal cell death using a retinal ischemia/reperfusion model. METHODS In vivo, retinal ischemia was induced by 5 h unilateral ligation of the pterygopalatine artery (PPA) and the external carotid artery (ECA) in ddY mice. Astaxanthin (100 mg/kg) was administered orally 1 h before induction of ischemia, immediately after reperfusion, at 6 or 12 h after reperfusion, and twice daily for the following 4 days. Histological analysis and an electroretinogram (ERG) were performed 5 days after ischemia/reperfusion. In vitro, cell death was induced in the RGC-5 (retinal precursor cells) by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), and the rates of cell death and production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using nuclear staining and a ROS reactive reagent, CM-H2DCFDA. RESULTS Histological studies revealed that astaxanthin significantly reduced retinal ischemic damage and ERG reduction. In in vitro studies, astaxanthin inhibited cell death and ROS production in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results indicate that astaxanthin inhibits ischemia-induced retinal cell death via its antioxidant effect. Hence, astaxanthin might be effective in treating retinal ischemic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Otsuka
- a Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation , Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu , Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- a Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation , Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu , Japan
| | - Yuki Inoue
- a Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation , Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu , Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakano
- a Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation , Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu , Japan
| | - Kazuki Ojino
- a Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation , Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Izawa
- a Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation , Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu , Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tsuruma
- a Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation , Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu , Japan
| | - Takashi Ishibashi
- b Specialty and Performance Chemicals Department 2, Biotechnology Business Section , JX Nippon Oil and Energy Corporation , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- a Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation , Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu , Japan
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20
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Ye EA, Chawla SS, Khan MZ, Sakaguchi DS. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) stimulate neurite outgrowth from differentiating adult hippocampal progenitor cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.7243/2054-717x-3-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Thompson AF, Crowe ME, Lieven CJ, Levin LA. Induction of Neuronal Morphology in the 661W Cone Photoreceptor Cell Line with Staurosporine. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145270. [PMID: 26684837 PMCID: PMC4684327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE RGC-5 cells undergo differentiation into a neuronal phenotype with low concentrations of staurosporine. Although the RGC-5 cell line was initially thought to be of retinal ganglion cell origin, recent evidence suggests that the RGC-5 line could have been the result of contamination with 661W mouse cone photoreceptor cells. This raised the possibility that a cone photoreceptor cell line could be multipotent and could be differentiated to a neuronal phenotype. METHODS 661W and RGC-5 cells, non-neuronal retinal astrocytes, retinal endothelial cells, retinal pericytes, M21 melanoma cells, K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia cells, and Daudi Burkitt lymphoma cells, were differentiated with staurosporine. The resulting morphology was quantitated using NeuronJ with respect to neurite counts and topology. RESULTS Treatment with staurosporine induced similar-appearing morphological differentiation in both 661W and RGC-5 cells. The following measures were not significantly different between 661W and RGC-5 cells: number of neurites per cell, total neurite field length, number of neurite branch points, and cell viability. Neuronal-like differentiation was not observed in the other cell lines tested. CONCLUSIONS 661W and RGC-5 cells have virtually identical and distinctive morphology when differentiated with low concentrations of staurosporine. This result demonstrates that a retinal neuronal precursor cell with cone photoreceptor lineage can be differentiated to express a neuronal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex F. Thompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Megan E. Crowe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Lieven
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Leonard A. Levin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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22
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Zhang L, Coulson-Thomas VJ, Ferreira TG, Kao WWY. Mesenchymal stem cells for treating ocular surface diseases. BMC Ophthalmol 2015; 15 Suppl 1:155. [PMID: 26818606 PMCID: PMC4895295 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-015-0138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have become a promising tool for cell therapy in regenerative medicine. They are readily available, demonstrate powerful differentiation capabilities and present immunosuppressive properties that aid them in surviving from host immune rejection for its great potential use in allograft. Currently clinical trials are underway using MSC, both culture-expanded allogeneic and autologous, for the treatment of a range of diseases not treatable by conventional therapies. A vast array of studies has dedicated towards the use of MSC for treating corneal diseases with very promising outcomes. MSC have successfully differentiated into keratocytes both in vitro and in vivo, and corneal epithelial cells in vitro, but it is uncertain if MSC can assume corneal epithelial cells in vivo. However, to date few studies have unequivocally established the efficacy of MSC for treating corneal endothelial defects. Currently, the diversity in protocols of the isolation and expansion of MSC are hindering to the assessment of cell treatment ability and the further development of treatment regimens. Therefore, future studies should develop international standards for MSC isolation and characterization. In this review, we discuss recent advances in MSC for treating ocular surface diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
