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Hashim AR, Bashir DW, Rashad E, Galal MK, Rashad MM, Khalil HMA, Deraz NM, S M EG. Neuroprotective Assessment of Betaine against Copper Oxide Nanoparticle-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Brains of Albino Rats: A Histopathological, Neurochemical, and Molecular Investigation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1684-1701. [PMID: 38564598 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) are commonly used metal oxides. Betaine possesses antioxidant and neuroprotective activities. The current study aimed to investigate the neurotoxic effect of CuO-NPs on rats and the capability of betaine to mitigate neurotoxicity. Forty rats; 4 groups: group I a control, group II intraperitoneally CuO-NPs (0.5 mg/kg/day), group III orally betaine (250 mg/kg/day) and CuO-NPs, group IV orally betaine for 28 days. Rats were subjected to neurobehavioral assessments. Brain samples were processed for biochemical, molecular, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analyses. Behavioral performance of betaine demonstrated increasing locomotion and cognitive abilities. Group II exhibited significantly elevated malondialdehyde (MDA), overexpression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Significant decrease in glutathione (GSH), and downregulation of acetylcholine esterase (AChE), nuclear factor erythroid 2-like protein 2 (Nrf-2), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Histopathological alterations; neuronal degeneration, pericellular spaces, and neuropillar vacuolation. Immunohistochemically, an intense immunoreactivity is observed against IL-1β and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Betaine partially neuroprotected against CuO-NPs associated alterations. A significant decrease at MDA, downregulation of IL-1β, and TNF-α, a significant increase at GSH, and upregulation of AChE, Nrf-2, and SOD. Histopathological alterations partially ameliorated. Immunohistochemical intensity of IL-1β and GFAP reduced. It is concluded that betaine neuroprotected against most of CuO-NP neurotoxic effects through antioxidant and cell redox system stimulating efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa R Hashim
- Cytology and Histology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Dina W Bashir
- Cytology and Histology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Eman Rashad
- Cytology and Histology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Mona K Galal
- Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Maha M Rashad
- Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Heba M A Khalil
- Veterinary Hygiene and Management Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Nasrallah M Deraz
- Physical Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - El-Gharbawy S M
- Cytology and Histology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
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Barham M, Streppel M, Guntinas-Lichius O, Fulgham-Scott N, Vogt J, Neiss WF. Treatment With Nimodipine or FK506 After Facial Nerve Repair Neither Improves Accuracy of Reinnervation Nor Recovery of Mimetic Function in Rats. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:895076. [PMID: 35645727 PMCID: PMC9136327 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.895076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nimodipine and FK506 (Tacrolimus) are drugs that have been reported to accelerate peripheral nerve regeneration. We therefore tested these substances aiming to improve the final functional outcome of motoric reinnervation after facial nerve injury. Methods In 18 female rats, the transected facial nerve was repaired by an artificial nerve conduit. The rats were then treated with either placebo, nimodipine, or FK506, for 56 days. Facial motoneurons were pre-operatively double-labeled by Fluoro-Gold and again 56 days post-operation by Fast-Blue to measure the cytological accuracy of reinnervation. The whisking motion of the vibrissae was analyzed to assess the quality of functional recovery. Results On the non-operated side, 93–97% of those facial nerve motoneurons innervating the vibrissae were double-labeled. On the operated side, double-labeling only amounted to 38% (placebo), 40% (nimodipine), and 39% (FK506), indicating severe misdirection of reinnervation. Regardless of post-operative drug or placebo therapy, the whisking frequency reached 83–100% of the normal value (6.0 Hz), but whisking amplitude was reduced to 33–48% while whisking velocity reached 39–66% of the normal values. Compared to placebo, statistically neither nimodipine nor FK506 improved accuracy of reinnervation and function recovery. Conclusion Despite previous, positive data on the speed and quantity of axonal regeneration, nimodipine and FK506 do not improve the final functional outcome of motoric reinnervation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Barham
- Department II of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mohammed Barham,
| | - Michael Streppel
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat-Department (ENT), PAN-Clinic at Neumarkt, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Nicole Fulgham-Scott
- Department I of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Vogt
- Department II of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfram F. Neiss
