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Elrashidy RA, Zakaria EM, Hasan RA, Elmaghraby AM, Hassan DA, Abdelgalil RM, Abdelmohsen SR, Negm AM, Khalil AS, Eraque AMS, Ahmed RM, Sabbah WS, Ahmed AA, Ibrahim SE. Implication of endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial perturbations in remote liver injury after renal ischemia/reperfusion in rats: potential protective role of azilsartan. Redox Rep 2024; 29:2319963. [PMID: 38411133 PMCID: PMC10903753 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2024.2319963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Distant liver injury is a complication of renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, which imposes mortality and economic burden. This study aimed to elucidate the cross-talk of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial perturbations in renal I/R-induced liver injury, and the potential hepatoprotective effect of azilsartan (AZL).Methods: Male albino Wister rats were pre-treated with AZL (3 mg/kg/day, PO) for 7 days then a bilateral renal I/R or sham procedure was performed. Activities of liver enzymes were assessed in plasma. The structure and ultra-structure of hepatocytes were assessed by light and electron microscopy. Markers of ER stress, mitochondrial biogenesis and apoptosis were analyzed in livers of rats.Results: Renal ischemic rats showed higher plasma levels of liver enzymes than sham-operated rats, coupled with histological and ultra-structural alterations in hepatocytes. Mechanistically, there was up-regulation of ER stress markers and suppression of mitochondrial biogenesis-related proteins and enhanced apoptosis in livers of renal ischemic rats. These abnormalities were almost abrogated by AZL pretreatment.Discussion: Our findings uncovered the involvement of mitochondrial perturbations, ER stress and apoptosis in liver injury following renal I/R, and suggested AZL as a preconditioning strategy to ameliorate remote liver injury in patients susceptible to renal I/R after adequate clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania A. Elrashidy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Esraa M. Zakaria
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rehab A. Hasan
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M. Elmaghraby
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina A. Hassan
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ranya M. Abdelgalil
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa R. Abdelmohsen
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira M. Negm
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azza S. Khalil
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ayat M. S. Eraque
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reem M. Ahmed
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Walaa S. Sabbah
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Ahmed
- Medical Student, Faculty of Medicine, Kasr Al Ainy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samah E. Ibrahim
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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2
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de Cavanagh EMV, Inserra F, Ferder L. Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors positively impact on multiple aging regulatory pathways: Could they be used to protect against human aging? Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16094. [PMID: 38924381 PMCID: PMC11200104 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS)-a classical blood pressure regulator-largely contributes to healthy organ development and function. Besides, RAS activation promotes age-related changes and age-associated diseases, which are attenuated/abolished by RAS-blockade in several mammalian species. RAS-blockers also increase rodent lifespan. In previous work, we discussed how RAS-blockade downregulates mTOR and growth hormone/IGF-1 signaling, and stimulates AMPK activity (together with klotho, sirtuin, and vitamin D-receptor upregulation), and proposed that at least some of RAS-blockade's aging benefits are mediated through regulation of these intermediaries and their signaling to mitochondria. Here, we included RAS-blockade's impact on other aging regulatory pathways, that is, TGF-ß, NF-kB, PI3K, MAPK, PKC, Notch, and Wnt, all of which affect mitochondria. No direct evidence is available on RAS/RAS-blockade-aging regulatory pathway-mitochondria interactions. However, existing results allow to conjecture that RAS-blockers neutralize mitochondrial dysfunction by acting on the discussed pathways. The reviewed evidence led us to propose that the foundation is laid for conducting clinical trials aimed at testing whether angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB)-even at subclinical doses-offer the possibility to live longer and in better health. As ACEi and ARB are low cost and well-tolerated anti-hypertension therapies in use for over 35 years, investigating their administration to attenuate/prevent aging effects seems simple to implement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felipe Inserra
- Department of MedicineMaimonides UniversityBuenos AiresArgentina
- Master of Vascular Mechanics and Arterial Hypertension, Postgraduate DepartmentAustral UniversityPilarArgentina
| | - León Ferder
- Department of MedicineMaimonides UniversityBuenos AiresArgentina
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3