| | | | | | - Winston W Y Kao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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23
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Nafissi N, Foldvari M. Neuroprotective therapies in glaucoma: I. Neurotrophic factor delivery. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 8:240-54. [PMID: 26306832 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative eye disease that causes permanent blindness at the progressive stage and the number of people affected worldwide is expected to reach over 79 million by 2020. Currently, glaucoma management relies on pharmacological and invasive surgical treatments mainly by reducing the intraocular pressure (IOP), which is the most important risk factor for the progression of the visual field loss. Recent research suggests that neuroprotective or neuroregenerative approaches are necessary to prevent retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) loss and visual impairment over time. Neuroprotection is a new therapeutic strategy that attempts to keep RGCs alive and functional. New gene and cell therapeutics encoding neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are emerging for both neuroprotection and regenerative treatments for retinal diseases. This article briefly reviews the role of NTFs in glaucoma and the potential delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Nafissi
- School of Pharmacy and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marianna Foldvari
- School of Pharmacy and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Sharma AD, Brodskiy PA, Petersen EM, Dagdeviren M, Ye EA, Mallapragada SK, Sakaguchi D. High throughput characterization of adult stem cells engineered for delivery of therapeutic factors for neuroprotective strategies. J Vis Exp 2015:e52242. [PMID: 25590859 DOI: 10.3791/52242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow are a powerful cellular resource and have been used in numerous studies as potential candidates to develop strategies for treating a variety of diseases. The purpose of this study was to develop and characterize MSCs as cellular vehicles engineered for delivery of therapeutic factors as part of a neuroprotective strategy for rescuing the damaged or diseased nervous system. In this study we used mouse MSCs that were genetically modified using lentiviral vectors, which encoded brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), together with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Before proceeding with in vivo transplant studies it was important to characterize the engineered cells to determine whether or not the genetic modification altered aspects of normal cell behavior. Different culture substrates were examined for their ability to support cell adhesion, proliferation, survival, and cell migration of the four subpopulations of engineered MSCs. High content screening (HCS) was conducted and image analysis performed. Substrates examined included: poly-L-lysine, fibronectin, collagen type I, laminin, entactin-collagen IV-laminin (ECL). Ki67 immunolabeling was used to investigate cell proliferation and Propidium Iodide staining was used to investigate cell viability. Time-lapse imaging was conducted using a transmitted light/environmental chamber system on the high content screening system. Our results demonstrated that the different subpopulations of the genetically modified MSCs displayed similar behaviors that were in general comparable to that of the original, non-modified MSCs. The influence of different culture substrates on cell growth and cell migration was not dramatically different between groups comparing the different MSC subtypes, as well as culture substrates. This study provides an experimental strategy to rapidly characterize engineered stem cells and their behaviors before their application in long-term in vivo transplant studies for nervous system rescue and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup D Sharma
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University
| | - Pavel A Brodskiy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University; Biology Program, Iowa State University
| | - Emma M Petersen
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University; Biology Program, Iowa State University
| | - Melih Dagdeviren
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University
| | - Eun-Ah Ye
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University
| | | | - Donald Sakaguchi
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University; Biology Program, Iowa State University;
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25
