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Generating autologous hematopoietic cells from human-induced pluripotent stem cells through ectopic expression of transcription factors. Curr Opin Hematol 2017; 24:283-288. [DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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2
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Xu Y, Shan W, Li X, Wang B, Liu S, Wang Y, Long Y, Tie R, Wang L, Cai S, Zhang H, Lin Y, Zhang M, Zheng W, Luo Y, Yu X, Yee JK, Ji J, Huang H. A synthetic three-dimensional niche system facilitates generation of functional hematopoietic cells from human-induced pluripotent stem cells. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:102. [PMID: 27686241 PMCID: PMC5043527 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The efficient generation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) holds great promise in personalized transplantation therapies. However, the derivation of functional and transplantable HSCs from iPSCs has had very limited success thus far. Methods We developed a synthetic 3D hematopoietic niche system comprising nanofibers seeded with bone marrow (BM)-derived stromal cells and growth factors to induce functional hematopoietic cells from human iPSCs in vitro. Results Approximately 70 % of human CD34+ hematopoietic cells accompanied with CD43+ progenitor cells could be derived from this 3D induction system. Colony-forming-unit (CFU) assay showed that iPSC-derived CD34+ cells formed all types of hematopoietic colonies including CFU-GEMM. TAL-1 and MIXL1, critical transcription factors associated with hematopoietic development, were expressed during the differentiation process. Furthermore, iPSC-derived hematopoietic cells gave rise to both lymphoid and myeloid lineages in the recipient NOD/SCID mice after transplantation. Conclusions Our study underscores the importance of a synthetic 3D niche system for the derivation of transplantable hematopoietic cells from human iPSCs in vitro thereby establishing a foundation towards utilization of human iPSC-derived HSCs for transplantation therapies in the clinic. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13045-016-0326-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Xu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Wei Shan
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Xia Li
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Binsheng Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Senquan Liu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Yebo Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Yan Long
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Ruxiu Tie
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Limengmeng Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Shuyang Cai
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Yu Lin
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Weiyan Zheng
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Xiaohong Yu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Jiing-Kuan Yee
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Junfeng Ji
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
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Nath SC, Nagamori E, Horie M, Kino-Oka M. Culture medium refinement by dialysis for the expansion of human induced pluripotent stem cells in suspension culture. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 40:123-131. [PMID: 27638317 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1680-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) secrete essential autocrine factors that are removed along with toxic metabolites when the growth medium is exchanged daily. In this study, after determining the minimum inhibitory level of lactic acid for hiPSCs, a medium refining system was constructed by which toxic metabolites were removed from used culture medium and autocrine factors as well as other growth factors were recycled. Specifically, about 87 % of the basic fibroblast growth factor and 80 % of transforming growth factor beta 1 were retained in the refined medium after dialysis. The refined medium efficiently potentiated the proliferation of hiPS cells in adherent culture. When the refining system was used to refresh medium in suspension culture, a final cell density of (1.1 ± 0.1) × 106 cells mL-1 was obtained, with 99.5 ± 0.2 % OCT 3/4 and 78.3 ± 1.1 % TRA-1-60 expression, on day 4 of culture. These levels of expression were similar to those observed in the conventional suspension culture. With this method, culture medium refinement by dialysis was established to remove toxic metabolites, recycle autocrine factors as well as other growth factors, and reduce the use of macromolecules for the expansion of hiPSCs in suspension culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Chandra Nath
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiji Nagamori
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masanobu Horie
- Division of Biochemical Engineering, Radioisotope Research Centre, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kino-Oka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Ganji F, Abroun S, Baharvand H, Aghdami N, Ebrahimi M. Differentiation potential of o bombay human-induced pluripotent stem cells and human embryonic stem cells into fetal erythroid-like cells. CELL JOURNAL 2015; 16:426-39. [PMID: 25685733 PMCID: PMC4297481 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2015.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective There is constant difficulty in obtaining adequate supplies of blood components, as well as disappointing performance of "universal" red blood cells. Advances in
somatic cell reprogramming of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have provided a valuable alternative source to differentiate into any desired cell type as a therapeutic promise to cure many human disease.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, we examined the erythroid differentiation potential of normal Bombay hiPSCs (B-hiPSCs) and compared results
to human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines. Because of lacking ABO blood group
expression in B-hiPSCs, it has been highlighted as a valuable source to produce any
cell type in vitro.
Results Similar to hESC lines, hemangioblasts derived from B-hiPSCs expressed approximately 9% KDR+CD31+ and approximately 5% CD31+CD34+. In semisolid media,
iPSC and hESC-derived hemangioblast formed mixed type of hematopoietic colony. In
mixed colonies, erythroid progenitors were capable to express CD71+GPA+HbF+ and accompanied by endothelial cells differentiation. Conclusion Finally, iPS and ES cells have been directly induced to erythropoiesis without hemangioblast formation that produced CD71+HbF+ erythroid cells. Although we observed
some variations in the efficiency of hematopoietic differentiation between iPSC and ES cells,
the pattern of differentiation was similar among all three tested lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ganji
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Abroun
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Hematology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Aghdami
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Regenerative Biomedicine at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Regenerative Biomedicine at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Yadav NK, Shukla P, Omer A, Singh P, Singh RK. Alternative methods in toxicology: CFU assays application, limitation and future prospective. Drug Chem Toxicol 2015; 39:1-12. [PMID: 25678196 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2014.994217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Blood is a fluid connective tissue which plays a vital role for normal body function. It consist different type of blood cells which is continuously reproduce inside the bone marrow from hematopoietic system. Xenobiotics could be specifically toxic to the hematopoietic system and they can cause hematological disorders by disturbing the normal functions. In vitro hematopoietic colony-forming cell assays play a crucial role to evaluate potential toxic effects of new xenobiotics and also helpful in bridging the gap between preclinical toxicology studies in animal models and clinical investigations. Use of these assays in conjunction with, high-throughput screening reduces the cost and time associated with these assays. This article provides a critical view over in vitro hematopoietic colony-forming cell assays in assessment of hematotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kumar Yadav
- a Hematological Facility, Division of Toxicology , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India and
| | - Pooja Shukla
- a Hematological Facility, Division of Toxicology , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India and.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
| | - Ankur Omer
- a Hematological Facility, Division of Toxicology , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India and.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
| | - Poonam Singh
- a Hematological Facility, Division of Toxicology , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India and.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
| | - R K Singh
- a Hematological Facility, Division of Toxicology , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India and.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
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Expression of bioactive soluble human stem cell factor (SCF) from recombinant Escherichia coli by coproduction of thioredoxin and efficient purification using arginine in affinity chromatography. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 105:1-7. [PMID: 25286400 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF) known as the c-kit ligand is a two disulfide bridge-containing cytokine in the regulation of the development and function of hematopoietic cell lineages and other cells such as mast cells, germ cells, and melanocytes. The secreted soluble form of SCF exists as noncovalently associated homodimer and exerts its activity by signaling through the c-Kit receptor. In this report, we present the high level expression of a soluble recombinant human SCF (rhSCF) in Escherichia coli. A codon-optimized Profinity eXact™-tagged hSCF cDNA was cloned into pET3b vector, and transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3) harboring a bacterial thioredoxin coexpression vector. The recombinant protein was purified via an affinity chromatography processed by cleavage with sodium fluoride, resulting in the complete proteolytic removal the N-terminal tag. Although almost none of the soluble fusion protein bound to the resin in standard protocol using 0.1M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2), the use of binding buffer containing 0.5M l-arginine for protein stabilization dramatically enhanced binding to resin and recovery of the protein beyond expectation. Also pretreatment by Triton X-114 for removing endotoxin was effective for affinity chromatography. In chromatography performance, l-arginine was more effective than Triton X-114 treatment. Following Mono Q anion exchange chromatography, the target protein was isolated in high purity. The rhSCF protein specifically enhanced the viability of human myeloid leukemia cell line TF-1 and the proliferation and maturation of human mast cell line LAD2 cell. This novel protocol for the production of rhSCF is a simple, suitable, and efficient method.
