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Soto TB, Tenconi PE, Buzzi ED, Dionisio L, Mateos MV, Rotstein NP, Spitzmaul G, Politi LE, German OL. Activation of retinoid X receptors protects retinal neurons and pigment epithelial cells from BMAA-induced death. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119816. [PMID: 39159686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to the non-protein amino acid cyanotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), released by cyanobacteria found in many water reservoirs has been associated with neurodegenerative diseases. We previously demonstrated that BMAA induced cell death in both retina photoreceptors (PHRs) and amacrine neurons by triggering different molecular pathways, as activation of NMDA receptors and formation of carbamate-adducts was only observed in amacrine cell death. We established that activation of Retinoid X Receptors (RXR) protects retinal cells, including retina pigment epithelial (RPE) cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. We now investigated the mechanisms underlying BMAA toxicity in these cells and those involved in RXR protection. BMAA addition to rat retinal neurons during early development in vitro increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and polyADP ribose polymers (PAR) formation, while pre-treatment with serine (Ser) before BMAA addition decreased PHR death. Notably, RXR activation with the HX630 agonist prevented BMAA-induced death in both neuronal types, reducing ROS generation, preserving mitochondrial potential, and decreasing TUNEL-positive cells and PAR formation. This suggests that BMAA promoted PHR death by substituting Ser in polypeptide chains and by inducing polyADP ribose polymerase activation. BMAA induced cell death in ARPE-19 cells, a human epithelial cell line; RXR activation prevented this death, decreasing ROS generation and caspase 3/7 activity. These findings suggest that RXR activation prevents BMAA harmful effects on retinal neurons and RPE cells, supporting this activation as a broad-spectrum strategy for treating retina degenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara B Soto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Paula E Tenconi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Edgardo D Buzzi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Dionisio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Melina V Mateos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Nora P Rotstein
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Spitzmaul
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Luis E Politi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Olga L German
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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Čugalj Kern B, Kovač J, Šket R, Tesovnik T, Jenko Bizjan B, Galhardo J, Battelino T, Bratina N, Dovč K. Exploring early DNA methylation alterations in type 1 diabetes: implications of glycemic control. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1416433. [PMID: 38904047 PMCID: PMC11188314 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1416433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Prolonged hyperglycemia causes diabetes-related micro- and macrovascular complications, which combined represent a significant burden for individuals living with diabetes. The growing scope of evidence indicates that hyperglycemia affects the development of vascular complications through DNA methylation. Methods A genome-wide differential DNA methylation analysis was performed on pooled peripheral blood DNA samples from individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) with direct DNA sequencing. Strict selection criteria were used to ensure two age- and sex-matched groups with no clinical signs of chronic complications according to persistent mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values over 5 years: HbA1c<7% (N=10) and HbA1c>8% (N=10). Results Between the two groups, 8385 differentially methylated CpG sites, annotated to 1802 genes, were identified. Genes annotated to hypomethylated CpG sites were enriched in 48 signaling pathways. Further analysis of key CpG sites revealed four specific regions, two of which were hypermethylated and two hypomethylated, associated with long non-coding RNA and processed pseudogenes. Conclusions Prolonged hyperglycemia in individuals with T1D, who have no clinical manifestation of diabetes-related complications, is associated with multiple differentially methylated CpG sites in crucial genes and pathways known to be linked to chronic complications in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Čugalj Kern
- University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Kovač
- University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Šket
- University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tine Tesovnik
- University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Jenko Bizjan
- University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Julia Galhardo
- Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Hospital de Dona Estefânia - Central Lisbon University Hospital Center, Lisbon, Portugal
- Lisbon Academic and Clinical Center, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tadej Battelino
- University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Bratina
- University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klemen Dovč
- University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Cao H, Hou C. Cell Division Control Protein 42 Facilitates Diabetic Retinopathy Progression by Activating the MEK/ERK Pathway. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2023; 261:211-219. [PMID: 37635064 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.2023.j068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Cell division control protein 42 (CDC42) modulates insulin secretion and angiogenesis to participate in the pathology of diabetic complications and retinal vascular-associated diseases. This study intended to explore the role of CDC42 in the progression of diabetic retinopathy, and the underlying mechanism. Human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (hRMECs) were cultured in 5.5 mM glucose (normal glucose) or 25 mM glucose (high glucose; HG) medium, respectively. CDC42 overexpression plasmid and small interference RNA (oe-CDC42 and si-CDC42) or corresponding negative controls (oe-NC and si-NC) were transfected into hRMECs under HG. Then, platelet-activating factor C-16 (C16-PAF) (MEK/ERK pathway activator) was added to si-CDC42 or si-NC transfected hRMECs under HG. Our study showed that HG increased CDC42 mRNA and protein, cell viability, invasive cell count, branch points, and tube length but reduced cell apoptosis in hRMECs. CDC42 upregulation enhanced cell viability, invasive cell count, branch points, tube length, p-MEK, and p-ERK, but attenuated cell apoptosis. Downregulation of CDC42 exhibited opposite trends. In addition, C16-PAF also increased cell viability, invasive cell count, branch points, and tube length, p-MEK, and p-ERK, but retarded cell apoptosis. Notably, C16-PAF diminished the effect of CDC42 downregulation on the above-mentioned functions in hRMECs under HG. Conclusively, CDC42 promotes HG-induced hRMEC viability and invasion, as well as angiogenesis, but inhibits apoptosis by activating the MEK/ERK pathway, which may be responsible for the progression of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China
| | - Changzheng Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University