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Markham A, Bains R, Franklin P, Spedding M. Changes in mitochondrial function are pivotal in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders: how important is BDNF? Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2206-29. [PMID: 24720259 PMCID: PMC3976631 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is at the very limit of its energy supply and has evolved specific means of adapting function to energy supply, of which mitochondria form a crucial link. Neurotrophic and inflammatory processes may not only have opposite effects on neuroplasticity, but also involve opposite effects on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolytic processes, respectively, modulated by stress and glucocorticoids, which also have marked effects on mood. Neurodegenerative processes show marked disorders in oxidative metabolism in key brain areas, sometimes decades before symptoms appear (Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases). We argue that brain-derived neurotrophic factor couples activity to changes in respiratory efficiency and these effects may be opposed by inflammatory cytokines, a key factor in neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Markham
- Department of Pharmacy, Health & Well Being, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of SunderlandSunderland, UK
| | - R Bains
- University of PortsmouthPortsmouth, UK
| | - P Franklin
- Department of Pharmacy, Health & Well Being, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of SunderlandSunderland, UK
| | - M Spedding
- Spedding Research Solutions SARLLe Vesinet, France
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26
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Sippl C, Tamm ER. What is the nature of the RGC-5 cell line? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 801:145-54. [PMID: 24664692 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3209-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The immortalized RGC-5 cell line has been widely used as a cell culture model to study the neurobiology of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The cells were originally introduced as derived from rat RGC showing expression of various neuronal markers, in particular the RGC-characteristic proteins Brn3 and Thy1. Recent data gave rise to concerns regarding the origin and nature of the cells. RGC-5 cells were identified to be of mouse origin and their expression of RGC characteristics was questioned by some laboratories. This article summarizes the available data on the properties of RGC-5, discusses common protocols for their differentiation and is aimed at providing researchers some guidelines on the benefits and limitations of RGC-5 for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sippl
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany,
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27
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Zhou X, Su CF, Zhang Z, Wang CY, Luo JQ, Zhou XW, Cai L, Yan L, Zhang W, Luo HM. Neuroprotective Effects of Methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate Against H2O2-Induced Apoptosis in RGC-5 Cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 125:51-8. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13055fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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28
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Weber AJ, Harman CD. BDNF treatment and extended recovery from optic nerve trauma in the cat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:6594-604. [PMID: 23989190 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the treatment period necessary to restore retinal and visual stability following trauma to the optic nerve. METHODS Cats received unilateral optic nerve crush and no treatment (NT), treatment of the injured eye with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), or treatment of the injured eye combined with treatment of visual cortex for 2 or 4 weeks. After 1-, 2-, 4-, or 6-week survival periods, pattern electroretinograms (PERGs) were obtained and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival determined. RESULTS In the peripheral retina, RGC survival for NT, eye only, and eye + cortex animals was 55%, 78%, and 92%, respectively, at 1 week, and 31%, 60%, and 93%, respectively, at 2 weeks. PERGs showed a similar pattern of improvement. After 4 weeks, RGC survival was 7%, 29%, and 53% in each group, with PERGs in the dual-treated animals similar to the 1- to 2-week animals. For area centralis (AC), the NT, eye only, and eye + cortex animals showed 47%, 78%, and 82% survival, respectively, at 2 weeks, and 13%, 54%, and 81% survival, respectively, at 4 weeks. Removing the pumps at 2 weeks resulted in ganglion cell survival levels of 76% and 74% in the AC at 4 and 6 weeks postcrush, respectively. The PERGs from 2-week treated, but 4- and 6-week survival animals were comparable to those of the 2-week animals. CONCLUSIONS Treating the entire central visual pathway is important following optic nerve trauma. Long-term preservation of central vision may be achieved with as little as 2 weeks of treatment using this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J Weber
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Training Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Rothman SM, Mattson MP. Activity-dependent, stress-responsive BDNF signaling and the quest for optimal brain health and resilience throughout the lifespan. Neuroscience 2013; 239:228-40. [PMID: 23079624 PMCID: PMC3629379 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During development of the nervous system, the formation of connections (synapses) between neurons is dependent upon electrical activity in those neurons, and neurotrophic factors produced by target cells play a pivotal role in such activity-dependent sculpting of the neural networks. A similar interplay between neurotransmitter and neurotrophic factor signaling pathways mediates adaptive responses of neural networks to environmental demands in adult mammals, with the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) being particularly prominent regulators of synaptic plasticity throughout the central nervous system. Optimal brain health throughout the lifespan is promoted by intermittent challenges such as exercise, cognitive stimulation and dietary energy restriction, that subject neurons to activity-related metabolic stress. At the molecular level, such challenges to neurons result in the production