- Department I of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Ersoy A, Tanoglu C, Yazici GN, Coban TA, Mammadov R, Suleyman H. The Effect of Anakinra on Acrylamide-induced Peripheral Neuropathy and Neuropathic Pain in Rats. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e21010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Bin-Jumah M, Abdel-Fattah AFM, Saied EM, El-Seedi HR, Abdel-Daim MM. Acrylamide-induced peripheral neuropathy: manifestations, mechanisms, and potential treatment modalities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:13031-13046. [PMID: 33484463 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide is a chemical monomer; its polymer compounds are used in the manufacture of plastic, papers, adhesive tapes, dyes, and food packaging. Lately, scientists found that cooking (mainly roasting, baking, and frying) yields acrylamide. In addition to fried/baked potatoes, coffee and bakery products still contain substantial amounts of acrylamide. Acrylamide has toxic effects on different body systems include genitourinary, reproductive, nervous system, along with being a carcinogenic substance. The neurotoxicity of acrylamide includes central and peripheral neuropathy. In humans, the clinical manifestations include sensory or motor peripheral neuropathy, drowsiness, or cerebellar ataxia. Likewise, it presents with skeletal muscle weakness, hindlimb dysfunction, ataxia, and weight loss in animals. The suggested mechanisms for acrylamide neurotoxicity include direct inhibition of neurotransmission, cellular changes, inhibition of key cellular enzymes, and bonding of kinesin-based fast axonal transport. Moreover, it is suggested that acrylamide's molecular effect on SNARE core kinetics is carried out through the adduction of NSF and/or SNARE proteins. Lately, scientists showed disruption of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) cell signaling pathways in human differentiating neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, exposed to acrylamide. Different treatment modalities have been revealed to shield against or hasten recovery from acrylamide-induced neuropathy in preclinical studies, including phytochemical, biological, and vitamin-based compounds. Still, additional studies are needed to elucidate the pathogenesis and to identify the best treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Bin-Jumah
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Essa M Saied
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Hesham R El-Seedi
- Pharmacognosy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, BMC, Uppsala University, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, 32511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Daneri-Becerra C, Patiño-Gaillez MG, Galigniana MD. Proof that the high molecular weight immunophilin FKBP52 mediates the in vivo neuroregenerative effect of the macrolide FK506. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 182:114204. [PMID: 32828804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The immunosuppressant drug FK506 (or tacrolimus) is a macrolide that binds selectively to immunophilins belonging to the FK506-binding protein (FKBP) subfamily, which are abundantly expressed proteins in neurons of the peripheral and central nervous systems. Interestingly, it has been reported that FK506 increases neurite outgrowth in cell cultures, implying a potential impact in putative treatments of neurodegenerative disorders and injuries of the nervous system. Nonetheless, the mechanism of action of this compound is poorly understood and remains to be elucidated, with the only certainty that its neurotrophic effect is independent of its primary immunosuppressant activity. In this study it is demonstrated that FK506 shows efficient neurotrophic action in vitro and profound effects on the recovery of locomotor activity, behavioural features, and erectile function of mice that underwent surgical spinal cord injury. The recovery of the locomotor activity was studied in knock-out mice for either immunophilin, FKBP51 or FKBP52. The experimental evidence demonstrates that the neurotrophic actions of FK506 are the consequence of its binding to FKBP52, whereas FK506 interaction with the close-related partner immunophilin FKBP51 antagonises the function of FKBP52. Importantly, our study also demonstrates that other immunophilins do not replace FKBP52. It is concluded that the final biological response is the resulting outcome of the drug binding to both immunophilins, FKBP51 and FKBP52, the latter being the one that commands the dominant neurotrophic action in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mario D Galigniana
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME)/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Galal MK, Elleithy EMM, Abdrabou MI, Yasin NAE, Shaheen YM. Modulation of caspase-3 gene expression and protective effects of garlic and spirulina against CNS neurotoxicity induced by lead exposure in male rats. Neurotoxicology 2019; 72:15-28. [PMID: 30703413 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous environmental and industrial pollutant with worldwide health problems. The present study was designed to investigate the neurotoxic effects of Pb in albino rats and to evaluate the ameliorative role of garlic as well as Spirulina maxima against such toxic effects. Forty adult male rats were used in this investigation (10 rats/group). Group I: served as control, Group II: rats received lead acetate (100 mg/kg), Group III: rats received both lead acetate (100 mg/kg) and garlic (600 mg/kg) and Group IV: rats received both lead acetate (100 mg/kg) and spirulina (500 mg/kg) daily by oral gavage for one month. Exposure to Pb acetate adversely affected the measured acetyl cholinesterase enzyme activity, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation parameters as well as caspase-3 gene expression in brain tissue (cerebrum and cerebellum). Light and electron microscopical examination of the cerebrum and cerebellum showed various lesions after exposure to Pb which were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. On the other hand, administration of garlic and spirulina concomitantly with lead acetate ameliorated most of the undesirable effects. It could be concluded that, the adverse effects induced by lead acetate, were markedly ameliorated by co-treatment with S. maxima more than garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona K Galal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ebtihal M M Elleithy
