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Kelagere Y, Scholand KK, DeJong EN, Boyd AI, Yu Z, Astley RA, Callegan MC, Bowdish DM, Makarenkova HP, de Paiva CS. TNF is a critical cytokine in age-related dry eye disease. Ocul Surf 2023; 30:119-128. [PMID: 37634571 PMCID: PMC10812879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a complex biological process that is characterized by low-grade inflammation, called inflammaging. Aging affects multiple organs including eye and lacrimal gland. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pleiotropic cytokine that participates in inflammation, activation of proteases such as cathepsin S, and formation of ectopic lymphoid organs. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we investigated the role of TNF in age-related dry eye disease, emphasizing the ocular surface and lacrimal gland inflammation. Our results show the increased protein and mRNA levels of TNF in aged lacrimal glands, accompanied by increased TNF, IL1β, IL-18, CCL5, CXCL1, IL-2, IL-2 receptor alpha (CD25), IFN-γ, IL-12p40, IL-17, and IL-10 proteins in tears of aged mice. Moreover, genetic loss of the Tnf-/- in mice decreased goblet cell loss and the development of ectopic lymphoid structures in the lacrimal gland compared to wild-type mice. This was accompanied by a decrease in cytokine production. Treatment of mice at an early stage of aging (12-14-month-old) with TNF inhibitor tanfanercept eye drops for eight consecutive weeks decreased cytokine levels in tears, improved goblet cell density, and decreased the marginal zone B cell frequency in the lacrimal gland compared to vehicle-treated animals. Our studies indicate that modulation of TNF during aging could be a novel strategy for age-related dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashaswini Kelagere
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Kaitlin K Scholand
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Biochemistry and Cell Biology Graduate Program, Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Erica N DeJong
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Andrea I Boyd
- Graduate Program in Immunology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA.
| | - Zhiyuan Yu
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Roger A Astley
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Michelle C Callegan
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Dawn Me Bowdish
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Helen P Makarenkova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Biochemistry and Cell Biology Graduate Program, Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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2
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Shin S, Yoon SG, Kim M, Cheon EJ, Jeon Y, Lee HJ, Chung SH. The Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Dry Eye in Sjogren Syndrome Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021039. [PMID: 36674547 PMCID: PMC9865485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease delineated by chronic lymphocytic infiltrates into the lacrimal or salivary glands, leading to severe dry eye and dry mouth. Mesenchymal stem cells have been shown to be effective in treating numerous autoimmune diseases. This study aimed to illustrate the effects of mesenchymal stem cells on the attenuation of dry eyes (DE) through the inhibition of autophagy markers in a SS mouse model. NOD/ShiLtJ female mice with developed DE were treated with either subconjunctival or lacrimal gland injections of hMSCs (Catholic MASTER Cells). After maintenance for 14 days, clinical DE markers such as tear secretion and corneal staining were observed, as well as goblet cell counts in the conjunctiva, infiltration of inflammatory foci, B and T cells, and autophagy markers in the lacrimal glands. Proinflammatory cytokine expressions of the cornea and conjunctiva, as well as the lacrimal glands, were examined. Clinical markers, such as tear secretion and corneal stain scores, goblet cell counts in the conjunctiva, and foci infiltrations in the lacrimal glands were attenuated in mice treated with subconjunctival or lacrimal gland injections of hMSCs compared to the PBS-treated control group. B cell marker B220 decreased in the lacrimal glands of hMSCs-treated mice, as well as reduced proinflammatory cytokine expressions in the lacrimal glands and cornea. Notably, expression of autophagy markers ATG5 and LC3B-II, as well as HIF-1α and mTOR which play roles in the pathways of autophagy modulation, were shown to be attenuated in the lacrimal glands of hMSCs-treated mice compared to the PBS-treated control mice. Treatment with hMSCs by lacrimal gland or subconjunctival injection demonstrated the alleviation of DE through the repression of autophagy markers, suggesting the therapeutic potentials of hMSCs in a SS mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojung Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Catholic Institute of Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-Gi Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Catholic Institute of Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Miso Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Catholic Institute of Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Cheon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Catholic Institute of Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngseo Jeon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Catholic Institute of Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Catholic Institute of Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Seoil University, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hyang Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Catholic Institute of Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2258-6203; Fax: +82-2-590-1544
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3
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OGAWA KENJIROU, URATA KARIN, MAEDA SAKI, OHNO YUTA, SATOH KEITARO, YAMADA YOSHIYUKI, SUZUKI YOSUKE, KOGA YASUKO, SUGAMOTO KAZUHIRO, KAWAGUCHI MAKIKO, KUNITAKE HISATO, NISHIYAMA KAZUO, GOTO YO, NAKAYAMA TAKAYUKI, YAMASAKI MASAO. Blueberry Leaf Extract Prevents Lacrimal Hyposecretion in Sjögren's Syndrome-like Model of Non-obese Diabetic Mice. In Vivo 2023; 37:149-162. [PMID: 36593026 PMCID: PMC9843763 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM This study evaluated the effect of blueberry leaf hot water extract (BLEx) on Sjögren's syndrome (SS)-like lacrimal hyposecretion in male non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS NOD or BALB/c mice were fed 1% BLEx or control (AIN-93G) for 2 weeks from the age of 4 to 6 weeks. Pilocarpine-induced tear volume was measured using a phenol red-impregnated thread. The lacrimal glands were evaluated histologically by H&E staining. The IL-1β and TNF-α levels in the lacrimal gland tissue were measured by ELISA. The mRNA expression levels of secretion-related proteins were measured by real-time PCR. LC3 I/II and arginase 1 expression levels were measured by western blot. RESULTS After feeding with BLEx, pilocarpine-induced tear secretion in NOD mice was increased. In contrast, the mRNA expression levels of the cholinergic muscarinic M3 receptor, aquaporin 5, and ion channels related to lacrimal secretion were not changed by BLEx administration. In addition, the protein expression of arginase 1, which was recently reported to be involved in tear hyposecretion in NOD mice, was also not improved by BLEx administration. Although infiltration in the lacrimal gland of NOD mice was not decreased, the levels of TNF-α and the autophagy-related protein LC3 were significantly suppressed by BLEx treatment. CONCLUSION BLEx treatment may ameliorate lacrimal hyposecretion in NOD mice by delaying the progression of autoimmune disease by suppressing autophagy in lacrimal glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- KENJIROU OGAWA