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Egan BM, Pohl F, Anderson X, Williams SC, Gregory Adodo I, Hunt P, Wang Z, Chiu CH, Scharf A, Mosley M, Kumar S, Schneider DL, Fujiwara H, Hsu FF, Kornfeld K. The ACE inhibitor captopril inhibits ACN-1 to control dauer formation and aging. Development 2024; 151:dev202146. [PMID: 38284547 PMCID: PMC10911126 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a well-characterized role regulating blood pressure in mammals. Pharmacological and genetic manipulation of the RAAS has been shown to extend lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila and rodents, but its mechanism is not well defined. Here, we investigate the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor drug captopril, which extends lifespan in worms and mice. To investigate the mechanism, we performed a forward genetic screen for captopril-hypersensitive mutants. We identified a missense mutation that causes a partial loss of function of the daf-2 receptor tyrosine kinase gene, a powerful regulator of aging. The homologous mutation in the human insulin receptor causes Donohue syndrome, establishing these mutant worms as an invertebrate model of this disease. Captopril functions in C. elegans by inhibiting ACN-1, the worm homolog of ACE. Reducing the activity of acn-1 via captopril or RNA interference promoted dauer larvae formation, suggesting that acn-1 is a daf gene. Captopril-mediated lifespan extension was abrogated by daf-16(lf) and daf-12(lf) mutations. Our results indicate that captopril and acn-1 influence lifespan by modulating dauer formation pathways. We speculate that this represents a conserved mechanism of lifespan control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Egan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Franziska Pohl
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xavier Anderson
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shoshana C. Williams
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Patrick Hunt
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zuoxu Wang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chen-Hao Chiu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrea Scharf
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Matthew Mosley
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel L. Schneider
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hideji Fujiwara
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kerry Kornfeld
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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4
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Egan BM, Pohl F, Anderson X, Williams SC, Adodo IG, Hunt P, Wang Z, Chiu CH, Scharf A, Mosley M, Kumar S, Schneider DL, Fujiwara H, Hsu FF, Kornfeld K. The ACE-inhibitor drug captopril inhibits ACN-1 to control dauer formation and aging. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.17.549402. [PMID: 37502959 PMCID: PMC10370070 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.17.549402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a well-characterized role regulating blood pressure in mammals. Pharmacological and genetic manipulation of the RAAS has been shown to extend lifespan in C. elegans , Drosophila , and rodents, but its mechanism is not well defined. Here we investigate the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor drug captopril, which extends lifespan in worms and mice. To investigate the mechanism, we performed a forward genetic screen for captopril hypersensitive mutants. We identified a missense mutation that causes a partial loss-of-function of the daf-2 receptor tyrosine kinase gene, a powerful regulator of aging. The homologous mutation in the human insulin receptor causes Donohue syndrome, establishing these mutant worms as an invertebrate model of this disease. Captopril functions in C. elegans by inhibiting ACN-1, the worm homolog of ACE. Reducing the activity of acn-1 via captopril or RNAi promoted dauer larvae formation, suggesting acn-1 is a daf gene. Captopril-mediated lifespan extension xwas abrogated by daf-16(lf) and daf-12(lf) mutations. Our results indicate that captopril and acn-1 control aging by modulating dauer formation pathways. We speculate that this represents a conserved mechanism of lifespan control. Summary Statement Captopril and acn-1 control aging. By demonstrating they regulate dauer formation and interact with daf genes, including a new DAF-2(A261V) mutant corresponding to a human disease variant, we clarified the mechanism.
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5
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Combined physical exercise reverses the reduced expression of Bmal1 in the liver of aged mice. Life Sci 2022; 312:121175. [PMID: 36414092 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aging can modify the morphology and function of the liver, such as generating a decrease in the mitochondria content, autophagy, and cell senescence. Although exercise training has several beneficial effects on hepatic metabolism, its actions on autophagy processes, mitochondrial function, and cellular senescence need to be more widely explored. The present study verified the effects of aging and exercise on hepatic circadian markers, autophagy, and mitochondria activity in 24-month-old mice with a combined exercise training protocol. In addition, we used public datasets from human livers in several conditions and BMAL1 knockout mice. C57BL/6 mice were distributed into Control (CT, young, 6-month-old mice), sedentary old (Old Sed, sedentary, 24-month-old mice), and exercised old (Old Ex, 24-month-old mice submitted to a combined exercise training protocol). The exercise training protocol consisted of three days of endurance exercise - treadmill running, and two days of resistance exercise - climbing a ladder, for three weeks. At the end of the protocol, the liver was removed and prepared for histological analysis, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), immunoblotting technique, and oxygen consumption. Heatmaps were built using a human dataset and Bmal1 knockout samples. In summary, the Old Sed had reduced strength, coordination, and balance, as well as a decrease in Bmal1 expression and the presence of degenerated liver cells. Still, this group upregulated the transcription factors related to mitochondrial biogenesis. The Old Ex group had increased strength, coordination, and balance, improved glucose sensitivity, as well as restored Bmal1 expression and the mitochondrial transcription factors. The human datasets indicated that mitochondrial markers and autophagy strongly correlate with specific liver diseases but not aging. We can speculate that mitochondrial and autophagy molecular markers alterations may depend on long-term training.