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Bardak H, Uğuz AC, Bardak Y, Rocha-Pimienta J, Delgado-Adámez J, Espino J. Selenium Protects ARPE-19 and ACBRI 181 Cells against High Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress. Molecules 2023; 28:5961. [PMID: 37630213 PMCID: PMC10459791 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28165961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), can cause severe visual loss. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) plays a crucial role in retinal physiology but is vulnerable to oxidative damage. We investigated the protective effects of selenium (Se) on retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) and primary human retinal microvascular endothelial (ACBRI 181) cells against high glucose (HG)-induced oxidative stress and apoptotic cascade. To achieve this objective, we utilized varying concentrations of D-glucose (ranging from 5 to 80 mM) to induce the HG model. HG-induced oxidative stress in ARPE-19 and ACBRI 181 cells and the apoptotic cascade were evaluated by determining Ca2+ overload, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, caspase-3/-9 activation, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LP), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and apoptosis levels. A cell viability assay utilizing MTT was conducted to ascertain the optimal concentration of Se to be employed. The quantification of MTT, ROS, VEGF levels, and caspase-3 and -9 activation was accomplished using a plate reader. To quantitatively assess LP and GSH levels, GSH-Px activities were utilized by spectrophotometer and apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores were evaluated by spectrofluorometer. Our investigation revealed a significant augmentation in oxidative stress induced by HG, leading to cellular damage through modulation of mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS levels, and intracellular Ca2+ release. Incubation with Se resulted in a notable reduction in ROS production induced by HG, as well as a reduction in apoptosis and the activation of caspase-3 and -9. Additionally, Se incubation led to decreased levels of VEGF and LP while concurrently increasing levels of GSH and GSH-Px. The findings from this study strongly suggest that Se exerts a protective effect on ARPE-19 and ACBRI 181 cells against HG-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. This protective mechanism is partially mediated through the intracellular Ca2+ signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handan Bardak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asya Hospital, 34100 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Abdülhadi Cihangir Uğuz
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, 70100 Karaman, Turkey
| | | | - Javier Rocha-Pimienta
- Technological Agri-Food Institute (CICYTEX-INTAEX), Junta of Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain; (J.R.-P.); (J.D.-A.)
| | - Jonathan Delgado-Adámez
- Technological Agri-Food Institute (CICYTEX-INTAEX), Junta of Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain; (J.R.-P.); (J.D.-A.)
| | - Javier Espino
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas, s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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Lin HD, Lee YC, Chiang CY, Lin YJ, Shih CY, Tsai RK, Lin PY, Lin SZ, Ho TJ, Huang CY. Protective effects of Scoparia dulcis L. extract on high glucose-induced injury in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1085248. [PMID: 37139437 PMCID: PMC10150881 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1085248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of vision loss in diabetic patients. Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and the accumulation of inflammatory factors result in blood-retinal barrier dysfunction and the pathogenesis of DR. Scoparia dulcis L. extract (SDE), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been recently recognized for its various pharmacological effects, including anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative activities. However, there is no relevant research on the protective effect of SDE in DR. In this study, we treated high glucose (50 mM) in human retinal epithelial cells (ARPE-19) with different concentrations of SDE and analyzed cell viability, apoptosis, and ROS production. Moreover, we analyzed the expression of Akt, Nrf2, catalase, and HO-1, which showed that SDE dose-dependently reduced ROS production and attenuated ARPE-19 cell apoptosis in a high-glucose environment. Briefly, we demonstrated that SDE exhibited an anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory ability in protecting retinal cells from high-glucose (HG) treatment. Moreover, we also investigated the involvement of the Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in SDE-mediated protective effects. The results suggest SDE as a nutritional supplement that could benefit patients with DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Dao Lin
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chieh Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yi Chiang
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jung Lin
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Cheng Yen Shih
- Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Kung Tsai
- Institute of Eye Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Yu Lin
- Taiwan Buddhist Tzu-Chi Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Buddhist Tzu Chi Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jung Ho
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Tsung-Jung Ho, ; Chih-Yang Huang,
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center of General Education, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Tsung-Jung Ho, ; Chih-Yang Huang,
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6
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Meng C, Xing Y, Huo L, Ma H. Relationship Between Estimated Glucose Disposal Rate and Type 2 Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:807-818. [PMID: 36959899 PMCID: PMC10028301 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s395818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association between diabetic retinopathy (DR), DR intensity, and estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR) in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). PATIENTS AND METHODS This study comprised 1762 T2DM patients who were admitted between January and December, 2021. Overall, the DR was identified in 430 patients. Based on the eGDR, the participants were divided into four study groups. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the groups. The correlations between eGDR and DR risk, eGDR, and DR severity were analyzed using regression analysis. Furthermore, these relationships were analyzed in different sex groups. RESULTS Patients with T2DM had a 19.75% (348/1762) DR detection rate, whereas those with DR had a 22.41% (78/348) proliferative DR detection rate. The DR group had substantially reduced levels of eGDR compared with the non-DR group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that reduced eGDR was an independent risk factor for DR, after adjusting for confounding variables. eGDR correlated significantly with proliferative DR in women but not in men. CONCLUSION In Chinese individuals with T2DM, lower eGDR was independently associated with a higher risk of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiqiao Meng
- Health Examination Center, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuling Xing