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Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells promote lymphohematopoietic differentiation from murine embryonic stem cells: Role of soluble factors. Immunol Lett 2014; 161:106-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Moon SH, Kim JM, Hong KS, Shin JM, Kim J, Chung HM. Differentiation of hESCs into Mesodermal Subtypes: Vascular-, Hematopoietic- and Mesenchymal-lineage Cells. Int J Stem Cells 2014; 4:24-34. [PMID: 24298331 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2011.4.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, studies on the application of mesodermally derived mesenchymal-, hematopoietic- and vascular-lineage cells for cell therapy have provided either poor or insufficient data. The results are equivocal with regard to therapeutic efficiency and yield. Since the establishment of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in 1998, the capacity of hESCs to differentiate into various mesodermal lineages has sparked considerable interest in the regenerative medicine community, a group interested in generating specialized cells to treat patients suffering from degenerative diseases. Even though hESCs are sensitive, effective methods for guiding the differentiation of hESCs into specific mesodermal cell types are still being developed. In addition, to understand the functional properties of hESC derivatives, numerous animal model studies have been performed by many research groups over the last decade. In this review, we describe and summarize the protocols currently used for differentiation of hESCs into multiple mesodermal lineages and their therapeutic efficiency in different animal models. Furthermore, we discuss the technical hurdles associated with each protocol and the safety of hESC derivatives for therapeutic applications. Technical improvement of the methods used to produce hESC derivatives for therapeutic use in patients with degenerative diseases should remain an objective of future studies, as should the development of effective and stable induction systems.
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Ni Z, Knorr DA, Kaufman DS. Hematopoietic and nature killer cell development from human pluripotent stem cells. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1029:33-41. [PMID: 23756940 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-478-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are key effectors of the innate immune system, protecting the host from a variety of infections, as well as malignant cells. Recent advances in the field of NK cell biology have led to a better understanding of how NK cells develop. This progress has directly translated to improved outcomes in patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplants to treat potentially lethal malignancies. However, key differences between mouse and human NK cell development and biology limits the use of rodents to attain a more in depth understanding of NK cell development. Therefore, a readily accessible and genetically tractable cell source to study human NK cell development is warranted. Our lab has pioneered the development of lymphocytes, specifically NK cells, from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and more recently induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This chapter describes a reliable method to generate NK cells from hESCs and iPSCs using murine stromal cell lines. Additionally, we include an updated approach using a spin-embryoid body (spin-EB) differentiation system that allows for human NK cell development completely defined in vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenya Ni
- Department of Medicine and Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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10
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Larbi A, Gombert JM, Auvray C, l’Homme B, Magniez A, Féraud O, Coulombel L, Chapel A, Mitjavila-Garcia MT, Turhan AG, Haddad R, Bennaceur-Griscelli A. The HOXB4 homeoprotein promotes the ex vivo enrichment of functional human embryonic stem cell-derived NK cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39514. [PMID: 22761810 PMCID: PMC3384663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can be induced to differentiate into blood cells using either co-culture with stromal cells or following human embryoid bodies (hEBs) formation. It is now well established that the HOXB4 homeoprotein promotes the expansion of human adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) but also myeloid and lymphoid progenitors. However, the role of HOXB4 in the development of hematopoietic cells from hESCs and particularly in the generation of hESC-derived NK-progenitor cells remains elusive. Based on the ability of HOXB4 to passively enter hematopoietic cells in a system that comprises a co-culture with the MS-5/SP-HOXB4 stromal cells, we provide evidence that HOXB4 delivery promotes the enrichment of hEB-derived precursors that could differentiate into fully mature and functional NK. These hEB-derived NK cells enriched by HOXB4 were characterized according to their CMH class I receptor expression, their cytotoxic arsenal, their expression of IFNγ and CD107a after stimulation and their lytic activity. Furthermore our study provides new insights into the gene expression profile of hEB-derived cells exposed to HOXB4 and shows the emergence of CD34+CD45RA+ precursors from hEBs indicating the lymphoid specification of hESC-derived hematopoietic precursors. Altogether, our results outline the effects of HOXB4 in combination with stromal cells in the development of NK cells from hESCs and suggest the potential use of HOXB4 protein for NK-cell enrichment from pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniya Larbi
- Inserm UMR 935, « ESTeam Paris Sud », Stem Cell Core Facility Institut André Lwoff, University Paris Sud 11, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Marc Gombert
- Inserm UMR 935, University of Poitiers, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Céline Auvray
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Cnrs UMR 8104, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Bruno l’Homme
- IRSN, PRP-HOM, SRBE, Laboratory of Radiopathology and experimental therapies, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Aurélie Magniez
- Inserm UMR 935, « ESTeam Paris Sud », Stem Cell Core Facility Institut André Lwoff, University Paris Sud 11, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
| | - Olivier Féraud
- Inserm UMR 935, « ESTeam Paris Sud », Stem Cell Core Facility Institut André Lwoff, University Paris Sud 11, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
| | - Laure Coulombel
- Inserm UMR 935, « ESTeam Paris Sud », Stem Cell Core Facility Institut André Lwoff, University Paris Sud 11, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
| | - Alain Chapel
- IRSN, PRP-HOM, SRBE, Laboratory of Radiopathology and experimental therapies, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Maria Teresa Mitjavila-Garcia
- Inserm UMR 935, « ESTeam Paris Sud », Stem Cell Core Facility Institut André Lwoff, University Paris Sud 11, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
| | - Ali G. Turhan
- Inserm UMR 935, « ESTeam Paris Sud », Stem Cell Core Facility Institut André Lwoff, University Paris Sud 11, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
- Inserm UMR 935, University of Poitiers, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Rima Haddad
- Inserm UMR 935, « ESTeam Paris Sud », Stem Cell Core Facility Institut André Lwoff, University Paris Sud 11, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
- University Paris Sud 11, Faculty of Medicine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Annelise Bennaceur-Griscelli
- Inserm UMR 935, « ESTeam Paris Sud », Stem Cell Core Facility Institut André Lwoff, University Paris Sud 11, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
- University Paris Sud 11, Faculty of Medicine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Laboratory of Hematology, University Hospitals Paris Sud, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
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Giobbe GG, Zagallo M, Riello M, Serena E, Masi G, Barzon L, Di Camillo B, Elvassore N. Confined 3D microenvironment regulates early differentiation in human pluripotent stem cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:3119-32. [PMID: 22674472 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells is threatened, among various problems, by the difficulty to homogenously direct cell differentiation into specific lineages. The transition from hPSC into committed differentiated cells is accompanied by secretome activity, remodeling of extracellular matrix and self-organization into germ layers. In this work, we aimed to investigate how different three-dimensional microenvironments regulate the early differentiation of the three germ layers in human embryonic stem (hES) cells derived embryoid bodies. In particular, a permeable, biocompatible, hydrogel microwell array was specifically designed for recreating a confined niche in which EB secreted molecules accumulate in accordance with hydrogel diffusional cut-off. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching technique was performed to accurately evaluate hydrogel permeability, mesh size and diffusional cutoff for soluble molecules. Three different culture conditions of EB culture were analyzed: suspension, confinement in microwells of width/depth ratio 1:1 and 1:2. Results show that EBs cultured in microwells are viable and have comparable average size after 8 days culture. Whole genome microarrays show that significative differential gene expression was observed between suspension and confined EBs culture. In particular, EBs culture in microwells promotes the expression of genes involved in pattern specification processes, brain development, ectoderm and endoderm differentiation. On the contrary, suspension EBs express instead genes involved in mesoderm specification and heart development. These results suggest that local accumulation of EBs secreted molecules drives differentiation patterns, as confirmed by immunofluorescence of germ layer markers, in hydrogel confined EB culture from both hES cells and human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells. Our findings highlight an additional potential role of biomaterial in controlling hPSC differentiation through secreted factor niche specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni G Giobbe
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padua, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padua, Italy
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12
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Modeling human hematopoietic cell development from pluripotent stem cells. Exp Hematol 2012; 40:601-11. [PMID: 22510344 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the steps and cues that allow hematopoietic cells to be generated during development holds great clinical as well as biological interest. Analysis of these events in mice has provided many important insights into the processes involved, but features that might be unique to humans remain challenging to elucidate because they cannot be studied directly in vivo. Human embryonic stem or induced pluripotent stem cells offer attractive in vitro alternatives to analyze the process. Here we review recent efforts to develop defined and quantitative systems to address outstanding developmental questions against a background of what we know about the development of hematopoietic cells in the fetus and derived from mouse embryonic stem cells.
