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Abu-Elfotuh K, Abdel-Sattar SA, Abbas AN, Mahran YF, Alshanwani AR, Hamdan AME, Atwa AM, Reda E, Ahmed YM, Zaghlool SS, El-Din MN. The protective effect of thymoquinone or/and thymol against monosodium glutamate-induced attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-like behavior in rats: Modulation of Nrf2/HO-1, TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3/caspase-1 and Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathways in rat model. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113799. [PMID: 36271575 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Both thymoquinone (TQ) and thymol (T) have been proved to possess a positive impact on human health. In this research, we aimed to investigate the effect of these compounds separately and together on the Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-like behavior induced by monosodium glutamate (MSG) in rats. Forty male, Spargue Dawley rat pups (postnatal day 21), were randomly allocated into five groups: Normal saline (NS), MSG, MSG+TQ, MSG+T, and MSG+TQ+T. MSG (0.4 mg/kg/day), TQ (10 mg/kg/day) and T (30 mg/kg/day) were orally administered for 8 weeks. The behavioral tests proved that rats treated with TQ and/or T showed improved locomotor, attention and cognitive functions compared to the MSG group with more pronounced effect displayed with their combination. All treated groups showed improvement in MSG-induced aberrations in brain levels of GSH, IL-1β, TNF-α, GFAP, glutamate, calcium, dopamine, norepinephrine, Wnt3a, β-Catenin and BDNF. TQ and/or T treatment also enhanced the mRNA expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and Bcl2 while reducing the protein expression of TLR4, NFκB, NLRP3, caspase 1, Bax, AIF and GSK3β as compared to the MSG group. However, the combined therapy showed more significant effects in all measured parameters. All of these findings were further confirmed by the histopathological examinations. Current results concluded that the combined therapy of TQ and T had higher protective effects than their individual supplementations against MSG-induced ADHD-like behavior in rats.
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2
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Menet R, Lecordier S, ElAli A. Wnt Pathway: An Emerging Player in Vascular and Traumatic Mediated Brain Injuries. Front Physiol 2020; 11:565667. [PMID: 33071819 PMCID: PMC7530281 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.565667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt pathway, which comprises the canonical and non-canonical pathways, is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that regulates crucial biological aspects throughout the development and adulthood. Emergence and patterning of the nervous and vascular systems are intimately coordinated, a process in which Wnt pathway plays particularly important roles. In the brain, Wnt ligands activate a cell-specific surface receptor complex to induce intracellular signaling cascades regulating neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, neuronal plasticity, synaptic plasticity, angiogenesis, vascular stabilization, and inflammation. The Wnt pathway is tightly regulated in the adult brain to maintain neurovascular functions. Historically, research in neuroscience has emphasized essentially on investigating the pathway in neurodegenerative disorders. Nonetheless, emerging findings have demonstrated that the pathway is deregulated in vascular- and traumatic-mediated brain injuries. These findings are suggesting that the pathway constitutes a promising target for the development of novel therapeutic protective and restorative interventions. Yet, targeting a complex multifunctional signal transduction pathway remains a major challenge. The review aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding the implication of Wnt pathway in the pathobiology of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, as well as traumatic brain injury (TBI). Furthermore, the review will present the strategies used so far to manipulate the pathway for therapeutic purposes as to highlight potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Menet
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah Lecordier
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Ayman ElAli
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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3
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Fei YX, Zhu JP, Zhao B, Yin QY, Fang WR, Li YM. XQ-1H regulates Wnt/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway and ameliorates the integrity of blood brain barrier in mice with acute ischemic stroke. Brain Res Bull 2020; 164:269-288. [PMID: 32916221 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
10-O-(N, N-dimethylaminoethyl) ginkgolide B methanesulfonate (XQ-1H), a novel analog of ginkgolide B, has been preliminarily recognized to show bioactivities against ischemia-induced injury. However, the underlying mechanism still remains to be fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of XQ-1H against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI) from the perspective of blood brain barrier (BBB) protection, and explore whether the underlying mechanism is associated with Wnt/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway activation. The therapeutic effects of XQ-1H were evaluated in mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) and in immortalized mouse cerebral endothelial cells (bEnd.3) challenged by oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). Results showed that treatment with XQ-1H improved neurological behavior, reduced brain infarction volume, diminished edema, and attenuated the disruption of BBB in vivo. In vitro, XQ-1H increased cell viability and maintained the barrier function of bEnd.3 monolayer after OGD/R. Moreover, the protection of XQ-1H was accompanied with activation of Wnt/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway and upregulation of tight junction proteins. Notably, the protection of XQ-1H was abolished by Wnt/GSK3β/β-catenin inhibitor XAV939 or β-catenin siRNA, indicating XQ-1H exerted protection in a Wnt/GSK3β/β-catenin dependent profile. In summary, XQ-1H attenuated brain injury and maintained BBB integrity after CIRI, and the possible underlying mechanism may be related to the activation of Wnt/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway and upregulation of tight junction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xiang Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Bo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Qi-Yang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wei-Rong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Yun-Man Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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4
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Dohare P, Kidwai A, Kaur J, Singla P, Krishna S, Klebe D, Zhang X, Hevner R, Ballabh P. GSK3β Inhibition Restores Impaired Neurogenesis in Preterm Neonates With Intraventricular Hemorrhage. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:3482-3495. [PMID: 30192926 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a common complication of prematurity in infants born at 23-28 weeks of gestation. Survivors exhibit impaired growth of the cerebral cortex and neurodevelopmental sequeale, but the underlying mechanism(s) are obscure. Previously, we have shown that neocortical neurogenesis continues until at least 28 gestational weeks. This renders the prematurely born infants vulnerable to impaired neurogenesis. Here, we hypothesized that neurogenesis is impaired by IVH, and that signaling through GSK3β, a critical intracellular kinase regulated by Wnt and other pathways, mediates this effect. These hypotheses were tested observationally in autopsy specimens from premature infants, and experimentally in a premature rabbit IVH model. Significantly, in premature infants with IVH, the number of neurogenic cortical progenitor cells was reduced compared with infants without IVH, indicating acutely decreased neurogenesis. This finding was corroborated in the rabbit IVH model, which further demonstrated reduction of upper layer cortical neurons after longer survival. Both the acute reduction of neurogenic progenitors, and the subsequent decrease of upper layer neurons, were rescued by treatment with AR-A014418, a specific inhibitor of GSK3β. Together, these results indicate that IVH impairs late stages of cortical neurogenesis, and suggest that treatment with GSK3β inhibitors may enhance neurodevelopment in premature infants with IVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Dohare
- Department of Pediatrics.,Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert Hevner
- Department of Pathology, 9500 Gilman Dr, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Praveen Ballabh
- Department of Pediatrics.,Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience.,Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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5
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Jaworski T. Control of neuronal excitability by GSK-3beta: Epilepsy and beyond. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118745. [PMID: 32450268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK-3β) is an enzyme with a variety of cellular functions in addition to the regulation of glycogen metabolism. In the central nervous system, different intracellular signaling pathways converge on GSK-3β through a cascade of phosphorylation events that ultimately control a broad range of neuronal functions in the development and adulthood. In mice, genetically removing or increasing GSK-3β cause distinct functional and structural neuronal phenotypes and consequently affect cognition. Precise control of GSK-3β activity is important for such processes as neuronal migration, development of neuronal morphology, synaptic plasticity, excitability, and gene expression. Altered GSK-3β activity contributes to aberrant plasticity within neuronal circuits leading to neurological, psychiatric disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. Therapeutically targeting GSK-3β can restore the aberrant plasticity of neuronal networks at least in animal models of these diseases. Although the complete repertoire of GSK-3β neuronal substrates has not been defined, emerging evidence shows that different ion channels and their accessory proteins controlling excitability, neurotransmitter release, and synaptic transmission are regulated by GSK-3β, thereby supporting mechanisms of synaptic plasticity in cognition. Dysregulation of ion channel function by defective GSK-3β activity sustains abnormal excitability in the development of epilepsy and other GSK-3β-linked human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Jaworski
- Laboratory of Animal Models, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
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6