of proteins involved in neurogenesis, learning and memory and neuronal survival; examples include proteins that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis, protein quality control, and resistance of cells to oxidative, metabolic and proteotoxic stress. BDNF signaling mediates up-regulation of several such proteins including the protein chaperone GRP-78, antioxidant enzymes, the cell survival protein Bcl-2, and the DNA repair enzyme APE1. Insufficient exposure to such challenges, genetic factors may conspire to impair BDNF production and/or signaling resulting in the vulnerability of the brain to injury and neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. Further, BDNF signaling is negatively regulated by glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids impair synaptic plasticity in the brain by negatively regulating spine density, neurogenesis and long-term potentiation, effects that are potentially linked to glucocorticoid regulation of BDNF. Findings suggest that BDNF signaling in specific brain regions mediates some of the beneficial effects of exercise and energy restriction on peripheral energy metabolism and the cardiovascular system. Collectively, the findings described in this article suggest the possibility of developing prescriptions for optimal brain health based on activity-dependent BDNF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rothman
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Kim KA, Shim SH, Ahn HR, Jung SH. Protective effects of the compounds isolated from the seed of Psoralea corylifolia on oxidative stress-induced retinal damage. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 269:109-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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31
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Jo H, Choi SJ, Jung SH. Protective effects of a compound isolated from Alnus japonica on oxidative stress-induced death in transformed retinal ganglion cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 56:425-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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32
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Huang L, Xu W, Xu G. Transplantation of CX3CL1-expressing mesenchymal stem cells provides neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects in a rat model of retinal degeneration. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2013; 21:276-85. [PMID: 23718544 DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2013.791925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) engineered to secrete CX3CL1 on the light-injured retinal structure and function. METHODS Normal MSCs and CX3CL1-expressing MSCs (CX3CL1-MSCs) were transplanted into the subretinal space of light-injured rats. By ERG and TUNEL methods, their rescue effect of the host retina was compared with untreated light-injured and vehicle-injected rats. Activated microglia in the retina were stained by ED-1 antibody, and Western blot was performed to quantify cytokines secreted by the retina post-transplantation. RESULTS ERG analysis showed better function in CX3CL1-MSC-injected group than other groups at 21 days after transplantation (p < 0.05). CX3CL1-MSCs inhibited apoptosis of the retinal cells and microglial activation. Neurotrophic factors expression in host retina that received CX3CL1-MSCs was stronger than in the retina that received normal MSCs. Conversely, the expression of proinflammatory factors was downregulated. CONCLUSIONS CX3CL1-MSCs subretinal transplantation may enhance protective effect against light-induced retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Institute of Ophthalmology, Fuzhou, China
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Kim KA, Cha KH, Choi SJ, Pan CH, Jung SH. The Extract of Chlorella vulgaris
Protects Transformed Retinal Ganglion Cells from Oxidative Stress-induced Cells Death. J Food Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-A Kim
- Functional Food Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Gangneung Institute; Gangneung 210-340 Korea
| | - Kwang Hyun Cha
- Functional Food Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Gangneung Institute; Gangneung 210-340 Korea
| | - Soon-Jung Choi
- Functional Food Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Gangneung Institute; Gangneung 210-340 Korea
| | - Cheol-Ho Pan
- Functional Food Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Gangneung Institute; Gangneung 210-340 Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Jung
- Functional Food Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Gangneung Institute; Gangneung 210-340 Korea
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Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium is neuroprotective when compared to standard vitrectomy irrigation solution. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 251:1613-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-012-2255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Heo H, Yoo M, Han D, Cho Y, Joung I, Kwon YK. Upregulation of TrkB by forskolin facilitated survival of MSC and functional recovery of memory deficient model rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 431:796-801. [PMID: 23313493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are effective vectors in delivering a gene of interest into degenerating brain. In ex vivo gene therapy, viability of transplanted MSCs is correlated with the extent of functional recovery. It has been reported that BDNF facilitates survival of MSCs but dividing MSCs do not express the BDNF receptor, TrkB. In this study, we found that the expression of TrkB is upregulated in human MSCs by the addition of forskolin (Fsk), an activator of adenylyl cyclase. To increase survival rate of MSCs and their secretion of tropic factors that enhance regeneration of endogenous cells, we pre-exposed hMSCs with Fsk and transduced with BDNF-adenovirus before transplantation into the brain of memory deficient rats, a degenerating brain disease model induced by ibotenic acid injection. Viability of MSCs and expression of a GABA synthesizing enzyme were increased. The pre-treatment improved learning and memory, as detected by the behavioral tests including Y-maze task and passive avoidance test. These results suggest that TrkB expression of hMSCs elevates the neuronal regeneration and efficiency of BDNF delivery for treating degenerative neurological diseases accompanying memory loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwon Heo