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijing Huo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huijuan Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Huijuan Ma, Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 18032838686, Email
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Targeting Phospholipase D Pharmacologically Prevents Phagocytic Function Loss of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells Exposed to High Glucose Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911823. [PMID: 36233124 PMCID: PMC9570224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously described the participation of canonical phospholipase D isoforms (PLD1 and PLD2) in the inflammatory response of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells exposed to high glucose concentrations (HG). Here, we studied the role of the PLD pathway in RPE phagocytic function. For this purpose, ARPE-19 cells were exposed to HG (33 mM) or to normal glucose concentration (NG, 5.5 mM) and phagocytosis was measured using pHrodo™ green bioparticles® or photoreceptor outer segments (POS). HG exposure for 48 and 72 h reduced phagocytic function of ARPE-19 cells, and this loss of function was prevented when cells were treated with 5 μM of PLD1 (VU0359595 or PLD1i) or PLD2 (VU0285655-1 or PLD2i) selective inhibitors. Furthermore, PLD1i and PLD2i did not affect RPE phagocytosis under physiological conditions and prevented oxidative stress induced by HG. In addition, we demonstrated PLD1 and PLD2 expression in ABC cells, a novel human RPE cell line. Under physiological conditions, PLD1i and PLD2i did not affect ABC cell viability, and partial silencing of both PLDs did not affect ABC cell POS phagocytosis. In conclusion, PLD1i and PLD2i prevent the loss of phagocytic function of RPE cells exposed to HG without affecting RPE function or viability under non-inflammatory conditions.
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Simón MV, Vera MS, Tenconi PE, Soto T, Prado Spalm FH, Torlaschi C, Mateos MV, Rotstein NP. Sphingosine-1-phosphate and ceramide-1-phosphate promote migration, pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic responses in retinal pigment epithelium cells. Exp Eye Res 2022; 224:109222. [PMID: 36041511 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, essential for preserving retina homeostasis, also contribute to the development of retina proliferative diseases, through their exacerbated migration, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and inflammatory response. Uncovering the mechanisms inducing these changes is crucial for designing effective treatments for these pathologies. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) are bioactive sphingolipids that promote migration and inflammation in several cell types; we recently established that they stimulate the migration of retina Müller glial cells (Simón et al., 2015; Vera et al., 2021). We here analyzed whether S1P and C1P regulate migration, inflammation and EMT in RPE cells. We cultured two human RPE cell lines, ARPE-19 and D407 cells, and supplemented them with either 5 μM S1P or 10 μM C1P, or their vehicles, for 24 h. Analysis of cell migration by the scratch wound assay showed that S1P addition significantly enhanced migration in both cell lines. Pre-treatment with W146 and BML-241, antagonists for S1P receptor 1 (S1P1) and 3 (S1P3), respectively, blocked exogenous S1P-induced migration. Inhibiting sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1), the enzyme involved in S1P synthesis, significantly reduced cell migration and exogenous S1P only partially restored it. Addition of C1P markedly stimulated cell migration. Whereas inhibiting C1P synthesis did not affect C1P-induced migration, inhibiting S1P synthesis strikingly decreased it; noteworthy, addition of C1P promoted the transcription of SphK1. These results suggest that S1P and C1P stimulate RPE cell migration and their effect requires S1P endogenous synthesis. Both S1P and C1P increase the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8, and of EMT marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in ARPE-19 cells. Collectively, our results suggest new roles for S1P and C1P in the regulation of RPE cell migration and inflammation; since the deregulation of sphingolipid metabolism is involved in several proliferative retinopathies, targeting their metabolism might provide new tools for treating these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Victoria Simón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Marcela S Vera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula E Tenconi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tamara Soto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Facundo H Prado Spalm
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Camila Torlaschi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melina V Mateos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora P Rotstein
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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9
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Wang M, Hu F, Wu J, Zhang S. The Effects of Different Degrees of Hypoxia on Retinal Pigment Epithelium. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.3024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In age-related macular degeneration (AMD), hypoxia causes abnormal changes in tissue metabolism and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). However, the changes in cell function and intracellular molecules in RPE cells induced by hypoxia are not fully understood. In our study, cell viability,
apoptosis, oxidative stress and changes in intracellular molecules at different time points were evaluated in ARPE-19 cells using a hypoxia model. A short period of mild hypoxia stimulated cell proliferation and apoptosis was induced as the period of hypoxia increased and the oxygen concentration
decreased. As hypoxia worsened, the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation was often accompanied with increased oxidative stress, increased intracellular HIF-1α accumulation and VEGF secretion to induce neovascularization. Additionally, p-ERK1 and ERK2 level
was increased and p-ERK2 was decreased during hypoxia. In conclusion, our results show that the changes in the RPE is a process that depends on the degree of hypoxia and exposure time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese
Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Fangyuan Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese
Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jihong Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese
Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Shenghai Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese
Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China
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10