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Su C, Zhao N, Zou J, Yan X. TDZD-8 alleviates delayed neurological sequelae following acute carbon monoxide poisoning involving tau protein phosphorylation. Inhal Toxicol 2020; 32:79-85. [PMID: 32188325 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1741739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Acute carbon monoxide (CO)poisoning can cause delayed neurological sequelae (DNS). Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) /Tau protein pathway is reported to play a key role in neurological abnormalities. In the present study, we aimed to determine the role of GSK-3β/Tau in DNS following acute CO poisoning.Methods: 4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione (TDZD-8), a specific non-competitive inhibitor of GSK-3β, was used to inhibit GSK-3β. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the three groups: Control group, CO group and CO-TDZD-8 group. Rats breathed 1000 ppm CO for 40 minutes and then 3000 ppm for up to 20 minutes until they lost consciousness. TDZD-8 (1 mg/kg) was administered intravenously three times after the end of CO exposure at 0, 24, 48 hours late. Learning and memory abilities were observed using the Morris Water Maze (MWM). Brain histological changes were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Moreover, the expression levels of Tau and GSK-3β were detected after acute carbon monoxide poisoning.Results: TDZD-8 significantly attenuated the learning and memory dysfunction induced by acute CO poisoning, ameliorated the histology structure of damaged neural cells in cortex and hippocampus CA1 area. TDZD-8 clearly decreased p-Tau expression, reversed the reduction of p-GSK-3β induced by acute CO poisoning.Conclusions: The therapeutic effect of TDZD-8 in alleviating DNS caused by acute CO poisoning is related to the inactivation of Tau by intensifying the level of GSK-3β phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglei Su
- Department of Emergency Medicine Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ningjun Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianjiao Zou
- Department of Emergency Medicine Center, Lanling Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Xianliang Yan
- Department of Emergency Medicine Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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7
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Feng H, Hu L, Zhu H, Tao L, Wu L, Zhao Q, Gao Y, Gong Q, Mao F, Li X, Zhou H, Li J, Zhang H. Repurposing antimycotic ciclopirox olamine as a promising anti-ischemic stroke agent. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:434-446. [PMID: 32140390 PMCID: PMC7049605 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a severe disorder resulting from acute cerebral thrombosis. Here we demonstrated that post-ischemic treatment with ciclopirox olamine (CPX), a potent antifungal clinical drug, alleviated brain infarction, neurological deficits and brain edema in a classic rat model of ischemic stroke. Single dose post-ischemic administration of CPX provided a long-lasting neuroprotective effect, which can be further enhanced by multiple doses administration of CPX. CPX also effectively reversed ischemia-induced neuronal loss, glial activation as well as blood–brain barrier (BBB) damage. Employing quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis, 130 phosphosites in 122 proteins were identified to be significantly regulated by CPX treatment in oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)-exposed SH-SY5Y cells, which revealed that phosphokinases and cell cycle-related phosphoproteins were largely influenced. Subsequently, we demonstrated that CPX markedly enhanced the AKT (protein kinase B, PKB/AKT) and GSK3β (glycogen synthase kinase 3β) phosphorylation in OGD-exposed SH-SY5Y cells, and regulated the cell cycle progression and nitric oxide (NO) release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV-2 cells, which may contribute to its ameliorative effects against ischemia-associated neuronal death and microglial inflammation. Our study suggests that CPX could be a promising compound to reduce multiple ischemic injuries; however, further studies will be needed to clarify the molecular mechanisms involved.
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8
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Involvement of PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway in the antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effects of Morus nigra and its major phenolic, syringic acid. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 314:108843. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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9
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Dietz RM, Cruz-Torres I, Orfila JE, Patsos OP, Shimizu K, Chalmers N, Deng G, Tiemeier E, Quillinan N, Herson PS. Reversal of Global Ischemia-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction by Delayed Inhibition of TRPM2 Ion Channels. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 11:254-266. [PMID: 31250378 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00712-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal injury and cognitive impairments are common after cardiac arrest and stroke and do not have an effective intervention despite much effort. Therefore, we developed a new approach aimed at reversing synaptic dysfunction by targeting TRPM2 channels. Cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR) in mice was used to investigate cognitive deficits and the role of the calcium-permeable ion channel transient receptor potential-M2 (TRPM2) in ischemia-induced synaptic dysfunction. Our data indicates that absence (TRPM2-/-) or acute inhibition of TRPM2 channels with tatM2NX reduced hippocampal cell death in males only, but prevented synaptic plasticity deficits in both sexes. Remarkably, administration of tatM2NX weeks after injury reversed hippocampal plasticity and memory deficits. Finally, TRPM2-dependent activation of calcineurin-GSK3β pathway contributes to synaptic plasticity impairments. These data suggest persistent TRPM2 activity following ischemia contributes to impairments of the surviving hippocampal network and that inhibition of TRPM2 channels at chronic time points may represent a novel strategy to improve functional recovery following cerebral ischemia that is independent of neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Dietz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ivelisse Cruz-Torres
- Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James E Orfila
- Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Olivia P Patsos
- Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kaori Shimizu
- Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nicholas Chalmers
- Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Guiying Deng
- Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Erika Tiemeier
- Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nidia Quillinan
- Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Paco S Herson
- Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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10
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GSK-3 β at the Intersection of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurodegeneration. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:4209475. [PMID: 31191636 PMCID: PMC6525914 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4209475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In neurons, Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β (GSK-3β) has been shown to regulate various critical processes underlying structural and functional synaptic plasticity. Mouse models with neuron-selective expression or deletion of GSK-3β present behavioral and cognitive abnormalities, positioning this protein kinase as a key signaling molecule in normal brain functioning. Furthermore, mouse models with defective GSK-3β activity display distinct structural and behavioral abnormalities, which model some aspects of different neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Equalizing GSK-3β activity in these mouse models by genetic or pharmacological interventions is able to rescue some of these abnormalities. Thus, GSK-3β is a relevant therapeutic target for the treatment of many brain disorders. Here, we provide an overview of how GSK-3β is regulated in physiological synaptic plasticity and how aberrant GSK-3β activity contributes to the development of dysfunctional synaptic plasticity in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
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11
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Chen H, Chen X, Luo Y, Shen J. Potential molecular targets of peroxynitrite in mediating blood–brain barrier damage and haemorrhagic transformation in acute ischaemic stroke with delayed tissue plasminogen activator treatment. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:1220-1239. [PMID: 30468092 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1521519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, PR China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Core Facility, the People’s Hospital of Bao-an Shenzhen, Shenzhen, PR China
- The 8th People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, the Affiliated Bao-an Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yunhao Luo
- School of Chinese Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, PR China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
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12
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Engel T, Gómez-Sintes R, Alves M, Jimenez-Mateos EM, Fernández-Nogales M, Sanz-Rodriguez A, Morgan J, Beamer E, Rodríguez-Matellán A, Dunleavy M, Sano T, Avila J, Medina M, Hernandez F, Lucas JJ, Henshall DC. Bi-directional genetic modulation of GSK-3β exacerbates hippocampal neuropathology in experimental status epilepticus. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:969. [PMID: 30237424 PMCID: PMC6147910 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0963-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is ubiquitously expressed throughout the brain and involved in vital molecular pathways such as cell survival and synaptic reorganization and has emerged as a potential drug target for brain diseases. A causal role for GSK-3, in particular the brain-enriched GSK-3β isoform, has been demonstrated in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s, and in psychiatric diseases. Recent studies have also linked GSK-3 dysregulation to neuropathological outcomes in epilepsy. To date, however, there has been no genetic evidence for the involvement of GSK-3 in seizure-induced pathology. Status epilepticus (prolonged, damaging seizure) was induced via a microinjection of kainic acid into the amygdala of mice. Studies were conducted using two transgenic mouse lines: a neuron-specific GSK-3β overexpression and a neuron-specific dominant-negative GSK-3β (GSK-3β-DN) expression in order to determine the effects of increased or decreased GSK-3β activity, respectively, on seizures and attendant pathological changes in the hippocampus. GSK-3 inhibitors were also employed to support the genetic approach. Status epilepticus resulted in a spatiotemporal regulation of GSK-3 expression and activity in the hippocampus, with decreased GSK-3 activity evident in non-damaged hippocampal areas. Consistent with this, overexpression of GSK-3β exacerbated status epilepticus-induced neurodegeneration in mice. Surprisingly, decreasing GSK-3 activity, either via overexpression of GSK-3β-DN or through the use of specific GSK-3 inhibitors, also exacerbated hippocampal damage and increased seizure severity during status epilepticus. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the brain has limited tolerance for modulation of GSK-3 activity in the setting of epileptic brain injury. These findings caution against targeting GSK-3 as a treatment strategy for epilepsy or other neurologic disorders where neuronal hyperexcitability is an underlying pathomechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Raquel Gómez-Sintes
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariana Alves
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eva M Jimenez-Mateos