- Institute for Tenure Track Promotion, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - KARIN URATA
- Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - SAKI MAEDA
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - YUTA OHNO
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Japan
| | - KEITARO SATOH
- Department of Pharmacology, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Japan
| | - YOSHIYUKI YAMADA
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - YOSUKE SUZUKI
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - YASUKO KOGA
- Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - KAZUHIRO SUGAMOTO
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - MAKIKO KAWAGUCHI
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - HISATO KUNITAKE
- Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan,Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - KAZUO NISHIYAMA
- Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan,Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - YO GOTO
- Biolabo Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan
| | | | - MASAO YAMASAKI
- Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan,Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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4
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Peck AB, Nguyen CQ, Ambrus JL. A MZB Cell Activation Profile Present in the Lacrimal Glands of Sjögren's Syndrome-Susceptible C57BL/6.NOD- Aec1Aec2 Mice Defined by Global RNA Transcriptomic Analyses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6106. [PMID: 35682784 PMCID: PMC9181468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mouse has been extensively studied to define the underlying cellular and molecular basis for the onset and development of Sjögren's syndrome (SS), a human systemic autoimmune disease characterized clinically as the loss of normal lacrimal and salivary gland functions leading respectively to dry eye and dry mouth pathologies. While an overwhelming majority of SS studies in both humans and rodent models have long focused primarily on pathophysiological events and the potential role of T lymphocytes in these events, recent studies in our murine models have indicated that marginal zone B (MZB) lymphocytes are critical for both development and onset of SS disease. Although migration and function of MZB cells are difficult to study in vivo and in vitro, we have carried out ex vivo investigations that use temporal global RNA transcriptomic analyses to track early cellular and molecular events in these exocrine glands of C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mice. In the present report, genome-wide transcriptome analyses of lacrimal glands indicate that genes and gene-sets temporally upregulated during early onset of disease define the Notch2/NF-kβ14 and Type1 interferon signal transduction pathways, as well as identify chemokines, especially Cxcl13, and Rho-GTPases, including DOCK molecules, in the cellular migration of immune cells to the lacrimal glands. We discuss how the current results compare with our recently published salivary gland data obtained from similar studies carried out in our C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mice, pointing out both similarities and differences in the etiopathogeneses underlying the autoimmune response within the two glands. Overall, this study uses the power of transcriptomic analyses to identify temporal molecular bioprocesses activated during the preclinical covert pathogenic stage(s) of SS disease and how these findings may impact future intervention therapies as the disease within the two exocrine glands may not be identical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammon B. Peck
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100125, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (C.Q.N.); (J.L.A.J.)
| | - Cuong Q. Nguyen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100125, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (C.Q.N.); (J.L.A.J.)
| | - Julian L. Ambrus
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100125, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (C.Q.N.); (J.L.A.J.)
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, SUNY Buffalo School of Medicine, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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5
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Zhu J, Inomata T, Shih KC, Okumura Y, Fujio K, Huang T, Nagino K, Akasaki Y, Fujimoto K, Yanagawa A, Miura M, Midorikawa-Inomata A, Hirosawa K, Kuwahara M, Shokirova H, Eguchi A, Morooka Y, Chen F, Murakami A. Application of Animal Models in Interpreting Dry Eye Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:830592. [PMID: 35178415 PMCID: PMC8844459 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.830592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Different pathophysiologic mechanisms are involved in the initiation, development, and outcome of dry eye disease (DED). Animal models have proven valuable and efficient in establishing ocular surface microenvironments that mimic humans, thus enabling better understanding of the pathogenesis. Several dry eye animal models, including lacrimal secretion insufficiency, evaporation, neuronal dysfunction, and environmental stress models, are related to different etiological factors. Other models may be categorized as having a multifactorial DED. In addition, there are variations in the methodological classification, including surgical lacrimal gland removal, drug-induced models, irradiation impairment, autoimmune antibody-induced models, and transgenic animals. The aforementioned models may manifest varying degrees of severity or specific pathophysiological mechanisms that contribute to the complexity of DED. This review aimed to summarize various dry eye animal models and evaluate their respective characteristics to improve our understanding of the underlying mechanism and identify therapeutic prospects for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Takenori Inomata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Hospital Administration, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kendrick Co Shih
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuichi Okumura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Fujio
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tianxiang Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Nagino
- Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Hospital Administration, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutsugu Akasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fujimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Yanagawa
- Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maria Miura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akie Midorikawa-Inomata
- Department of Hospital Administration, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Hirosawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizu Kuwahara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hurramhon Shokirova
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Eguchi