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Guo J, Chen Y, Xu J, Li L, Dang W, Xiao F, Ren W, Zhu Y, Du Q, Li Q, Li X. Long noncoding RNA PVT1 regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of ARPE-19 cells in vitro via the miR-1301-3p/KLF7 axis. Cell Cycle 2022; 21:1590-1598. [PMID: 35451342 PMCID: PMC9291708 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2058839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) as a frequent diabetic microvascular complication shows signs in one-third of diabetic patients. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have drawn increasing attention because of their regulatory roles in DR. LncRNA plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) is documented to be upregulated in diabetes-related diseases, while its effects in DR remains unexplored. ARPE-19 cells under the treatment of high-glucose (HG) were used as DR cell models. The gene expression in ARPE-19 cells was examined using RT-qPCR. The viability and apoptosis of ARPE-19 cells were determined by MTT and TUNEL assays. The levels of inflammation-associated proteins or mRNA were measured using western blot. Luciferase reporter assay and RNA pull down assay were conducted for the exploration of the underlying mechanism of PVT1. PVT1 was revealed to be upregulated in DR cell models. Silencing of PVT1 promoted the viability and inhibited apoptosis of HG-stimulated ARPE-19 cells. The results revealed that PVT1 can bind with miR-1301-3p. PVT1 negatively modulated miR-1301-3p expression. Additionally, KLF7 was targeted by miR-1301-3p. PVT1 upregulated KLF7 expression by binding with miR-1301-3p. The silenced PVT1-mediated influence on cell viability and cell apoptosis was rescued by overexpression of KLF7. PVT1 suppresses proliferation and promotes apoptosis of ARPE-19 cells treated with HG in vitro by binding with miR-1301-3p to upregulate KLF7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjin Guo
- Department of General Medicine, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,Department of General Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of General Medicine, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,Department of General Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiajia Xu
- Department of General Medicine, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,Department of General Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liqi Li
- Department of General Medicine, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,Department of General Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenjiao Dang
- School of Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Feng Xiao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yikun Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Qiujing Du
- School of Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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11
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Gu C, Zhang H, Li Q, Zhao S, Gao Y. MiR-192 attenuates high glucose-induced pyroptosis in retinal pigment epithelial cells via inflammasome modulation. Bioengineered 2022; 13:10362-10372. [PMID: 35441575 PMCID: PMC9161832 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2044734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most characteristic complications of diabetes mellitus, and pyroptosis plays acrucial role in the onset and development of diabetic retinopathy. Although microRNA-192 (miR-192) has been demonstrated to be involved in diabetic retinopathy progression, to the best of our knowledge, its potential and mechanism in cell pyroptosis in diabetic retinopathy have not been studied. The present study demonstrated that high glucose (HG) contributes to the pyroptosis of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in a dose-dependent manner. The results revealed that miR-192 was weakly expressed in HG-induced RPE cells. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-192 abrogated the role of HG in RPE cell pyroptosis. Based on the bioinformatics analysis, a dual-luciferase reporter assay, and an RNA pull-down assay, FTO α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (FTO) was demonstrated to be a direct target of miR-192. Additionally, upregulation of FTO abolished the effects of miR-192 on RPE cells treated with HG. Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat family protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation is vital for cell pyroptosis, and FTO functions as a pivotal modulator in the N6-methyladenosine modifications of various genes. Mechanistically, FTO enhanced NLRP3 expression by facilitating demethylation of NLRP3. In conclusion, the present results demonstrate that miR-192 represses RPE cell pyroptosis triggered by HG via regulation of the FTO/NLRP3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changhai Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Minhang Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changhai Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Shaofei Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changhai Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changhai Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
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12
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Bermúdez V, Tenconi PE, Giusto NM, Mateos MV. Canonical phospholipase D isoforms in visual function and ocular response to stress. Exp Eye Res 2022; 217:108976. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.108976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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13
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Park SY, Song WC, Kim B, Oh JW, Park G. Nano-Graphene Oxide-Promoted Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells through Regulation of Phospholipase D Signaling. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102546. [PMID: 34684987 PMCID: PMC8540736 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nano-graphene oxide (Nano-GO) is an extensively studied multifunctional carbon nanomaterial with attractive applications in biomedicine and biotechnology. However, few studies have been conducted to assess the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). We aimed to determine whether Nano-GO induces EMT by regulating phospholipase D (PLD) signaling in human RPE (ARPE-19) cells. The physicochemical characterization of Nano-GO was performed using a Zetasizer, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. RPE cell viability assays were performed, and the migratory effects of RPE cells were evaluated. RPE cell collagen gel contraction was also determined. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were determined by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis were used to detect EMT-related protein expression. Phospholipase D (PLD) enzymatic activities were also measured. Nano-GO significantly enhanced the scratch-healing ability of RPE cells, indicating that the RPE cell migration ability was increased. Following Nano-GO treatment, the RPE cell penetration of the chamber was significantly promoted, suggesting that the migratory ability was strengthened. We also observed collagen gel contraction and the generation of intracellular ROS in RPE cells. The results showed that Nano-GO induced collagen gel contraction and intracellular ROS production in RPE cells. Moreover, immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis revealed that Nano-GO significantly regulated key molecules of EMT, including epithelial-cadherin, neural-cadherin, α-smooth muscle actin, vimentin, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9). Interestingly, Nano-GO-induced RPE cell migration and intracellular ROS production were abrogated in PLD-knockdown RPE cells, indicating that PLD activation played a crucial role in the Nano-GO-induced RPE EMT process. We demonstrate for the first time that Nano-GO promotes RPE cell migration through PLD-mediated ROS production. We provide preliminary evidence to support the hypothesis that Nano-GO has adverse health effects related to RPE damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Park
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.Y.P.); (G.P.); Tel.: +82-51-510-3630 (S.Y.P.); +82-51-510-3740 (G.P.); Fax: +82-51-514-7065 (S.Y.P.); +82-51-518-4113 (G.P.)