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Marta Fernández-Nogales
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaya Sanz-Rodriguez
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - James Morgan
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Edward Beamer
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Alberto Rodríguez-Matellán
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark Dunleavy
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Takanori Sano
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jesus Avila
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Medina
- CIEN Foundation-Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center and CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felix Hernandez
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - José J Lucas
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.,FutureNeuro Research Centre, Dublin 2, Ireland
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13
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Chen C, Zhou F, Zeng L, Jiang Z, Hu Z. Methylene blue offers neuroprotection after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats through the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:5304-5318. [PMID: 30216439 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and apoptosis are two key factors contributing to secondary brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). In the present study, we explored the neuroprotective role of methylene blue (MB) in ICH rats and studied the potential mechanisms involved. Rats were subjected to local injection of collagenase IV in the striatum or sham surgery. We observed that MB treatment could exert a neuroprotective effect on ICH by promoting neurological scores, decreasing the brain water content, alleviating brain-blood barrier disruption, and improving the histological damages in the perihematomal areas. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the various mechanisms underlying MB's neuroprotective effects linked to inhibited apoptosis and inhibited neuroinflammation. In addition, wortmannin, a selective inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), could reverse the antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects of MB, which suggested that the PI3K-Akt pathway played an important role. In conclusion, these data suggested that MB could inhibit apoptosis and ameliorate neuroinflammation after ICH, and its neuroprotective effects might be exerted via the activation of the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liuwang Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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14
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Intranasal wnt3a Attenuates Neuronal Apoptosis through Frz1/PIWIL1a/FOXM1 Pathway in MCAO Rats. J Neurosci 2018; 38:6787-6801. [PMID: 29954850 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2352-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
After ischemic stroke, apoptosis of neurons is a primary factor in determining outcome. Wnt3a is a naturally occurring protein that has been shown to have protective effects in the brain for traumatic brain injury. Although wnt3a has been investigated in the phenomena of neurogenesis, anti-apoptosis, and anti-inflammation, it has never been investigated as a therapy for stroke. We hypothesized that the potential neuroprotective agent wnt3a would reduce infarction and improve behavior following ischemic stroke by attenuating neuronal apoptosis and promoting cell survival through the Frizzled-1/PIWI1a/FOXM1 pathway in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats. A total of 229 Sprague Dawley rats were assigned to male, female, and 9-month-old male MCAO or sham groups followed by reperfusion 2 h after MCAO. Animals assigned to MCAO were either given wnt3a or its control. To explore the downstream signaling of wnt3a, the following interventions were given: Frizzled-1 siRNA, PIWI1a siRNA, and PIWI1a-clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, along with the appropriate controls. Post-MCAO assessments included neurobehavioral tests, infarct volume, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Endogenous levels of wnt3a and Frizzled-1/PIWI1a/FOXM1 were lowered after MCAO. The administration of intranasal wnt3a, 1 h after MCAO, increased PIWIL1a and FOXM1 expression through Frizzled-1, reducing brain infarction and neurological deficits at 24 and 72 h. Frizzled-1 and PIWI1a siRNAs reversed the protective effects of wnt3a after MCAO. Restoration of PIWI1a after knockdown of Frizzled-1 increased FOXM1 survival protein and reduced cleaved caspase-3 levels. In summary, wnt3a decreases neuronal apoptosis and improves neurological deficits through Frizzled-1/PIWI1a/FOXM1 pathway after MCAO in rats. Therefore, wnt3a is a novel intranasal approach to decrease apoptosis after stroke.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Only 5% of patients receive recombinant tissue plasminogen activator after stroke, and few qualify for mechanical thrombectomy. No neuroprotective agents have been successfully translated to promote neuronal survival in stroke. Thus, using a clinically relevant rat model of stroke, middle cerebral artery occlusion, we explored a novel intranasal administration of wnt3a. wnt3a naturally occurs in the body and crosses the blood-brain barrier, supporting the clinically translatable approach of intranasal administration. Significant neuronal apoptosis occurs during stroke, and wnt3a shows promise due to its antiapoptotic effects. We investigated whether wnt3a mediates its poststroke effects via Frizzled-1 and the impact on its downstream signaling molecules, PIWI1a and FOXM1, in apoptosis. Elucidating the mechanism of wnt3a will identify additional pharmacological targets and further understanding of stroke.
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15
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Ma Q, Zhang L. C-type natriuretic peptide functions as an innate neuroprotectant in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in mouse via natriuretic peptide receptor 2. Exp Neurol 2018; 304:58-66. [PMID: 29501420 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is the most common cause of brain injury in neonates, which leads to high neonatal mortality and severe neurological morbidity in later life (Vannucci, 2000; Volpe, 2001). Yet the molecular mechanisms of neuronal death and brain damage induced by neonatal HI remain largely elusive. Herein, using both in vivo and in vitro models, we determine an endogenous neuroprotectant role of c-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) in preserving neuronal survival after HI brain injury in mouse pups. Postnatal day 7 (P7) mouse pups with CNP deficiency (Nppclbab/lbab) exhibit increased brain infarct size and worsened long-term locomotor function after neonatal HI compared with wildtype control (Nppc+/+). In isolated primary cortical neurons, recombinant CNP dose-dependently protects primary neurons from oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) insult. This neuroprotective effect appears to be mediated through its cognate natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2), in that antagonization of NPR2, but not NPR3, exacerbates neuronal death and counteracts the protective effect of CNP on primary neurons exposed to OGD insult. Immunoblot and confocal microscopy demonstrate the abundant expression of NPR2 in neurons of the neonatal brain and in isolated primary cortical neurons as well. Moreover, similar to CNP deficiency, administration of NPR2 antagonist P19 via intracerebroventricular injection prior to HI results in exacerbated neuronal death and brain injury after HI. Altogether, the present study indicates that CNP and its cognate receptor NPR2 mainly expressed in neurons represent an innate neuroprotective mechanism in neonatal HI brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyi Ma
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Lubo Zhang
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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16
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Huang S, Turlova E, Li F, Bao MH, Szeto V, Wong R, Abussaud A, Wang H, Zhu S, Gao X, Mori Y, Feng ZP, Sun HS. Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 channels (TRPM2) mediate neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in mice. Exp Neurol 2017; 296:32-40. [PMID: 28668375 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2), a calcium-permeable non-selective cation channel, is reported to mediate brain damage following ischemic insults in adult mice. However, the role of TRPM2 channels in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury remains unknown. We hypothesize that TRPM2+/- and TRPM2-/- neonatal mice have reduced hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. To study the effect of TRPM2 on neonatal brain damage, we used 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining to assess the infarct volume and whole brain imaging to assess morphological changes in the brain. In addition, we also evaluated neurobehavioral outcomes for sensorimotor function 7days following hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. We report that the infarct volumes were significantly smaller and behavioral outcomes were improved in both TRPM2+/- and TRPM2-/- mice compared to that of wildtype mice. Next, we found that TRPM2-null mice showed reduced dephosphorylation of GSK-3β following hypoxic ischemic injury unlike sham mice. TRPM2+/- and TRPM2-/- mice also had reduced activation of astrocytes and microglia in ipsilateral hemispheres, compared to wildtype mice. These findings suggest that TRPM2 channels play an essential role in mediating hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal mice. Genetically eliminating TRPM2 channels can provide neuroprotection against hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and this effect is elicited in part through regulation of GSK-3β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammen Huang
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Turlova
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Feiya Li
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Mei-Hua Bao
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Vivian Szeto
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Raymond Wong
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ahmed Abussaud
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Haitao Wang
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shuzhen Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xinzheng Gao
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yasuo Mori
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura Campus, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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17