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Cardenas-Aguayo MDC, Kazim SF, Grundke-Iqbal I, Iqbal K. Neurogenic and neurotrophic effects of BDNF peptides in mouse hippocampal primary neuronal cell cultures. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53596. [PMID: 23320097 PMCID: PMC3539976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a member of the neurotrophin family, is down regulated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), depression, stress, and anxiety; conversely the level of this neurotrophin is increased in autism spectrum disorders. Thus, modulating the level of BDNF can be a potential therapeutic approach for nervous system pathologies. In the present study, we designed five different tetra peptides (peptides B-1 to B-5) corresponding to different active regions of BDNF. These tetra peptides were found to be non-toxic, and they induced the expression of neuronal markers in mouse embryonic day 18 (E18) primary hippocampal neuronal cultures. Additionally, peptide B-5 induced the expression of BDNF and its receptor, TrkB, suggesting a positive feedback mechanism. The BDNF peptides induced only a moderate activation (phosphorylation at Tyr 706) of the TrkB receptor, which could be blocked by the Trk’s inhibitor, K252a. Peptide B-3, when combined with BDNF, potentiated the survival effect of this neurotrophin on H2O2-treated E18 hippocampal cells. Peptides B-3 and B-5 were found to work as partial agonists and as partial antagonists competing with BDNF to activate the TrkB receptor in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these results suggest that the described BDNF tetra peptides are neurotrophic, can modulate BDNF signaling in a partial agonist/antagonist way, and offer a novel therapeutic approach to neural pathologies where BDNF levels are dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria del Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Syed Faraz Kazim
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
- Neural and Behavioral Science Graduate Program, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Inge Grundke-Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Khalid Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gupta VK, You Y, Klistorner A, Graham SL. Shp-2 regulates the TrkB receptor activity in the retinal ganglion cells under glaucomatous stress. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1643-9. [PMID: 22878065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Tropomyosin-receptor-kinase B (TrkB receptor) activation plays an important role in the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). This study reports a novel finding that, SH2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 (Shp-2) binds to the TrkB receptor in RGCs and negatively regulates its activity under glaucomatous stress. This enhanced binding of TrkB and Shp2 is mediated through caveolin. Caveolin 1 and 3 undergo hyper-phosphorylation in RGCs under stress and bind to the Shp2 phosphatase. Shp2 undergoes activation under glaucomatous stress conditions in RGCs in vivo with a concurrent loss of TrkB activity. Inhibiting the Shp2 phosphatase restored TrkB activity in cells exposed to excitotoxic and oxidative stress. Collectively, these findings implicate a molecular basis of Shp2 mediated TrkB deactivation leading to RGC degeneration observed in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Gupta
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Australia.
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ZHANG ZHAOHUI, WU LINA, SONG JINGGUI, LI WENQIANG. Correlations between cognitive impairment and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in the hippocampus of post-stroke depression rats. Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:889-93. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Sun X, Cheng F, Meng B, Yang B, Song W, Yuan H. Pregnenolone sulfate decreases intraocular pressure and changes expression of sigma receptor in a model of chronic ocular hypertension. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:6607-14. [PMID: 22311017 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sigma receptors are Ca(2+)-sensitive, ligand-operated receptor chaperones at the mitochondrion-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane. This study describes the effect of the sigma receptor 1 agonist pregnenolone sulfate on intraocular pressure (IOP) and sigma receptor 1 expression in rat retinas after chronic ocular hypertension. Chronic ocular hypertension was induced by occlusion of episcleral veins. Retinal histological sections were obtained to determine inner plexiform layer thickness and the number of cell bodies in the ganglion cell layer. Sigma receptor expression in rat retinas was analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Cauterization caused IOP to increase >73%, and the pressure was maintained for 2 months. A time-dependent loss of ganglion cells and retinal thickness occurred at elevated IOP. High IOP decreased sigma receptor 1 expression during the first week, but expression was increased at 8 weeks. Injected pregnenolone significantly decreased IOP, prevented ganglion cell loss, protected inner plexiform layer thickness, and increased sigma receptor 1 expression in episcleral vein-cauterized rats. Sigma receptors appear to be neuroprotective and potential targets for glaucoma therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