| | - Woo Chang Song
- Department of Nanofusion Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (W.C.S.); (J.-W.O.)
| | - Beomjin Kim
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Jin-Woo Oh
- Department of Nanofusion Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (W.C.S.); (J.-W.O.)
| | - Geuntae Park
- Department of Nanofusion Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (W.C.S.); (J.-W.O.)
- Correspondence: (S.Y.P.); (G.P.); Tel.: +82-51-510-3630 (S.Y.P.); +82-51-510-3740 (G.P.); Fax: +82-51-514-7065 (S.Y.P.); +82-51-518-4113 (G.P.)
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14
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Al-Hussaini H, Kittaneh RS, Kilarkaje N. Effects of trans-resveratrol on type 1 diabetes-induced up-regulation of apoptosis and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in retinal pigment epithelium of Dark Agouti rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 904:174167. [PMID: 33974882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Microvascular changes and retinal degeneration precede diabetic retinopathy. Oxidative stress alters several intracellular signaling pathways, which form the basis of diabetic retinopathy. Many antioxidants have been investigated as possible preventive and therapeutic remedies for diabetic retinopathy. The current study investigated the modulatory effects of trans-resveratrol on streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes mediated changes in the transcription and levels of apoptosis-related proteins and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of adult male dark Agouti rats. In control rats, 5 mg/kg/d trans-resveratrol administration for 30 days increased gene expressions of tumor suppressor protein 53, Bcl2-associated X protein, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl2), Caspase-3 (CASP3), CASP8 and CASP9, p38αMAPK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase-1 (JNK1), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 (ERK1). On the other hand, diabetes decreased gene expressions of CASP3, CASP8, p38αMAPK, JNK, and ERK1. Trans-resveratrol reversed the inhibited gene expressions of CASP8, p38αMAPK, JNK, and ERK1 to normal control levels in diabetic rats. Trans-resveratrol normalized diabetes-induced upregulation of CASP3 and -9, cytochrome-c, Bcl-2, and ERK1 proteins. In conclusion, Trans-resveratrol-induced alterations in gene expressions do not seem to affect RPE functions as they do not reflect as altered protein functions. Trans-resveratrol imparts its protective effects by normalizing apoptosis-related proteins and ERK1 but does not affect JNK proteins. Trans-resveratrol causes cytostasis in RPE of normal rats by upregulating Bcl2 protein and apoptotic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Al-Hussaini
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
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15
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Guerra MH, Yumnamcha T, Singh LP, Ibrahim AS. Relative Contribution of Different Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Components to the Retinal Pigment Epithelium Barrier Function: Implications for RPE-Related Retinal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8130. [PMID: 34360894 PMCID: PMC8348500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) barrier integrity is involved in the pathology of several blinding retinal diseases including age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR), but the underlying causes and pathophysiology are not completely well-defined. Mitochondria dysfunction has often been considered as a potential candidate implicated in such a process. In this study, we aimed to dissect the role of different mitochondrial components; specifically, those of oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos), in maintaining the barrier functionality of RPE. Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) technology was used to collect multi-frequency electrical impedance data to assess in real-time the barrier formation of the RPE cells. For this purpose, the human retinal pigment epithelial cell line-ARPE-19-was used and treated with varying concentrations of specific mitochondrial inhibitors that target different steps in OxPhos: Rotenone for complex I (the largest protein complex in the electron transport chain (ETC)); oligomycin for ATP synthase; and carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl hydrazone (FCCP) for uncoupling ATP synthesis from the accompanying ETC. Furthermore, data were modeled using the ECIS-Zθ software to investigate in depth the effects of these inhibitors on three separate barrier parameters: cell-cell interactions (Rb), cell-matrix interactions (α), and the cell membrane capacitance (Cm). The viability of ARPE-19 cells was determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) Cytotoxicity Assay. The ECIS program's modeling demonstrated that FCCP and thus OxPhos uncoupling disrupt the barrier function in the ARPE-19 cells across all three components of the total resistance (Rb, α, and Cm) in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, oligomycin and thus ATP synthase inhibition mostly affects the ARPE-19 cells' attachment to their substrate evident by a significant decrease in α resistance in a dose-dependent manner, both at the end and throughout the duration of the experiment. On the contrary, rotenone and complex I inhibition mostly affect the ARPE-19 paracellular resistance Rb in a dose-dependent manner compared to basolateral resistance α or Cm. Our results clearly demonstrate differential roles for different mitochondrial components in maintaining RPE cell functionality in which uncoupling of OxPhos is a major contributing factor to the disruption barrier function. Such differences can be used in investigating gene expression as well as for screening of selective agents that improve the OxPhos coupling efficiency to be used in the therapeutic approach for treating RPE-related retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Guerra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (M.H.G.); (T.Y.); (L.P.S.)