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Xu Y, Liu L, Zhang L, Fu S, Hu Y, Wang Y, Fu H, Wu K, Xiao H, Liu S, Yu X, Zheng W, Feng B, Huang H. Efficient commitment to functional CD34+ progenitor cells from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem-cell-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34321. [PMID: 22496789 PMCID: PMC3322134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficient commitment of a specialized cell type from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) without contamination from unknown substances is crucial to their use in clinical applications. Here, we propose that CD34+ progenitor cells, which retain hematopoietic and endothelial cell potential, could be efficiently obtained from iPSCs derived from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMMSC-iPSCs) with defined factors. By treatment with a cocktail containing mesodermal, hematopoietic, and endothelial inducers (BMP4, SCF, and VEGF, respectively) for 5 days, hBMMSC-iPSCs expressed the mesodermal transcription factors Brachyury and GATA-2 at higher levels than untreated groups (P<0.05). After culturing with another hematopoietic and endothelial inducer cocktail, including SCF, Flt3L, VEGF and IL-3, for an additional 7–9 days, CD34+ progenitor cells, which were undetectable in the initial iPSC cultures, reached nearly 20% of the total culture. This was greater than the relative number of progenitor cells produced from human-skin-fibroblast-derived iPSCs (hFib-iPSCs) or from the spontaneous differentiation groups (P<0.05), as assessed by flow cytometry analysis. These induced cells expressed hematopoietic transcription factors TAL-1 and SCL. They developed into various hematopoietic colonies when exposed to semisolid media with hematopoietic cytokines such as EPO and G-CSF. Hematopoietic cell lineages were identified by phenotype analysis with Wright-Giemsa staining. The endothelial potential of the cells was also verified by the confirmation of the formation of vascular tube-like structures and the expression of endothelial-specific markers CD31 and VE-CADHERIN. Efficient induction of CD34+ progenitor cells, which retain hematopoietic and endothelial cell potential with defined factors, provides an opportunity to obtain patient-specific cells for iPSC therapy and a useful model for the study of the mechanisms of hematopoiesis and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Xu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lizhen Liu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lifei Zhang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shan Fu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yongxian Hu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yingjia Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Huarui Fu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kangni Wu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Haowen Xiao
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Senquan Liu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaohong Yu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Weiyan Zheng
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bo Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- * E-mail:
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14
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Yang C, Ji L, Yue W, Shi SS, Wang RY, Li YH, Xie XY, Xi JF, He LJ, Nan X, Pei XT. Human fetal liver stromal cells expressing erythropoietin promote hematopoietic development from human embryonic stem cells. Cell Reprogram 2012; 14:88-97. [PMID: 22313114 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2011.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood cells transfusion and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) transplantation are important methods for cell therapy. They are widely used in the treatment of incurable hematological disorder, infectious diseases, genetic diseases, and immunologic deficiency. However, their availability is limited by quantity, capacity of proliferation and the risk of blood transfusion complications. Recently, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have been shown to be an alternative resource for the generation of hematopoietic cells. In the current study, we describe a novel method for the efficient production of hematopoietic cells from hESCs. The stable human fetal liver stromal cell lines (hFLSCs) expressing erythropoietin (EPO) were established using the lentiviral system. We observed that the supernatant from the EPO transfected hFLSCs could induce the hESCs differentiation into hematopoietic cells, especially erythroid cells. They not only expressed fetal and embryonic globins but also expressed the adult-globin chain on further maturation. In addition, these hESCs-derived erythroid cells possess oxygen-transporting capacity, which indicated hESCs could generate terminally mature progenies. This should be useful for ultimately developing an animal-free culture system to generate large numbers of erythroid cells from hESCs and provide an experimental model to study early human erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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15
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Chang KH, Bonig H, Papayannopoulou T. Generation and characterization of erythroid cells from human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells: an overview. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2011:791604. [PMID: 22135684 PMCID: PMC3205655 DOI: 10.4061/2011/791604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the imbalance in the supply and demand of red blood cells (RBCs), especially for alloimmunized patients or patients with rare blood phenotypes, extensive research has been done to generate therapeutic quantities of mature RBCs from hematopoietic stem cells of various sources, such as bone marrow, peripheral blood, and cord blood. Since human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be maintained indefinitely in vitro, they represent potentially inexhaustible sources of donor-free RBCs. In contrast to other ex vivo stem-cell-derived cellular therapeutics, tumorigenesis is not a concern, as RBCs can be irradiated without marked adverse effects on in vivo function. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the recent publications relevant to the generation and characterization of hESC- and iPSC-derived erythroid cells and discuss challenges to be met before the eventual realization of clinical usage of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hsin Chang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific, Rm K243, P. O. Box 357710, Seattle, WA 98195-7710, USA
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16
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Hexum MK, Tian X, Kaufman DS. In vivo evaluation of putative hematopoietic stem cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 767:433-47. [PMID: 21822894 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-201-4_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Efficient derivation and isolation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) populations remains a major goal in the field of developmental hematopoiesis. These enticing pluripotent stem cells (comprising both human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells) have been successfully used to generate a wide array of hematopoietic cells in vitro, from primitive hematoendothelial precursors to mature myeloid, erythroid, and lymphoid lineage cells. However, to date, PSC-derived cells have demonstrated only limited potential for long-term multilineage hematopoietic engraftment in vivo - the test by which putative HSCs are defined. Successful generation and characterization of HSCs from hPSCs not only requires an efficient in vitro differentiation system that provides insight into the developmental fate of hPSC-derived cells, but also necessitates an in vivo engraftment model that allows identification of specific mechanisms that hinder or promote hematopoietic engraftment. In this chapter, we will describe a method that utilizes firefly luciferase-expressing hPSCs and bioluminescent imaging to noninvasively track the survival, proliferation, and migration of transplanted hPSC-derived cells. Combined with lineage and functional analyses of engrafted cells, this system is a useful tool to gain insight into the in vivo potential of hematopoietic cells generated from hPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda K Hexum
- Department of Medicine and Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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17
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Dysregulated gene expression during hematopoietic differentiation from human embryonic stem cells. Mol Ther 2010; 19:768-81. [PMID: 21179006 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of hematopoietic cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESC) has raised the possibility of using hESC as an alternative donor source for transplantation. However, functional defects identified in hESC-derived cells limit their use for full lymphohematopoietic reconstitution. The purpose of the present study was to define and quantitate key functional and molecular differences between CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor subsets derived from hESC and CD34(+) subsets from umbilical cord blood (UCB) representing definitive hematopoiesis. Two distinct sub-populations were generated following mesodermal differentiation from hESC, a CD34(bright) (hematoendothelial) and CD34(dim) (hematopoietic-restricted) subset. Limiting dilution analysis revealed profound defects in clonal proliferation relative to UCB particularly in B lymphoid conditions. Transcription factors normally expressed at specific commitment stages during B lymphoid development from UCB-CD34(+) cells were aberrantly expressed in hESC-derived CD34(+) cells. Moreover, strong negative regulators of lymphopoiesis such as the adaptor protein LNK and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (CEBPα), were exclusively expressed in hESC-CD34(+) subsets. Knockdown of LNK lead to an increase in hematopoietic progenitors generated from hESCs. The aberrant molecular profile seen in hESC-CD34(+) cells represents persistence of transcripts first expressed in undifferentiated hESC and/or CD326-CD56(+) mesoderm progenitors, and may contribute to the block in definitive hematopoiesis from hESC.