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Schnichels S, Schultheiß M, Hofmann J, Szurman P, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Spitzer MS. Trichostatin A induces cell death at the concentration recommended to differentiate the RGC-5 cell line. Neurochem Int 2012; 60:581-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Su T, Scardigli R, Fasulo L, Paradiso B, Barbieri M, Binaschi A, Bovolenta R, Zucchini S, Cossu G, Cattaneo A, Simonato M. Bystander effect on brain tissue of mesoangioblasts producing neurotrophins. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:1613-27. [PMID: 22525962 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x640475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are involved in the regulation of neuronal survival and function and, thus, may be used to treat neurological diseases associated with neuronal death. A major hurdle for their clinical application is the delivery mode. We describe here a new strategy based on the use of progenitor cells called mesoangioblasts (MABs). MABs can be isolated from postnatal mesoderm tissues and, because of a high adhesin-dependent migratory capacity, can reach perivascular targets especially in damaged areas. We generated genetically modified MABs producing nerve growth factor (MABs-NGF) or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (MABs-BDNF) and assessed their bystander effects in vitro using PC12 cells, primary cultures, and organotypic cultures of adult hippocampal slices. MABs-NGF-conditioned medium induced differentiation of PC12 cells, while MABs-BDNF-conditioned medium increased viability of cultured neurons and slices. Slices cultured with MABs-BDNF medium also better retained their morphology and functional connections, and all these effects were abolished by the TrkB kinase blocker K252a or the BDNF scavenger TrkB-IgG. Interestingly, the amount of BDNF released by MABs-BDNF produced greater effects than an identical amount of recombinant BDNF, suggesting that other NTFs produced by MABs synergize with BDNF. Thus, MABs can be an effective vehicle for NTF delivery, promoting differentiation, survival, and functionality of neurons. In summary, MABs hold distinct advantages over other currently evaluated approaches for NTF delivery in the CNS, including synergy of MAB-produced NTF with the neurotrophins. Since MABs may be capable of homing into damaged brain areas, they represent a conceptually novel, promising therapeutic approach to treat neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Su
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Neuroscience Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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42
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Osborne NN, Ji D, Majid ASA, Del Soldata P, Sparatore A. Glutamate oxidative injury to RGC-5 cells in culture is necrostatin sensitive and blunted by a hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-releasing derivative of aspirin (ACS14). Neurochem Int 2012; 60:365-78. [PMID: 22306773 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress to RGC-5 cells in culture was delivered by exposure to a combination of glutamate (Glu) and buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (BSO). The effect of the insult on cell survival was quantified by the resazurin-reduction and a dead/live assays. Moreover, breakdown of DNA, the localisation of phosphatidylserine and reactive radical species (ROS) and its quantification were determined. In addition, various proteins and mRNAs were studied using Western blot, real time PCR and immunocytochemistry. ACS14, its sulfurated moiety ACS1 and aspirin were tested for their ability to blunt the negative effects of Glu/BSO on RGC-5 cells. In addition assays were carried out to see whether any of these substances influenced glutathione (GSH). Glu/BSO dose-dependently kills RGC-5 cells by a mechanism that involves an elevation of ROS accompanied by a breakdown of DNA, expression of phosphatidylserine and the activation of p38 MAPK. The process is unaffected by the pan caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk, does not involve the activation of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) but is sensitive to active necrostatin-1. In cell viability studies (resazurin-reduction assay), ACS1 and ACS14 equally counteracted the negative effects of 5mM Glu/BSO to RGC-5 cells but aspirin was only effective with a milder oxidative stress (1 mM Glu/BSO). In all other assays ACS14 was very much more effective than aspirin at counteracting the influence of 5mM Glu/BSO. Moreover, ACS14 and ACS1 directly stimulated GSH while aspirin was ineffective. In addition the neuroprotecive effect of ACS14 was specifically blunted by the non-specific potassium channel blocker glibenclamide. Also the up-regulation of Bcl-2, HO-1 and XIAP induced by 5mM Glu/BSO were all attenuated to a greater extent by ACS14 (20 μM) than aspirin (20 μM). These data show that ACS14 is a very effective neuroprotectant when compared with aspirin. ACS14 maintains its aspirin characteristics and has the ability to release H(2)S. The combined multiple actions of aspirin and H(2)S in the form of ACS14 is worthy to consider for possible use in the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neville N Osborne
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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Schultheiss M, Schnichels S, Miteva K, Warstat K, Szurman P, Spitzer MS, Van Linthout S. Staurosporine-induced differentiation of the RGC-5 cell line leads to apoptosis and cell death at the lowest differentiating concentration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 250:1221-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-011-1906-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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DAI MIN, XIA XIAOBO, XIONG SIQI. BDNF regulates GLAST and glutamine synthetase in mouse retinal Müller cells. J Cell Physiol 2011; 227:596-603. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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45