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6
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Egan BM, Scharf A, Pohl F, Kornfeld K. Control of aging by the renin–angiotensin system: a review of C. elegans, Drosophila, and mammals. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:938650. [PMID: 36188619 PMCID: PMC9518657 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.938650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The free-living, non-parasitic nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a premier model organism for the study of aging and longevity due to its short lifespan, powerful genetic tools, and conservation of fundamental mechanisms with mammals. Approximately 70 percent of human genes have homologs in C. elegans, including many that encode proteins in pathways that influence aging. Numerous genetic pathways have been identified in C. elegans that affect lifespan, including the dietary restriction pathway, the insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway, and the disruption of components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. C. elegans is also a powerful system for performing drug screens, and many lifespan-extending compounds have been reported; notably, several FDA-approved medications extend the lifespan in C. elegans, raising the possibility that they can also extend the lifespan in humans. The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) in mammals is an endocrine system that regulates blood pressure and a paracrine system that acts in a wide range of tissues to control physiological processes; it is a popular target for drugs that reduce blood pressure, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). Emerging evidence indicates that this system influences aging. In C. elegans, decreasing the activity of the ACE homolog acn-1 or treatment with the ACE-inhibitor Captopril significantly extends the lifespan. In Drosophila, treatment with ACE inhibitors extends the lifespan. In rodents, manipulating the RAS with genetic or pharmacological interventions can extend the lifespan. In humans, polymorphisms in the ACE gene are associated with extreme longevity. These results suggest the RAS plays a conserved role in controlling longevity. Here, we review studies of the RAS and aging, emphasizing the potential of C. elegans as a model for understanding the mechanism of lifespan control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Egan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Andrea Scharf
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, United States
| | - Franziska Pohl
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kerry Kornfeld
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Kerry Kornfeld,
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7
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Wang H, Saha AK, Sun X, Kon ND, Ferrario CM, Groban L. Atrial appendage angiotensin-converting enzyme-2, aging and cardiac surgical patients: a platform for understanding aging-related coronavirus disease-2019 vulnerabilities. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2021; 34:187-198. [PMID: 33606395 PMCID: PMC8249166 DOI: 10.1097/aco.0000000000000965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hospitalizations for COVID-19 dramatically increase with age. This is likely because of increases in fragility across biological repair systems and a weakened immune system, including loss of the cardiorenal protective arm of the renin--angiotensin system (RAS), composed of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2)/angiotensin-(1--7) [Ang-(1--7)] and its actions through the Mas receptor. The purpose of this review is to explore how cardiac ACE2 changes with age, cardiac diseases, comorbid conditions and pharmaceutical regimens in order to shed light on a potential hormonal unbalance facilitating SARs-CoV-2 vulnerabilities in older adults. RECENT FINDINGS Increased ACE2 gene expression has been reported in human hearts with myocardial infarction, cardiac remodeling and heart failure. We also found ACE2 mRNA in atrial appendage tissue from cardiac surgical patients to be positively associated with age, elevated by certain comorbid conditions (e.g. COPD and previous stroke) and increased in conjunction with patients' chronic use of antithrombotic agents and thiazide diuretics but not drugs that block the renin--angiotensin system. SUMMARY Cardiac ACE2 may have bifunctional roles in COVID-19 as ACE2 not only mediates cellular susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection but also protects the heart via the ACE2/Ang-(1--7) pathway. Linking tissue ACE2 from cardiac surgery patients to their comorbid conditions and medical regimens provides a unique latform to address the influence that altered expression of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis might have on SARs-CoV-2 vulnerability in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology of Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Internal Medicine-Section of Molecular Medicine of Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Amit K. Saha
- Department of Anesthesiology of Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Xuming Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology of Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Neal D. Kon
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery of Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Carlos M. Ferrario
- Department of General Surgery of Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Leanne Groban
- Department of Anesthesiology of Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Internal Medicine-Section of Molecular Medicine of Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
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8
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Zhang X, Wu X, Hu Q, Wu J, Wang G, Hong Z, Ren J. Mitochondrial DNA in liver inflammation and oxidative stress. Life Sci 2019; 236:116464. [PMID: 31078546 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The function of liver is highly dependent on mitochondria producing ATP for biosynthetic and detoxifying properties. Accumulating evidence indicates that most hepatic disorders are characterized by profound mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction not only exhibits mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and depletion, but also releases mtDNA. mtDNA is a closed circular molecule encoding 13 of the polypeptides of the oxidative phosphorylation system. Extensive mtDNA lesions could exacerbate mitochondrial oxidative stress and subsequently cause damage to hepatocytes. When mtDNA leaves the confines of mitochondria to the cytosolic and extracellular environment, it can act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to trigger the inflammatory response through the Toll-like receptor 9, inflammasomes, and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathways and further exacerbate hepatocellular damage and even remote organs injury. In addition, mtDNA also plays a vital role in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this review, we describe mtDNA alterations during liver injury, focusing on the mechanisms of mtDNA-mediated liver inflammation and oxidative stress injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufei Zhang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210002, PR China; Lab for Trauma and Surgical Infections, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Xiuwen Wu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China; Lab for Trauma and Surgical Infections, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, PR China.