- Department of Hospital Administration, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Morooka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Akira Murakami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Srivastava A, Makarenkova HP. Innate Immunity and Biological Therapies for the Treatment of Sjögren's Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9172. [PMID: 33271951 PMCID: PMC7730146 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder affecting approximately 3% of the population in the United States. This disease has a female predilection and affects exocrine glands, including lacrimal and salivary glands. Dry eyes and dry mouths are the most common symptoms due to the loss of salivary and lacrimal gland function. Symptoms become more severe in secondary SS, where SS is present along with other autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, or rheumatoid arthritis. It is known that aberrant activation of immune cells plays an important role in disease progression, however, the mechanism for these pathological changes in the immune system remains largely unknown. This review highlights the role of different immune cells in disease development, therapeutic treatments, and future strategies that are available to target various immune cells to cure the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen P. Makarenkova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
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7
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Klinngam W, Janga SR, Lee C, Ju Y, Yarber F, Shah M, Guo H, Wang D, MacKay JA, Edman MC, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Inhibition of Cathepsin S Reduces Lacrimal Gland Inflammation and Increases Tear Flow in a Mouse Model of Sjögren's Syndrome. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9559. [PMID: 31267034 PMCID: PMC6606642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45966-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin S (CTSS) is highly increased in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) patients tears and in tears and lacrimal glands (LG) of male non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, a murine model of SS. To explore CTSS's utility as a therapeutic target for mitigating ocular manifestations of SS in sites where CTSS is increased in disease, the tears and the LG (systemically), the peptide-based inhibitor, Z-FL-COCHO (Z-FL), was administered to 14-15 week male NOD mice. Systemic intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection for 2 weeks significantly reduced CTSS activity in tears, LG and spleen, significantly reduced total lymphocytic infiltration into LG, reduced CD3+ and CD68+ cell abundance within lymphocytic infiltrates, and significantly increased stimulated tear secretion. Topical administration of Z-FL to a different cohort of 14-15 week male NOD mice for 6 weeks significantly reduced only tear CTSS while not affecting LG and spleen CTSS and attenuated the disease-progression related reduction of basal tear secretion, while not significantly impacting lymphocytic infiltration of the LG. These findings suggest that CTSS inhibitors administered either topically or systemically can mitigate aspects of the ocular manifestations of SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannita Klinngam
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Srikanth R Janga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Changrim Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Yaping Ju
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Frances Yarber
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Mihir Shah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Dandan Wang
- Anatomic and Clinical Pathology, Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - J Andrew MacKay
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Maria C Edman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Sarah F Hamm-Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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8
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Kinderman F, Yerby B, Jawa V, Joubert MK, Joh NH, Malella J, Herskovitz J, Xie J, Ferbas J, McBride HJ. Impact of Precipitation of Antibody Therapeutics After Subcutaneous Injection on Pharmacokinetics and Immunogenicity. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:1953-1963. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Ju Y, Janga SR, Klinngam W, MacKay JA, Hawley D, Zoukhri D, Edman MC, Hamm-Alvarez SF. NOD and NOR mice exhibit comparable development of lacrimal gland secretory dysfunction but NOD mice have more severe autoimmune dacryoadenitis. Exp Eye Res 2018; 176:243-251. [PMID: 30201519 PMCID: PMC6215720 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The male Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse is an established model of autoimmune dacryoadenitis characteristic of Sjögren's Syndrome (SS), but development of diabetes may complicate studies. The Non-Obese Diabetes Resistant (NOR) mouse is a MHC-II matched diabetes-resistant alternative, but development of autoimmune dacryoadenitis is not well-characterized. We compare features of SS in male NOD and NOR mice at 12 and 20 weeks. Stimulated tear secretion was decreased in 12 week NOD relative to BALB/c mice (p < 0.05), while by 20 weeks both NOD and NOR showed decreased stimulated tear secretion relative to BALB/c mice (p < 0.001). Tear CTSS activity was elevated in NOD and NOR relative to BALB/c mice (p < 0.05) at 12 and 20 weeks. While NOD and NOR lacrimal glands (LG) showed increased LG lymphocytic infiltration at 12 and 20 weeks relative to BALB/c mouse LG (p < 0.05), the percentage in NOD was higher relative to NOR at each age (p < 0.05). Gene expression of CTSS, MHC II and IFN-γ in LG were significantly increased in NOD but not NOR relative to BALB/c at 12 and 20 weeks. Redistribution of the secretory effector, Rab3D in acinar cells was observed at both time points in NOD and NOR, but thinning of myoepithelial cells at 12 weeks in NOD and NOR mice was restored by 20 weeks in NOR mice. NOD and NOR mice share features of SS-like autoimmune dacryoadenitis, suggesting common disease etiology. Other findings suggest more pronounced lymphocytic infiltration in NOD mouse LG including increased pro-inflammatory factors that may be unique to this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Ju
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Srikanth Reddy Janga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Wannita Klinngam
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - J Andrew MacKay
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dillon Hawley
- Department of Comprehensive Care, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Driss Zoukhri
- Department of Comprehensive Care, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria C Edman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sarah F Hamm-Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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10