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18
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Knorr DA, Kaufman DS. Pluripotent stem cell-derived natural killer cells for cancer therapy. Transl Res 2010; 156:147-54. [PMID: 20801411 PMCID: PMC2932648 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide an accessible, genetically tractable, and homogenous starting cell population to efficiently study human blood cell development. These cell populations provide platforms to develop new cell-based therapies to treat both malignant and nonmalignant hematological diseases. Our group previously demonstrated the ability of hESC-derived hematopoietic precursors to produce functional natural killer (NK) cells as well as an explanation of the underlying mechanism responsible for the inefficient development of T and B cells from hESCs. hESCs and iPSCs, which can be engineered reliably in vitro, provide an important new model system to study human lymphocyte development and produce enhanced cell-based therapies with the potential to serve as a "universal" source of antitumor lymphocytes. This review will focus on the application of hESC-derived NK cells with currently used and novel therapeutics for clinical trials, barriers to translation, and future applications through genetic engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Knorr
- Department of Medicine and Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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19
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Mountford J, Olivier E, Turner M. Prospects for the manufacture of red cells for transfusion. Br J Haematol 2010; 149:22-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Human embryonic stem cells: a source of mast cells for the study of allergic and inflammatory diseases. Blood 2010; 115:3695-703. [PMID: 20200352 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-08-237206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mast cells are tissue resident cells with a principal role in allergic disorders. Cross-linking of the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E (FcepsilonRI) results in release of inflammatory mediators initiating the clinical symptoms of allergy and anaphylaxis. Much of our knowledge regarding the mechanisms of mast cell activation comes from studies of mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells. However, clear differences have been identified between human and mouse mast cells. Studies of human mast cells are hampered by the limited sources available for their isolation, the resistance of these cells to genetic manipulation, and differences between cultures established from different persons. To address this limitation, we developed a simple coculture-free method for obtaining mast cells from human embryonic stem cells (hES). These hES-derived mast cells respond to antigen by releasing mast cell mediators. Moreover, the cells can be generated in numbers sufficient for studies of the pathways involved in their effector functions. Genetically modified mast cells, such as GFP-expressing cells, can be obtained by introduction and selection for modification in hES cells before differentiation. This direct coculture-free differentiation of hES cells represents a new and unique model to analyze the function and development of human mast cells.
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21
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Tian X, Hexum MK, Penchev VR, Taylor RJ, Shultz LD, Kaufman DS. Bioluminescent imaging demonstrates that transplanted human embryonic stem cell-derived CD34(+) cells preferentially develop into endothelial cells. Stem Cells 2010; 27:2675-85. [PMID: 19711457 DOI: 10.1002/stem.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) provide an important resource for novel regenerative medicine therapies and have been used to derive diverse cell populations, including hematopoietic and endothelial cells. However, it remains a challenge to achieve significant engraftment of hESC-derived blood cells when transplanted into animal models. To better understand mechanisms that enhance or limit the in vivo developmental potential of hESC-derived cells, we utilized hESCs that express firefly luciferase (luc) to allow noninvasive, real-time bioluminescent imaging of hESC-derived CD34(+) cells transplanted into the liver of neonatal immunodeficient mice. Serial imaging demonstrated stable engraftment and expansion of the luc(+) hESC-derived cells in vivo over several months. While we found that these hESC-derived CD34(+) cells have bipotential ability to generate both hematopoietic and endothelial lineages in vitro, these studies demonstrate preferential differentiation into endothelial cells in vivo, with only low levels of hematopoietic cell engraftment. Therefore, these studies reveal key differences in the developmental potential of hESC-derived cells using in vitro and in vivo analyses. Although transplanted hESC-derived CD34(+) cells are well-suited for revascularization therapies, additional measures are needed to provide higher levels of long-term hematopoietic engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui Tian
- Department of Medicine and Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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22
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Kim EM, Zavazava N. Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into hematopoietic cells in vitro. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 651:89-101. [PMID: 20686962 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-786-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The ability of embryonic stem cells (ES) cells to form cells and tissues from all three germ layers can be exploited to generate cells that can be used to treat diseases. In particular, successful generation of hematopoietic cells from ES cells could provide safer and less immunogenic cells than bone cells, obviating the need for severe host preconditioning when transplanted across major histocompatibility complex barriers. To generate hematopoietic stem cells, protocols utilizing embryoid body (EB)-induced differentiation of human ES (hES) cells have been applied in the authors' laboratory. While this protocol results in targeted differentiation into hematopoietic cells, much remains to be done to improve these methods and make them more efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Mi Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Immunology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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23
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Mohr JC, Zhang J, Azarin SM, Soerens AG, de Pablo JJ, Thomson JA, Lyons GE, Palecek SP, Kamp TJ. The microwell control of embryoid body size in order to regulate cardiac differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Biomaterials 2009; 31:1885-93. [PMID: 19945747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into cardiomyocytes (CMs) using embryoid bodies (EBs) is relatively inefficient and highly variable. Formation of EBs using standard enzymatic disaggregation techniques results in a wide range of sizes and geometries of EBs. Use of a 3-D cuboidal microwell system to culture hESCs in colonies of defined dimensions, 100-500 microm in lateral dimensions and 120 microm in depth, enabled formation of more uniform-sized EBs. The 300 microm microwells produced highest percentage of contracting EBs, but flow cytometry for myosin light chain 2A (MLC2a) expressing cells revealed a similar percentage (approximately 3%) of cardiomyocytes formed in EBs from 100 microm to 300 microm microwells. These data, and immunolabeling with anti-MF20 and MLC2a, suggest that the smaller EBs are less likely to form contracting EBs, but those contracting EBs are relatively enriched in cardiomyocytes compared to larger EB sizes where CMs make up a proportionately smaller fraction of the total cells. We conclude that microwell-engineered EB size regulates cardiogenesis and can be used for more efficient and reproducible formation of hESC-CMs needed for research and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Mohr
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin College of Engineering, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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24
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Gori JL, Tian X, Swanson D, Gunther R, Shultz LD, McIvor RS, Kaufman DS. In vivo selection of human embryonic stem cell-derived cells expressing methotrexate-resistant dihydrofolate reductase. Gene Ther 2009; 17:238-49. [PMID: 19829316 PMCID: PMC2820606 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) provide a novel source of hematopoietic and other cell populations suitable for gene therapy applications. Preclinical studies to evaluate engraftment of hESC-derived hematopoietic cells transplanted into immunodeficient mice demonstrate only limited repopulation. Expression of a drug resistance gene, such as Tyr22-dihydrofolate reductase (Tyr22-DHFR), coupled to methotrexate (MTX) chemotherapy has the potential to selectively increase engraftment of gene-modified hESC-derived cells in mouse xenografts. Here, we describe the generation of Tyr22-DHFR – GFP expressing hESCs that maintain pluripotency, produce teratomas and can differentiate into MTXr-hemato-endothelial cells. We demonstrate that MTX administered to nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient/IL-2Rγcnull (NSG) mice after injection of Tyr22-DHFR-derived cells significantly increases human CD34+ and CD45+ cell engraftment in the bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood of transplanted MTX-treated mice. These results demonstrate that MTX treatment supports selective, long-term engraftment of Tyr22-DHFR-cells in vivo, and provides a novel approach for combined human cell and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Gori
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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25
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Toward clinical therapies using hematopoietic cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Blood 2009; 114:3513-23. [PMID: 19652198 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-03-191304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide remarkable cellular platforms to better understand human hematopoiesis and to develop clinically applicable hematopoietic cell-based therapies. Over the past decade, hESCs have been used to characterize molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning the differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors and mature, functional hematopoietic cells. These advances are now poised to lead to clinical translation of hESC- and iPSC-derived hematopoietic cells for novel therapies in the next few years. On the basis of areas of recent success, initial clinical use of hematopoietic cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells will probably be in the areas of transfusion therapies (erythrocytes and platelets) and immune therapies (natural killer cells). In contrast, efficient development and isolation of hematopoietic stem cells capable of long-term, multilineage engraftment still remains a significant challenge. Technical, safety, and regulatory concerns related to clinical applications of human PSCs must be appropriately addressed. However, proper consideration of these issues should facilitate and not inhibit clinical translation of new therapies. This review outlines the current status of hematopoietic cell development and what obstacles must be surmounted to bring hematopoietic cell therapies from human PSCs from "bench to bedside."