| | - Qiongyuan Hu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China; Lab for Trauma and Surgical Infections, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Jie Wu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China; Lab for Trauma and Surgical Infections, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Gefei Wang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China; Lab for Trauma and Surgical Infections, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Zhiwu Hong
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China; Lab for Trauma and Surgical Infections, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Jianan Ren
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210002, PR China; Lab for Trauma and Surgical Infections, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, PR China.
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- Lab for Trauma and Surgical Infections, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, PR China
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9
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Kim EN, Kim MY, Lim JH, Kim Y, Shin SJ, Park CW, Kim YS, Chang YS, Yoon HE, Choi BS. The protective effect of resveratrol on vascular aging by modulation of the renin-angiotensin system. Atherosclerosis 2018; 270:123-131. [PMID: 29407880 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This study evaluated the effects of resveratrol on arterial aging and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in mice and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). METHODS Aging mice were divided into control and resveratrol groups. Histological changes, inflammation, oxidative stress, RAS components, and the expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), silent information regulator T1 (SIRT1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator 1α (PGC-1α), and anti-oxidative enzymes was measured in thoracic aortas of 24-month-old mice. The effect of resveratrol on fibrosis, cell senescence, and RAS components was also investigated in VSMCs stimulated by angiotensin (Ang) II. RESULTS Aorta media thickness, inflammation, fibrosis, and oxidative stress were significantly lower in the resveratrol group than in the control group. Resveratrol treatment decreased serum Ang II level and the aortic expression of prorenin receptor (PRR) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), and increased serum Ang-(1-7) level and the expression of ACE2, Ang II type 2 receptor (AT2R), and Mas receptor (MasR). Resveratrol increased the expression of phosphorylated AMPK, SIRT1, PGC-1α, phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase and superoxide dismutase 1 and 2, and decreased that of NADPH oxidase 2 and 4. In Ang II-stimulated VSMCs, resveratrol treatment markedly decreased the number of senescence associated β-galactosidase stained cells and pro-fibrotic protein expression and increased the expression of AT2R and MasR. CONCLUSIONS Resveratrol protects against arterial aging and this effect is associated with reduced activity of the PRR-ACE-Ang II axis and stimulation of the ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-ATR2-MasR axis.
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MESH Headings
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Age Factors
- Aging
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cellular Senescence/drug effects
- Fibrosis
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- PPAR alpha/metabolism
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha/metabolism
- Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects
- Renin-Angiotensin System/genetics
- Resveratrol/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Sirtuin 1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Nim Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hee Lim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Yaeni Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Joon Shin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Whee Park
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Sik Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Eun Yoon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bum Soon Choi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Ahmadian E, Pennefather PS, Eftekhari A, Heidari R, Eghbal MA. Role of renin-angiotensin system in liver diseases: an outline on the potential therapeutic points of intervention. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 10:1279-1288. [PMID: 27352778 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2016.1207523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The current review aimed to outline the functions of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) in the context of the oxidative stress-associated liver disease. Areas covered: Angiotensin II (Ang II) as the major effector peptide of the RAS is a pro-oxidant and fibrogenic cytokine. Mechanistically, NADPH oxidase (NOX) is a multicomponent enzyme complex that is able to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a downstream signaling pathway of Ang II which is expressed in liver. Ang II has a detrimental role in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease through possessing pro-oxidant, fibrogenic, and pro-inflammatory impact in the liver. The alternative axis (ACE2/Ang(1-7)/mas) of the RAS serves as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-fibrotic component of the RAS. Expert commentary: In summary, the use of alternative axis inhibitors accompanying with ACE2/ Ang(1-7)/mas axis activation is a promising new strategy serving as a novel therapeutic option to prevent and treat chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ahmadian