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Edman MC, Janga SR, Meng Z, Bechtold M, Chen AF, Kim C, Naman L, Sarma A, Teekappanavar N, Kim AY, Madrigal S, Singh S, Ortiz E, Christianakis S, Arkfeld DG, Mack WJ, Heur M, Stohl W, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Increased Cathepsin S activity associated with decreased protease inhibitory capacity contributes to altered tear proteins in Sjögren's Syndrome patients. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11044. [PMID: 30038391 PMCID: PMC6056496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29411-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin S (CTSS) activity is elevated in Sjögren's Syndrome (SS) patient tears. Here we tested whether protease inhibition and cystatin C (Cys C) levels are reduced in SS tears, which could lead to enhanced CTSS-driven degradation of tear proteins. CTSS activity against Cys C, LF and sIgA was tested in SS or healthy control tears. Tears from 156 female subjects (33, SS; 33, rheumatoid arthritis; 31, other autoimmune diseases; 35, non-autoimmune dry eye (DE); 24, healthy controls) were analyzed for CTSS activity and Cys C, LF, and sIgA levels. Cys C and LF showed enhanced degradation in SS tears supplemented with recombinant CTSS, but not supplemented healthy control tears. CTSS activity was significantly increased, while Cys C, LF and sIgA levels were significantly decreased, in SS tears compared to other groups. While tear CTSS activity remained the strongest discriminator of SS in autoimmune populations, combining LF and CTSS improved discrimination of SS beyond CTSS in DE patients. Reductions in Cys C and other endogenous proteases may enhance CTSS activity in SS tears. Tear CTSS activity is reconfirmed as a putative biomarker of SS in an independent patient cohort while combined LF and CTSS measurements may distinguish SS from DE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Edman
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Srikanth R Janga
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhen Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mercy Bechtold
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexander F Chen
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chongiin Kim
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Luke Naman
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arunava Sarma
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neha Teekappanavar
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alice Y Kim
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sara Madrigal
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Simranjit Singh
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ortiz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stratos Christianakis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel G Arkfeld
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wendy J Mack
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martin Heur
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William Stohl
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah F Hamm-Alvarez
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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11
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Myoepithelial cell-driven acini contraction in response to oxytocin receptor stimulation is impaired in lacrimal glands of Sjögren's syndrome animal models. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9919. [PMID: 29967327 PMCID: PMC6028591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present studies was to investigate the impact of chronic inflammation of the lacrimal gland, as occurs in Sjögren’s syndrome, on the morphology and function of myoepithelial cells (MECs). In spite of the importance of MECs for lacrimal gland function, the effect of inflammation on MECs has not been well defined. We studied changes in MEC structure and function in two animal models of aqueous deficient dry eye, NOD and MRL/lpr mice. We found a statistically significant reduction in the size of MECs in diseased compared to control lacrimal glands. We also found that oxytocin receptor was highly expressed in MECs of mouse and human lacrimal glands and that its expression was strongly reduced in diseased glands. Furthermore, we found a significant decrease in the amount of two MEC contractile proteins, α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and calponin. Finally, oxytocin-mediated contraction was impaired in lacrimal gland acini from diseased glands. We conclude that chronic inflammation of the lacrimal gland leads to a substantial thinning of MECs, down-regulation of contractile proteins and oxytocin receptor expression, and therefore impaired acini contraction. This is the first study highlighting the role of oxytocin mediated MEC contraction on lacrimal gland function.
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Meng Z, Klinngam W, Edman MC, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Interferon-γ treatment in vitro elicits some of the changes in cathepsin S and antigen presentation characteristic of lacrimal glands and corneas from the NOD mouse model of Sjögren's Syndrome. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184781. [PMID: 28902875 PMCID: PMC5597228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and impaired secretion by lacrimal and salivary glands are hallmarks of the autoimmune disease, Sjögren’s Syndrome. These changes in the lacrimal gland promote dryness and inflammation of the ocular surface, causing pain, irritation and corneal damage. The changes that initiate and sustain autoimmune inflammation in the lacrimal gland are not well-established. Here we demonstrate that interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is significantly elevated in lacrimal gland and tears of the male NOD mouse, a model of autoimmune dacryoadenitis which exhibits many ocular characteristics of Sjögren’s Syndrome, by 12 weeks of age early in lacrimal gland inflammation. Working either with primary cultured lacrimal gland acinar cells from BALB/c mice and/or rabbits, in vitro IFN-γ treatment for 48 hr decreased expression of Rab3D concurrent with increased expression of cathepsin S. Although total cellular cathepsin S activity was not commensurately increased, IFN-γ treated lacrimal gland acinar cells showed a significant increase in carbachol-stimulated secretion of cathepsin S similar to the lacrimal gland in disease. In vitro IFN-γ treatment did not increase the expression of most components of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-mediated antigen presentation although antigen presentation was slightly but significantly stimulated in primary cultured lacrimal gland acinar cells. However, exposure of cultured human corneal epithelial cells to IFN-γ more robustly increased expression and activity of cathepsin S in parallel with increased expression and function of MHC class II-mediated antigen presentation. We propose that early elevations in IFN-γ contribute to specific features of ocular disease pathology in Sjögren’s Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Wannita Klinngam
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Maria C. Edman