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26
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Douay L, Lapillonne H, Turhan AG. Stem cells--a source of adult red blood cells for transfusion purposes: present and future. Crit Care Clin 2009; 25:383-98, Table of Contents. [PMID: 19341915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have sufficient knowledge of the biology of hematopoietic stem cells to hope that we might generate human red blood cells in the laboratory. It may soon be possible to produce enough to transfuse "cultured" red blood cells to manufacture human red blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells for transfusion purposes. This article describes progress and the challenges that remain in the search for in vitro generated red blood cells that can be efficiently manufactured in high volumes and given to any recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Douay
- INSERM, UMR_S 893, Proliferation and differentiation of stem cells, Paris, France.
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27
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Côme J, Nissan X, Aubry L, Tournois J, Girard M, Perrier AL, Peschanski M, Cailleret M. Improvement of culture conditions of human embryoid bodies using a controlled perfused and dialyzed bioreactor system. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2009; 14:289-98. [PMID: 18710335 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2008.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In parallel to the active search for therapeutic and industrial applications of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), designing automated means of producing those cells is a timely goal. Slow-turning lateral vessels (STLVs) with low shear stress have shown promise for expanding the cells at the embryoid body stage. We have improved this technology by developing two complementary systems, allowing continuous optimization of the culture conditions. First, perfused STLV bioreactors were set up, to provide continuous delivery of culture medium to the cells growing in the rotating chamber. This allowed the external control of the culture medium, and consequently optimized oxygenation, pH, nutrient supply, and waste elimination. Second, a dialysis chamber was adapted. This led to a further enhanced controlled environment and a decrease in the quantity of adjunct products (e.g., growth factors) necessary to the cells inside the bioreactor chamber. hESC aggregation and initial differentiation-taking neural induction as an example-were compared between the perfused and dialyzed STLV system and static cultures. Perfused and dialyzed STLV bioreactors promoted formation of embryoid bodies that were differentiated more rapidly and were homogeneously synchronized in a statistically significant manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Côme
- INSERM/UEVE U 861, I-STEM, AFM, Evry, France
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28
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Liu YX, Ji L, Yue W, Yan ZF, Wang J, Xi JF, Zhang R, Nan X, Bai CX, Chen L, Wang YF, Pei XT. Cells Extract from Fetal Liver Promotes the Hematopoietic Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells. CLONING AND STEM CELLS 2009; 11:51-60. [DOI: 10.1089/clo.2008.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xiao Liu
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institution of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
- Center for Disease Control of Beijing military region, Beijing 100042, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Ji
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institution of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Yue
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institution of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Feng Yan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institution of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institution of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Fei Xi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institution of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institution of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Nan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institution of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Ci-Xian Bai
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institution of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Chen
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institution of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Fang Wang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institution of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Tao Pei
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institution of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
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29
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Abstract
Tissue-resident stem cells or primitive progenitors play an integral role in homeostasis of most organ systems. Recent developments in methodologies to isolate and culture embryonic and somatic stem cells have many new applications poised for clinical and preclinical trials, which will enable the potential of regenerative medicine to be realized. Here, we overview the current progress in therapeutic applications of various stem cells and discuss technical and social hurdles that must be overcome for their potential to be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Riazi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Lu SJ, Luo C, Holton K, Feng Q, Ivanova Y, Lanza R. Robust generation of hemangioblastic progenitors from human embryonic stem cells. Regen Med 2008; 3:693-704. [PMID: 18729794 DOI: 10.2217/17460751.3.5.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are a potentially inexhaustible source of cells for replacement therapy. However, successful preclinical and clinical progress requires efficient and controlled differentiation towards the specific differentiated cell fate. METHODS We previously developed a strategy to generate blast cells (BCs) from hESCs that were capable of differentiating into vascular structures as well as into all hematopoietic cell lineages. Although the BCs were shown to repair damaged vasculature in multiple animal models, the large-scale generation of cells under these conditions was challenging. Here we report a simpler and more efficient method for robust generation of hemangioblastic progenitors. RESULTS In addition to eliminating several expensive factors that are unnecessary, we demonstrate that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4 and VEGF are necessary and sufficient to induce hemangioblastic commitment and development from hESCs during early stages of differentiation. BMP-4 and VEGF significantly upregulate T-brachyury, KDR, CD31 and Lmo2 gene expression, while dramatically downregulating Oct-4 expression. The addition of basic FGF during growth and expansion was found to further enhance BC development, consistently generating approximately 1 x 10(8) BCs from one six well plate of hESCs. CONCLUSION This new method represents a significantly improved system for generating hemangioblasts from hESCs, and although simplified, results in an eightfold increase in cell yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jiang Lu
- Advanced Cell Technology, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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31
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Cerdan C, Hong SH, Bhatia M. Formation and hematopoietic differentiation of human embryoid bodies by suspension and hanging drop cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 1:Unit 1D.2. [PMID: 18770624 DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc01d02s3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro aggregation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into clusters termed embryoid bodies (EBs) allows for the spontaneous differentiation of cells representing endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm lineages. This stochastic process results however, in the generation of low numbers of differentiated cells, and can be enhanced to some extent by the addition of exogenous growth factors or overexpression of regulatory genes. In the authors' laboratory, the use of hematopoietic cytokines in combination with the mesoderm inducer bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) was able to generate up to 90% of CD45(+) hematopoietic cells with colony-forming unit (CFU) activity. This unit describes two protocols that have been successfully applied in the authors' laboratory for the generation of EBs in (1) suspension and (2) hanging drop (HD) cultures from enzymatically digested clumps of undifferentiated hESC colonies.
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32
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Ledran MH, Krassowska A, Armstrong L, Dimmick I, Renström J, Lang R, Yung S, Santibanez-Coref M, Dzierzak E, Stojkovic M, Oostendorp RAJ, Forrester L, Lako M. Efficient hematopoietic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells on stromal cells derived from hematopoietic niches. Cell Stem Cell 2008; 3:85-98. [PMID: 18593561 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 03/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) could provide a therapeutic alternative to bone marrow transplants, but the efficiency of currently available derivation protocols is low. In this study, we investigated whether coculture with monolayers of cells derived from mouse AGM and fetal liver, or with stromal cell lines derived from these tissues, can enhance hESC hematopoietic differentiation. We found that under such conditions hESC-derived differentiating cells formed early hematopoietic progenitors, with a peak at day 18-21 of differentiation that corresponded to the highest CD34 expression. These hESC-derived hematopoietic cells were capable of primary and secondary hematopoietic engraftment into immunocompromised mice at substantially higher levels than described previously. Transcriptional and functional analysis identified TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta3 as positive enhancers of hESC hematopoietic differentiation that can further stimulate this process when added to the culture. Overall, our findings represent significant progress toward the goal of deriving functional hematopoietic stem cells from hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H Ledran
- North East Institute for Stem Cell Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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33
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Differentiation of embryonic stem cells towards hematopoietic cells: progress and pitfalls. Curr Opin Hematol 2008; 15:312-8. [PMID: 18536568 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0b013e328302f429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hematopoietic development from embryonic stem cells has been one of the most productive areas of stem cell biology. Recent studies have progressed from work with mouse to human embryonic stem cells. Strategies to produce defined blood cell populations can be used to better understand normal and abnormal hematopoiesis, as well as potentially improve the generation of hematopoietic cells with therapeutic potential. RECENT FINDINGS Molecular profiling, phenotypic and functional analyses have all been utilized to demonstrate that hematopoietic cells derived from embryonic stem cells most closely represent a stage of hematopoiesis that occurs at embryonic/fetal developmental stages. Generation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells comparable to hematopoietic stem cells found in the adult sources, such as bone marrow and cord blood, still remains challenging. However, genetic manipulation of intrinsic factors during hematopoietic differentiation has proven a suitable approach to induce adult definitive hematopoiesis from embryonic stem cells. SUMMARY Concrete evidence has shown that embryonic stem cells provide a powerful approach to study the early stage of hematopoiesis. Multiple hematopoietic lineages can be generated from embryonic stem cells, although most of the evidence suggests that hematopoietic development from embryonic stem cells mimics an embryonic/fetal stage of hematopoiesis.