- a Drug Applied Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Biotechnology Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,c Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,d Students Research Committee , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Peter S Pennefather
- e Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Aziz Eftekhari
- a Drug Applied Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,d Students Research Committee , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Reza Heidari
- f Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran.,g Gerash School of Paramedical Sciences , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Eghbal
- a Drug Applied Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Biotechnology Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,c Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
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Kumar S, Dietrich N, Kornfeld K. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor Extends Caenorhabditis elegans Life Span. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005866. [PMID: 26918946 PMCID: PMC4769152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal aging is characterized by progressive, degenerative changes in many organ systems. Because age-related degeneration is a major contributor to disability and death in humans, treatments that delay age-related degeneration are desirable. However, no drugs that delay normal human aging are currently available. To identify drugs that delay age-related degeneration, we used the powerful Caenorhabditis elegans model system to screen for FDA-approved drugs that can extend the adult lifespan of worms. Here we show that captopril extended mean lifespan. Captopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used to treat high blood pressure in humans. To explore the mechanism of captopril, we analyzed the acn-1 gene that encodes the C. elegans homolog of ACE. Reducing the activity of acn-1 extended the mean life span. Furthermore, reducing the activity of acn-1 delayed age-related degenerative changes and increased stress resistance, indicating that acn-1 influences aging. Captopril could not further extend the lifespan of animals with reduced acn-1, suggesting they function in the same pathway; we propose that captopril inhibits acn-1 to extend lifespan. To define the relationship with previously characterized longevity pathways, we analyzed mutant animals. The lifespan extension caused by reducing the activity of acn-1 was additive with caloric restriction and mitochondrial insufficiency, and did not require sir-2.1, hsf-1 or rict-1, suggesting that acn-1 functions by a distinct mechanism. The interactions with the insulin/IGF-1 pathway were complex, since the lifespan extensions caused by captopril and reducing acn-1 activity were additive with daf-2 and age-1 but required daf-16. Captopril treatment and reducing acn-1 activity caused similar effects in a wide range of genetic backgrounds, consistent with the model that they act by the same mechanism. These results identify a new drug and a new gene that can extend the lifespan of worms and suggest new therapeutic strategies for addressing age-related degenerative changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Dietrich
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kerry Kornfeld
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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de Cavanagh EMV, Inserra F, Ferder L. Angiotensin II blockade: how its molecular targets may signal to mitochondria and slow aging. Coincidences with calorie restriction and mTOR inhibition. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H15-44. [PMID: 25934099 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00459.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR), renin angiotensin system blockade (RAS-bl), and rapamycin-mediated mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition increase survival and retard aging across species. Previously, we have summarized CR and RAS-bl's converging effects, and the mitochondrial function changes associated with their physiological benefits. mTOR inhibition and enhanced sirtuin and KLOTHO signaling contribute to the benefits of CR in aging. mTORC1/mTORC2 complexes contribute to cell growth and metabolic regulation. Prolonged mTORC1 activation may lead to age-related disease progression; thus, rapamycin-mediated mTOR inhibition and CR may extend lifespan and retard aging through mTORC1 interference. Sirtuins by deacetylating histone and transcription-related proteins modulate signaling and survival pathways and mitochondrial functioning. CR regulates several mammalian sirtuins favoring their role in aging regulation. KLOTHO/fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) contribute to control Ca(2+), phosphate, and vitamin D metabolism, and their dysregulation may participate in age-related disease. Here we review how mTOR inhibition extends lifespan, how KLOTHO functions as an aging suppressor, how sirtuins mediate longevity, how vitamin D loss may contribute to age-related disease, and how they relate to mitochondrial function. Also, we discuss how RAS-bl downregulates mTOR and upregulates KLOTHO, sirtuin, and vitamin D receptor expression, suggesting that at least some of RAS-bl benefits in aging are mediated through the modulation of mTOR, KLOTHO, and sirtuin expression and vitamin D signaling, paralleling CR actions in age retardation. Concluding, the available evidence endorses the idea that RAS-bl is among the interventions that may turn out to provide relief to the spreading issue of age-associated chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M V de Cavanagh