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Huang S, Wang H, Turlova E, Abussaud A, Ji X, Britto LR, Miller SP, Martinez A, Sun HS, Feng ZP. GSK-3β inhibitor TDZD-8 reduces neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2017; 23:405-415. [PMID: 28256059 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) is activated following hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. TDZD-8 is a specific GSK-3β inhibitor. Currently, the impact of inhibiting GSK-3β in neonatal HI injury is unknown. We aimed to investigate the effect of TDZD-8 following neonatal HI brain injury. METHODS Unilateral common carotid artery ligation followed by hypoxia was used to induce HI injury in postnatal day 7 mouse pups pretreated with TDZD-8 or vehicle. The infarct volume, whole-brain imaging, Nissl staining, and behavioral tests were used to evaluate the protective effect of TDZD-8 on the neonatal brain and assess functional recovery after injury. Western blot was used to evaluate protein levels of phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt), GSK-3β, and cleaved caspase-3. Protein levels of cleaved caspase-3, neuronal marker, and glial fibrillary acidic protein were detected through immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Pretreatment with TDZD-8 significantly reduced brain damage and improved neurobehavioral outcomes following HI injury. TDZD-8 reversed the reduction of phosphorylated Akt and GSK-3β, and the activation of caspase-3 induced by hypoxia-ischemia. In addition, TDZD-8 suppressed apoptotic cell death and reduced reactive astrogliosis. CONCLUSION TDZD-8 has the therapeutic potential for hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonates. The neuroprotective effect of TDZD-8 appears to be mediated through its antiapoptotic activity and by reducing astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammen Huang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Haitao Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Turlova
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ahmed Abussaud
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xiang Ji
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Luiz R Britto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Steven P Miller
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ana Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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18
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Neuroprotective and Anti-Apoptotic Effects of CSP-1103 in Primary Cortical Neurons Exposed to Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010184. [PMID: 28106772 PMCID: PMC5297816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
CSP-1103 (formerly CHF5074) has been shown to reverse memory impairment and reduce amyloid plaque as well as inflammatory microglia activation in preclinical models of Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, it was found to improve cognition and reduce brain inflammation in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Recent evidence suggests that CSP-1103 acts through a single molecular target, the amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain (AICD), a transcriptional regulator implicated in inflammation and apoptosis. We here tested the possible anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective activity of CSP-1103 in a cell-based model of post-ischemic injury, wherein the primary mouse cortical neurons were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). When added after OGD, CSP-1103 prevented the apoptosis cascade by reducing cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation and the secondary necrosis. Additionally, CSP-1103 limited earlier activation of p38 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathways. These results demonstrate that CSP-1103 is neuroprotective in a model of post-ischemic brain injury and provide further mechanistic insights as regards its ability to reduce apoptosis and potential production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, these findings suggest a potential use of CSP-1103 for the treatment of brain ischemia.
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19
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Ching J, Amiridis S, Stylli SS, Bjorksten AR, Kountouri N, Zheng T, Paradiso L, Luwor RB, Morokoff AP, O'Brien TJ, Kaye AH. The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma agonist pioglitazone increases functional expression of the glutamate transporter excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) in human glioblastoma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:21301-14. [PMID: 26046374 PMCID: PMC4673266 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma cells release glutamate through expression of system xc-, which exchanges intracellular glutamate for extracellular cysteine. Lack of the excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) expression maintains high extracellular glutamate levels in the glioma microenvironment, causing excitotoxicity to surrounding parenchyma. Not only does this contribute to the survival and proliferation of glioma cells, but is involved in the pathophysiology of tumour-associated epilepsy (TAE). We investigated the role of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist pioglitazone in modulating EAAT2 expression in glioma cells. We found that EAAT2 expression was increased in a dose dependent manner in both U87MG and U251MG glioma cells. Extracellular glutamate levels were reduced with the addition of pioglitazone, where statistical significance was reached in both U87MG and U251MG cells at a concentration of ≥ 30 μM pioglitazone (p < 0.05). The PPARγ antagonist GW9662 inhibited the effect of pioglitazone on extracellular glutamate levels, indicating PPARγ dependence. In addition, pioglitazone significantly reduced cell viability of U87MG and U251MG cells at ≥ 30 μM and 100 μM (p < 0.05) respectively. GW9662 also significantly reduced viability of U87MG and U251MG cells with 10 μM and 30 μM (p < 0.05) respectively. The effect on viability was partially dependent on PPARγ activation in U87MG cells but not U251MG cells, whereby PPARγ blockade with GW9662 had a synergistic effect. We conclude that PPARγ agonists may be therapeutically beneficial in the treatment of gliomas and furthermore suggest a novel role for these agents in the treatment of tumour associated seizures through the reduction in extracellular glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Ching
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie Amiridis
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stanley S Stylli
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew R Bjorksten
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole Kountouri
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Zheng
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucy Paradiso
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rodney B Luwor
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew P Morokoff
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew H Kaye
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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20
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Keasey MP, Scott HL, Bantounas I, Uney JB, Kelly S. MiR-132 Is Upregulated by Ischemic Preconditioning of Cultured Hippocampal Neurons and Protects them from Subsequent OGD Toxicity. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 59:404-10. [PMID: 27074745 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0740-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We explored the response of a panel of selected microRNAs (miRNAs) in neuroprotection produced by ischemic preconditioning. Hippocampal neuronal cultures were exposed to a 30-min oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). In our hands, this duration of OGD does not result in neuronal loss in vitro but significantly reduces neuronal death from a subsequent 'lethal' OGD insult. RT-qPCR was used to determine the expression of 16 miRNAs of interest at 1 and 24-h post-OGD. One miRNA (miR-98) was significantly decreased at 1-h post-OGD. Ten miRNAs (miR-9, miR-21, miR-29b, miR-30e, miR-101a, miR-101b, miR-124a, miR-132, miR-153, miR-204) were increased significantly at 24-h post-OGD. No miRNAs were decreased at 24-h. The increases observed in the 24-h group suggested that these miRNAs might play a role in preconditioning-induced neuroprotection. We selected the widely studied miR-132, a brain enriched, CREB regulated miRNA, to explore its role in simulated ischemic insults. We found that hippocampal neurons transduced with lentiviral vectors expressing miR-132 were protected from OGD and NMDA treatment, but not hydrogen peroxide. These findings add to the growing literature that targeting neuroprotective pathways controlled by miRNAs may represent a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Keasey
- School of Clinical Sciences & School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Laboratories, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Helen L Scott
- School of Clinical Sciences & School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Laboratories, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | | | - James B Uney
- School of Clinical Sciences & School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Laboratories, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Stephen Kelly
- School of Clinical Sciences & School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Laboratories, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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21
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Activation of AKT1/GSK-3β/β-Catenin–TRIM11/Survivin Pathway by Novel GSK-3β Inhibitor Promotes Neuron Cell Survival: Study in Differentiated SH-SY5Y Cells in OGD Model. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6716-6729. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9598-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Chen HJ, Shen YC, Shiao YJ, Liou KT, Hsu WH, Hsieh PH, Lee CY, Chen YR, Lin YL. Multiplex Brain Proteomic Analysis Revealed the Molecular Therapeutic Effects of Buyang Huanwu Decoction on Cerebral Ischemic Stroke Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140823. [PMID: 26492191 PMCID: PMC4619651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second-leading cause of death worldwide, and tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) is the only drug used for a limited group of stroke patients in the acute phase. Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BHD), a traditional Chinese medicine prescription, has long been used for improving neurological functional recovery in stroke. In this study, we characterized the therapeutic effect of TPA and BHD in a cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (CIR) injury mouse model using multiplex proteomics approach. After the iTRAQ-based proteomics analysis, 1310 proteins were identified from the mouse brain with <1% false discovery rate. Among them, 877 quantitative proteins, 10.26% (90/877), 1.71% (15/877), and 2.62% (23/877) of the proteins was significantly changed in the CIR, BHD treatment, and TPA treatment, respectively. Functional categorization analysis showed that BHD treatment preserved the integrity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) (Alb, Fga, and Trf), suppressed excitotoxicity (Grm5, Gnai, and Gdi), and enhanced energy metabolism (Bdh), thereby revealing its multiple effects on ischemic stroke mice. Moreover, the neurogenesis marker doublecortin was upregulated, and the activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) and Tau was inhibited, which represented the neuroprotective effects. However, TPA treatment deteriorated BBB breakdown. This study highlights the potential of BHD in clinical applications for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jhang Chen
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Chiang Shen
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Young-Ji Shiao
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Tong Liou
- Department of Chinese Martial Arts and Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsiang Hsu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Hsieh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying Lee
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yet-Ran Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YLL); (YRC)
| | - Yun-Lian Lin
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YLL); (YRC)