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah F. Hamm-Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Gurumurthy S, Iyer G, Srinivasan B, Agarwal S, Angayarkanni N. Ocular surface cytokine profile in chronic Stevens-Johnson syndrome and its response to mucous membrane grafting for lid margin keratinisation. Br J Ophthalmol 2017; 102:169-176. [PMID: 28689166 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To study the tear cytokine and the conjunctival and oral mucosal marker profile in chronic ocular Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and their alteration following mucous membrane grafting (MMG) for lid margin keratinisation (LMK). METHODS In a 1-year prospective study, SJS cases (n=25) and age-matched/sex-matched healthy controls (n=25) were recruited. Tear specimen (Schirmer's strip), conjunctival and oral mucosal imprints were collected from controls and SJS cases pre-MMG and post-MMG (at first follow-up, n=17). Tear cytokines were profiled using 27-bioplex array. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)-mediated extracellular matrix changes in conjunctival and oral mucosal cells were analysed by gene expression studies. 30 RESULTS: Tear cytokine profiling of chronic SJS cases at pre-MMG stage revealed significant upregulation of cytokines granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, IL-15, IL-2, IL-17A and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) with downregulation of IP-10 (interferon gamma-induced protein 10), tumour necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, IL-10, vascular endothelial growth factor, regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), IL-7, IL-12p70 and IL-13, with maximal increase in GM-CSF and maximal downregulation of IP-10, respectively. Of these, IL-2, IL-15, bFGF and IL-17A showed significant correlation with disease severity, pre-MMG. Conjunctival cells pre-MMG showed increase in TGF-β1, TGF-βRII, connective tissue growth factor and collagen-III gene expression by 10, 67, 173 and 184 folds, respectively, which dropped to 1.3, 11, 13.5 and 19 folds correspondingly, post-MMG. However, their expressions in oral mucosa were negligible. CONCLUSION A proinflammatory, profibrotic, antiapoptotic ocular surface milieu characterises chronic ocular SJS. IP-10, an antifibrotic cytokine was noted to be maximally downregulated, unlike in other forms of chronic dry eye disease. The alterations in the ocular surface are seen to reverse largely with MMG for LMK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srividya Gurumurthy
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO Block, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Geetha Iyer
- C.J. Shah Cornea Services, Dr G Sitalakshmi Memorial Clinic for Ocular Disorders, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Bhaskar Srinivasan
- C.J. Shah Cornea Services, Dr G Sitalakshmi Memorial Clinic for Ocular Disorders, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Shweta Agarwal
- C.J. Shah Cornea Services, Dr G Sitalakshmi Memorial Clinic for Ocular Disorders, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Narayanasamy Angayarkanni
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO Block, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
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14
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Shah M, Edman MC, Reddy Janga S, Yarber F, Meng Z, Klinngam W, Bushman J, Ma T, Liu S, Louie S, Mehta A, Ding C, MacKay JA, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Rapamycin Eye Drops Suppress Lacrimal Gland Inflammation In a Murine Model of Sjögren's Syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:372-385. [PMID: 28122086 PMCID: PMC5270623 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of topical rapamycin in treating autoimmune dacryoadenitis in a mouse model of Sjögren's syndrome. Methods We developed rapamycin in a poly(ethylene glycol)-distearoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-DSPE) micelle formulation to maintain solubility. Rapamycin or PEG-DSPE eye drops (vehicle) were administered in a well-established Sjögren's syndrome disease model, the male nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, twice daily for 12 weeks starting at 8 weeks of age. Mouse tear fluid was collected and tear Cathepsin S, a putative tear biomarker for Sjögren's syndrome, was measured. Lacrimal glands were retrieved for histological evaluation, and quantitative real-time PCR of genes associated with Sjögren's syndrome pathogenesis. Tear secretion was measured using phenol red threads, and corneal fluorescein staining was used to assess corneal integrity. Results Lymphocytic infiltration of lacrimal glands from rapamycin-treated mice was significantly (P = 0.0001) reduced by 3.8-fold relative to vehicle-treated mice after 12 weeks of treatment. Rapamycin, but not vehicle, treatment increased tear secretion and decreased corneal fluorescein staining after 12 weeks. In rapamycin-treated mice, Cathepsin S activity was significantly reduced by 3.75-fold in tears (P < 0.0001) and 1.68-fold in lacrimal gland lysates (P = 0.003) relative to vehicle-treated mice. Rapamycin significantly altered the expression of several genes linked to Sjögren's syndrome pathogenesis, including major histocompatibility complex II, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-12a, as well as Akt3, an effector of autophagy. Conclusions Our findings suggest that topical rapamycin reduces autoimmune-mediated lacrimal gland inflammation while improving ocular surface integrity and tear secretion, and thus has potential for treating Sjögren's syndrome–associated dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Maria C Edman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Srikanth Reddy Janga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Frances Yarber
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Zhen Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Wannita Klinngam
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Jonathan Bushman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Siyu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Stan Louie
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Arjun Mehta
- Anatomic and Clinical Pathology, Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Chuanqing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - J Andrew MacKay
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Sarah F Hamm-Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
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15
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Umazume T, Thomas WM, Campbell S, Aluri H, Thotakura S, Zoukhri D, Makarenkova HP. Lacrimal Gland Inflammation Deregulates Extracellular Matrix Remodeling and Alters Molecular Signature of Epithelial Stem/Progenitor Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 56:8392-402. [PMID: 26747770 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The adult lacrimal gland (LG) is highly regenerative and is able to repair itself even after substantial damage; however, this ability to regenerate is lost with the development of dry eye conditions in chronically inflamed LGs.This study compares changes in the cell adhesion and cell matrix molecules and stem cell transcription factors in the LGs of healthy mice and of two mouse models of Sjögren's syndrome: nonobese diabetic (NOD) and MRL-lpr/lpr (MRL/lpr) mice during the early stage of inflammation. METHODS The LGs from 12- to 13-week-old female MRL/lpr and male NOD mice along with their respective control strains were harvested and divided into three pieces and processed for quantitative (q) RT-PCR and qRT-PCR Arrays, histology, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting. RESULTS The extracellular matrix (ECM) and adhesion molecules RT2-PCR array combined with protein expression data revealed changes in the expression of integrins, matrix metalloproteinases, and other molecules, which are associated largely with invasion, attachment, and expansion of the lymphocytic cells, whereas changes in the stem cell transcription factors revealed substantial decrease in expression of transcription factors associated with epithelial stem/progenitor cell lineage. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that the expression of several important ECM components is significantly deregulated in the LG of two murine models of Sjögren's syndrome, suggesting an alteration of the epithelial stem/progenitor cell niche. This may result in profound effects on localization, activation, proliferation, and differentiation of the LG stem/progenitor cells and, therefore, LG regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Umazume