- Center of Hypertension, Cardiology Department, Austral University Hospital, Derqui, Argentina; School of Biomedical Sciences, Austral University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Felipe Inserra
- Center of Hypertension, Cardiology Department, Austral University Hospital, Derqui, Argentina; School of Biomedical Sciences, Austral University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - León Ferder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ponce School of Medicine, Ponce, Puerto Rico
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13
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Cabello-Verrugio C, Morales MG, Rivera JC, Cabrera D, Simon F. Renin-angiotensin system: an old player with novel functions in skeletal muscle. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:437-63. [PMID: 25764065 DOI: 10.1002/med.21343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a tissue that shows the most plasticity in the body; it can change in response to physiological and pathological stimuli. Among the diseases that affect skeletal muscle are myopathy-associated fibrosis, insulin resistance, and muscle atrophy. A common factor in these pathologies is the participation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). This system can be functionally separated into the classical and nonclassical RAS axis. The main components of the classical RAS pathway are angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II (Ang-II), and Ang-II receptors (AT receptors), whereas the nonclassical axis is composed of ACE2, angiotensin 1-7 [Ang (1-7)], and the Mas receptor. Hyperactivity of the classical axis in skeletal muscle has been associated with insulin resistance, atrophy, and fibrosis. In contrast, current evidence supports the action of the nonclassical RAS as a counter-regulator axis of the classical RAS pathway in skeletal muscle. In this review, we describe the mechanisms involved in the pathological effects of the classical RAS, advances in the use of pharmacological molecules to inhibit this axis, and the beneficial effects of stimulation of the nonclassical RAS pathway on insulin resistance, atrophy, and fibrosis in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Laboratorio de Biología y Fisiopatología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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14
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Chitra L, Boopathy R. Altered mitochondrial biogenesis and its fusion gene expression is involved in the high-altitude adaptation of rat lung. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013; 192:74-84. [PMID: 24361501 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia-induced preconditioning (IHH-PC) of rat favored the adaption of lungs to severe HH conditions, possibly through stabilization of mitochondrial function. This is based on the data generated on regulatory coordination of nuclear DNA-encoded mitochondrial biogenesis; dynamics, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded oxidative phosphorylation (mtOXPHOS) genes expression. At 16th day after start of IHH-PC (equivalent to 5000m, 6h/d, 2w of treatment), rats were exposed to severe HH stimulation at 9142m for 6h. The IHH-PC significantly counteracted the HH-induced effect of increased lung: water content; tissue damage; and oxidant injury. Further, IHH-PC significantly increased the mitochondrial number, mtDNA content and mtOXPHOS complex activity in the lung tissues. This observation is due to an increased expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α, ERRα, NRF1, NRF2 and TFAM), fusion (Mfn1 and Mfn2) and mtOXPHOS. Thus, the regulatory pathway formed by PGC-1α/ERRα/Mfn2 axes is required for the mitochondrial adaptation provoked by IHH-PC regimen to counteract subsequent HH stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loganathan Chitra
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, DRDO - BU Center for Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rathanam Boopathy
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Matthew Morris E, Fletcher JA, Thyfault JP, Rector RS. The role of angiotensin II in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 378:29-40. [PMID: 22579612 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now considered the most prevalent chronic liver disease, affecting over 30% of the US adult population. NAFLD is strongly linked to insulin resistance and is considered the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is known to play a role in the hypertension observed in the metabolic syndrome and also is thought to play a central role in insulin resistance and NAFLD. Angiotensin II (AngII) is considered the primary effector of the physiological outcomes of RAAS signaling, both at the systemic and local tissue level. Herein, we review data describing the potential involvement of AngII-mediated signaling at multiple levels in the development and progression of NAFLD, including increased steatosis, inflammation, insulin resistance, and fibrosis. Additionally, we present recent work on the potential therapeutic benefits of RAAS and angiotensin II signaling inhibition in rodent models and patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Matthew Morris
- Department of Internal Medicine - Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, MO, United States; Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65201, United States.