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23
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Maslinic acid promotes synaptogenesis and axon growth via Akt/GSK-3β activation in cerebral ischemia model. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 764:298-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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Ahmed LA, Darwish HA, Abdelsalam RM, Amin HA. Role of Rho Kinase Inhibition in the Protective Effect of Fasudil and Simvastatin Against 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Striatal Neurodegeneration and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3927-3938. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9303-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Ye Q, Li Q, Zhou Y, Xu L, Mao W, Gao Y, Li C, Xu Y, Xu Y, Liao H, Zhang L, Gao J, Li J, Pang T. Synthesis and Evaluation of 3-(furo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl)-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)-maleimides as Novel GSK-3βInhibitors and Anti-Ischemic Agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:746-52. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou 310032 China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Qiu Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou 310032 China
| | - Yubo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Weili Mao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou 310032 China
| | - Yuanxue Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Chenhui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Yazhou Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Jianrong Gao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou 310032 China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Tao Pang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 210009 China
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Ye Q, Mao W, Zhou Y, Xu L, Li Q, Gao Y, Wang J, Li C, Xu Y, Xu Y, Liao H, Zhang L, Gao J, Li J, Pang T. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-([1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-3-yl)-4-(indol-3-yl)-maleimides as potent, selective GSK-3β inhibitors and neuroprotective agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 23:1179-88. [PMID: 25662701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel 3-([1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-3-yl)-4-(indol-3-yl)-maleimides were designed, prepared and evaluated for their GSK-3β inhibitory activities. Most compounds showed high potency to GSK-3β inhibition with high selectivity. Among them, compounds 7c, 7f, 7h, 7l and 7m significantly reduced GSK-3β substrate Tau phosphorylation at Ser396 in primary neurons, showing the inhibition of cellular GSK-3β. In the in vitro neuronal injury models, compounds 7c, 7f, 7h, 7l and 7m prevented neuronal death against glutamate, oxygen-glucose deprivation and nutrient serum deprivation which are associated with cerebral ischemic stroke. In the in vivo cerebral ischemia animal model, compound 7f reduced infarct size by 15% and improved the neurological deficit following focal cerebral ischemia. These findings may provide new insights into the development of novel GSK-3β inhibitors with potential neuroprotective activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Weili Mao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yubo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qiu Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuanxue Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chenhui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yazhou Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jianrong Gao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Tao Pang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Ching J, Amiridis S, Stylli SS, Morokoff AP, O'Brien TJ, Kaye AH. A novel treatment strategy for glioblastoma multiforme and glioma associated seizures: increasing glutamate uptake with PPARγ agonists. J Clin Neurosci 2014; 22:21-8. [PMID: 25439749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The established role of glutamate in the pathogenesis of glioma-associated seizures (GAS) led us to investigate a novel treatment method using an established drug class, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) gamma agonists. Previously, sulfasalazine has been shown to prevent release of glutamate from glioma cells and prevent GAS in rodent models. However, raising protein mediated glutamate transport via excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) has not been investigated previously to our knowledge. PPAR gamma agonists are known to upregulate functional EAAT2 expression in astrocytes and prevent excitotoxicity caused by glutamate excess. These agents are also known to have anti-neoplastic mechanisms. Herein we discuss and review the potential mechanisms of these drugs and highlight a novel potential treatment for GAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Ching
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
| | - Stephanie Amiridis
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia
| | - Stanley S Stylli
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew P Morokoff
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew H Kaye
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Jiménez E, Núñez E, Ibáñez I, Draffin JE, Zafra F, Giménez C. Differential regulation of the glutamate transporters GLT-1 and GLAST by GSK3β. Neurochem Int 2014; 79:33-43. [PMID: 25454285 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT-1 are mainly expressed in glial cells and regulate glutamate levels in the synapses. GLAST and GLT-1 are the targets of several signaling pathways. In this study we explore the possible functional interaction between these transporters and GSK3β. This kinase is involved in multiple cellular processes including neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. To evaluate whether GLT-1 and GLAST were regulated by GSK3β, we coexpressed these proteins in heterologous expression systems. In both COS-7 cells and Xenopus laevis oocytes, GSK3β stimulated the activity of GLT-1 and reduced that of GLAST. These effects were associated with corresponding changes in the amounts of GLT-1 or GLAST in the plasma membrane. These effects were suppressed by inhibitors of GSK3β or a catalytically inactive form of the kinase. GSK3β also decreases the incorporation of (32)Pi into GLT-1 and increases GLAST phosphorylation. Pharmacological inhibition of endogenous GSK3β in primary cultures of rat brain cortex also leads to a differential modulation of GLT-1 and GLAST. Our results suggest that constitutively active GSK3β is important in controlling the expression of functional glutamate transporters on the plasma membrane. This regulation might be relevant in physiological and pathological conditions in which glutamate transporters and GSK3β signaling are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Jiménez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Facultad de Ciencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Núñez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Facultad de Ciencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ibáñez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Facultad de Ciencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonathan E Draffin
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Facultad de Ciencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Zafra
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Facultad de Ciencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilio Giménez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Facultad de Ciencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Zhao T, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Bai X, Zhang J, Zhao X, Chen L, Wang L, Cui L. Pretreatment by evodiamine is neuroprotective in cerebral ischemia: up-regulated pAkt, pGSK3β, down-regulated NF-κB expression, and ameliorated BBB permeability. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:1612-20. [PMID: 24919817 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory damage plays an important role in cerebral ischemic pathogenesis and may represent a target for treatment. Evodiamine (Evo) has been proved to elicit a variety of biological effects through its anti-inflammatory property in the treatment of infectious disease, Alzheimer's disease and hypoxia-induced inflammatory response. Whether this protective effect applies to cerebral ischemic injury, we therefore investigated the potential neuroprotective role of Evo and the underlying mechanisms. Male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) and randomly divided into five groups: Sham (sham-operated + 1% DMSO + 0.5% tween80), pMCAO (pMCAO + 0.9% saline), Vehicle (pMCAO + 1% DMSO + 0.5% tween80), Evo-L (Vehicle + Evo 50 mg/kg) and Evo-H (Vehicle + Evo 100 mg/kg) groups. Evo was administered intragastrically twice daily for 3 days, and once again 30 min before mouse brain ischemia was induced by pMCAO. Neurological deficit, brain water content and infarct size were measured at 24 h after stroke. The expression of pAkt, pGSK3β, NF-κB and claudin-5 in ischemic cerebral cortex was analyzed by western blot and qRT-PCR. Compared with Vehicle group, Evo significantly ameliorated neurological deficit, brain water content and infarct size, upregulated the expression of pAkt, pGSK3β and claudin-5, and downregulated the nuclear accumulation of NF-κB (P < 0.05). Evo protected the brain from ischemic damage caused by pMCAO; this effect may be through upregulation of pAkt, pGSK3β and claudin-5, and downregulation of NF-κB expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
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Telmisartan protects central neurons against nutrient deprivation-induced apoptosis in vitro through activation of PPARγ and the Akt/GSK-3β pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:727-37. [PMID: 24793312 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine whether angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) could protect central neurons against nutrient deprivation-induced apoptosis in vitro and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Primary rat cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) underwent B27 (a serum substitute) deprivation for 24 h to induce neurotoxicity, and cell viability was analyzed using LDH assay and WST-1 assay. DNA laddering assay and TUNEL assay were used to detect cell apoptosis. The expression of caspase-3 and Bcl-2, and the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3β were detected using Western blot analysis. AT1a mRNA expression was determined using RT-PCR analysis. RESULTS B27 deprivation significantly increased the apoptosis of CGCs, as demonstrated by LDH release, DNA laddering, caspase-3 activation and positive TUNEL staining. Pretreatment with 10 μmol/L ARBs (telmisartan, candesartan or losartan) partially blocked B27 deprivation-induced apoptosis of CGCs with telmisartan being the most effective one. B27 deprivation markedly increased the expression of AT1a receptor in CGCs, inhibited Akt and GSK-3β activation, decreased Bcl-2 level, and activated caspase-3, which were reversed by pretreatment with 1 μmol/L telmisartan. In addition, pretreatment with 10 μmol/L PPARγ agonist pioglitazone was more effective in protecting CGCs against B27 deprivation-induced apoptosis, whereas pretreatment with 20 μmol/L PPARγ antagonist GW9662 abolished all the effects of telmisartan in CGCs deprived of B27. CONCLUSION ARBs, in particular telmisartan, can protect the nutrient deprivation-induced apoptosis of CGCs in vitro through activation of PPARγ and the Akt/GSK-3β pathway.