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed I Abdrabou
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Noha A E Yasin
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Youssef M Shaheen
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Wang S, Li X, Li M, Jiang L, Yuan H, Han W, Wang X, Zeng T, Xie K. Cystamine attenuated behavioral deficiency via increasing the expression of BDNF and activating PI3K/Akt signaling in 2,5-hexanedione intoxicated rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 6:199-204. [PMID: 30090490 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00409a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic solvent-induced neurodegeneration is a severe public health problem which has no effective prevention measures yet. Cystamine stands as a promising neuroprotective agent against many degenerative diseases. In the present study, we investigated the possible protective effects of cystamine against 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) induced peripheral neuropathy. Chronic exposure to 2,5-HD (300 mg kg-1, 6 times per week for 6 weeks) resulted in obvious peripheral nerve damage shown as the elevation of gait scores and the increase of latency in an accelerating rota-rod test. Cystamine (30 mg kg-1 and 60 mg kg-1) co-treatment obviously ameliorated 2,5-HD-induced impairments of the peripheral nervous system. To decipher the underlying mechanisms, we investigated the effects of cystamine on the regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and heat shock protein-70 (Hsp70) expression and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The results revealed that cystamine up-regulated the protein levels of BDNF and Hsp70, accompanied by the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in the spinal cord, which might account for the protection of cystamine against 2,5-HD-induced neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Institute of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong 250012 , China . ; Tel: +86-531-88382132
| | - Xianjie Li
- Institute of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong 250012 , China . ; Tel: +86-531-88382132
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong 250012 , China . ; Tel: +86-531-88382132
| | - Lulu Jiang
- Institute of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong 250012 , China . ; Tel: +86-531-88382132
| | - Hua Yuan
- The People's Hospital of Shouguang , Weifang , Shandong 262700 , China
| | - Wenting Han
- Institute of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong 250012 , China . ; Tel: +86-531-88382132
| | - Xujing Wang
- Institute of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong 250012 , China . ; Tel: +86-531-88382132
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong 250012 , China . ; Tel: +86-531-88382132
| | - Keqin Xie
- Institute of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong 250012 , China . ; Tel: +86-531-88382132
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El-Mehi AE, El-Sherif NM. Influence of acrylamide on the gastric mucosa of adult albino rats and the possible protective role of rosemary. Tissue Cell 2015; 47:273-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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The possible protective role of ginseng on the sciatic nerve neuropathy induced experimentally by acrylamide in adult male albino rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1097/01.ehx.0000446580.88948.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Histological study on the possible protective action of ginseng on the injurious effect induced by acrylamide on the midbrain in adult male albino rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1097/01.ehx.0000446587.04196.3b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Hsp90-binding immunophilins as a potential new platform for drug treatment. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:591-607. [PMID: 23573975 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunophilins are proteins that contain a PPIase domain as a family signature. Low-molecular-weight immunophilins were first described associated to immunosuppressive action and protein folding. Recent studies of other members of the family have led to the identification of their participation in basic processes such as protein-protein interactions, signal transduction cascades, cell differentiation, cell cycle progression, metabolic activity, apoptosis mechanisms, microorganisms infection, cancer, neurotrophism and neuroprotection, among several other physiological and pathophysiological processes. Due to all these emerging features, the development of specific ligands for immunophilins appears to have promising perspectives, in particular in the fields of cancer biology and neuroregeneration fields. We review the emerging role of immunophilins in protein transport, transcription regulation, malignancies development and neurotrophic action, in addition to a number of biological properties that transform these proteins in potential targets for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Vanitha S, Thiagarajan VRK, Muthuraman A, Krishnan S, Aruna A, Tharabai R. Pharmacological evaluation of methanolic leaf extract of Swietenia mahagoni on acrylamide-induced neuropathic pain in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 31:1185-94. [PMID: 23719848 DOI: 10.1177/0748233713491808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the