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Chitra L, Boopathy R. Adaptability to hypobaric hypoxia is facilitated through mitochondrial bioenergetics: an in vivo study. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 169:1035-47. [PMID: 23517027 PMCID: PMC3696327 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE High-altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE) experienced under high-altitude conditions is attributed to mitochondrial redox distress. Hence, hypobaric hypoxia (HH)-induced alteration in expression of mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics genes was determined in rat lung. Further, such alteration was correlated with expression of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded oxidative phosphorylation (mtOXPHOS) genes. The prophylactic effect of dexamethasone (DEX) in counteracting the HH-induced mitochondrial distress was used as control to understand adaptation to high-altitude exposure. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats pretreated with DEX were exposed to normobaric normoxia (NN) or HH. HH-induced injury was assessed as an increase in lung water content, tissue damage and oxidant generation. Mitochondrial number, mtDNA content and mtOXPHOS activities were measured to determine mitochondrial function. The expression of mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics and mtOXPHOS genes was studied. KEY RESULTS HH-induced lung injury was associated with decreased mitochondrial number, mtDNA content and mtOXPHOS activities. HH exposure decreased the nuclear gene oestrogen-related receptor-α (ERRα), which interacts with PPAR-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) in controlling mitochondrial metabolism. Consequently, mtOXPHOS transcripts are repressed under HH. Further, HH modulated mitochondrial dynamics by decreasing mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) and augmenting fission 1 (Fis1) and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) expression. Nevertheless, DEX treatment under NN (i.e. adaptation to HH) did not affect mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, but increased mtOXPHOS transcripts. Further, mtOXPHOS activities increased together with reduced oxidant generation. Also, DEX pretreatment normalized ERRα along with mitochondrial dynamics genes and increased mtOXPHOS transcripts to elicit the mitochondrial function under HH. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS HH stress (HAPE)-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction is due to repressed ERRα and mtOXPHOS transcripts. Thus, ERRα-mediated protection of mitochondrial bioenergetics might be the likely candidate required for lung adaptation to HH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loganathan Chitra
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, DRDO – BU Center for Life Sciences, Bharathiar UniversityCoimbatore, India
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Kushwaha S, Jena GB. Enalapril reduces germ cell toxicity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat: investigation on possible mechanisms. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2011; 385:111-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-011-0707-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Honma T, Shinohara N, Ito J, Kijima R, Sugawara S, Arai T, Tsuduki T, Ikeda I. High-fat diet intake accelerates aging, increases expression of Hsd11b1, and promotes lipid accumulation in liver of SAMP10 mouse. Biogerontology 2011; 13:93-103. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-011-9363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kushwaha S, Vikram A, Jena GB. Protective effects of enalapril in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat: studies of DNA damage, apoptosis and expression of CCN2 in the heart, kidney and liver. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 32:662-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Kushwaha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research; Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar; Punjab; 160062; India
| | - A. Vikram
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research; Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar; Punjab; 160062; India
| | - G. B. Jena
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research; Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar; Punjab; 160062; India
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20
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Thornton SN. Angiotensin inhibition and longevity: a question of hydration. Pflugers Arch 2010; 461:317-24. [PMID: 21165644 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-010-0911-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
With the advancement of medical and investigative science, it is somewhat surprising that although it is possible to stabilise medical patients with hypertension and the associated kidney dysfunction, obesity, diabetes and even cancer, there is still no clear method of significantly reducing these chronic disease pathologies, and thus, extending life expectancy. There is one hormone common to these pathologies, the antagonism of which goes some way to clinical improvements, and this is angiotensin, which is released during hypovolaemia. Angiotensin antagonists are used to treat many of these pathologies, and it has been shown in the obesity literature that angiotensin antagonists decrease weight, but also increase the drinking of water. Increased cellular hydration, and hence, improved mitochondrial metabolism could be one of the mechanisms for the reduction in weight seen in these studies, as well as for reducing the other pathologies, all showing metabolic dysfunction. It appears that the application of straightforward physiological regulation might be an appropriate medical approach to the prevention of hypertension, kidney disease, obesity, diabetes and cancer, and thus, to an increased life expectancy.