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Song J, Zhao H, Liu P, Li N, Huang L, Wang P, Gao L, Luo Y. Chinese herbal formula Qi-Lian-Gui-Shou Tang protects against acute ischemic cerebral injury in rats. Eur J Integr Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Simões Pires EN, Frozza RL, Hoppe JB, Menezes BDM, Salbego CG. Berberine was neuroprotective against an in vitro model of brain ischemia: Survival and apoptosis pathways involved. Brain Res 2014; 1557:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Flores JJ, Zhang Y, Klebe DW, Lekic T, Fu W, Zhang JH. Small molecule inhibitors in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014; 15:659-80. [PMID: 24491068 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2014.884560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stroke is the world's second leading cause of death. Although recombinant tissue plasminogen activator is an effective treatment for cerebral ischemia, its limitations and ischemic stroke's complex pathophysiology dictate an increased need for the development of new therapeutic interventions. Small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) have the potential to be used as novel therapeutic modalities for stroke, since many preclinical and clinical trials have established their neuroprotective capabilities. AREAS COVERED This paper provides a summary of the pathophysiology of stroke as well as clinical and preclinical evaluations of SMIs as therapeutic interventions for cerebral ischemia. Cerebral ischemia is broken down into four mechanisms in this article: thrombosis, ischemic insult, mitochondrial injury and immune response. Insight is provided into preclinical and current clinical assessments of SMIs targeting each mechanism as well as a summary of reported results. EXPERT OPINION Many studies demonstrated that pre- or post-treatment with certain SMIs significantly ameliorated adverse effects from stroke. Although some of these promising SMIs moved on to clinical trials, they generally failed, possibly due to the poor translation of preclinical to clinical experiments. Yet, there are many steps being taken to improve the quality of experimental research and translation to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry J Flores
- Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Risley Hall, Room 223, Loma Linda, CA 92354 , USA
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Tetramethylpyrazine analogue CXC195 protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis through PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathway in rats. Neurochem Int 2014; 66:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Lai TW, Zhang S, Wang YT. Excitotoxicity and stroke: identifying novel targets for neuroprotection. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 115:157-88. [PMID: 24361499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 780] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity, the specific type of neurotoxicity mediated by glutamate, may be the missing link between ischemia and neuronal death, and intervening the mechanistic steps that lead to excitotoxicity can prevent stroke damage. Interest in excitotoxicity began fifty years ago when monosodium glutamate was found to be neurotoxic. Evidence soon demonstrated that glutamate is not only the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the adult brain, but also a critical transmitter for signaling neurons to degenerate following stroke. The finding led to a number of clinical trials that tested inhibitors of excitotoxicity in stroke patients. Glutamate exerts its function in large by activating the calcium-permeable ionotropic NMDA receptor (NMDAR), and different subpopulations of the NMDAR may generate different functional outputs, depending on the signaling proteins directly bound or indirectly coupled to its large cytoplasmic tail. Synaptic activity activates the GluN2A subunit-containing NMDAR, leading to activation of the pro-survival signaling proteins Akt, ERK, and CREB. During a brief episode of ischemia, the extracellular glutamate concentration rises abruptly, and stimulation of the GluN2B-containing NMDAR in the extrasynaptic sites triggers excitotoxic neuronal death via PTEN, cdk5, and DAPK1, which are directly bound to the NMDAR, nNOS, which is indirectly coupled to the NMDAR via PSD95, and calpain, p25, STEP, p38, JNK, and SREBP1, which are further downstream. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the literature on excitotoxicity and our perspectives on how the new generation of excitotoxicity inhibitors may succeed despite the failure of the previous generation of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Weita Lai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, 40402 Taichung, Taiwan; Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, 2 Yu-De Road, 40447 Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Shu Zhang
- Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, 2 Yu-De Road, 40447 Taichung, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, V6T 2B5 Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yu Tian Wang
- Brain Research Center, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, V6T 2B5 Vancouver, Canada.