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Differences in lymphocyte developmental potential between human embryonic stem cell and umbilical cord blood-derived hematopoietic progenitor cells. Blood 2008; 112:2730-7. [PMID: 18621931 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-01-133801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic progenitor cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) develop into diverse mature hematopoietic lineages, including lymphocytes. Whereas functional natural killer (NK) cells can be efficiently generated in vitro from hESC-derived CD34(+) cells, studies of T- and B-cell development from hESCs have been much more limited. Here, we demonstrate that despite expressing functional Notch-1, CD34(+) cells from hESCs did not derive T cells when cocultured with OP9 cells expressing Delta-like 1, or in fetal thymus organ culture. hESC-derived CD34(+) cells also did not produce B cells in vitro. In contrast, CD34(+) cells isolated from UCB routinely generated T and B cells when cultured in the same conditions. Notably, both undifferentiated hESCs, and sorted hESC-derived populations with hematopoietic developmental potential exhibited constitutive expression of ID family genes and of transcriptional targets of stem cell factor-induced signaling. These pathways both inhibit T-cell development and promote NK-cell development. Together, these results demonstrate fundamental differences between hESC-derived hematopoietic progenitors and analogous primary human cells. Therefore, hESCs can be more readily supported to differentiate into certain cell types than others, findings that have important implications for derivation of defined lineage-committed populations from hESCs.
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35
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Lentiviral-Mediated HoxB4 Expression in Human Embryonic Stem Cells Initiates Early Hematopoiesis in a Dose-Dependent Manner but Does Not Promote Myeloid Differentiation. Stem Cells 2008; 26:2455-66. [DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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36
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Cameron CM, Harding F, Hu WS, Kaufman DS. Activation of hypoxic response in human embryonic stem cell-derived embryoid bodies. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233:1044-57. [PMID: 18535160 DOI: 10.3181/0709-rm-263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen tension can provide an important determinant for differentiation and development of many cells and tissues. Genetic regulation of hemato-endothelial commitment is known to respond to oxygen deprivation via stimulation of hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs). Here, we use a closed bioreactor system to monitor and control the dissolved oxygen during differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) via formation of embryoid bodies (hEBs). Exposing hESC-derived EBs to ambient oxygen at or below 5% results in stabilization of HIF-1alpha and increased transcription of hypoxic responsive genes. Interestingly, we find that rather than HIF-1alpha expression being stable over prolonged (7-16 days) culture in hypoxic conditions, HIF-1alpha expression peaks after approximately 48 hours of hypoxic exposure, and then declines to near undetectable levels, despite constant hypoxic exposure. This transient stabilization of HIF-1alpha during hESC-derived EB culture is demonstrated for four distinct stages of differentiation. Furthermore, we demonstrate hEB cell expansion is slowed by hypoxic exposure, with increased apoptosis. However, hEB cell proliferation returns to normal rates upon return to normoxic conditions. Therefore, although hypoxia effectively stimulates hypoxic responsive genes, this single variable was not sufficient to improve development of hemato-endothelial cells from hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Cameron
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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37
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Pearson S, Sroczynska P, Lacaud G, Kouskoff V. The stepwise specification of embryonic stem cells to hematopoietic fate is driven by sequential exposure to Bmp4, activin A, bFGF and VEGF. Development 2008; 135:1525-35. [PMID: 18339678 DOI: 10.1242/dev.011767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells offers a powerful approach to study mechanisms implicated in cell fate decision. A major hurdle, however, is to promote the directed and efficient differentiation of ES cells toward a specific lineage. Here, we define in serum-free media the minimal factor requirement controlling each step of the differentiation process, resulting in the production of highly enriched hematopoietic progenitors. Four factors - Bmp4, activin A, bFGF (Fgf2) and VEGF (VegfA) - are sufficient to drive the selective and efficient differentiation of mouse ES cells to hematopoiesis. Each of these factors appears to regulate a step of the process: Bmp4 promotes the very efficient formation of mesoderm; bFGF and activin A induce the differentiation of these mesodermal precursors to the hemangioblast fate; and VEGF is required for the production of fully committed hematopoietic progenitors. The stimulation of mesodermal precursors by bFGF and activin A switches on very rapidly the hematopoietic program, allowing us to dissect the molecular events leading to the formation of the hemangioblast. Runx1, Scl (Tal1) and Hhex expression is upregulated within 3 hours of stimulation, whereas upregulation of Lmo2 and Fli1 is observed later. Interestingly, increased expression levels of genes such as cMyb, Pu.1 (Sfpi1), Gata1 and Gata2 are not observed at the onset of hemangioblast commitment. This stepwise control of differentiation is extremely efficient, giving rise to a very high frequency of hematopoietic precursors, and provides an optimal system for understanding the molecular machineries involved in blood progenitor commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Pearson
- Cancer Research UK, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Manchester University, Wilmslow Road, M20 4BX, Manchester, UK
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38
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Barthelery M, Salli U, Vrana KE. Nuclear proteomics and directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 16:905-19. [PMID: 17999636 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, regenerative medicine has been the subject of intense interest due, in large part, to our growing knowledge of embryonic stem (ES) cell biology. ES cells give rise to cell lineages from the three primordial germ layers--endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. This process needs to be channeled if these cells are to be differentiated efficiently and used subsequently for therapeutic purposes. Indeed, an important area of investigation involves directed differentiation to influence the lineage commitment of these pluripotent cells in vitro. Various strategies involving timely growth factor supplementation, cell co-cultures, and gene transfection are used to drive lineage specific emergence. The underlying goal is to control directly the center of gene expression and cellular programming--the nucleus. Gene expression is enabled, managed, and sustained by the collective actions and interactions of proteins found in the nucleus--the nuclear proteome--in response to extracellular signaling. Nuclear proteomics can inventory these nuclear proteins in differentiating cells and decipher their dynamics during cellular phenotypic commitment. This review details what is currently known about nuclear effectors of stem cell differentiation and describes emerging techniques in the discovery of nuclear proteomics that will illuminate new transcription factors and modulators of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Barthelery
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Abstract
The successful isolation and characterization of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) provides a powerful tool to study the cellular and genetic mechanisms that mediate cell-fate decisions toward distinct developmental lineages. hESC-derived cells may also be suitable for novel cellular therapies. Significant progress in hematopoietic development of hESCs has demonstrated production of many types of blood cells from hESCs including myeloid, erythroid and lymphoid lineage cells, and possibly hematopoietic stem cells. Current established approaches to generate specific hematopoietic lineages are based on the initial pre-differentiation of hESCs into a heterogeneous mixture of cell populations. In this chapter, we describe two methods that have been successfully used in our laboratory: (1) co-culture with stromal cells derived from hematopoietic microenvironments and (2) x embryoid body (EB) formation. Subsequent to this early differentiation step, distinct progenitor cell populations can be derived, sorted, and utilized for further lineage-specific developmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui Tian
- Stem Cell Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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40