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - William M Thomas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Sabrina Campbell
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Hema Aluri
- Department of Diagnosis and Health Promotion, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Suharika Thotakura
- Department of Diagnosis and Health Promotion, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Driss Zoukhri
- Department of Diagnosis and Health Promotion, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Helen P Makarenkova
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States
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16
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Aluri HS, Kublin CL, Thotakura S, Armaos H, Samizadeh M, Hawley D, Thomas WM, Leavis P, Makarenkova HP, Zoukhri D. Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in Lacrimal Gland Disease in Animal Models of Sjögren's Syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:5218-28. [PMID: 26244298 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic inflammation of the lacrimal gland results in changes in the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is believed to compromise tissue repair. We hypothesized that increased production/activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially MMP-2 and -9, in inflamed lacrimal glands modifies the ECM environment, therefore disrupting tissue repair. METHODS The lacrimal glands from female MRL/lpr and male NOD mice along with their respective control strains were harvested and divided into three pieces and processed for histology, immunohistochemistry, zymography, Western blotting, and RNA analyses. In another study, MRL/lpr mice were treated for 5 weeks with a selective MMP2/9 inhibitor peptide or a control peptide. At the end of treatment, the lacrimal glands were excised and the tissue was processed as described above. RESULTS There was a 2.5- and 2.7-fold increase in MMP2 gene expression levels in MRL/lpr and NOD mice, respectively. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 enzymatic activities and protein expression levels were significantly upregulated in the lacrimal glands of MRL/lpr and NOD mice compared to controls. Treatment with the MMP2/9 inhibitor resulted in decreased activity of MMP-2 and -9 both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, MMP2/9 inhibitor treatment of MRL/lpr mice improved aqueous tear production and resulted in reduced number and size of lymphocytic foci in diseased lacrimal glands. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that MMP2/9 expression and activity are elevated in lacrimal glands of two murine models of Sjögren's syndrome, suggesting that manipulation of MMP2/9 activity might be a potential therapeutic target in chronically inflamed lacrimal glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema S Aluri
- Department of Diagnosis and Health Promotion Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Claire L Kublin
- Department of Diagnosis and Health Promotion Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Suharika Thotakura
- Department of Diagnosis and Health Promotion Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Helene Armaos
- Department of Diagnosis and Health Promotion Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Mahta Samizadeh
- Department of Diagnosis and Health Promotion Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Dillon Hawley
- Department of Diagnosis and Health Promotion Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - William M Thomas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Paul Leavis
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Helen P Makarenkova
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Driss Zoukhri
- Department of Diagnosis and Health Promotion Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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17
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Maria NI, Vogelsang P, Versnel MA. The clinical relevance of animal models in Sjögren's syndrome: the interferon signature from mouse to man. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:172. [PMID: 26137972 PMCID: PMC4490668 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models have been widely used to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases. The advantages of using these models include the ability to study different stages of the disease with particular respect to specific target organs, to focus on the role of specific pathogenic factors and to investigate the effect of possible therapeutic interventions. Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease, characterised by lymphocytic infiltrates in the salivary and lacrimal glands. To date, effective therapy is not available and treatment has been mainly symptomatic. Ongoing studies in murine models are aimed at developing more effective and targeted therapies in SS. The heterogeneity of SS will most probably benefit from optimising therapies, tailored to specific subgroups of the disease. In this review, we provide our perspective on the importance of subdividing SS patients according to their interferon signature, and recommend choosing appropriate mouse models for interferon-positive and interferon-negative SS subtypes. Murine models better resembling human-disease phenotypes will be essential in this endeavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi I Maria
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Petra Vogelsang
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 87, N-5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marjan A Versnel
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Wang W, Jashnani A, Aluri SR, Gustafson JA, Hsueh PY, Yarber F, McKown RL, Laurie GW, Hamm-Alvarez SF, MacKay JA. A thermo-responsive protein treatment for dry eyes. J Control Release 2014; 199:156-67. [PMID: 25481446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Millions of Americans suffer from dry eye disease, and there are few effective therapies capable of treating these patients. A decade ago, an abundant protein component of human tears was discovered and named lacritin (Lacrt). Lacrt has prosecretory activity in the lacrimal gland and mitogenic activity at the corneal epithelium. Similar to other proteins placed on the ocular surface, the durability of its effect is limited by rapid tear turnover. Motivated by the rationale that a thermo-responsive coacervate containing Lacrt would have better retention upon administration, we have constructed and tested the activity of a thermo-responsive Lacrt fused to an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP). Inspired from the human tropoelastin protein, ELP protein polymers reversibly phase separate into viscous coacervates above a tunable transition temperature. This fusion construct exhibited the prosecretory function of native Lacrt as illustrated by its ability to stimulate β-hexosaminidase secretion from primary rabbit lacrimal gland acinar cells. It also increased tear secretion from non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, a model of autoimmune dacryoadenitis, when administered via intra-lacrimal injection. Lacrt ELP fusion proteins undergo temperature-mediated assembly to form a depot inside the lacrimal gland. We propose that these Lacrt ELP fusion proteins represent a potential therapy for dry eye disease and the strategy of ELP-mediated phase separation may have applicability to other diseases of the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Aarti Jashnani