antinociceptive effects of methanolic leaf extract of Swietenia mahagoni (MESM) on acrylamide-induced painful neuropathy in rats. The intraperitoneal administration of acrylamide (30 mg/kg; for 24 consecutive days) has been employed for the induction of painful neuropathy. Acrylamide induced nociceptive pain sensitive changes, which have been assessed by hot plate, Von Frey Hair, and tail immersion tests at different time intervals, that is, 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24th day. Furthermore, the biochemical changes, that is, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, reduced glutathione, and total calcium levels have been estimated in sciatic nerve tissue on 24th day and histopathological changes have been observed in sciatic nerve tissue sample. MESM and pregabalin have been administered for 14 consecutive days before 1 h of the each acrylamide injection. Administration of acrylamide resulted in significant changes in behavioral and biochemical parameters. Pretreatment of MESM ameliorated acrylamide-induced behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological changes in a dose-dependent manner, which is similar to that of pregabalin-pretreated group. These findings suggested that the neuroprotective effect of S. mahagoni may be due to its potential of antioxidative, calcium channel modulatory, and neuroprotective action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subburaj Vanitha
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Madurai Medical College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Arunachalam Muthuraman
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | | | - Ajithadas Aruna
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Madurai Medical College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Tharabai
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Madurai Medical College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ameliorating effect of fish oil on acrylamide induced oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis in cerebral cortex. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1859-67. [PMID: 22648048 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0794-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide (ACR) is a known industrial toxic chemical that produce neurotoxicity characterized by progressive neuronal degeneration. This study was designed to investigate the protective effect of fish oil on ACR-induced neuronal damage in Wistar rats. ACR enhances the production of reactive oxygen species and potentially affects brain. ACR administered rats showed increased levels of lipid peroxidative product, protein carbonyl content, hydroxyl radical and hydroperoxide which were significantly modulated by the supplementation of fish oil. The activities of enzymic antioxidants and levels of reduced glutathione were markedly lowered in ACR-induced rats; fish oil treatment augmented these antioxidant levels in cortex. Free radicals generated during ACR administration reduced the activities of membrane adenosine triphosphatases and acetylcholine esterase. Fish oil enhanced the activities of these enzymes near normal level. Histological observation represented the protective role of fish oil in ACR-induced neuronal damage. Fish oil reduced the ACR-induced apoptosis through the modulation in expressions of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2)-associated X protein and Bcl2-associated death promoter. Further, fish oil increases the expression of heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) in ACR-induced rats. This study provides evidence for the neuroprotective effect of fish oil on ACR-induced neurotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis with modulation in the expression of Hsp27.
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Schaumburg HH, Zotova E, Raine CS, Tar M, Arezzo J. The rat caudal nerves: a model for experimental neuropathies. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2010; 15:128-39. [PMID: 20626776 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2010.00262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study provides a detailed investigation of the anatomy of the rat caudal nerve along its entire length, as well as correlated nerve conduction measures in both large and small diameter axons. It determines that rodent caudal nerves provide a simple, sensitive experimental model for evaluation of the pathophysiology of degeneration, recovery, and prevention of length-dependent distal axonopathy. After first defining the normal anatomy and electrophysiology of the rat caudal nerves, acrylamide monomer, a reliable axonal toxin, was administered at different doses for escalating time periods. Serial electrophysiological recordings were obtained, during intoxication, from multiple sites along caudal and distal sciatic nerves. Multiple sections of the caudal and sciatic nerves were examined with light and electron microscopy. The normal distribution of conduction velocities was determined and acrylamide-induced time- and dose-related slowing of velocities at the vulnerable ultraterminal region was documented. Degenerative morphological changes in the distal regions of the caudal nerves appeared well before changes in the distal sciatic nerves. Our study has shown that (1) rat caudal nerves have a complex neural structure that varies along a distal-to-proximal gradient and (2) correlative assessment of both morphology and electrophysiology of rat caudal nerves is easily achieved and provides a highly sensitive index of the onset and progression of the length-dependent distal axonopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert H Schaumburg
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461-1602, USA.