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Lu SJ, Feng Q, Ivanova Y, Luo C, Li T, Li F, Honig GR, Lanza R. Recombinant HoxB4 fusion proteins enhance hematopoietic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2007; 16:547-59. [PMID: 17784829 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enforced expression of the HoxB4 gene promotes expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and enhances hematopoietic development of both murine and human embryonic stem (ES) cells. HoxB4- expanded HSCs have also been shown to retain their normal potential for differentiation and longterm self-renewal in vivo without the development of leukemia, suggesting that manipulation of HoxB4 expression might represent an effective way to expand functional HSCs for use in transplantation medicine. However, the genetic modification of cells poses clinical concerns, including a potentially increased risk of tumor genicity. Constitutive high-level ectopic viral expression of HoxB4 can also produce perturbations in the lineage differentiation of HSCs, an indication that uncontrolled HoxB4 manipulation may not be a satisfactory therapeutic strategy. Here we demonstrate that recombinant HoxB4 protein fused with a triple protein transduction domain (tPTD) promotes hematopoietic development of hES cells. The tPTD-HoxB4 protein enhanced the development of erythroid, myeloid, and multipotential progenitors in both early- and late-stage embryoid bodies (EBs). This effect varied considerably between different hES cell lines. Addition of the tPTD-HoxB4 protein did not alter the globin gene expression pattern; progeny derived from hES cells expressed high levels of embryonic (epsilon) and fetal (gamma) globin genes with or without tPTD-HoxB4 treatment. CD34+ cells derived from hES cells engrafted in bone marrow when transplanted into fetal CD1 mice, although supplementation of the differentiation medium with tPTD-HoxB4 protein did not result in increased repopulating capacity. This suggests that other gene(s), together with HoxB4, are required for generating more competitive HSCs. In summary, our study demonstrates that the tPTD-HoxB4 protein can be used with other recombinant proteins to efficiently generate transplantable HSCs from human ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jiang Lu
- Advanced Cell Technology, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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41
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Olivier EN, Qiu C, Velho M, Hirsch RE, Bouhassira EE. Large-scale production of embryonic red blood cells from human embryonic stem cells. Exp Hematol 2007; 34:1635-42. [PMID: 17157159 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a method to produce in culture large number of erythroid cells from human embryonic stem cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human H1 embryonic stem cells were differentiated into hematopoietic cells by coculture with a human fetal liver cell line, and the resulting CD34-positive cells were expanded in vitro in liquid culture using a three-step method. The erythroid cells produced were then analyzed by light microscopy and flow cytometry. Globin expression was characterized by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS CD34-positive cells produced from human embryonic stem cells could be efficiently differentiated into erythroid cells in liquid culture leading to a more than 5000-fold increase in cell number. The erythroid cells produced are similar to primitive erythroid cells present in the yolk sac of early human embryos and did not enucleate. They are fully hemoglobinized and express a mixture of embryonic and fetal globins but no beta-globin. CONCLUSIONS We have developed an experimental protocol to produce large numbers of primitive erythroid cells starting from undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells. As the earliest human erythroid cells, the nucleated primitive erythroblasts, are not very well characterized because experimental material at this stage of development is very difficult to obtain, this system should prove useful to answer a number of experimental questions regarding the biology of these cells. In addition, production of mature red blood cells from human embryonic stem cells is of great potential practical importance because it could eventually become an alternate source of cell for transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel N Olivier
- Einstein Center for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Department of Medicine, Hematology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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42
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Senju S, Suemori H, Zembutsu H, Uemura Y, Hirata S, Fukuma D, Matsuyoshi H, Shimomura M, Haruta M, Fukushima S, Matsunaga Y, Katagiri T, Nakamura Y, Furuya M, Nakatsuji N, Nishimura Y. Genetically Manipulated Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Dendritic Cells with Immune Regulatory Function. Stem Cells 2007; 25:2720-9. [PMID: 17690179 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Genetically manipulated dendritic cells (DC) are considered to be a promising means for antigen-specific immune therapy. This study reports the generation, characterization, and genetic modification of DC derived from human embryonic stem (ES) cells. The human ES cell-derived DC (ES-DC) expressed surface molecules typically expressed by DC and had the capacities to stimulate allogeneic T lymphocytes and to process and present protein antigen in the context of histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecule. Genetic modification of human ES-DC can be accomplished without the use of viral vectors, by the introduction of expression vector plasmids into undifferentiated ES cells by electroporation and subsequent induction of differentiation of the transfectant ES cell clones to ES-DC. ES-DC introduced with invariant chain-based antigen-presenting vectors by this procedure stimulated HLA-DR-restricted antigen-specific T cells in the absence of exogenous antigen. Forced expression of programmed death-1-ligand-1 in ES-DC resulted in the reduction of the proliferative response of allogeneic T cells cocultured with the ES-DC. Generation and genetic modification of ES-DC from nonhuman primate (cynomolgus monkey) ES cells was also achieved by the currently established method. ES-DC technology is therefore considered to be a novel means for immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Senju
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
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43
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Woll PS, Morris JK, Painschab MS, Marcus RK, Kohn AD, Biechele TL, Moon RT, Kaufman DS. Wnt signaling promotes hematoendothelial cell development from human embryonic stem cells. Blood 2007; 111:122-31. [PMID: 17875805 PMCID: PMC2200802 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-04-084186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) provide an important means to effectively study soluble and cell-bound mediators that regulate development of early blood and endothelial cells in a human model system. Here, several complementary methods are used to demonstrate canonical Wnt signaling is important for development of hESC-derived cells with both hematopoietic and endothelial potential. Analyses using both standard flow cy-tometry, as well the more detailed high-throughput image scanning flow cytometry, characterizes sequential development of distinct early developing CD34(bright)CD31(+)Flk1(+) cells and a later population of CD34(dim)CD45(+) cells. While the CD34(bright)CD31(+)Flk1(+) have a more complex morphology and can develop into both endothelial cells and hematopoietic cells, the CD34(dim)CD45(+) cells have a simpler morphology and give rise to only hematopoietic cells. Treatment with dickkopf1 to inhibit Wnt signaling results in a dramatic decrease in development of cells with hematoendothelial potential. In addition, activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in hESCs by coculture with stromal cells that express Wnt1, but not use of noncanonical Wnt5-expressing stromal cells, results in an accelerated differentiation and higher percentage of CD34(bright)CD31(+)Flk1(+) cells at earlier stages of differentiation. These studies effectively demonstrate the importance of canonical Wnt signaling to mediate development of early hematoendothelial progenitors during human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter S Woll
- . Stem Cell Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Translational Research Facility, 2001 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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44
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Pick M, Azzola L, Mossman A, Stanley EG, Elefanty AG. Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells in serum-free medium reveals distinct roles for bone morphogenetic protein 4, vascular endothelial growth factor, stem cell factor, and fibroblast growth factor 2 in hematopoiesis. Stem Cells 2007; 25:2206-14. [PMID: 17556598 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have utilized a serum- and stromal cell-free "spin embryoid body (EB)" differentiation system to investigate the roles of four growth factors, bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), stem cell factor (SCF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2), singly and in combination, on the generation of hematopoietic cells from human embryonic stem cells (HESCs). Of the four factors, only BMP4 induced expression of genes that signaled the emergence of the primitive streak-like population required for the subsequent development of hematopoietic mesoderm. In addition, BMP4 initiated the expression of genes marking hematopoietic mesoderm and supported the generation of hematopoietic progenitor cells at a low frequency. However, the appearance of robust numbers of hematopoietic colony forming cells and their mature progeny required the inclusion of VEGF. Finally, the combination of BMP4, VEGF, SCF, and FGF2 further enhanced the total yield of hematopoietic cells. These data demonstrate the utility of the serum-free spin EB system in dissecting the roles of specific growth factors required for the directed differentiation of HESCs toward the hematopoietic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Pick
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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45
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Kennedy M, D'Souza SL, Lynch-Kattman M, Schwantz S, Keller G. Development of the hemangioblast defines the onset of hematopoiesis in human ES cell differentiation cultures. Blood 2007; 109:2679-87. [PMID: 17148580 PMCID: PMC1852226 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-09-047704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The onset of hematopoiesis in the mouse embryo and in the embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation model is defined by the emergence of the hemangioblast, a progenitor with both hematopoietic and vascular potential. While there is evidence for the existence of a hemangioblast in the mouse, it is unclear if this progenitor develops during the establishment of the human hematopoietic system. In this report, we have mapped hematopoietic development in human ES cell (hESC) differentiation cultures and demonstrated that a comparable hemangioblast population exists. The human hemangioblasts were identified by their capacity to generate blast colonies that display both hematopoietic and vascular potential. These colony-forming cells express the receptor tyrosine kinase KDR (VEGF receptor 2) and represent a transient population that develops in BMP-4-stimulated embryoid bodies (EBs) between 72 and 96 hours of differentiation, prior to the onset of the primitive erythroid program. Two distinct types of hemangioblasts were identified, those that give rise to primitive erythroid cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells and those that generate only the primitive erythroid population and endothelial cells. These findings demonstrate for the first time the existence of the human hemangioblast and in doing so identify the earliest stage of hematopoietic commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Kennedy