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Avrahami L, Licht-Murava A, Eisenstein M, Eldar-Finkelman H. GSK-3 inhibition: Achieving moderate efficacy with high selectivity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:1410-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Wang T, Huang Y, Zhang M, Wang L, Wang Y, Zhang L, Dong W, Chang P, Wang Z, Chen X, Tao L. [Gly14]-Humanin offers neuroprotection through glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibition in a mouse model of intracerebral hemorrhage. Behav Brain Res 2013; 247:132-9. [PMID: 23538063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Perihematomal brain edema formation and consequent cell death contribute to second brain injury resulting in severe neurological deficits and sometimes delayed fatality after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). [Gly14]-Humanin (HNG), a variant of Humanin (HN) in which the 14th amino acid serine is replaced with glycine, reduced Alzheimer's disease-relevant insults and improved neurological deficits in an ischemia stroke model. In the study, we aimed to evaluate whether HNG posttreatment attenuated early brain injury after ICH and whether the protective effect was associated with regulation of apoptosis via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt/GSK-3β signaling. Male ICR mice were subjected to infusion of Type IV collagenase (to induce ICH) of saline (for shams) into the left striatum. ICH animals received vehicle, HNG (1 or 2.5 μg in 100 μl saline) administration intraperitoneally 1h post injury. Compared with vehicle, HNG-2.5 μg treatment improved neurological outcome and reduced brain edema at 24 and 72 h after surgery (P<0.05), but wortmannin (15 μg/kg, 90 min before HNG-2.5 μg, intravenously) obliterated the effect. HNG-2.5 μg also reduced cell insults and injury volume at 24 and 72 h after surgery (P<0.05, vs. vehicle). Furthermore, HNG-2.5 μg treatment increased p-Akt and Bcl-2 and decreased p-GSK-3β, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase expressions in the ipsilateral hemisphere (P<0.05, vs. vehicle), however, the effect was reversed by wortmannin. In conclusion, HNG treatment improved functional and morphological outcomes after experimental ICH in mice and the protective effect was associated with suppressing apoptosis through PI3K-Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Maixner DW, Weng HR. The Role of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta in Neuroinflammation and Pain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 1:001. [PMID: 25309941 DOI: 10.13188/2327-204x.1000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a crucial mechanism related to many neurological diseases. Extensive studies in recent years have indicated that dysregulation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta (GSK3β) contributes to the development and progression of these disorders through regulating the neuroinflammation processes. Inhibitors of GSK3β have been shown to be beneficial in many neuroinflammatory disease models including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and AIDS dem entia complex. Glial activation and elevated pro-inflammation cytokines (signs of neuroinflammation) in the spinal cord have been widely recognized as a pivotal mechanism underlying the development and maintenance of many types of pathological pain. The role of GSK3β in the pathogenesis of pain has recently emerged. In this review, we will first review the GSK3β structure, regulation, and mechanisms by which GSK3βregulates inflammation. We will then describe neuroinflammationin general and in specific types of neurological diseases and the potential beneficial effects induced by inhibiting GSK3β. Finally, we will provide new evidence linking aberrant levels of GSK3β in the development of pathological pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Warren Maixner
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, Georgia, 30606, USA
| | - Han-Rong Weng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, Georgia, 30606, USA
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Zhao S, Fu J, Liu X, Wang T, Zhang J, Zhao Y. Activation of Akt/GSK-3beta/beta-catenin signaling pathway is involved in survival of neurons after traumatic brain injury in rats. Neurol Res 2012; 34:400-7. [PMID: 22643085 DOI: 10.1179/1743132812y.0000000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apoptotic cell death is an important factor influencing the prognosis after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Akt/GSK-3beta/beta-catenin signaling plays a critical role in the apoptosis of neurons in several models of neurodegeneration. The goal of this study was to determine if the mechanism of cell survival mediated by the Akt/GSK-3beta/beta-catenin pathway is involved in a rat model of TBI. METHODS TBI was performed by a controlled cortical impact device. Expression of Akt, phospho-Akt, GSK-3beta, phospho-GSK-3beta, beta-catenin, phospho-beta-catenin were examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Double immunofluorenscent staining was used to observe the neuronal expression of the aforementioned subtrates. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated uridine 5'-triphosphate-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining was performed to identify apoptosis. RESULTS Western blot analysis showed that phospho-Akt significantly increased at 4 hours post-TBI, but decreased after 72 hours post-TBI. Phospho-GSK-3beta - phosphorylated by phospho-Akt - slightly increased at 4 hours post-TBI and peaked at 72 hours post-TBI. These changes in Phospho-GSK-3beta expression were accompanied by a marked increase in expression of phospho-beta-catenin at 4 hours post-TBI which was sustained until 7 days post-TBI. Double staining of phospho-Akt and NeuN revealed the colocalization of phospho-Akt positive cells and neuronal cells. In addition, double staining of phospho-Akt and TUNEL showed no colocalization of phospho-Akt cells and TUNEL-positive cells. CONCLUSION Phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473) and GSK3beta (Ser9) was accelerated in the injured cortex, and involved in the neuronal survival after TBI. Moreover, neuroprotection of beta-catenin against ischemia was partly mediated by enhanced and persistent activation of the Akt/GSK3beta signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Simão F, Matté A, Pagnussat AS, Netto CA, Salbego CG. Resveratrol prevents CA1 neurons against ischemic injury by parallel modulation of both GSK-3β and CREB through PI3-K/Akt pathways. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:2899-905. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Rho-kinase inhibitor, fasudil, prevents neuronal apoptosis via the Akt activation and PTEN inactivation in the ischemic penumbra of rat brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32:1187-97. [PMID: 22552888 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9845-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, some studies suggested that inhibition of Rho-kinase (ROCK) prevented cerebral ischemia injury through inhibiting inflammatory reaction, increasing cerebral blood flow, modulating the neuronal actin cytoskeleton polymerization, and preventing tau hyperphosphorylation and p25/CDK5 increase. However, there is little information regarding the effects of ROCK inhibitor on the neuronal apoptosis in ischemic brain injury. In this study, we determined whether ROCK inhibitor, fasudil, inhibited ischemic neuronal apoptosis through phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome10 (PTEN)/Akt/signal pathway in vivo. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Rats received ROCK inhibitor, fasudil (10 mg/kg), at 30 min before middle cerebral artery occlusion. The infarct area, neuronal apoptosis and caspase-3 activity was significantly decreased by fasudil with improvement of neurological deterioration. However, the beneficial effects of fasudil were attenuated by the co-application of LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor). Fasudil maintained postischemic Akt activity at relatively proper level and decreased the augmentation of PTEN and ROCK activity in the penumbra area. Furthermore, fasudil inhibited attenuation of GSK-β and Bad phosphorylation in the penumbra area. In conclusion, the findings provide another consideration that fasudil protects the brain against ischemia injury through decreasing neuronal apoptosis and reveals the link between the ROCK inhibition and the PTEN/Akt pathway.
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Zhang X, Zhang X, Wang C, Li Y, Dong L, Cui L, Wang L, Liu Z, Qiao H, Zhu C, Xing Y, Cao X, Ji Y, Zhao K. Neuroprotection of early and short-time applying berberine in the acute phase of cerebral ischemia: up-regulated pAkt, pGSK and pCREB, down-regulated NF-κB expression, ameliorated BBB permeability. Brain Res 2012; 1459:61-70. [PMID: 22560097 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Berberine (BBR) has gained attention for its vast beneficial biological effects through immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis properties. Inflammatory and apoptosis damage play an important role in cerebral ischemic pathogenesis and may represent a target for treatment. The aim of this study was to explore BBR's effect in ischemic injury and the role of the Akt/GSK (glycogen synthase kinase) signaling cascade in mediating the anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammatory effects in the rat brain of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to pMCAO and randomly assigned into four groups: Sham (sham-operated) group, pMCAO (pMCAO+0.9% saline) group, BBR-L (pMCAO+BBR 10 mg/kg) and BBR-H (pMCAO+BBR 40 mg/kg) group. BBR was administered immediately after pMCAO and the neuroprotection was detected. Phospho-Akt (pAkt), phospho-glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (pGSK3β), phospho-cAMP response element binding protein (pCREB), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and claudin-5 in ischemic cerebral cortex were detected by immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Compared with pMCAO group, BBR dramatically lessened neurological deficits scores, brain water contents and infarct sizes, upregulated the expression of pAkt, pGSK3β, pCREB and claudin-5, and decreased the nuclear accumulation of NF-κB (P<0.05) in ischemic brain. The results showed that BBR reduced ischemic brain injury after pMACO, and this effect may be via the increasing the activation of Akt/GSK signaling and claudin-5, and decreasing NF-κB expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
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Wang ZF, Fessler EB, Chuang DM. Beneficial effects of mood stabilizers lithium, valproate and lamotrigine in experimental stroke models. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:1433-45. [PMID: 22056617 PMCID: PMC4010202 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mood stabilizers lithium, valproate and lamotrigine are traditionally used to treat bipolar disorder. However, accumulating evidence suggests that these drugs have broad neuroprotective properties and may therefore be promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, including stroke. Lithium, valproate and lamotrigine exert protective effects in diverse experimental stroke models by acting on their respective primary targets, ie, glycogen synthase kinase-3, histone deacetylases and voltage-gated sodium channels, respectively. This article reviews the most recent findings regarding the underlying mechanisms of these phenomena, which will pave the way for clinical investigations that use mood stabilizers to treat stroke. We also propose several future research avenues that may extend our understanding of the benefits of lithium, valproate and lamotrigine in improving stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-fei Wang