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Brecht S, Waetzig V, Hidding U, Hanisch UK, Walther M, Herdegen T, Neiss WF. FK506 Protects Against Various Immune Responses and Secondary Degeneration Following Cerebral Ischemia. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:1993-2001. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Gill MB, Perez-Polo JR. Bax shuttling after rotenone treatment of neuronal primary cultures: Effects on cell death phenotypes. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:2047-65. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Ip CW, Kroner A, Kohl B, Wessig C, Martini R. Tacrolimus (FK506) causes disease aggravation in models for inherited peripheral myelinopathies. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 33:207-12. [PMID: 19028581 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice hetero- or homozygously deficient for myelin protein zero (P0+/-, P0-/- mice) are models for distinct forms of inherited de- or dysmyelinating neuropathies, respectively. P0+/- mice show a demyelinating neuropathy with a pathogenetic implication of CD8+ T-lymphocytes and macrophages, while P0-/- mice show dysmyelination with axonal loss. It was, therefore, of interest to treat both mutants with FK506 (Tacrolimus), an agent with immunosuppressive and neuroprotective properties. Treatment of P0+/- mice led to an aggravation of demyelination, without affecting nervous CD8+ T-lymphocytes, but reducing splenic CD4+ cells. Treatment of P0-/- mice resulted in a substantial increase of the dysmyelination-related axon loss. Treatment of wildtype mice did not cause pathological changes in peripheral nerves. Our study shows that FK506 may not be suitable for the treatment of the human nerve disorders. Furthermore, when used as an immunosuppressant, the drug may generate detrimental neurological side effects in patients with an additional hereditary neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, Developmental Neurobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
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Guzmán-Lenis MS, Vallejo C, Navarro X, Casas C. Analysis of FK506-mediated protection in an organotypic model of spinal cord damage: heat shock protein 70 levels are modulated in microglial cells. Neuroscience 2008; 155:104-13. [PMID: 18577426 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Revised: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Functional loss after spinal cord injuries is originated by primary and secondary injury phases whose underlying mechanisms include massive release of excitatory amino acids to cytotoxic levels that contribute to neural death. Attenuation of this excitotoxicity is a key point for improving the functional outcome after injury. One of the drugs with potential neuroprotective actions is FK506, a molecule widely used as an immunosuppressant. FK506 may exert neuroprotection via inhibition of calcineurin by binding the FKBP12, or by binding other immunophilins such as FKBP52, leading to modulation of heat shock proteins (Hsp) 90 and 70. In the present study, we used an in vitro model of organotypic culture of rat spinal cord slices to assess whether FK506 is able to protect them against glutamate excitotoxicity. The results showed that FK506 promoted a significant protective effect on the spinal cord tissue at concentrations of 50 and 100 nM. Hsp70 induction was restricted to microglial cells in spinal cord slices treated with either glutamate or FK506. In contrast, the combination of both agents led to a transient reduction in Hsp70 levels in parallel to a marked reduction in IL-1beta precursor production by glial cells. The use of geldanamycin, which promotes persistent induction of Hsp70 in these cells as well as in motoneurons, did not produce tissue neuroprotection. These observations suggest that FK506 might protect spinal cord tissue by targeting on microglial cells and that transient downregulation of Hsp70 on these cells after excitotoxicity is a relevant mechanism of action of FK506.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-S Guzmán-Lenis
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Sumizawa T, Igisu H. Release of heat shock proteins from human neuroblastoma cells exposed to acrylamide. J Toxicol Sci 2008; 33:117-22. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.33.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Sumizawa
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Hideki Igisu
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
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Tavassol F, Starke OF, Völker B, Kokemüller H, Eckardt A. Heat-shock protein expression and topical treatment with tacrolimus in oral lichen planus: an immunohistochemical study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008; 37:66-9. [PMID: 17822876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2007.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Revised: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory mucosal disease of unknown etiology. Usually asymptomatic, the disorder is occasionally complicated by extensive painful erosions. Topical corticosteroids are the mainstay of treatment, but a new topical therapy with tacrolimus has been described previously. The aim of the current study was to examine the expression of heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) in biopsy specimens from 11 OLP lesions before and after topical treatment with tacrolimus. Immunostaining was performed with anti-HSP70 antibody as the primary layer. Clinically, there was a rapid improvement with topical tacrolimus treatment in 10 out of the 11 patients. The moderate increase in HSP70 expression after treatment with tacrolimus was not significant. It was concluded that topical tacrolimus has no effect on the expression of HSP70 in OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tavassol
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hanover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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23
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Neuroprotective and antiretroviral effects of the immunophilin ligand GPI 1046. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2007; 2:49-57. [PMID: 18040826 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-006-9060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection results in a neurodegenerative disorder for which currently there is no effective therapy available. Currently, available antiretroviral therapy has no impact on the production of early regulatory HIV proteins once the virus is integrated. Of these proteins, Tat was shown to be toxic to neurons. We, thus, used an in vitro neuronal culture system to determine if immunophilin ligands could protect against Tat-induced neurotoxicity. We found that GPI 1046 had potent neuroprotective effects in this model. The compound was able to protect the neurons even though it only partially obliterated Tat-induced oxidative stress in neurons, suggesting that other mechanisms may be important in mediating its neuroprotective effect. Furthermore, GPI 1046 showed inhibition of HIV replication and Tat-mediated long terminal repeat (LTR) activation suggesting that this class of compounds may be worthy of further exploration as a potential treatment for HIV dementia.