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York. NY 10029, USA
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46
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Lu SJ, Feng Q, Caballero S, Chen Y, Moore MAS, Grant MB, Lanza R. Generation of functional hemangioblasts from human embryonic stem cells. Nat Methods 2007; 4:501-9. [PMID: 17486087 PMCID: PMC3766360 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests the existence of progenitor cells in adult tissues that are capable of differentiating into vascular structures as well as into all hematopoietic cell lineages. Here we describe an efficient and reproducible method for generating large numbers of these bipotential progenitors-known as hemangioblasts-from human embryonic stem (hES) cells using an in vitro differentiation system. Blast cells expressed gene signatures characteristic of hemangioblasts, and could be expanded, cryopreserved and differentiated into multiple hematopoietic lineages as well as into endothelial cells. When we injected these cells into rats with diabetes or into mice with ischemia-reperfusion injury of the retina, they localized to the site of injury in the damaged vasculature and appeared to participate in repair. Injection of the cells also reduced the mortality rate after myocardial infarction and restored blood flow in hind limb ischemia in mouse models. Our data suggest that hES-derived blast cells (hES-BCs) could be important in vascular repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jiang Lu
- Advanced Cell Technology, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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47
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Prindull G. Hemangioblasts representing a functional endothelio-hematopoietic entity in ontogeny, postnatal life, and CML neovasculogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 1:277-84. [PMID: 17142866 DOI: 10.1385/scr:1:3:277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The life-long interdependencies/interactions between hemato- and endotheliopoiesis suggest that they form a supplementary functional entity. This view is compatible with the concept of stem cell plasticity as a reversible continuum and is substantiated by the common hematopoietic-endothelial stem cell, i.e., hemangioblasts, with bidirectional, reversible gene transcription and persistence in postnatal life. Indeed, embryonal stem cells/hemangioblasts appear to form a reservior in the adult with the possibility of dedifferentiation of more differentiated progenitor cells back to hemangioblasts. The recent detection of BCR/ABL fusion proteins in endothelial cells during vascular neoangiogenesis in CML suggests that endothelial cells are part of the neoplastic clone, and extends the concept of a functional entity to include CML angiogenesis. Thus, hemangioblasts rather than committed hematopoietic stem cells appear to be target cells for the first oncogenic hit in CML, which could occur as early as during the first steps of embryonal stem cell differentiation towards hemato-endotheliopoiesis and/or in hemangioblasts persisting in adults. The relation of the other leukemias to hemangioblasts is not known.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Embryonic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Embryonic Stem Cells/pathology
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Hematopoiesis
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Prindull
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Göttingen, Germany.
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Abstract
AbstractThe most common human cell-based therapy applied today is hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation. HSCs can be defined by two essential properties: self-renewal and multilineage hematopoietic differentiation. These combined HSC properties allow them to differentiate into all blood cell types (multilineage) in a sustained manner for the lifetime of the animal, which requires their ability to make cellular copies of themselves (self-renewal). These features can be tested by transplantation from donor to recipient and provide a functional basis to define and identify HSCs. Currently, human bone marrow (BM), mobilized peripheral blood, and umbilical cord blood (CB) represent the major sources of transplantable HSCs, but their availability for use is limited by both quantity and compatibility. Although increasing evidence suggests that somatic HSCs can be expanded to meet current needs, their in vivo potential is concomitantly compromised after ex vivo culture. Pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) may provide an alternative. hESCs possess indefinite proliferative capacity in vitro, and have been shown to differentiate into the hematopoietic cell fate, giving rise to erythroid, myeloid, and lymphoid lineages using a variety of differentiation procedures. In most cases, hESC-derived hematopoietic cells show similar clonogenic progenitor capacity and primitive phenotype to somatic sources of hematopoietic progenitors, but possess limited in vivo repopulating capacity when transplanted into immunodeficient mice. Although this suggests HSC function can be derived from hESCs, the efficiency and quality of these cells must be characterized using surrogate models for potential clinical applications.
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49
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Saito K, Yoshikawa M, Ouji Y, Moriya K, Nishiofuku M, Ueda S, Hayashi N, Ishizaka S, Fukui H. Promoted differentiation of cynomolgus monkey ES cells into hepatocyte-like cells by co-culture with mouse fetal liver-derived cells. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:6818-27. [PMID: 17106931 PMCID: PMC4087437 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i42.6818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore whether a co-culture of cynomolgus monkey embryonic stem (cES) cells with embryonic liver cells could promote their differentiation into hepatocytes.
METHODS: Mouse fetal liver-derived cells (MFLCs) were prepared as adherent cells from mouse embryos on embryonic d (ED) 14, after which undifferentiated cES cells were co-cultured with MFLCs. The induction of cES cells along a hepatic lineage was examined in MFLC-assisted differentiation, spontaneous differentiation, and growth factors (GF) and chemicals-induced differentiations (GF-induced differentiation) using retinoic acid, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), FGF2, FGF4, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), oncostatin M (OSM), and dexamethasone.
RESULTS: The mRNA expression of α-fetoprotein, albumin (ALB), α-1-antitrypsin, and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α was observed earlier in the differentiating cES cells co-cultured with MFLCs, as compared to cES cells undergoing spontaneous differentiation and those subjected to GF-induced differentiation. The expression of cytochrome P450 7a1, a possible marker for embryonic endoderm-derived mature hepatocytes, was only observed in cES cells that had differentiated in a co-culture with MFLCs. Further, the disappearance of Oct3/4, a representative marker of an undifferentiated state, was noted in cells co-cultured with MFLCs, but not in those undergoing spontaneous or GF-induced differentiation. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed an increased ratio of ALB-immunopositive cells among cES cells co-cultured with MFLCs, while glycogen storage and urea synthesis were also demonstrated.
CONCLUSION: MFLCs showed an ability to induce cES cells to differentiate toward hepatocytes. The co-culture system with MFLCs is a useful method for induction of hepatocyte-like cells from undifferentiated cES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
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Cameron CM, Hu WS, Kaufman DS. Improved development of human embryonic stem cell-derived embryoid bodies by stirred vessel cultivation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 94:938-48. [PMID: 16547998 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) represent an important resource for novel cell-based regenerative medical therapies. hESCs are known to differentiate into mature cells of defined lineages through the formation of embryoid bodies (EBs) which are amenable to suspension culture for several weeks. However, EBs derived from hESCs in standard static cultures are typically non-homogeneous, leading to inefficient cellular development. Here, we systematically compare the formation, growth, and differentiation capabilities of hESC-derived EBs in stirred and static suspension cultures. A 15-fold expansion in total number of EB-derived cells cultured for 21 days in a stirred flask was observed, compared to a fourfold expansion in static (non-stirred) cultures. Additionally, stirred vessel mediated cultures have a more homogeneous EB morphology and size. Importantly, the EBs cultivated in spinner flasks retained comparable ability to produce hematopoietic progenitor cells as those grown in static culture. These results demonstrate the decoupling between EB cultivation method and EB-derived cells' ability to form hematopoietic progenitors, and will allow for improved production of scalable quantities of hematopoietic cells or other differentiated cell lineages from hESCs in a controlled environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Cameron
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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