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1363, USA
| | - Emily Bame Fessler
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1363, USA
| | - De-Maw Chuang
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1363, USA
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Eldar-Finkelman H, Martinez A. GSK-3 Inhibitors: Preclinical and Clinical Focus on CNS. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:32. [PMID: 22065134 PMCID: PMC3204427 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) activity via pharmacological intervention has become an important strategy for treating neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. The known GSK-3 inhibitors are of diverse chemotypes and mechanisms of action and include compounds isolated from natural sources, cations, synthetic small-molecule ATP-competitive inhibitors, non-ATP-competitive inhibitors, and substrate-competitive inhibitors. Here we describe the variety of GSK-3 inhibitors with a specific emphasis on their biological activities in neurons and neurological disorders. We further highlight our current progress in the development of non-ATP-competitive inhibitors of GSK-3. The available data raise the hope that one or more of these drug design approaches will prove successful at stabilizing or even reversing the aberrant neuropathology and cognitive deficits of certain central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Eldar-Finkelman
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel
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45
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Frago LM, Baquedano E, Argente J, Chowen JA. Neuroprotective actions of ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogues. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:23. [PMID: 21994488 PMCID: PMC3182030 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain incorporates and coordinates information based on the hormonal environment, receiving information from peripheral tissues through the circulation. Although it was initially thought that hormones only acted on the hypothalamus to perform endocrine functions, it is now known that they in fact exert diverse actions on many different brain regions including the hypothalamus. Ghrelin is a gastric hormone that stimulates growth hormone secretion and food intake to regulate energy homeostasis and body weight by binding to its receptor, growth hormone secretagogues–GH secretagogue-receptor, which is most highly expressed in the pituitary and hypothalamus. In addition, ghrelin has effects on learning and memory, reward and motivation, anxiety, and depression, and could be a potential therapeutic agent in neurodegenerative disorders where excitotoxic neuronal cell death and inflammatory processes are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Frago
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
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Chuang DM, Wang Z, Chiu CT. GSK-3 as a Target for Lithium-Induced Neuroprotection Against Excitotoxicity in Neuronal Cultures and Animal Models of Ischemic Stroke. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:15. [PMID: 21886605 PMCID: PMC3152742 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mood stabilizer lithium inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) directly or indirectly by enhancing serine phosphorylation of both α and β isoforms. Lithium robustly protected primary brain neurons from glutamate-induced excitotoxicity; these actions were mimicked by other GSK-3 inhibitors or silencing/inhibiting GSK-3α and/or β isoforms. Lithium rapidly activated Akt to enhance GSK-3 serine phosphorylation and to block glutamate-induced Akt inactivation. Lithium also up-regulated Bcl-2 and suppressed glutamate-induced p53 and Bax. Induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was required for lithium’s neuroprotection to occur. BDNF promoter IV was activated by GSK-3 inhibition using lithium or other drugs, or through gene silencing/inactivation of either isoform. Further, lithium’s neuroprotective effects were associated with inhibition of NMDA receptor-mediated calcium influx and down-stream signaling. In rodent ischemic models, post-insult treatment with lithium decreased infarct volume, ameliorated neurological deficits, and improved functional recovery. Up-regulation of heat-shock protein 70 and Bcl-2 as well as down-regulation of p53 likely contributed to lithium’s protective effects. Delayed treatment with lithium improved functional MRI responses, which was accompanied by enhanced angiogenesis. Two GSK-3-regulated pro-angiogenic factors, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and vascular endothelial growth factor were induced by lithium. Finally, lithium promoted migration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by up-regulation of MMP-9 through GSK-3β inhibition. Notably, transplantation of lithium-primed MSCs into ischemic rats enhanced MSC migration to the injured brain regions and improved the neurological performance. Several other GSK-3 inhibitors have also been reported to be beneficial in rodent ischemic models. Together, GSK-3 inhibition is a rational strategy to combat ischemic stroke and other excitotoxicity-related brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Maw Chuang
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
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Sun B, Chen L, Wei X, Xiang Y, Liu X, Zhang X. The Akt/GSK-3β pathway mediates flurbiprofen-induced neuroprotection against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 409:808-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Neuroprotective effects of the beta-catenin stabilization in an oxygen- and glucose-deprived human neural progenitor cell culture system. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:543-7. [PMID: 21497193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Catenin stabilization achieved either via GSK-3β specific inhibition or involving canonical Wnt signalling pathway, contributes to neuroprotection in an oxygen-glucose deprivation (4h OGD) in vitro hypoxia model performed on human cortical neural progenitor cells previously differentiated into neurons and glia. Neuroprotection mechanisms include both acquiring tolerance to injury throughout preconditioning (72 h prior to OGD) or being pro-survival during 24h reoxygenation after the insult. Four hours of OGD induced apoptotic cell death elevation to 73 ± 1% vs. 12% measured in control and the LDH level, indicative of necrotic cell injury, elevation by 67 ± 7% (set to 100%). A significant reduction in apoptosis occurred at 24h reoxygenation with indirubin supplement which was 49 ± 6% at 2.5 μM BIO while LDH level was only 47 ± 5% of OGD. Kenpaullone was efficient in reducing both cell deaths at 5 μM (apoptosis 38 ± 1% and necrosis 33 ± 3% less than in OGD). Wnt agonist reduced apoptosis to 45 ± 3% at 0.01 μM, while LDH value was decreased to a level of 53 ± 5% of control. Our findings suggest that GSK-3beta inhibitors/β-catenin stabilizers may ultimately be useful drugs in neuroprotection and neuroregeneration therapies in vivo.
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Pyridoxine enhances cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation by upregulating the GABAergic system in the mouse dentate gyrus. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:713-21. [PMID: 21207138 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0385-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of pyridoxine (vitamin B(6)) on cell death, cell proliferation, neuroblast differentiation, and the GABAergic system in the mouse dentate gyrus. We administered pyridoxine (350 mg/kg intraperitoneally) to 8 week old mice twice a day for 14 days and sacrificed them at 10 weeks of age. Pyridoxine treatment did not induce neuronal death or activate microglia in the dentate gyrus, while glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells were significantly increased in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. The increase in GFAP-positive cells was confirmed to be due to proliferating cells based on double immunofluorescence staining. GFAP-positive cells, which were also labeled with Ki67, a marker for cell proliferation, and doublecortin, a marker for neuroblast differentiation, were significantly increased in the pyridoxine-treated group compared to those in the vehicle-treated group. Pyridoxine treatment also increased the protein levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 67, an enzyme for GABA synthesis, and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PNP) oxidase, an enzyme for pyridoxal phosphate synthesis, in the dentate gyrus. These results suggest that pyridoxine treatment distinctly increases cell proliferation, neuroblast differentiation, and upregulated the GABAergic system, as revealed by the increases of GAD67 and PNP oxidase in the mouse dentate gyrus.
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Kim Y, Park MK, Chung S. Protective effect of urocortin on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced dopaminergic neuronal death. Mol Cells 2010; 30:427-33. [PMID: 20821057 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-010-0132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRF)-related peptide, urocortin, restores key indicators of damage in animal models for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the molecular mechanism for the neuroprotective effect of urocortin is unknown. 1-Methy-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) induces dopaminergic neuronal death. In the present study, MPP(+)-induced neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell death was significantly attenuated by urocortin in a concentration-dependent manner. The protective effect of urocortin involved the activation of CRF receptor type 1, resulting in the increase of cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels. Various cAMP-enhancing reagents mimicked the effect of urocortin, while inhibitors for protein kinase A (PKA) blocked the effect of urocortin, strongly implicating the involvement of cAMP-PKA pathway in the neuroprotective effect of urocortin on MPP(+)-induced cell death. As the downstream of this signal pathway, urocortin promoted phosphorylation of both glycogen synthase kinase 3β and extracellular signal-regulated kinases, which are known to promote cell survival. These neuroprotective signaling pathways of urocortin may serve as potential therapeutic targets for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonjung Kim
- Department of Physiology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 440-746, Korea
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