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Cen X, Nitta A, Ohya S, Zhao Y, Ozawa N, Mouri A, Ibi D, Wang L, Suzuki M, Saito K, Ito Y, Kawagoe T, Noda Y, Ito Y, Furukawa S, Nabeshima T. An analog of a dipeptide-like structure of FK506 increases glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor expression through cAMP response element-binding protein activated by heat shock protein 90/Akt signaling pathway. J Neurosci 2006; 26:3335-44. [PMID: 16554484 PMCID: PMC6674092 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5010-05.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is an important neurotrophic factor that has therapeutic implications for neurodegenerative disorders. We previously showed that leucine-isoleucine (Leu-Ile), an analog of a dipeptide-like structure of FK506 (tacrolimus), induces GDNF expression both in vivo and in vitro. In this investigation, we sought to clarify the cellular mechanisms underlying the GDNF-inducing effect of this dipeptide. Leu-Ile transport was investigated using fluorescein isothiocyanate-Leu-Ile in cultured neurons, and the results showed the transmembrane mobility of this dipeptide. By liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and quartz crystal microbalance assay, we identified heat shock cognate protein 70 as a protein binding specifically to Leu-Ile, and molecular modeling showed that the ATPase domain is the predicted binding site. Leu-Ile stimulated Akt phosphorylation, which was attenuated significantly by heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor geldanamycin (GA). Moreover, enhanced interaction between phosphorylated Akt and Hsp90 was detected by immunoprecipitation. Leu-Ile elicited an increase in cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, which was inhibited by GA, indicating that CREB is a downstream target of Hsp90/Akt signaling. Leu-Ile elevated the levels of GDNF mRNA and protein expression, whereas inhibition of CREB blocked such effects. Leu-Ile promoted the binding activity of phosphorylated CREB with cAMP response element. These findings show that CREB plays a key role in transcriptional regulation of GDNF expression induced by Leu-Ile. In conclusion, Leu-Ile activates Hsp90/Akt/CREB signaling, which contributes to the upregulation of GDNF expression. It may represent a novel lead compound for the treatment of dopaminergic neurons or motoneuron diseases.