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Suhaas R Aluri
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Joshua A Gustafson
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Pang-Yu Hsueh
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Frances Yarber
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Robert L McKown
- Department of Integrated Science and Technology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States
| | - Gordon W Laurie
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Sarah F Hamm-Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - J Andrew MacKay
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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19
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Li N, Deng X, Gao Y, Zhang S, He M, Zhao D. Establishment of the mild, moderate and severe dry eye models using three methods in rabbits. BMC Ophthalmol 2013; 13:50. [PMID: 24093832 PMCID: PMC3852057 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2415-13-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dry eye (DE) is a common eye disease, and appropriate animal models are essential to explore the pathogenesis and therapy of DE. In this study, we aimed to establish rabbit models by three methods. METHODS In group A, the lacrimal gland, Harderian gland, and nictitating membrane of the left eyes were surgically removed. In group B, the bulbar conjunctiva of the left eyes was burned with 50% trichloroacetic acid. In group C, both methods above were used. The right eyes served as normal controls. The Schirmer I test (SIt), fluorescein staining, and impression cytology were evaluated at baseline and on days 28, 42, and 56. RESULTS Both the SIt and goblet cell density were significantly lower in operated eyes compared to the control eyes, while the corneal fluorescein staining scores in the operated eyes were significantly higher than in the control eyes on days 28, 42, and 56 (p < 0.05, p < 0.01 or p < 0.001). The SIt and goblet cell densities in groups B and C were significantly lower than group A on days 28, 42, and 56 (p < 0.05, p < 0.01 or p < 0.001). In addition, the corneal fluorescein staining scores in group C were significantly higher than either group A or group B on days 28, 42, and 56, while fluorescein staining scores were higher in group B than group A on days 42 and 56 days (p < 0.05, p < 0.01 or p < 0.001), with mean score 3.8 ± 1.30 (group A), 7.4 ± 1.14 (group B) and 10.8 ± 1.30 (group C) on day 56. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that three separate DE models, with mild, moderate, and severe manifestations of DE, could be stably established, in which conjunctival goblet cells took an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 Xianlie Road South, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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Ellis JS, Wan X, Braley-Mullen H. Transient depletion of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells results in multiple autoimmune diseases in wild-type and B-cell-deficient NOD mice. Immunology 2013; 139:179-86. [PMID: 23293979 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 80% of female wild-type non-obese diabetic (WT NOD) mice spontaneously develop diabetes, whereas B-cell-deficient (B(-/-)) NOD mice are resistant to diabetes. B(-/-) mice are also resistant to other spontaneous and experimentally induced autoimmune diseases, including arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren syndrome and thyroiditis. Under normal conditions, activation of self-reactive T cells in the periphery is limited by CD4(+) CD25(+) natural regulatory T (Treg) cells. B(-/-) NOD.H-2h4 mice, normally resistant to spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT), develop SAT when Treg cells are depleted, suggesting that Treg cells are preferentially activated when autoantigen is initially presented by non-B-cell antigen-presenting cells. To test the hypothesis that increased Treg cell activity in B(-/-) mice contributes to their resistance to other autoimmune diseases, WT and B(-/-) NOD mice were given anti-CD25 to transiently deplete CD4(+) CD25(+) Treg cells. The WT and B(-/-) NOD mice given anti-CD25 developed diabetes much earlier than WT mice given rat IgG, whereas rat IgG-treated B(-/-) mice did not develop diabetes. Treg-cell-depleted mice had increased lymphocyte infiltration of the pancreas, salivary glands and thyroid compared with controls given rat IgG. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that resistance of B-cell-deficient NOD mice to several autoimmune diseases is due to the activity of Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Ellis
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
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Votteler M, Berrio DAC, Horke A, Sabatier L, Reinhardt DP, Nsair A, Aikawa E, Schenke-Layland K. Elastogenesis at the onset of human cardiac valve development. Development 2013; 140:2345-53. [PMID: 23637335 PMCID: PMC3912871 DOI: 10.1242/dev.093500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Semilunar valve leaflets have a well-described trilaminar histoarchitecture, with a sophisticated elastic fiber network. It was previously proposed that elastin-containing fibers play a subordinate role in early human cardiac valve development; however, this assumption was based on data obtained from mouse models and human second and third trimester tissues. Here, we systematically analyzed tissues from human fetal first (4-12 weeks) and second (13-18 weeks) trimester, adolescent (14-19 years) and adult (50-55 years) hearts to monitor the temporal and spatial distribution of elastic fibers, focusing on semilunar valves. Global expression analyses revealed that the transcription of genes essential for elastic fiber formation starts early within the first trimester. These data were confirmed by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry employing antibodies that recognize fibronectin, fibrillin 1, 2 and 3, EMILIN1 and fibulin 4 and 5, which were all expressed at the onset of cardiac cushion formation (~week 4 of development). Tropoelastin/elastin protein expression was first detectable in leaflets of 7-week hearts. We revealed that immature elastic fibers are organized in early human cardiovascular development and that mature elastin-containing fibers first evolve in semilunar valves when blood pressure and heartbeat accelerate. Our findings provide a conceptual framework with the potential to offer novel insights into human cardiac valve development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Votteler
- University Women's Hospital Tübingen and Inter-University Centre for Medical Technology Stuttgart-Tübingen (IZST), Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Xie J, Ferbas J, Juan G. Three-dimensional second-harmonic generation imaging of fibrillar collagen in biological tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 6:Unit 6.33. [PMID: 22752952 DOI: 10.1002/0471142956.cy0633s61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Multiphoton-induced second-harmonic generation (SHG) has developed into a very powerful approach for in depth visualization of some biological structures with high specificity. In this unit, we describe the basic principles of three-dimensional SHG microscopy. In addition, we illustrate how SHG imaging can be utilized to assess collagen fibrils in biological tissues. Some technical considerations are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Xie