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Xu W, Xu GX. Mesenchymal stem cells for retinal diseases. Int J Ophthalmol 2011; 4:413-21. [PMID: 22553693 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2011.04.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal diseases are featured with the common result of retinal cell apoptosis that will cause irreversible vision loss. Various attempts have been made for the solution against cell death. However, few approaches turn out to be effective. With the progress in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) research, MSCs were considered as a promising source for cell replacement or neuroprotection in retinal disorders. MSCs have the property of self-renewal and are multipotent cells derived from various mesenchymal tissues, which were demonstrated being capable of differentiating into multilineage tissue cells. Some works were also done to differentiate MSCs into retinal cells. MSCs could be induced to express retinal cell markers under certain stimuli. Recent studies also suggest that MSCs should be an ideal source for neuroprotection via the secretion of a variety of neurotrophins. Engineered MSCs were also used as vehicles for continuous delivery of neurotrophins against retinal degeneration with encouraging results. Since there are still barriers on the differentiation of MSCs into functional retinal cells, the use of MSCs for neuroprotection in retinal diseases seems to be a more practicable approach and worthy of further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Fujian Institute of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian Province, China
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Harper MM, Grozdanic SD, Blits B, Kuehn MH, Zamzow D, Buss JE, Kardon RH, Sakaguchi DS. Transplantation of BDNF-secreting mesenchymal stem cells provides neuroprotection in chronically hypertensive rat eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:4506-15. [PMID: 21498611 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-7346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) engineered to produce and secrete brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to protect retinal function and structure after intravitreal transplantation in a rat model of chronic ocular hypertension (COH). METHODS COH was induced by laser cauterization of trabecular meshwork and episcleral veins in rat eyes. COH eyes received an intravitreal transplant of MSCs engineered to express BDNF and green fluorescent protein (BDNF-MSCs) or just GFP (GFP-MSCs). Computerized pupillometry and electroretinography (ERG) were performed to assess optic nerve and retinal function. Quantification of optic nerve damage was performed by counting retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and evaluating optic nerve cross-sections. RESULTS After transplantation into COH eyes, BDNF-MSCs preserved significantly more retina and optic nerve function than GFP-MSC-treated eyes when pupil light reflex (PLR) and ERG function were evaluated. PLR analysis showed significantly better function (P = 0.03) in BDNF-MSC-treated eyes (operated/control ratio = 63.00% ± 11.39%) than GFP-MSC-treated eyes (operated/control ratio = 31.81% ± 9.63%) at 42 days after surgery. The BDNF-MSC-transplanted eyes also displayed a greater level of RGC preservation than eyes that received the GFP-MSCs only (RGC cell counts: BDNF-MSC-treated COH eyes, 112.2 ± 19.39 cells/section; GFP-MSC-treated COH eyes, 52.21 ± 11.54 cells/section; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The authors have demonstrated that lentiviral-transduced BDNF-producing MSCs can survive in eyes with chronic hypertension and can provide retina and optic nerve functional and structural protection. Transplantation of BDNF-producing stem cells may be a viable treatment strategy for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Harper
- Veterans Affairs Center for Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa 52246-2209, USA.
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Abstract
Reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) by pharmaceutical or surgical means has long been the standard treatment for glaucoma. A number of excellent drugs are available that are effective in reducing IOP. These drugs are typically applied as eye drops. However, patient adherence can be poor, thus reducing the clinical efficacy of the drugs. Several novel delivery systems designed to address the issue of adherence and to ensure consistent reduction of IOP are currently under development. These delivery systems include contact lenses-releasing glaucoma medications, injectables such as biodegradable micro- and nanoparticles, and surgically implanted systems. These new technologies are aimed at increasing clinical efficacy by offering multiple delivery options and are capable of managing IOP for several months. There is also a desire to have complementary neuroprotective approaches for those who continue to show progression, despite IOP reduction. Many potential neuroprotective agents are not suitable for traditional oral or drop formulations. Their potential is dependent on developing suitable delivery systems that can provide the drugs in a sustained, local manner to the retina and optic nerve. Drug delivery systems have the potential to improve patient adherence, reduce side effects, increase efficacy, and ultimately, preserve sight for glaucoma patients. In this review, we discuss benefits and limitations of the current systems of delivery and application, as well as those on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lavik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Kawashima T, Nagai N, Kaji H, Kumasaka N, Onami H, Ishikawa Y, Osumi N, Nishizawa M, Abe T. A scalable controlled-release device for transscleral drug delivery to the retina. Biomaterials 2010; 32:1950-6. [PMID: 21112628 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A transscleral drug-delivery