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Voda J, Yamaji T, Gold BG. Neuroimmunophilin ligands improve functional recovery and increase axonal growth after spinal cord hemisection in rats. J Neurotrauma 2006; 22:1150-61. [PMID: 16238491 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2005.22.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that FK506 accelerates the rate of nerve regeneration in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and increases regeneration of central nervous system (CNS) axons into a peripheral nerve graft. In the present study, we examined whether FK506 and a nonimmunosuppressive derivative (FK1706) improve functional recovery and long distance regeneration following a hemisection lesion of spinal cord at T10/T11. Rats were given daily subcutaneous injections of either FK506 (2 mg/kg/day), FK1706 (2 mg/kg/day), an equivalent volume of saline or 30% DMSO as vehicle, respectively. Functional recovery was assessed using a modified Tarlov/Klinger scale, walking along progressively narrower wooden beams (7.7-1.7 cm widths), and analysis of footprints obtained during walking. Compared to both control groups, FK506 and FK1706-treated animals demonstrated significant functional recovery 4 days (beam walking), 2 weeks (footprints), and 4 weeks (Tarlov/Klinger scale). By 11 weeks, FK506-treated and FK1706-treated animals were able to walk, albeit poorly, along even the narrowest (1.7 cm) beam. At 11 weeks, the spinal cords were re-exposed and a small piece of gel foam-soaked Fluoro-Gold was placed on the injured side 2-cm caudal to the first injury. Five days later, the animals were perfused and tissues prepared for fluorescence microscopy. FK506-treated and FK1706-treated rats demonstrate a significantly greater number of retrogradely labeled neurons in the red nucleus. The results implicate a nonimmunosuppressant mechanism in FK506's action and suggest that FK506 or a nonimmunosuppressant derivative may be useful for treatment of spinal cord injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Voda
- Center for Research on Occupational & Environmental Toxicology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201-3098, USA
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Ling B, Authier N, Balayssac D, Eschalier A, Coudore F. Assessment of nociception in acrylamide-induced neuropathy in rats. Pain 2005; 119:104-112. [PMID: 16298070 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2005.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Revised: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide was intraperitoneally administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats at four different doses (5, 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg) three times a week for 5 consecutive weeks. Because of motor dysfunction, the 30 mg/kg dose was not used for behavioral pain tests. Clinical status remained good throughout the experiment and no motor deficit was observed at the other doses. We showed that acrylamide administration at low doses and cumulative dose (CD) range of 35-140 mg/kg produced mechanical allodynia and rapid, marked heat (42 degrees C) and cold (10 degrees C) allodynia after tail immersion test. Mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia appeared after higher cumulative doses (70-280 mg/kg), except for cold (4 degrees C) hyperalgesia (20-80 mg/kg). All the modifications persisted throughout all study, except the mechanical hyperalgia. All the cumulative doses tested were lower than those generally reported to induce motor dysfunction (CD>250 mg/kg), confirming that CD may be considered to be a suitable index in assessing neurological signs and suggesting that early detection of acrylamide neurotoxicity would be possible using the sensory tests, especially those for detecting allodynia thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Ling
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, EA 3848, 28 place Henri-Dunant, BP 38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, EA 3848, 28 place Henri-Dunant, BP 38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, CHU Gabriel-Montpied, 30 place Henri-Dunant, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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López-Vales R, García-Alías G, Forés J, Udina E, Gold BG, Navarro X, Verdú E. FK 506 reduces tissue damage and prevents functional deficit after spinal cord injury in the rat. J Neurosci Res 2005; 81:827-36. [PMID: 16041804 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We examined the efficacy of FK 506 in reducing tissue damage after spinal cord injury in comparison to methylprednisolone (MP) treatment. Rats were subjected to a photochemical injury (T8) and were given a bolus of MP (30 mg/kg), FK 506 (2 mg/kg), or saline. An additional group received an initial bolus of FK 506 (2 mg/kg) followed by daily injections (0.2 mg/kg intraperitoneally). Functional recovery was evaluated using open-field walking, inclined plane tests, motor evoked potentials (MEPs), and the H-reflex response during 14 days postoperation (dpo). Tissue sparing and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), biotinylated tomato lectin LEC, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) immunoreactivity were quantified in the injured spinal cord. FK 506-treated animals demonstrated significantly better neurologic outcome, higher MEP amplitudes, and lower H-wave amplitude compared to that of saline-treated rats. In contrast, administration of MP did not result in significant differences with respect to the saline-treated group. Histologic examination revealed that tissue sparing was largest in FK 506-treated compared to saline and MP-treated animals. GFAP and COX-2 reactivity was decreased in animals treated with FK 506 compared to that in animals given MP or saline, whereas IL-1 beta expression was similarly reduced in both FK 506- and MP-treated groups. Microglia/macrophage response was reduced in FK 506 and MP-injected animals at 3 dpo, but only in MP-treated animals at 7 dpo with respect to saline-injected rats. Repeated administrations of FK 506 improved functional and histologic results to a greater degree than did a single bolus of FK 506. The results indicate that FK 506 administration protects the damaged spinal cord and should be considered as potential therapy for treating spinal cord injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubèn López-Vales