- Department of Medical Sciences, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
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Fava RA, Kennedy SM, Wood SG, Bolstad AI, Bienkowska J, Papandile A, Kelly JA, Mavragani CP, Gatumu M, Skarstein K, Browning JL. Lymphotoxin-beta receptor blockade reduces CXCL13 in lacrimal glands and improves corneal integrity in the NOD model of Sjögren's syndrome. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:R182. [PMID: 22044682 PMCID: PMC3334628 DOI: 10.1186/ar3507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In Sjögren's syndrome, keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye) is associated with infiltration of lacrimal glands by leukocytes and consequent losses of tear-fluid production and the integrity of the ocular surface. We investigated the effect of blockade of the lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LTBR) pathway on lacrimal-gland pathology in the NOD mouse model of Sjögren's syndrome. Methods Male NOD mice were treated for up to ten weeks with an antagonist, LTBR-Ig, or control mouse antibody MOPC-21. Extra-orbital lacrimal glands were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for high endothelial venules (HEV), by Affymetrix gene-array analysis and real-time PCR for differential gene expression, and by ELISA for CXCL13 protein. Leukocytes from lacrimal glands were analyzed by flow-cytometry. Tear-fluid secretion-rates were measured and the integrity of the ocular surface was scored using slit-lamp microscopy and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) staining. The chemokine CXCL13 was measured by ELISA in sera from Sjögren's syndrome patients (n = 27) and healthy controls (n = 30). Statistical analysis was by the two-tailed, unpaired T-test, or the Mann-Whitney-test for ocular integrity scores. Results LTBR blockade for eight weeks reduced B-cell accumulation (approximately 5-fold), eliminated HEV in lacrimal glands, and reduced the entry rate of lymphocytes into lacrimal glands. Affymetrix-chip analysis revealed numerous changes in mRNA expression due to LTBR blockade, including reduction of homeostatic chemokine expression. The reduction of CXCL13, CCL21, CCL19 mRNA and the HEV-associated gene GLYCAM-1 was confirmed by PCR analysis. CXCL13 protein increased with disease progression in lacrimal-gland homogenates, but after LTBR blockade for 8 weeks, CXCL13 was reduced approximately 6-fold to 8.4 pg/mg (+/- 2.7) from 51 pg/mg (+/-5.3) in lacrimal glands of 16 week old control mice. Mice given LTBR blockade exhibited an approximately two-fold greater tear-fluid secretion than control mice (P = 0.001), and had a significantly improved ocular surface integrity score (P = 0.005). The mean CXCL13 concentration in sera from Sjögren's patients (n = 27) was 170 pg/ml, compared to 92.0 pg/ml for sera from (n = 30) healthy controls (P = 0.01). Conclusions Blockade of LTBR pathways may have therapeutic potential for treatment of Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A Fava
- Immunology Research Department, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 215 North Main Street, White River Junction, VT 05009, USA.
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Schenke-Layland K, Nsair A, Van Handel B, Angelis E, Gluck JM, Votteler M, Goldhaber JI, Mikkola HK, Kahn M, Maclellan WR. Recapitulation of the embryonic cardiovascular progenitor cell niche. Biomaterials 2011; 32:2748-56. [PMID: 21257198 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Stem or progenitor cell populations are often established in unique niche microenvironments that regulate cell fate decisions. Although niches have been shown to be critical for the normal development of several tissues, their role in the cardiovascular system is poorly understood. In this study, we characterized the cardiovascular progenitor cell (CPC) niche in developing human and mouse hearts, identifying signaling pathways and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that are crucial for CPC maintenance and expansion. We demonstrate that collagen IV (ColIV) and β-catenin-dependent signaling are essential for maintaining and expanding undifferentiated CPCs. Since niches are three-dimensional (3D) structures, we investigated the impact of a 3D microenvironment that mimics the in vivo niche ECM. Employing electrospinning technologies, 3D in vitro niche substrates were bioengineered to serve as culture inserts. The three-dimensionality of these structures increased mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation into CPCs when compared to 2D control cultures, which was further enhanced by incorporation of ColIV into the substrates. Inhibiting p300-dependent β-catenin signals with the small molecule IQ1 facilitated further expansion of CPCs. Our study represents an innovative approach to bioengineer cardiac niches that can serve as unique 3D in vitro systems to facilitate CPC expansion and study CPC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer IGB, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Li X, Wu K, Edman M, Schenke-Layland K, MacVeigh-Aloni M, Janga SR, Schulz B, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Increased expression of cathepsins and obesity-induced proinflammatory cytokines in lacrimal glands of male NOD mouse. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:5019-29. [PMID: 20463324 PMCID: PMC3066616 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Lacrimal glands (LGs) of male NOD mice, a model of Sjögren's syndrome (SjS), exhibit immune cell infiltration and lipid deposition. The mechanism of SjS was further investigated by characterizing gene expression profiles of NOD mouse LGs in comparison with those of healthy control mice. Differentially expressed genes were further investigated at the protein level to correlate changes in location and abundance with development of disease. METHODS Microarray followed by real-time RT-PCR was conducted to compare the gene expression in 12-week-old male NOD mouse LG relative to that in matched BALB/c mouse LG. Immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses were used to localize and quantify proteins of interest. Enzymatic assays measured catalytic activity of cathepsins. RESULTS Cathepsin H (Ctsh), S (Ctss), and Z (Ctsz) and proinflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor (Tnf), interleukin 6 (Il6), and interleukin 1 beta (Il1b), were upregulated at the mRNA level. Increased cathepsin S immunofluorescence was detected in lysosomes and secretory vesicle-like organelles in LG acinar cells and CD68-positive infiltrating macrophages in NOD mouse LG. Cathepsin S (CATS) and cathepsin H (CATH) activities were significantly higher in NOD mouse LG lysate than in control lysates, and CATS was also significantly elevated in NOD mouse tears. CONCLUSIONS Expression of CATS and CATH increases in parallel with proinflammatory cytokines during the development of autoimmune inflammatory disease in the NOD mouse disease model. Tear CATS may represent a biomarker for diagnosis of dacryoadenitis in SjS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Li
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Kaijin Wu
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Maria Edman
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- the Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michelle MacVeigh-Aloni
- the Center for Liver Diseases, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | | | - Barbara Schulz
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
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