| | - Thangal Yumnamcha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (M.H.G.); (T.Y.); (L.P.S.)
| | - Lalit P. Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (M.H.G.); (T.Y.); (L.P.S.)
| | - Ahmed S. Ibrahim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (M.H.G.); (T.Y.); (L.P.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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16
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Wang W, Li S, Song M. Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide inhibits high glucose-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis in RPE cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2021; 42:189-196. [PMID: 33554697 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2021.1883061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is one of the major diabetic complications and remains the most common cause of adult blindness among patients with diabetes mellitus. Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides (PSP) are a group important component of Polygonatum sibiricum (PS) with anti-diabetic activity. However, the effect and underlying mechanism of PSP on diabetic retinopathy remains unclear. We used high glucose (HG)-stimulated ARPE-19 cells to establish in vitro diabetic retinopathy model. Methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed to evaluate cell viability of ARPE-19 cells. The changes in the ROS production, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were detected to indicate oxidative stress. The secretion levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were detected by ELISA. The protein levels of TNF-α, IL-8, bcl-2, bax, nuclear Nrf2, and anti-hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) were detected by western blot analysis. Our results showed that HG treatment caused a significant reduction in cell viability of ARPE-19 cells. PSP treatment improved the reduced cell viability of ARPE-19 cells. PSP also attenuated HG-induced oxidative stress with decreased ROS production and MDA content, as well as increased the activities of SOD and GPx. In addition, HG significantly increased bax expression and caspase-3 activity, and decreased bcl-2 expression. However, these changes were mitigated by PSP treatment. Furthermore, PSP markedly induced the activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in HG-induced ARPE-19 cells. Knockdown of Nrf2 reversed the protective effects of PSP on HG-induced ARPE-19 cells. Taken together, these findings indicated that PSP protects ARPE-19 cells from HG-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell apoptosis through regulation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Wang
- Optometry Center, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, PR China
| | - Shang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, NO. 988. Hospital of Liberation Army, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Meixia Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, NO. 988. Hospital of Liberation Army, Zhengzhou, PR China
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17
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Li W, Xiao H. Dihydromyricetin Alleviates High Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells by Downregulating miR-34a Expression. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:387-397. [PMID: 33536772 PMCID: PMC7850407 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s290633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus, which leads to neuronal and vascular dysfunction in the retina with a final outcome of complete loss of vision. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of dihydromyricetin (DHM), a natural flavanol compound, on diabetic retinopathy (DR) and identify its potential mechanisms. METHODS Retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19) treated with high glucose (HG) was used to simulate the DR model in vitro. After treatment with different concentrations of DHM, the cell viability, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the levels of oxidative stress-related markers in the in vitro model were detected using corresponding kits. Cell apoptosis was determined using terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and the expression of apoptotic proteins was examined using Western blot analysis. Subsequently, microRNA (miR)-34a expression was measured by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The levels of oxidative stress and apoptosis were evaluated after miR-34a overexpression. RESULTS Results indicated that DHM dose-dependently elevated the decreased cell viability induced by HG. Moreover, the content of ROS was significantly reduced in HG-stimulated ARPE-19 cells, accompanied by enhanced activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) antioxidases, as well as concentration of glutathione (GSH). Furthermore, remarkably decreased apoptosis of ARPE-19 cells induced by HG was observed following DHM intervention. Importantly, HG stimulation notably upregulated miR-34a expression, which was reversed by DHM treatment. Importantly, the inhibitory effects of DHM on HG-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis of ARPE-19 cells were restored following miR-34a overexpression. CONCLUSION Taken together, this work demonstrated that DHM exerts protective effects on HG-induced oxidative stress and apoptotic damage in ARPE-19 cells via inhibition of miR-34a expression, providing a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin300134, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jingmen No. 2 People’s Hospital, Jingmen448000, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Hongxia Xiao Jingmen No. 2 People’s Hospital, 39 Xiangshan Avenue, Jingmen, Hubei448000, People’s Republic of China Email
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18
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Gu C, Zhang H, Gao Y. Adipose mesenchymal stem cells-secreted extracellular vesicles containing microRNA-192 delays diabetic retinopathy by targeting ITGA1. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:5036-5051. [PMID: 33325098 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) has characteristics of early loss of capillary pericytes, contributing to aberrant endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis. The function of extracellular vesicles (Evs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in angiogenesis and endothelial proliferation were investigated in the present study. In particular, the role of microRNA-192 (miR-192) was described. Firstly, the GSE60436 data set was applied to screen out that integrin subunit α1 (ITGA1) was overexpressed in DR. Subsequently, streptozotocin (STZ) was used to induce diabetes in rats, which was later subjected to intravitreal injection of targeted shRNAs. ITGA1 knockdown alleviated inflammation and angiogenesis in STZ-induced diabetic retina. Evs were extracted from MSCs and injected into rat vitreous. Meanwhile, human retinal microvascular endothelial cells, Müller cells, and retinal pigment epithelium cells were exposed to high glucose. MSC-derived Evs relieved inflammatory response and angiogenesis by shuttling miR-192. miR-192 targeted and negatively regulated ITGA1, thereby ameliorating diabetic retinal damage. Our study established that miR-192 released by Evs from MSCs could delay the events of the inflammatory response and angiogenesis in DR and may represent a possible therapeutic approach for the treatment of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changhai Hospital Affiliated to Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Minhang Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changhai Hospital Affiliated to Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Ai X, Yu P, Hou Y, Song X, Luo J, Li N, Lai X, Wang X, Meng X. A review of traditional Chinese medicine on treatment of diabetic retinopathy and involved mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110852. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Chan TC, Wilkinson Berka JL, Deliyanti D, Hunter D, Fung A, Liew G, White A. The role of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis and treatment of retinal diseases. Exp Eye Res 2020; 201:108255. [PMID: 32971094 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) normally play an important physiological role in health regulating cellular processes and signal transduction. The amount of ROS is usually kept in fine balance with the generation of ROS largely being offset by the body's antioxidants. A tipping of this balance has increasingly been recognised as a contributor to human disease. The retina, as a result of its cellular anatomy and physical location, is a potent generator of ROS that has been linked to several major retinal diseases. This review will provide a summary of the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, myopia, retinal vein occlusion, retinitis pigmentosa and retinopathy of prematurity. Therapies aimed at controlling oxidative stress in these diseases are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cw Chan
- Discipline of Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Wilkinson Berka
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Medical Building 181, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; Department of Diabetes, The Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Devy Deliyanti
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Medical Building 181, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; Department of Diabetes, The Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Damien Hunter
- Discipline of Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute of Medical Research, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adrian Fung
- Westmead and Central Clinical Schools, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia; Save Sight Institute, 8 Macquarie St, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gerald Liew
- Discipline of Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute of Medical Research, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew White
- Discipline of Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute of Medical Research, New South Wales, Australia; Save Sight Institute, 8 Macquarie St, Sydney, Australia; Personal Eyes, Level 6, 34 Charles St, Parramatta, 2150, Australia.
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Schnichels S, Paquet-Durand F, Löscher M, Tsai T, Hurst J, Joachim SC, Klettner A. Retina in a dish: Cell cultures, retinal explants and animal models for common diseases of the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 81:100880. [PMID: 32721458 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For many retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy (DR), the exact pathogenesis is still unclear. Moreover, the currently available therapeutic options are often unsatisfactory. Research designed to remedy this situation heavily relies on experimental animals. However, animal models often do not faithfully reproduce human disease and, currently, there is strong pressure from society to reduce animal research. Overall, this creates a need for improved disease models to understand pathologies and develop treatment options that, at the same time, require fewer or no experimental animals. Here, we review recent advances in the field of in vitro and ex vivo models for AMD, glaucoma, and DR. We highlight the difficulties associated with studies on complex diseases, in which both the initial trigger and the ensuing pathomechanisms are unclear, and then delineate which model systems are optimal for disease modelling. To this end, we present a variety of model systems, ranging from primary cell cultures, over organotypic cultures and whole eye cultures, to animal models. Specific advantages and disadvantages of such models are discussed, with a special focus on their relevance to putative in vivo disease mechanisms. In many cases, a replacement of in vivo research will mean that several different in vitro models are used in conjunction, for instance to analyze and validate causative molecular pathways. Finally, we argue that the analytical decomposition into appropriate cell and tissue model systems will allow making significant progress in our understanding of complex retinal diseases and may furthermore advance the treatment testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Schnichels
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany.
| | - François Paquet-Durand
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marina Löscher
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Teresa Tsai
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - José Hurst
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexa Klettner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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22
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Zha X, Xi X, Fan X, Ma M, Zhang Y, Yang Y. Overexpression of METTL3 attenuates high-glucose induced RPE cell pyroptosis by regulating miR-25-3p/PTEN/Akt signaling cascade through DGCR8. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:8137-8150. [PMID: 32365051 PMCID: PMC7244028 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Methyltransferase-like protein 3 (METTL3) regulates multiple cell functions and diseases by modulating N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications. However, it is still unclear whether METTL3 involves in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). In the present study, we found that high-glucose inhibited RPE cell proliferation, promoted cell apoptosis and pyroptosis in a time-dependent manner. In addition, both METTL3 mRNA and miR-25-3p were low-expressed in the peripheral venous blood samples of diabetes mellitus (DM) patients compared to normal volunteers, and high-glucose inhibited METTL3 and miR-25-3p expressions in RPE cells. As expected, upregulation of METTL3 and miR-25-3p alleviated the cytotoxic effects of high-glucose on RPE cells, and knock-down of METTL3 and miR-25-3p had opposite effects. Additionally, METTL3 overexpression increased miR-25-3p levels in RPE cells in a microprocessor protein DGCR8-dependent manner, and miR-25-3p ablation abrogated the effects of overexpressed METTL3 on cell functions in high-glucose treated RPE cells. Furthermore, PTEN could be negatively regulated by miR-25-3p, and overexpression of METTL3 increased phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) levels by targeting miR-25-3p/PTEN axis. Consistently, upregulation of PTEN abrogated the protective effects of METTL3 overexpression on RPE cells treated with high-glucose. Collectively, METTL3 rescued cell viability in high-glucose treated RPE cells by targeting miR-25-3p/PTEN/Akt signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zha