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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28
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Franklin TB, Krueger-Naug AM, Clarke DB, Arrigo AP, Currie RW. The role of heat shock proteins Hsp70 and Hsp27 in cellular protection of the central nervous system. Int J Hyperthermia 2005; 21:379-92. [PMID: 16048836 DOI: 10.1080/02656730500069955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are highly conserved and under physiological conditions act as molecular chaperones and/or have anti-apoptotic activities. Expression in the brain of two heat shock proteins, the70 kDa Hsp (Hsp70) and the 27 kDa Hsp (Hsp27), is notable because both proteins are highly inducible in glial cells and neurons following a wide range of noxious stimuli including ischemia, epileptic seizure and hyperthermia. In the central nervous system, constitutive expression of Hsp27 is limited to many (but not all) sensory and motor neurons of the brain stem and spinal cord, while there is little or no constitutive expression of Hsp70. However, inducible expression of both Hsp70 and Hsp27 is present in many areas of the brain and retina and is associated with cellular resistance to a variety of insults. The potential for manipulating the expression levels of Hsps for therapeutic advantage in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke and glaucoma will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Franklin
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This paper examines recent research on toxic neuropathy and potential therapeutic developments. It also summarizes reports of new agents reported to cause peripheral neuropathy. RECENT FINDINGS Gene therapy with vasoactive endothelial growth factor, neurotrophic substances such as nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3 are reported to reverse or protect against neurotoxicity in animal models. The neuroprotective effects of more established therapeutic agents like vitamin E, tacrolimus (FK 506) and erythropoietin hold promise for the immediate future. Cisplatin and high-dose pyridoxine are used more frequently to produce robust models of peripheral neuropathy in animals. Statins do appear to cause peripheral neuropathy. The incidence is low, however, and compared to its benefits in terms of cardiovascular protection, relatively innocuous. The profile of thalidomide neuropathy is becoming clearer as the indications for this drug increases. The incidence of thalidomide neuropathy is high, up to three quarters in some series, and although the information on dose dependency is variable, lower cumulative doses appear to be less toxic. Like thalidomide bortezomib, a novel proteosome inhibitor, is reportedly effective in the treatment of multiple myeloma and is associated with peripheral neuropathy. Oxaliplatin and epothilone are emerging anticancer drugs with neurotoxic potential. Similarly, leflunomide, a new disease modifying-agent approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, is reported to cause neuropathy. SUMMARY The study of toxic neuropathy is not only enhancing our knowledge of the mechanisms of neurotoxicity but also the neurobiology of peripheral neuropathy in general; and is likely to reveal avenues for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirugnanam Umapathi
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore.
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Abstract
Many substances, organic and manufactured, may induce peripheral nerve damage when exposed to them. The expected clinical phenotype is of a distal, sensory or sensorimotor polyneuropathy, often painful, with axonal characteristics on electrodiagnostic and histopathologic analysis. Treatment is limited; often, the only effective management is supportive care and avoidance from or removal of the offending toxin. Fortunately, the majority of toxic neuropathies are self-limited and improves gradually after toxin elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Grogan
- Department of Neurology, Wilford Hall Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78236, USA.
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Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (small HSPs) are molecular chaperones that protect cells against stress by assisting in the correct folding of denatured proteins and thus prevent aggregation of misfolded proteins. Small HSPs also modulate apoptotic pathways by interacting with components of programmed cell death. Furthermore, some small HSPs interact with the cytoskeleton to assist in spatial organization and dynamics of its structural elements. The role of small HSPs has been studied in many disorders, including neurodegenerative disease. Recently, mutations in HSPB1 (HSP27) and HSPB8 (HSP22), two members of the small HSP superfamily, have been associated with inherited peripheral neuropathies. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of small HSPs, in particular HSPB1 and HSPB8, and discuss their role in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Dierick
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
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32
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Abstract
The heat shock proteins are families of proteins with known activities that include chaperoning nascent peptides within the cell and cytoprotection. Most work on the nervous system has related to the role of heat shock proteins in neuroprotection from either hypoxic-ischemic or traumatic injury. The role of these proteins during normal physiological activity and injury is still under investigation. Heat shock proteins in neuromuscular disease have been investigated to some extent but were largely neglected until recently. The goal of this review is to summarize the evidence linking heat shock proteins with neuromuscular disease and to provide some insight into the roles or functions of these proteins in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Nishimura
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 16111 Plummer Street, Sepulveda, California 91343, USA.
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