device, designed for the administration of protein-type drugs, that consists of a drug reservoir covered with a controlled-release membrane was manufactured and tested. The controlled-release membrane is made of photopolymerized polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGDM) that contains interconnected collagen microparticles (COLs), which are the routes for drug permeation. The results showed that the release of 40-kDa FITC-dextran (FD40) was dependent on the COL concentration, which indicated that FD40 travelled through the membrane-embedded COLs. Additionally, the sustained-release drug formulations, FD40-loaded COLs and FD40-loaded COLs pelletized with PEGDM, fine-tuned the release of FD40. Capsules filled with COLs that contained recombinant human brain-derived neurotrophic factor (rhBDNF) released bioactive rhBDNF in a manner dependent on the membrane COL concentration, as was found for FD40 release. When capsules were sutured onto sclerae of rabbit eyes, FD40 was found to spread to the retinal pigment epithelium. Implantation of the device was easy, and it did not damage the eye tissues. In conclusion, our capsule is easily modified to accommodate different release rates for protein-type drugs by altering the membrane COL composition and/or drug formulation and can be implanted and removed with minor surgery. The device thus has great potential as a conduit for continuous, controlled drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeaki Kawashima
- Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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Dai C, Qin Yin Z, Li Y, Raisman G, Li D. Survival of retinal ganglion cells in slice culture provides a rapid screen for olfactory ensheathing cell preparations. Brain Res 2010; 1354:40-6. [PMID: 20682293 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Transplants of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) cultured from the olfactory bulb are able to induce structural regeneration of severed central axons and return of function in rat models. For clinical purposes it would be preferable to obtain the cells from the more accessible olfactory mucosa in the nasal lining. However, in our laboratory preparations cultures from mucosal samples yielded around 5% of OECs compared with the 50% obtained from samples cultured from the bulb, and when transplanted these mucosal cell preparations were less effective at repair. There are a number of manipulations which may increase the OEC content and the effectiveness of mucosal preparations, but in vivo transplantation would be a highly labour intensive method for evaluating them. As a candidate for a high throughput assay to screen for beneficial effects of modifications to mucosal cells we here report the effects of co-culture of the cells with retinal explants. Both bulbar and mucosal cell preparations prolong the survival of the explants. Counts of the surviving retinal ganglion cells, identified by beta-III-tubulin immunohistochemistry and by their axon trajectory, show that the bulbar cell preparations have around twice the potency of those from the mucosa. This in vitro system, therefore, provides a bioassay that discriminates bulbar and mucosal cell preparations, and a useful tool for evaluating the functional effects of manipulations of cultured mucosal preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Dai
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Ganapathy PS, Dun Y, Ha Y, Duplantier J, Allen JB, Farooq A, Bozard BR, Smith SB. Sensitivity of staurosporine-induced differentiated RGC-5 cells to homocysteine. Curr Eye Res 2010; 35:80-90. [PMID: 20021258 DOI: 10.3109/02713680903421194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Homocysteine is implicated in ganglion cell death associated with glaucoma. To understand mechanisms of homocysteine-induced cell death, we analyzed the sensitivity of the RGC-5 cell line, differentiated using staurosporine, to physiologically-relevant levels of the excitotoxic amino acid homocysteine. METHODS RGC-5 cells were differentiated 24 hr using 316 nM staurosporine and tested for expression of Thy 1.2 via immunodetection, RT-PCR, and immunoblotting. The sensitivity of staurosporine-differentiated RGC-5 cells to physiological levels of homocysteine (50, 100, 250 microM) and to high levels of homocysteine (1 mM), glutamate (1 mM), and oxidative stress (25 microM:10 mU/ml xanthine:xanthine oxidase) was assessed by TUNEL assay and by immunodetection of cleaved caspase-3. The sensitivity of undifferentiated RGC-5 cells to high (1, 5, and 10 mM) homocysteine was also examined. RESULTS Undifferentiated RGC-5 cells express Thy 1.2 mRNA and protein. Staurosporine-differentiated RGC-5 cells extend neurite processes and express Thy 1.2 after 24 hr differentiation; they express NF-L after 1 and 3 days differentiation. Treatment of staurosporine -differentiated RGC-5 cells with 50, 100, or 250 microM homocysteine did not alter neurite processes nor induce cell death (detected by TUNEL and active caspase-3) to a level greater than that observed in the control (non-homocysteine-treated, staurosporine-differentiated) cells. The 1 mM dosage of homocysteine in staurosporine-differentiated RGC-5 cells also did not induce cell death above control levels, although 18 hr treatment of non-differentiated RGC-5 cells with 5 mM homocysteine decreased survival by 50%. CONCLUSIONS RGC-5 cells differentiated for 24 hr with 316 nM staurosporine project robust neurite processes and are positive for ganglion cell markers consistent with a more neuronal phenotype than non-staurosporine-differentiated RGC-5 cells. However, concentrations of homocysteine known to induce ganglion cell death in vivo and in primary ganglion cells are not sufficient to induce death of RGC-5 cells, even when they are differentiated with staurosporine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi S Ganapathy
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912-2000, USA
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