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoting Xi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan, China
| | - Xinyu Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan, China
| | - Minjun Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan, China
| | - Yuanping Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan, China
| | - Yanni Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan, China
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23
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Xi X, Yang Y, Ma J, Chen Q, Zeng Y, Li J, Chen L, Li Y. MiR-130a alleviated high-glucose induced retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) death by modulating TNF-α/SOD1/ROS cascade mediated pyroptosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:109924. [PMID: 32018221 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High-glucose induced retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) death by triggering oxidative stress, however, the underlying mechanisms are still not fully delineated. In this study, the RPE cell line ARPE-19 were treated with different concentrations of glucose, the results showed that high-glucose (50 mM) inhibited cell proliferation, promoted cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in a time-dependent manner. Notably, we found that high-glucose (50 mM) increased the expression levels of Caspase-1, Gasdermin D, NLRP3, IL-1β and IL-18 in ARPE-19 cells, which indicated that high-glucose triggered pyroptotic cell death. Further results validated that both ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and pyroptosis inhibitor necrosulfonamide (NSA) reversed the effects of high-glucose (50 mM) on ARPE-19 cell proliferation, apoptosis and pyroptosis. In addition, high-glucose (50 mM) significantly decreased the levels of miR-130a and superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1, and promoted tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expressions in ARPE-19 cells. Interestingly, upregulation of miR-130a increased SOD1 levels in a TNF-α dependent manner. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-130a abrogated the effects of high-glucose (50 mM) on the above cell functions, which were all reversed by either upregulating TNF-α or knocking down SOD1 in ARPE-19 cells. Taken together, upregulation of miR-130a alleviated the cytotoxic effects of high-glucose (50 mM) on ARPE-19 cells by regulating TNF-α/SOD1/ROS axis mediated pyroptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Xi
- Ophthalmology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Xichang Road 295, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yanni Yang
- Ophthalmology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Dianmian Road 374, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Jia Ma
- Ophthalmology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Xichang Road 295, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Qianbo Chen
- Ophthalmology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Xichang Road 295, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yong Zeng
- Psychiatry Department, People's Hospital of Yuxi City, Nieer Road 21, Yuxi, Yunnan, China.
| | - Junxian Li
- Ophthalmology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Xichang Road 295, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Lin Chen
- Ophthalmology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Xichang Road 295, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Ophthalmology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Xichang Road 295, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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24
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Specialized pro-resolving mediators in diabetes: novel therapeutic strategies. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:2121-2141. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20190067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractDiabetes mellitus (DM) is an important metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from inadequate production and secretion of insulin, impaired insulin action, or a combination of both. Genetic disorders and insulin receptor disorders, environmental factors, lifestyle choices and toxins are key factors that contribute to DM. While it is often referred to as a metabolic disorder, modern lifestyle choices and nutrient excess induce a state of systemic chronic inflammation that results in the increased production and secretion of inflammatory cytokines that contribute to DM. It is chronic hyperglycemia and the low-grade chronic-inflammation that underlies the development of microvascular and macrovascular complications leading to damage in a number of tissues and organs, including eyes, vasculature, heart, nerves, and kidneys. Improvements in the management of risk factors have been beneficial, including focus on intensified glycemic control, but most current approaches only slow disease progression. Even with recent studies employing SGLT2 inhibitors demonstrating protection against cardiovascular and kidney diseases, kidney function continues to decline in people with established diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Despite the many advances and a greatly improved understanding of the pathobiology of diabetes and its complications, there remains a major unmet need for more effective therapeutics to prevent and reverse the chronic complications of diabetes. More recently, there has been growing interest in the use of specialised pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) as an exciting therapeutic strategy to target diabetes and the chronic complications of diabetes.
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Compromised Barrier Function in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153773. [PMID: 31375001 PMCID: PMC6696227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In diabetic patients, high blood glucose induces alterations in retinal function and can lead to visual impairment due to diabetic retinopathy. In immortalized retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cultures, high glucose concentrations are shown to lead to impairment in epithelial barrier properties. For the first time, the induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium (hiPSC-RPE) cell lines derived from type 2 diabetics and healthy control patients were utilized to assess the effects of glucose concentration on the cellular functionality. We show that both type 2 diabetic and healthy control hiPSC-RPE lines differentiate and mature well, both in high and normal glucose concentrations, express RPE specific genes, secrete pigment epithelium derived factor, and form a polarized cell layer. Here, type 2 diabetic hiPSC-RPE cells had a decreased barrier function compared to controls. Added insulin increased the epithelial cell layer tightness in normal glucose concentrations, and the effect was more evident in type 2 diabetics than in healthy control hiPSC-RPE cells. In addition, the preliminary functionality assessments showed that type 2 diabetic hiPSC-RPE cells had attenuated autophagy detected via ubiquitin-binding protein p62/Sequestosome-1 (p62/SQSTM1) accumulation, and lowered pro- matrix metalloproteinase 2 (proMMP2) as well as increased pro-MMP9 secretion. These results suggest that the cellular ability to tolerate stress is possibly decreased in type 2 diabetic RPE cells.
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