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Benigni A, Cassis P, Remuzzi G. Angiotensin II revisited: new roles in inflammation, immunology and aging. EMBO Mol Med 2010; 2:247-57. [PMID: 20597104 PMCID: PMC3377325 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
That the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in regulation of blood pressure, vasoconstriction, sodium intake and potassium excretion is well established. Studies in the last few years have however documented new roles for this molecule as a pro-inflammatory molecule and more recently as a possible pro-fibrotic agent that contributes to progressive deterioration of organ function in disease. Binding of Ang II to its receptors (in particular AT1) mediates intracellular free radical generation that contributes to tissue damage by promoting mitochondrial dysfunction. Blocking Ang II signalling protects against neurodegenerative processes and promotes longevity in rodents. Altogether these findings open the unanticipated perspective for exploring Ang II signalling in therapeutic interventions in inflammatory diseases and aging-related tissue injury. This review extends from the discovery of Ang II and its implications in renal and cardiovascular physiology to cover the roles of the system in inflammation, tissue injury, autoimmunity, oxidative stress and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariela Benigni
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy
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de Cavanagh EMV, Inserra F, Ferder L. Angiotensin II blockade: a strategy to slow ageing by protecting mitochondria? Cardiovasc Res 2010; 89:31-40. [PMID: 20819950 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein and lipid oxidation-mainly by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS)-was proposed as a crucial determinant of health and lifespan. Angiotensin II (Ang II) enhances ROS production by activating NAD(P)H oxidase and uncoupling endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Ang II also stimulates mtROS production, which depresses mitochondrial energy metabolism. In rodents, renin-angiotensin system blockade (RAS blockade) increases survival and prevents age-associated changes. RAS blockade reduces mtROS and enhances mitochondrial content and function. This suggests that Ang II contributes to the ageing process by prompting mitochondrial dysfunction. Since Ang II is a pleiotropic peptide, the age-protecting effects of RAS blockade are expected to involve a variety of other mechanisms. Caloric restriction (CR)-an age-retarding intervention in humans and animals-and RAS blockade display a number of converging effects, i.e. they delay the manifestations of hypertension, diabetes, nephropathy, cardiovascular disease, and cancer; increase body temperature; reduce body weight, plasma glucose, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-1; ameliorate insulin sensitivity; lower protein, lipid, and DNA oxidation, and mitochondrial H(2)O(2) production; and increase uncoupling protein-2 and sirtuin expression. A number of these overlapping effects involve changes in mitochondrial function. In CR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) seem to contribute to age-retardation partly by regulating mitochondrial function. RAS inhibition up-regulates PPARs; therefore, it is feasible that PPAR modulation is pivotal for mitochondrial protection by RAS blockade during rodent ageing. Other potential mechanisms that may underlie RAS blockade's mitochondrial benefits are TGF-β down-regulation and up-regulation of Klotho and sirtuins. In conclusion, the available data suggest that RAS blockade deserves further research efforts to establish its role as a potential tool to mitigate the growing problem of age-associated chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M V de Cavanagh
- Center of Hypertension, Cardiology Department, Austral University Hospital, Derqui, Argentina
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Yoon HE, Ghee JY, Piao S, Song JH, Han DH, Kim S, Ohashi N, Kobori H, Kuro-o M, Yang CW. Angiotensin II blockade upregulates the expression of Klotho, the anti-ageing gene, in an experimental model of chronic cyclosporine nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 26:800-13. [PMID: 20813770 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Klotho gene plays a role in suppressing ageing-related disorders. It is suggested that activation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) or oxidative stress suppresses Klotho in the kidney. This study evaluated the association between Klotho expression and RAS in cyclosporine (CsA)-induced renal injury. METHODS Chronic CsA nephropathy was induced by administering CsA (30 mg/kg) to mice on a low-salt diet (LSD) for 4 weeks. A normal-salt diet (NSD) was used as the control. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blot and immunohistochemistry were performed for Klotho and intrarenal RAS activity was measured using immunohistochemistry for angiotensinogen and renin. Oxidative stress was measured with urinary excretion of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). RESULTS CsA treatment decreased Klotho mRNA and protein in mouse kidney in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner, but a concurrent treatment with losartan, an angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker, reversed the decrease in Klotho expression with histological improvement. This finding was more marked in the LSD than the NSD. Klotho expression was correlated with angiotensinogen and renin expression, tubulointerstitial fibrosis score and urinary 8-OHdG excretion. CONCLUSIONS Angiotensin II may play a pivotal role in regulating Klotho expression in CsA-induced renal injury. AT1 receptor blocker may inhibit the ageing process by decreasing oxidative stress caused by CsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Eun Yoon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, South Korea
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Cassis P, Conti S, Remuzzi G, Benigni A. Angiotensin receptors as determinants of life span. Pflugers Arch 2009; 459:325-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-009-0725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Serrano GL, Ritchie B, Hoffman D, Ferder L. A new concept for an old system: the anti-inflammatory paradigm of the renin-angiotensin system. Med Hypotheses 2009; 72:584-8. [PMID: 19157718 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is classically known as a regulator of arterial pressure, which is accomplished by regulating the balance of water and sodium. This has led to the successful development of drugs such as anti-hypertensives that block the system. In addition, this system has a fundamental role in the mechanisms of inflammation and of defense for the cells and tissues of organisms. This last function is fulfilled by regulating oxidative stress at the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial level. From an evolutionary standpoint, this effect came before it began its role as a regulator of arterial pressure. If we were to consider cardiovascular disease as being inflammatory, then beyond its anti-hypertensive effect, RAS's blockade of this phenomenon could be seen as an etiologic treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- German L Serrano
- Ponce School of Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Dr. Ana D. Pérez Marchand St., P.O. Box 7004, Ponce, PR 00732-7004, United States
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